Username

Password Remember Me Forgot Your Password? Main Home News Stories Current Issues Comment and Opinion SciTech Update Community News Life In Japan OFW Corner Press Releases Entertainment People Literary

Submit An Article How To Submit Inside PT Podcast Gallery The Buzz Forums Videos Events Books Archives Old Site

More News Mobile Edition Partners Balikas

< March, 2011 > S M T W T F

27 28 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02

Tambayan ng mga Filipino researchers Search Articles

PT Mobile Edition Globalization: A Wicked Problem

GLOBALIZATION: A WICKED PROBLEM

by Businessworld Teodorico T. Haresco, Jr.

Entreprenomists are naturally driven by risk-taking and creating, necessarily questioning the whys of current economic thunderstorms of increasing levels of imported inflation. They inevitably ask: 'does the enterprise have enough'; 'will it have enough'; and ultimately, 'what is the best course of action; can it be maintained, or do better?' The task is to cope the Philippines as the Enterprise in a wicked global market. Globalization manifests Adam Smith's Specialization principle: if a pin factory's components can be broken down - and outsourced - greater efficiencies can be attained. This also highlights the need for a country's competitive advantage, as a cost-efficient, quality supplier of specific pin components ensures its place in the Global Market. John Maynard Keynes implied the same when he said that one could order ...the various products of the whole earth...and reasonably expect their early delivery by his doorstep. So Globalization is good, right? Well, yes and no. Because its complexity makes it a wicked problem (a notion proposed by Rittel and Webber1, two Berkeley professors, in 1973), characterized by having multiple causes, being parameter resistant, and generally insoluble; with solutions spawning other problems. 21st century globalization's success hinges on the taut, just-in-time condition of modern supply lines, and actual or artificial shortages now cause Tsunamis, not ripples. It is one origin of globalization's wicked condition. Take the oil situation. As the United States's currency depreciation reorients their economy towards globalization, Oil prices will rise despite constant output. Because although oil is dollar denominated, producers incur costs in a basket of currencies. The weak dollar therefore

necessitates

an

price

increase

to

maintain

equivalent

output.

But others maintain that oil prices are pushing the dollar down. Previous revenues were kept in the formerly strong dollar, letting them import more from Europe than America. The weakening dollar encouraged them to transfer to Euro. Businessmen now predict oil prices using the US dollar - Euro exchange, which has mimicked the commodity's movements since 20052, suggesting a direct correlation. Either imply a worsening global economic trend and as countries react to energy issues, other issues emerge. Ever innovative, the US is already reinventing its energy profile, outlined in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, in addressing oil dependence and global warming. The resulting increased demand for biofuel components (cereals) will exacerbate the current global cereals shortage, leading to price increases. While rice is not a biofuel component, the demand substituting it for cereals (having becoming scarcer and more expensive) will drive prices up. Recently, the per metric ton (mT) price of rice increased three-fold from 2007 levels, to about US$1,100. Technically, there is rice, but for those who can afford it. This situation will persist as China and India's populations become richer and continue to eat more and better. As a result, other countries are stockpiling. India and Vietnam, the world's #2 and #3 exporters, have capped exports - good for them, but bad for importers like us. Because in the world market the commodity will now go to the highest bidder, inevitably marginalizing those who can barely afford it, like our lowest 30% of the population. At that subsistence level it won't even be about belt tightening, for they may not even have belts, figurative or otherwise. Is there a way out? Wicked tenets hold that solutions are complex, one-shot, and limited effectivity affairs. Nonetheless, out-of-the-box solution attempts represent overwhelming opportunities for the entrepreneur. In applying a Pareto principle, 20% of our productive efforts should yield for 80% of our collective requirements. This means concentrating resources to a few, high-yielding efforts Education, Agriculture, and Tourism (EAT). Let's not do it in reverse order, or we could be in deep... Our competitive advantage the Overseas Foreign Workers continue to contribute capital from abroad; buoying our Dollar reserves, and generating the hard currency for the rising commodities. Education efforts could include training that can tool the youth for possible foreign employment. Here, the Government's nationwide campaign for education via competitively sourced (whether from China, the US, or Europe) broadband is pivotal. It is cheaper and more efficient to use Government broadband than the pipe dream of recruiting 55,000 quality teachers. A few crme de la crme academe can use broadband to reach and teach primary and secondary students basic Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic. On weekends, it can teach the out-of-school vocational skills, like Bricklaying and Welding. Broadband education through the existing 80,000 baranggay

