Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 28 – Professional Elective 2 (Power System Analysis and Design)
EE117
MODULE 1
Title: Introduction

I. Introduction
Electrical engineers are concerned with every step in the process of generation, transmission, distribution,
and utilization of electrical energy. The electric utility industry is probably the largest and most complex industry in the
world. The electrical engineer who works in that industry will encounter challenging problems in designing future
power systems to deliver increasing amounts of electrical energy in a safe, clean, and economical manner.

II. History of Electric Power Systems

 Early 1880s – Edison introduces Pearl Street DC System in Manhattan supplying 59 customers
 1884 – Sprague produces practical DC motor
 1885 – invention of transformer
 Mid 1880s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival AC system
 Late 1880s – Tesla invents AC induction motor
 1893 – first 3 phase transmission line operating 2.3kV

History of Electric Power System in the Philippines

 1890 – electricity reached the country
 1892 – establishment of La Electricista
 1903 – MERALCO was established
 1905 – 40,129 incendescent lights, 495 arc lamps were installed in both public and private areas
 1925 – MERALCO expanded services
 1953 – MERALCO had disposed all its provincial facilities
 1961 – MERALCO became Filipino-owned
 1936 – National Power Corporation was established
 1960 – Electrification Administration (EA) was created
 1966 – study recommended that a total electrification program based on the rural electric cooperative
(REC) model used in the United States be instituted in the Philippines. Two pilot projects were
initiated to adapt the U.S. model to Philippine conditions: (1) Misamis Oriental Rural Electric Service
Cooperative (MORESCO), and (2) Victorias Rural Service Electric Cooperative (VRESCO).
 1969 – establishment of 217 small systems throughout the country.
 1969 – National Electrification Administration (NEA) was created
 1971 – 479 electrical utilities and 876 generating plants are present in the country.
 1973 – NEA was converted into a public corporation by Presidential Decree No. 269
 2001 – Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) was created

III. Computers in Power System Engineering

Computer Programs
1. Power Flow Programs – compute the voltage magnitude, phase angles, and transmission-line power flows for a
network under steady-state operating conditions.
2. Stability Program – used to study power systems under disturbance conditions to determine whether synchronous
generators and motors remain in synchronism.
3. Short-circuit Program – used to compute three-phase and line-to-ground faults in power system network in order
to select circuit breakers for fault interruption, select relays that detect faults and control circuit breakers, and
determine relay settings.
4. Transient Program – compute the magnitude and shapes of transient over-voltages and currents that result from
lighting strikes and line-switching operations.

Other computer programs for power system planning include relay coordination programs and distribution-circuits
programs. Computer programs for generation-expansion planning include reliability analysis and loss-of-load
probability (LOLP) programs, production cost programs, and investment cost programs

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
III. PowerWorld Simulator

PowerWorld Simulator (PowerWorld) version 15 is a commercial-grade power system analysis and simulation
package that accompanies this text. To use this software package, you must first install PowerWorld, along with all of
the necessary case files onto your computer. The PowerWorld software and case files can be downloaded by going to
the [Link]/ GloverSarmaOverbye webpage, and clicking on the DownLoad PowerWorld Software and
Cases for the 5th Edition button. The remainder of this section provides the necessary details to get up and running
with PowerWorld.

III. Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

Example 1.1

After installing PowerWorld, double-click on the PW icon to start the program. Power system analysis requires, of
course, that the user provide the program with a model of the power system. With PowerWorld, you can either build a
new case (model) from scratch or start from an existing case. Initially, we’ll start from an existing case. PowerWorld
uses the common Ribbon user interface in which common commands, such as opening or saving a case, are
available by clicking on the blue and white PowerWorld icon in the upper lefthand corner. So to open a case click on
the icon and select Open Case. This displays the Open Dialog. Select the Example 1.1 case in the Chapter 1
directory, and then click Open. The display should look similar to Figure 1.6.

For users familiar with electric circuit schematics it is readily apparent that Figure 1.6 does NOT look like a traditional
schematic. This is because the system is drawn in what is called one-line diagram form. A brief explanation is in order.
Electric power systems range in size from small dc systems with peak power demands of perhaps a few milliwatts
(mW) to large continent spanning interconnected ac systems with peak demands of hundreds of Gigawatts (GW) of
demand (1 GW ¼ 1 109 Watt). The subject of this book and also PowerWorld are the high voltage, high power,
interconnected ac systems. Almost without exception these systems operate using three-phase ac power at either 50
or 60 Hz. As discussed in Chapter 2, a full analysis of an arbitrary three-phase system requires consideration of each
of the three phases. Drawing such systems in full schematic form quickly gets excessively complicated. Thankfully,
during normal operation three-phase systems are usually balanced. This permits the system to be accurately modeled
as an equivalent single-phase system (the details are discussed in Chapter 8, Symmetrical Components). Most power
system analysis packages, including PowerWorld, use this approach. Then connections between devices are then
drawn with a single line joining the system devices, hence the term ‘‘one-line’’ diagram. However, do keep in mind that
the actual systems are three phase.