schools, both student and teacher are adequately tooled for 21st century global challenges. The Department of Agriculture can conduct an archipelagic scan, mapping areas ideal for specific crops including Jathropa - considering factors like irrigation potential, nitrogen levels, and market proximity. A form of pinpoint agriculture, this efficient approach will aid agrientrepreneur efforts greatly. A tripartite cooperation should be seriously explored, between Government, the entrepreneurs, say the Filipino-Chinese Chamber of Commerce, and this time, the religious sector, with the object of jointly building and managing a renewed agricultural effort. Government, through Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and the Department of Finance can develop a system that will lend part of the reserve requirement directly (avoiding Government Banks and Non-Government Organizations (NGO) operational inefficiencies) to farmers, to develop rice/sorghum/sugar micro barons. The loans will be secured by QUEDANCOR receipts. This can be augmented by a floor price mechanism (based on the sugar stability of exports scheme), which encourages production. Government can then increase its market surplus purchases from 10% to 20%. It worked in the Malawi experience, where Local Government Units and entrepreneurs, issued vouchers to farmers, entitling them a lower costs for less water-thirsty hybrid seeds, 100kg of fertilizer, and a guaranteed floor price for surplus rice or sorghum. The entrepreneur's role is product development and marketing. We can learn from China and India's leveled-up agricultural provinces (not cities): since their agricultural environment isn't too different from ours its technology is easily transferable. Like India's low revolution, diesel sipping pumps, ideal for irrigation; or high-yield, blight resistant rice and corn varieties from China. The religious role is new, focusing on values formation, using hiya (shame), of which the Filipino is wary, and hindi pala-asa (independent) since God helps those who help themselves to encourage farmer productivity. (Notice the Pinoy always behaves in foreign lands? Ayaw mapahiya, and self-reliant.) We could learn from the Iglesia Ni Cristo, who through weekly village visits, impart their members motivational success; certainly more effective than wasted hours of seminars with most NGOs. Ultimately, the goal is first, food self-sufficiency, then become a food exporter to China and India's growing, higher income populations. Media is a powerful motivating force, if it could reverse its current role as a bringer of bad news - instead using its reach to promote EAT opportunities here and abroad. Napoleon Bonaparte said, every time we open our mouths, we expose...our weakness or our strength. True. Once the Chicago Trade Board's sleepy rice futures section learned of our intent to buy 500,000mT of rice, the price increased by US$330/mT. Government procured 320,000mT, however at an incremental US$105.6 million! Can we promote our Tourism to more receptive markets, the Koreans, the Chinese, even the Russians and get more bang for our marketing buck? Anyway, Filipinos in the U.S., and recently

Europe, are traditionally...balik bayan-i. Clark represents a huge potential as an open skies Asian hub for bargain airlines. An hour-long promotion and sales (5Ws, 4Ps) seminar, conducted by DOT and private sector marketing gurus can indoctrinate our some 1M (2007 figures) annual outgoing Filipinos, turning them into Philippines Tourist Ambassadors. Imagine the revenues if in a Pareto sense, only 20% are successful. Private sector can double Philippine tourism efforts, like the Philippine Chamber of Commerce's (PCCI) ongoing 555 program. Globalization's wicked offshoots are the rising costs of imported rice and oil. One is a problem of the stomach, the other, a problem of industry. The days of cheap rice and affordable oil are gone forever. Given the looming crises, these actions may not solve the wicked problem, but they may help in taming its effects.

The arrival of globalization has brought about a lot of challenges for nations to meet. This paper takes a look at the capability of the Philippine state to cope with the demands of globalization. It documents the rules, laws, regulations, institutions and agencies that underlie the administrative capacity of the Philippines to promote trade and investments, and thereby achieve economic growth. A review and analysis of Philippine practices and experience is undertaken to determine the states readiness for globalization. The study will cover three aspects of state capacity that contribute to the promotion of trade and investments: (1) administrative capacity, (2) systems of transparency and accountability, and (3) legal and judicial frameworks. Finally the paper recommends areas wherein the Philippine government must focus on based on the three aspects as well as suggests follow up in-depth studies on issues covering: capacity to promote healthy competition; regulatory framework and capacity; capacity to develop industries, sectors and regions; policies for social development, redistributive justice, and poverty reduction; policies to promote performance, productivity, and competitiveness; and policies to protect the environment. Cause and Effect Essay #
109897

Globalization and the Philippines

This paper discusses globalization and looks at its impacts in the Philippines. Written in 2008; 2,633 words; 10 sources; Paper Summary: In this article, the writer maintains that the Philippines consists of weak, self-serving state institutions that are ill-suited to the task of managing domestic affairs let alone integrating the Filipino economy with the world economy. The writer discusses that, despite repeated efforts to embrace economic and trade liberalization in order to ride the wave of globalization to increased prosperity, the Philippines has only managed to repeatedly demonstrate the inherent problems at the social, institutional, and bureaucratic levels. The writer concludes that this has

been the legacy of globalization in the Philippines: distracting concerted development of the country with promises of significant, if fundamentally uncertain, economic wealth. From the Paper: "Why has this been the case? The liberalization of the Filipino economy should have had the effect of encouraging economic growth and propelling the island nation onto an equal footing with some of the more prosperous developing nations in Southeast Asia. Upon closer examination, however, it is apparent that the free market policies of the Philippines have utterly failed to produce the desired goals because they have opened up the nation to the worst effects of globalization, while allowing international trade partners and investors to reap significant benefits at the expense of the Filipino worker. The schism between intention and result is wide in this case, and the Philippines must stand as an example of how globalization can negatively affect a nation. "The most significant issues affecting how globalization impacted the Phil-ippines are most related to the nature of the Filipino state. The Philippines be-came a nation in 1945 after being a colonial holding of the United States. "

I do some of my clearest thinking while sipping a strong cuppa joe at my favorite Makati Starbucks, especially early Saturday or Sunday mornings when it is a quiet haven rather than buzzing place-to-be-seen. The upstairs loft is generally deserted early on weekend mornings, and many Pearls have gestated in that particular setting. Lately, I'd been devoting those early morning mini-R&Rs to trying to come up with a fresh spin on globalization, partly because I am fascinated with the issue and its impact on the Philippines and other developing countries and partly because I was recently asked to contribute a chapter to a serious academic volume on the topic. The latter invitation originated when a well-known American Prof came across my earlier humble efforts (see Globalization Part 1, Globalization Part 2, and Globalization Revisited) and apparently considered them of some value. As a longfrustrated academic and ABD (that would be "all but dissertation"), I was flattered and a bit flustered by the honor. Jeez, I thought I was just playing around when I started writing these Pearls but now they are being taken seriously! This morning I convened my third Starbucks internal brainstorming session, the first two having proven mostly unproductive (participants included just me and my shadow, all alone and feeling blue). I smiled a bit as I realized the appropriateness (irony?) involved in trying to find an inspired take on this particular topic while sipping my regular Triple Tall Americano while sitting in a bastion of globalization. Having just survived a very demanding week and thus being a bit low on inspiration at 7:30 Saturday morning, I settled back in the de riguer fake-battered easy chair and allowed my mind to drift back a couple of decades... ...to a leisurely drive through upstate New York's Finger Lakes wine country on a sunny spring day, enjoying scenic beauty attributable to Ice Age glaciers, although Seneca (American Indian) legend has it that the Great Father blessed the region because of its tremendous beauty by leaving

the imprint of his hand on the land to carve out the spectacular hills and lakes. My usual route was south on a curvy state highway from Cayuga Lake, down to Oswego, then on over to Binghamton. You can now discuss this article and other articles in the Asian Business Strategy and Street Intelligence Ezine. Click on the discuss icon at the end of the article. I usually stopped at one or more wineries along the way. I make no claim to being an oenologist, but confess to a certain weakness for fruit of the vine. My favorite winery was a little outfit situated on an old farm dating back to 1825, with proximity to the deep waters of Cayuga providing sufficient tempering for European grapes (Vitis vinifera) to thrive. I spent more than a couple of lost afternoons sipping Chardonnay and enjoying the scenic view from above Cayuga's waters. However, such roadside stops were secondary to my real mission, which was to visit the Fernand Braudel Center at SUNY Binghamton, the home base of Immanuel Wallerstein. At the time, I was a graduate student in Government and Economics at Cornell, the motivating factor for the field trips being the significant influence that Wallerstein's The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century had had on my intellectual development to that point. Wallerstein's opus (and the tremendous body of world systems research and commentary that he has generated since I left academia and quit keeping up with the literature) provides an overarching theoretical framework that sheds considerable light on the historical trends that led to the world as we know it today. Wallerstein traced the evolution of the modern capitalist world system as it emerged after the crisis of the feudal system, leading to the dominance of Western Europe from about 1450 to 1670. He argued that the capitalist world system was predicated on an international division of labor, with the most important distinction being that between core (at the time England, France, and Holland) and the periphery (the underdeveloped areas within those countries and later their colonies). The SUNY Center was named after Fernand Braudel, a French intellectual whose massive Civilization and Capitalism is one of the most impressive works of history ever written. I plead guilty to having struggled with it for a year and sort of finishing it. Braudel's huge tome consists of three volumes. The Structures of Everyday Life is essentially a social history of the world, covering everything from demographics to food to energy sources to technology. The Wheels of Commerce initially covers the material culture of exchange, including markets, shops, and peddlers; more important is a comprehensive analysis of trading networks, supply and demand, and the relationship between gold and silver currencies. Braudel's erudite analysis of capitalism focuses on how it initially related to agriculture and early industry, but then became dominant in finance and international trade. Braudel's dissection of the relationship between capitalism and social structures, the state, and culture is masterful, and substantially influenced Wallerstein.