Figure 1.6 illustrates how the major power system components are represented in PowerWorld. Generators are shown
as a circle with a ‘‘dog-bone’’ rotor, large arrows represent loads, and transmission lines are simply drawn as lines. In
power system terminology, the nodes at which two or more devices join are called buses. In PowerWorld thicker lines
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
usually represent buses; the bus voltages are shown in kilovolts (kV) in the fields immediately to the right of the buses.
In addition to voltages, power engineers are also concerned with how power flows through the system (the solution of
the power flow problem is covered in Chapter 6, Power Flows). In PowerWorld, power flows can be visualized with
arrows superimposed on the generators, loads, and transmission lines. The size and speed of the arrows indicates the
direction of flow. One of the unique aspects of PowerWorld is its ability to animate power systems. To start the
animation, select the Tools tab on the Ribbon and then click on the green and black arrow button above Solve (i.e.,
the ‘‘Play’’ button). The one-line should spring to life! While the one-line is being animated you can interact with the
system. Figure 1.6 represents a simple power system in which a generator is supplying power to a load through a 16
kV distribution system feeder. The solid red blocks on the line and load represent circuit breakers. To open, a circuit
breaker simply click on it. Since the load is series connected to the generator, clicking on any of the circuit breakers
isolates the load from the generator resulting in a blackout. To restore the system click again on the circuit breaker to
close it and then again select the button on the Tools ribbon. To vary the load click on the up or down arrows between
the load value and the ‘‘MW’’ field. Note that because of the impedance of the line, the load’s voltage drops as its
value is increased.

You can view additional information about most of the elements on the one-line by right-clicking on them. For example
right-clicking on the generator symbol brings up a local menu of additional information about the generator, while right-
clicking on the transmission line brings up local menu of information about the line. The meaning of many of these
fields will become clearer as you progress through the book. To modify the display itself simply right-click on a blank
area of the one-line. This displays the one-line local menu. Select Oneline Display Options to display the Oneline
Display Options Dialog. From this dialog you can customize many of the display features. For example, to change the
animated flow arrow color select the ‘‘Animated Flows’’ from the options shown on the left side of the dialog. Then
click on the green colored box next to the ‘‘Actual MW’’ field (towards the bottom of the dialog) to change its color.

There are several techniques for panning and/or zooming on the oneline. One method to pan is to first click in an
empty portion of the display and then press the keyboard arrow keys in the direction you would like to move. To zoom
just hold down the Ctrl key while pressing the up arrow to zoom in, or the down arrow to zoom out. Alternatively you
can drag the one-line by clicking and holding the left mouse button down and then moving the mouse–the one-line
should follow. To go to a favorite view from the one-line local menu select the Go To View to view a list of saved
views.

If you would like to retain your changes after you exit PowerWorld you need to save the results. To do this, select the
PowerWorld icon in the upper left portion of the Ribbon and then Save Case As; enter a different file name so as to
not overwrite the initial case. One important note: PowerWorld actually saves the information associated with the
power system model itself in a different file from the information associated with the one-line. The power system
model is stored in *.pwb files (PowerWorld binary file) while the one-line display information is stored in *.pwd files
(PowerWorld display file). For all the cases discussed in this book, the names of both files should be the same (except
the different extensions). The reason for the dual file system is to provide flexibility. With large system models, it is
quite common for a system to be displayed using multiple one-line diagrams. Furthermore, a single one-line diagram
might be used at different times to display information about different cases.

Example 1.2 PowerWorld Simulator – Edit Mode

PowerWorld has two major modes of operations. The Run Mode, which was just introduced, is used for running
simulations and performing analysis. The Edit Mode, which is used for modifying existing cases and building new
cases, is introduced in this example. To switch to the Edit Mode click on the Edit Mode button, which is located in the
upper left portion of the display immediately below the PowerWorld icon. We’ll use the edit mode to add an additional
bus and load as well as two new lines to the Example 1.1 system.

When switching to the Edit Mode notice that the Ribbon changes slightly, with several of the existing buttons and
icons disabled and others enabled. Also, the one-line now has a superimposed grid to help with alignment (the grid
can be customized using the Grid/Highlight Unlinked options category on the One line Display Options Dialog). In the
Edit Mode, we will first add a new bus to the system. This can be done graphically by first selecting the Draw tab, then
clicking on the Network button and selecting Bus. Once this is done, move the mouse to the desired one-line location
and click (note the Draw tab is only available in the Edit Mode). The Bus Options dialog then appears. This dialog is
used to set the bus parameters. For now leave all the bus fields at their default values, except set Bus Name to ‘‘Bus
3’’ and set the nominal voltage to 16.0; note that the number for this new bus was automatically set to the one greater

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
than the highest bus number in the case. The one-line should look similar to Figure 1.7. You may wish to save your
case now to avoid losing your changes.