In The Perspective of the World, Braudel presents a global, world-systemic approach that foreshadowed The Modern World System. Braudel identified multiple "world-economies," the first of which was the European world economy ruled during different portions of its evolution by "world cities" such as Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam, and London. The volume concludes with an analysis of the industrial revolution and its role in the evolution of the European world economy. Interlude... A Random Encounter My philosophical musings and odd flashback were rudely interrupted by a small commotion. A couple of tough looking fellows in blue barongs with walkie-talkies held closely to their mouths came bounding up the stairs, taking militarily-precise positions and scanning the room. They were followed shortly by an older Chinese-Filipino fellow and a sweet young thing half his age. I immediately recognized him as a leading Manila taipan (from news photos rather than personal acquaintance), one of the wealthiest tycoons in the Philippines. I knew that he had recently entered into several joint ventures with global partners, that he had been a key player during the Marcos era, and that he is reputed to be one of the more ruthless practitioners of the capitalist trade around. He and the presumed mistress settled on a couch over across the way and snuggled a bit, as a third goon followed shortly with their coffee. One of the goons was the official cell phone answerer and dialer; the contraption kept ringing every minute or so, he kept answering it and handing it to the boss. Sometimes boss man would signal him and whisper and he would call someone for him. Each call featured animated chattering in mixed Tagalog and Fukien, rather loudly I thought given the presumed importance of such goings-on. As soon as each call ended, he handed the cell back to the goon and returned to nuzzling his girl. Strange minuet indeed. I wanted to approach him and introduce myself, as I am sometimes wont to do in my quest for full understanding of the Manila scene. However, I decided that in this particular case discretion would be the better part of valor and left the potentially valuable connection for another time and place. We left at about the same time. I watched as the goons secured the area, whispered into their walkie-talkies, and whisked the couple down the stairs into their double parked, darkly tinted, bulletproof Benz. As I watched them pull away, I marveled at the symbolism of the chance encounter. On the way home I passed by the Makati Shang newsstand to pick up the weekend Herald Trib and stopped off at Ronald McDonald's to grab some burgers for the kids. Hmmm... Later, while soaking in the tub and listening to Mississippi Fred McDowell, I ruminated on the morning's odd flashback to radical academe and the close encounter with the famous taipan. I closed my eyes and again tried to come up with a fresh approach to globalization for this academic contribution. Writing Pearls is so much easier (sigh...) ...and back to Globalization

Manila, as described in numerous earlier Pearls and as anyone who passes through however briefly knows, is dominated by American culture. There are KFCs, California Pizza Kitchens, Shakey's, and Pizza Huts all about; cable TV and even local broadcast channels feature Ally McBeal and the Fox News Network; and nobody is bigger on the silver screen than Schwarzenneger. I hear that, in some provinces, toothpaste is called "Colgate". The Americans' cultural dominance of the Philippines raises fundamental questions about Filipino national identity and culture. When FVR was elected in 1992, he instituted a new set of policies based on the three "tions" liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. All were intended to finally transform the Philippines into a NIC (newly industrializing country, modeled on the "Tigers" of Southeast Asia prior to the crisis of '97). But they have not achieved that. During the early 1990s, the WTO was championed as the savior of the Philippine economy, and President Ramos was a disciple. Advocates said that it would:

Create half a million jobs in both agriculture and industry Create unprecedented access to global markets Lead to increased trade volume and thus foreign exchange earnings Attract large amounts of foreign investment that would redound to the benefit of the Filipino people.

In reality, the impact of Ramos' liberalization initiatives, largely continued under Estrada and Arroyo, and globalization in general on the Philippines have not been pretty. By the mid-90s, there were huge contractions in many domestic industrial sectors, including tobacco, apparel, and wood furnishings. Agriculture in particular suffered, with agriculture imports increasing from $42 million in 1994 to $789 million in 1996. The country, which had historically been more or less self-sufficient in agriculture, is now an agricultural importer. Human consequences have been substantial in terms of massive dislocation and income loss among poor Filipinos in rural areas. One of the most unfortunate consequences, related to the lack of economic opportunity for the Filipino labor force, has been the continued pressure on the country to export human sweat and blood (for some perspective on this sad situation see Leaving on a Jet Plane). Millions of Filipinos work abroad for years on end, with their dollar remittances now a mainstay of the Philippines economy. The human consequences are incredible, with families being torn apart and children being left with no real parents other than photos on the bedstand and shadowy memories. The pressure on families is growing as the proportion of OFWs ("overseas foreign workers") who are female continues to increase (females account for as much as 80-90% of OFWs in countries like Hong Kong, 100% in Kuwait, and even over 50% now in Saudi). Indeed, radicals argue that the Philippines is nothing more than a neocolony, and I see their point. Look around and what do you see? Profit gouging, exploitative repatriation of profits by multinationals, sinking wages, increasing polarization between rich and poor, and ecological

plunder. Multinational firms use the Philippines to dump their surplus products, hire cheap labor, and purchase cheap raw or semi-processed goods. To return to the world systems flashback and its reference point of core and periphery. There are cores and peripheries at various levels. At the global level, America is the core to Manila's periphery. But here in the Philippines, Manila is core to the provincial periphery. Some scholars have referred to Manila as a primate city, which means that it has:

A heavy concentration of industry and commerce Corporate headquarters of the largest domestic and virtually all multinational firms The federal government The elite educational institutions Headquarters of the military and national police The highest wages in the country Superior cultural status

Gramsci's concept of hegemony also comes into play. Gramsci showed how one class can dominate other classes without directly or militarily oppressing them. Hegemony implies that those being exploited actively agree to their own subjugation. This agreement results from the wholesale adoption of cultural icons, moral values, and ideology. Actually, sounds pretty much like the Republic of the Philippines. As those of you who have read the earlier globalization Pearls know, my perspective has shifted substantially over the years. I have evolved from a card-carrying leftist to a creature of the capitalist system. Indeed, my primary goal in life is now to build a management consulting business in the Philippines, even feeding the maw of globalization. As Director of Data Management for Amphil Tech, Inc, I direct CRM projects and utilize the services of relatively low paid Filipino programmers to serve global clients. I am also actively involved in helping the Philippines' incipient call center industry finally push through to big time success. Given that current reality, it's not surprising that I have concluded my earlier globalization pieces by waffling and saying that developing countries like the Philippines simply can't afford to ignore globalization. International linkages are so intimate now (financial flows, production networks, trade networks) that the necessity of opting in seems clear. And yet, I agree with many of the anti-globalization arguments, thanks in large part to the early adulthood intellectual frameworks I rambled about above. Anyway, to wrap up, let's just say I am immensely confused about globalization as I continue to stumble towards a meaningful contribution to a high-powered academic tome. Reckon I'll figure it out somehow. Perhaps next time I encounter my favorite taipan at Starbucks I'll interrupt his tte--tte with his cutie and get his two cents' worth. Note: Credit for the brief quote from Me and My Shadow (Music by Al Jolson and Dave Dreyer, lyrics by Billy Rose, 1927). For academics who might stumble upon this Pearl, I already know that The Modern World System was written a long time ago, and that serious world systems

theorists consider it all too elementary and that Braudel is a distant memory. I am working hard to update my working knowledge of the relevant academic gobbledygook and will make sure to be appropriately academic in my contribution to the globalization volume. However, I have written too many Pearls, which means that I probably won't be able to resist sneaking in random references to pop culture and making the occasional pun.

Abstract
Based on a case study from the Philippines, this paper argues that globalization forms a material set of processes, but also a political discourse employed to legitimize certain power relations. I argue, firstly, that scales, and particularly the global scale, can be viewed as social constructions reflecting political interests rather than neutral categories of geographical space. I suggest that a particular discourse of globalization is deployed to legitimize an economic and political agenda in which development is based on international investment flows and production for export. Using the Philippines as an example, I trace the translation of globalization discourse into development policies based on place marketing, investment incentives and infrastructure provision. Drawing on fieldwork in the industrializing fringe of Metropolitan Manila, I recount local reactions to a proposed development project. Successful opposition to the project in question a 330MW power stationprovides some instructive lessons concerning the politicization of scale and appropriate strategies of resistance.