By default, when a new bus is inserted a ‘‘bus field’’ is also inserted. Bus fields are used to show information about
buses on the one-lines. In this case the new field shows the bus name, although initially in rather small fonts. To
change the field’s font size click on the field to select it, and then select the Format button (on the Draw Ribbon) to
display the Format dialog. Click on the Font tab and change the font’s size to a larger value to make it easier to see.

You can also change the size of the bus itself using the Format dialog, Display/ Size tab. Since we would also like to
see the bus voltage magnitude, we need to add an additional bus field. On the Draw ribbon select Field, Bus Field,
and then click near bus 3. This displays the Bus Field Options dialog. Make sure the bus number is set to 3, and that
the ‘‘Type of Field’’ is Bus Voltage. Again, resize with the Format, Font dialog.

Next, we’ll insert some load at bus 3. This can be done graphically by selecting Network, Load, and then clicking on
bus 3. The Load Options dialog appears, allowing you to set the load parameters. Note that the load was
automatically assigned to bus 3. Leave all the fields at their default values, except set the orientation to ‘‘Down,’’ and
enter 10.0 in the Constant Power column MW Value field. As the name implies, a constant power load treats the load
power as being independent of bus voltage; constant power load models are commonly used in power system
analysis. By default PowerWorld ‘‘anchors’’ each load symbol to its bus. This is a handy feature when changing a
drawing since when you drag the bus the load and all associated fields move as well. Note that two fields showing the
load’s real (MW) and reactive (Mvar) power were also auto-inserted with the load. Since we won’t be needing the
reactive field right now, select this field and then select click Delete (located towards the right side of the Tools
Ribbon) to remove it. You should also resize the MW field using the Format, Font command.

Now we need to join the bus 3 load to the rest of the system. We’ll do this by adding a line from bus 2 to bus 3. Select
Network, Transmission Line and then click on bus 2. This begins the line drawing. During line drawing PowerWorld
adds a new line segment for each mouse click. After adding several segments place the cursor on bus 3 and double-
click. The Transmission Line/Transformer Options dialog appears allowing you to set the line parameters. Note that
PowerWorld should have automatically set the ‘‘from’’ and ‘‘to’’ bus numbers based upon the starting and ending
buses (buses 2 and 3). If these values have not been set automatically then you probably did not click exactly on bus
2 or bus 3; manually enter the values. Next, set the line’s Series Resistance (R) field to 0.3, the Series Reactance (X)
field to 0.6, and the MVA Limits Limit (A) field to 20 (the details of transformer and transmission line modeling is
covered in Chapters 3 through 5). Select OK to close the dialog. Note that Simulator also auto-inserted two circuit
breakers and a round ‘‘pie chart’’ symbol. The pie charts are used to show the percentage loading of the line. You can
change the display size for these objects by right-clicking on them to display their option dialogs.

Example 1.3 PowerWorld Simulator – Run Mode

Next, we need to switch back to Run Mode to animate the new system developed in Example 1.2. Click on the Run
Mode button (immediately below the Edit Mode button), select the Tools on the ribbon and then click the green and
black button above Solve to start the simulation. You should see the arrows flow from bus 1 to bus 2 to bus 3. Note
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that the total generation is now about 16.2 MW, with 15 MW flowing to the two loads and 1.2 MW lost to the wire
resistance. To add the load variation arrows to the bus 3 load right click on the load MW field (not the load arrow itself)
to display the field’s local menu. Select Load Field Information Dialog to view the Load Field Options dialog. Set the
‘‘Delta per Mouse Click’’ field to ‘‘1.0,’’ which will change the load by one MW per click on the up/down arrows. You
may also like to set the ‘‘Digits to Right of Decimal’’ to 2 to see more digits in the load field. Be sure to save your case.
The new system now has one generator and two loads. The system is still radial, meaning that a break anywhere on
the wire joining bus 1 to bus 2 would result in a blackout of all the loads. Radial power systems are quite common in
the lower voltage distribution systems. At higher voltage levels, networked systems are typically used. In a networked
system, each load has at least two possible sources of power. We can convert our system to a networked system
simply by adding a new line from bus 1 to bus 3. To do this switch back to Edit Mode and then repeat the previous line
insertion process except you should start at bus 1 and end at bus 3; use the same line parameters as for the bus 2 to
3 line. Also before returning to Run Mode, right click on the blue ‘‘Two Bus Power System’’ title and change it to
‘‘Three Bus Power System.’’ Return to Run Mode and again solve. Your final system should look similar to the system
shown in Figure 1.8. Note that now you can open any single line and still supply both loads—a nice increase in
reliability!

Prepared by:

[Link] Ysobelle S. Sioco

Instructor I
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