Ang tayutay ay salita o isang pahayag na ginamiy upang bigyang-diin ang isang kaisipan o damdamin. Sinasadya ng pagpapahayag na gumamit ng talinghaga o di karaniwang salita o paraan ng pagpapahayag upang bigyang diin ang kaniyang saloobin.

1. Simili o Pagtutulad - di tiyak na paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay. Ginagamitan ito ng mga salitang: tulad ng, paris ng, kawangis ng, tila, sing-, sim-, magkasing-, magkasim-, at iba pa. Ito ay tinatawag na Simile sa Ingles. Halimbawa: 1. Tila yelo sa lamig ang kamay na nenenerbyos na mang-aawit. 2. Si Menandro'y lobong nagugutom ang kahalintulad. 3. Ang kanyang kagandahan ay mistulang bituing nagninigning. 4. Ang mga tumakas ay ikinulong na parang mga sardines sa piitan. 5. Si maria na animo'y bagong pitas na rosas ay hindi napa-ibig ng mayamang dayuhan. 6. Gaya ng maamong tupa si Jun kapag nakagalitan.

2. Metapora o Pagwawangis - tiyak na paghahambing ngunit hindi na ginagamitan ng [Link] ito ng paghahambing na nakalapat sa mga pangalan, gawain, tawag o katangian ng bagay na inihahambing. Ito ay tinatawag na METAPHOR sa Ingles. Halimbawa: 1. Siya'y langit na di kayang abutin nino man. 2. Ang kanyang mga kamay ay yelong dumampi sa aking pisngi. 3. Matigas na bakal ang kamao ng boksingero. 4. Ikaw na bulaklak niring dilidili. 5. Ahas siya sa grupong iyan. 3. Personipikasyon o Pagsasatao - Ginagamit ito upang bigyang-buhay, pagtaglayin ng mga katangiang pantao - talino, gawi, kilos ang mga bagay na walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng mga pananalitang nagsasaad ng kilos tulad ng pandiwa, pandiwari, at pangngalang-diwa. 'PERSONIFICATION' sa Ingles. Halimbawa: 1. Hinalikan ako ng malamig na hangin. 2. Ang mga bituin sa langit ay kumikindat sa atin. 3. Nahiya ang buwan at nagkanlong sa ulap. 4. Sumasayaw ang mga dahon sa pag-ihip ng hangin. 5. Nagtago ang buwan sa likod ng ulap. 4. Apostrope o Pagtawag - isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao. Halimbawa: 1. O tukso! Layuan mo ako! 2. Kamatayan nasaan ka na? wakasan mo na ang aking kapighatian. 3. Araw, sumikat ka na at tuyuin ang luhang dala ng kapighatian. 4. Ulan, ulan kami'y lubayan na.

5. Oh, birheng kaibig-ibig ina naming nasa langit, Liwanagin yaring isip, nang sa layon di malihis. 6. Pagmamalabis o Hayperbole - Ito ay lagpalagpasang pagpapasidhi ng kalabisan o kakulangan ng isang tao, bagay, pangyayari, kaisipan, damdamin at iba pang katangian, kalagayan o katayuan. Halimbawa: 1. Namuti ang kaniyang buhok kakahintay sayo. 2. Abot langit ng pagmamahal niya sa aking kaibigan. 3. BUmabaha ng dugo sa lansangan. 4. Umuulan ng dolyar kina Pilar nang dumating si Seman. 7. Panghihimig o Onomatopeya - ito ang paggamit ng mga salitang kung ano ang tunog ay siyang kahulugan. ONOMATOPOEIA sa Ingles Halimbawa: 1. Ang lagaslas nitong batis, alatiit nitong kawayan, halumigmig nitong hangin, ay bulong ng kalikasan. 2. Himutok na umaalingawngaw sa buong gubat. 3. Humalinghing siya sa sakit ng hagupit na tinanggap. 9. Pagpapalit-saklaw o Senekdoke - isang bagay, konsepto kaisipan, isang bahagi ng kabuuan ang binabanggit. Halimbawa: 1. Isinambulat ang order sa dibdib ng taksil. 2. Isang Rizal ang nagbuwis ng buhay alang-alang sa Inang Bayan. 3. Walang bibig ang umasa kay Romeo. 4. Hingin mo ang kaniyang kamay. 10. Paglilipat-wika o Transferred Epithet- tulad ng pagbibigay-katauhan na pinasasabagay ang mga katangiang pantao, na ginagamit ang pang-uri. Halimbawa:

1. Patay tayo dun.

Ang tayutay ay isang sinadyang paglayo sa karaniwang paggamit ng mga salita upang madaling maunawaan, mabisa at kaakit-akit ang pagpapahayag. Nakadaragdag ito sa kalinawan, kapamagitan at kagandahan ng isang katha, pasalita man o pasulat. Ilang Uri ng Tayutay 1. Pagtutulad (simile) - isang payak at lantad na paghahambing at karaniwang ginagamitan ng mga salita't pariralang: katulad ng, tulad ng, para ng, anaki'y, kawangis ng, gaya ng, kasing-, sing-, ga-, atbp. Hal. Para ng halamang lumaki sa tubig, Dahon ay nalalanta munting di madilig -Francisco Baltazar, Florante at Laura 2. Paghahalintulad (Analohiya) - isang uring tambalan ng pagtutulad. Ipinahahayag ng paghahalintulad ang pagkamagkatulad ng isang kaugnayan sa ibang kaugnayan. Hal. Ang tingin ng bubuyog sa bulaklak ay katulad ng damdamin ng binata sa dalaga. 3. Pagwawangis (Metapora) - isang tuwirang paghahambing na di gumagamit ng mga salitang katulad ng at iba pa, ngunit nagpapahayag ng hambingan sa pamamagitan ng paglalapat ng pangalan, tawag, katangian, o gawain ng isang bagay na inihahambing. Hal. Ang awa ng Panginoon ay aking kuta laban sa mga dalita ng buhay. 4. Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) - tinatawag din itong pagbibigay katauhan at personipikasyon. Pahayag ito na ang mga katangian, gawi at talinong sadyang angkin lamang ng tao ay isinasalin sa mga karaniwang bagay. Nagagawa ang pagsasalin sa paggamit ng pandiwa o pangngalan. Hal. Lumuha ang langit nang pumanaw si Ninoy Aquino. 5. Pamamalabis (Eksaherasyon) - isang pagpapahayag na lampas sa mahinahong larawan ng katotohanan sa hangaring magbigay-diin sa katotohanang pinagmamalabisan. Hal. Bumaha ang dugo sa awayan ng mga magsasaka. 6. Pagpapalit-tawag (Metonymy) - isang pansamantalang pagpapalit ng mga pangalan ng mga bagay na magkakaugnay. Hal. Ang anhel sa kanilang tahanan ay isang malusog na sanggol. 7. Pagpapalit-saklaw (Synecdoche) - pagbanggit sa bahagi bilang katapay ng kabuuan, o ng kabuuan bilang katapat ng bahagi. Hal. Ang panahong ito (Mayo) ay mabulaklak. 8. Panawagan (Apostrophe) - ginagawa rito ang pakikipag-usap sa karaniwang bagay na para bang nakikipag-usap sa isang buhay na tao o isang taong parang naroon at kaharap gayong wala naman. Hal. Diyos ko, iligtas po ninyo ang aming bayan sa masamang elemento.

9. Tanong Retorikal - hindi ito naghihintay ng kasagutan at hindi rin nagpapahayag ng pagaalinlangan. Hal. May magulang bang nagtakwil sa kanyang anak? 10. Pag-uyam - mga pananalitang nangungutya sa tao o bagay sa pamamagitan ng mga salitang kapag kukunin sa tiyakan ay tila kapuri-puring mga pananalita ngunit sa tunay na kahulugan ay may bahid na pang-uyam. Hal. Ubod siya ng gara kung lumalabas! Napakagulo naman ng bahay. 11. Talinghaga (Allegory) - isa itong salaysay ng mga kinathang pangyayari na ang hangarin ay magbigay-kahulugan sa nga mahahalagang katunayan. Ang talinghaga ay "salaysay" at kauri nito ang tinatawag na parabula (na ang karamihan ay galling kay Kristo). Isa ittong kinathang salaysay na may mga pangyayaring maaaring nangyari sa katutubong buhay ng tao, ngunit kinatha upang maglarawan ng isang aral hinggil sa kalinisan ng pamumuhay at mabuting pakikipagkapwa. Hal. "Ang Mabuting Samaritano" "Ang Alibughang Anak"

TAYUTAY - ang tayutay ay salita o isang pahayag na ginagamit upang bigyan diin ang isang kaisipan o [Link] ng pagpapahayag upang bigyan diin ang kanyang saloobin...", MGA URI NG TAYUTAY 1. SIMILI o Pagtutulad - Di tiyak na paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang [Link] ito ng mga salitang:tulad,paris ng,kawangis ng,sing-,sim-,magkasing- at iba pa. =halimbawa= [Link] parang ipu-ipo sa bilis [Link] parang pagong sa bagal [Link] tila hari kung mag-utos [Link] mukhang higante sa laki [Link] parang reyna kung mag-kumpas 2. METAPORA o pagwawangis - tiyak na paghahambing hindi na ginagamitan ng [Link] ito ng paghahabing na nakalapat sa mga pangalan,gawain,tawag o katangian ng bagay na inihahambing. =halimbawa= [Link]-ipong sasakyan [Link] pagong [Link] higante [Link] na ngipin [Link]-ting n balerina [Link] bahay [Link] porselana [Link] lugar 3. PERSONIPIKASYON o pagtatao - Ginagamit i2 upang bigyang-buhay,pagtaglayin ng mga katangiang pantaong-tilino,gawi,kilos ang mga bagay na walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng mga

pananalitang nagsasaad ng kilos tulad ng pandiwa at pangngalang-diwa. =halimbawa= [Link]-tak ng orasan ay nag hahabulan [Link] umihip ang hanging amihan [Link]'t nagagalit ang araw sa silanga [Link] nagtatampong aso,tingnan mo't malungkot [Link] nagkalat sa mga lansangan ay mgasasaktan kung tinatapakan

Mga Uri ng Tayutay

Simili o Pagtutulad - di tiyak na paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay. Ginagamitan ito ng mga salitang: tulad ng, paris ng, kawangis ng, tila, sing-, sim-, magkasing-, magkasim-, at iba pa. Ito ay tinatawag na Simile sa Ingles. Metapora o Pagwawangis - tiyak na paghahambing ngunit hindi na ginagamitan ng [Link] ito ng paghahambing na nakalapat sa mga pangalan, gawain, tawag o katangian ng bagay na inihahambing. Ito ay tinatawag na METAPHOR sa Ingles. Personipikasyon o Pagtatao - Ginagamit ito upang bigyang-buhay, pagtaglayin ng mga katangiang pantao - talino, gawi, kilos ang mga bagay na walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng mga pananalitang nagsasaad ng kilos tulad ng pandiwa, pandiwari, at pangngalangdiwa. 'PERSONIFICATION' sa Ingles. Apostrope o Pagtawag - isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao. Pag-uulit ** Aliterasyon - Ang unang titik o unang pantig ay pare-pareho. o Anapora - Pag-uulit ng isang salitang nasa unahan ng isang pahayag o ng isang sugnay. o Anadiplosis - Paggamit ng salita sa unahan at sa hulihan ng pahayag o sugnay. o Epipora - Pag-uulit naman ito ng isang salita sa hulihan ng sunud-sunod na taludtod. o Empanodos o Pabalik na Pag-uulit - Pag-uulit nang pagbaliktad ng mga pahayag. o Katapora - Paggamit ng isang salita na kadalasang panghalip na tumutukoy sa isang salita o parirala na binanggit sa hulihan. Pagmamalabis o Hayperbole - Ito ay lagpalagpasang pagpapasidhi ng kalabisan o kakulangan ng isang tao, bagay, pangyayari, kaisipan, damdamin at iba pang katangian, kalagayan o katayuan. Panghihimig o Onomatopeya - ito ang paggamit ng mga salitang kung ano ang tunog ay siyang kahulugan. ONOMATOPOEIA sa Ingles. Pag-uyam - Isang uri ng ironya na ipinapahiwatig ang nais iparating sa huli. Madalas itong nakakasakit ng damdamin. Senekdoke o Pagpapalit-saklaw - isang bagay, konsepto kaisipan, isang bahagi ng kabuuan ang binabanggit. Paglilipat-wika - tulad ng pagbibigay-katauhan na pinasasabagay ang mga katangiang pantao, na ginagamit ang pang-uri. Balintuna - isang uri ng ironya na hindi ipinapahiwatig ang nais sabihin sa huli.

Pasukdol - pataas na paghahanay ng mga salita o kaisipan ayon sa kahalagahan nito mula sa pinakamababa patungo sa pinakamataas na antas. Pagtanggi o Litotes - gumagamit ng katagang "hindi" na nagbabadya ng pagsalungat o di-pagsang-ayon. Ito'y may himig na pagkukunwari, isang kabaligtaran ng ibig sabihin.