%¢1n Class Genetics Worksheet & KEY Good directions as well as the practice problems for the Genetics unit: Part LIntroduction;___ 1. Describe the enotypes given (use your notes). The firsttwo are already done, A. DD homozygous. dominant D. ss -homuaugais Domina B. Dd. heterozygous E. ¥y_heterog Maus C. dd homeeaous weceswe. F- WW_homory fio) WL net 2, Inhumans, brown eye color (B), is dominant over blue eye color (b). What are the phenotypes of the following genotypes? In other words, what color eyes will they have? A BB Btouh B. bb__ blue Cc. Bb Gene The Five (5) Steps Associated With Solving a Genetics Problem: If you take the time tofollow the directions below, you will be able to solve most genetics problems. 1, _ Determine the genotypes of the parents or whatever is given in problem, 2. Setup your Punnett square as follows: *# sq, based on possible gametes that can be formed. poof | | Fill in the squares. This represents the possible combinations that could occur during fertilization. 4. Write out the possible genotypic ratio of the offspring. 5. Using the genotypic ratio determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring. Part 2: Sample Problem (Just read this over, it is a practice problem) A heterozygous male, black eyed mouse is crossed with a red eyed female mouse. Predict the possible offipring! Step i: Determine the genotype of the parents. The male parent is heterozygous which means he has one allele for black eyes and one allele for red eyes. Since his eyes are black, this means that black allele must be dominant over the red allele. So the male parents genotype is "Bb" (B= allele for black eye, b= allele for red eye), The female parent has red eyes, there is only one way to have this recessive phenotype, so she must to be homozygous recessive. Homozygous recessive means that her genotype must be "bb", Therefore, genotype of the parents is Bb x bb.STEP 2: During meiosis (the formation of sex cells) one member (allele) of each gene pair separate, The male ‘mouse (Bb) produces some sperm containing "B" (the allele for black eye) and some sperm containing "b" (the allele for red eyes). On one axis of the Punnett square you put the two possible gametes for the male. Possible Sperm b Possible / b Eggs Repeat this for the other axis for the possible female gametes, Since she is "bb" you must put "b" and "b". Step 3:During fertilization sperm meets the egg. The Punnett square show us the various possibilities during fertilization. The offspring must be one of these genotypes listed in the squares. (B) » If. the sperm: contains-a-"B"andit (b) fertilizes-an-egg-containing-the- p "b’-allele,, the: resultant offspring: will- have:the- genotype- "Bb". Step 4:The genotypic ratio is detetmined by counting each possi ble genotype. You'll note there are two "Bb" for every two "bb". Therefore, we write the ratio as 2:2 Normally we reduce to the lowest terms: 4:4 Bb : bbStep 5:The Bb will produce a black eyed mouse (Phenotype) andthe bb (phenotype). The phenotypic ratio is written as 1 produce ared eyed mouse black eye : redeye Ratios tell you there is an even chance of having offspring with black eyes as there isfor having offspring with red eyes. That would be the same as a 50% probability of having red eyes, or a 50% probability of having black eyes. . **On the following pages are several problems. With each new problem, one sample is illustrated, make sure v ok over the 5 In your spiral nofebook you must copy the first problem from each section along with its solution. This means you should have a total of Mt problems written out and solved: monohybrid cross, working backwards, test (back) cross, dihybrid cross, incomplete dominance. multiple alleles, sex-linked cross and pedigree analysis ‘Now, on to some example and practice problems for your Genetics Chart: Pane #1Practice problems for Genetics: Part 1 Monohybrid Cross: ‘When we study the inheritance of a single gene itis called a monohybrid cross. **On the following pages are several problems. —rorn inaairt 1. Heterozygous, smooth pei pod, plant is erassed 5 with a wrinkled pea pod plant. There are two alleles for pea pod, smooth and wrinkled. Predict the offspring from this cross S=smooth s=wrinklee ‘What is the Phenotype of the parents?__ hy }é/O. Wrinile. ‘What is the genotype of the parents?” 64 Write down possible gametes. Do the Punnett square forthe resultant offspring. Se es ‘What is the predicted genotypic ratio for the offspring 24%. = \% | A ‘What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for the offspring?__Sroy oth ¢ wt ‘del Ifthis cross produced 50 seeds how many would you predict to Ve awrinkled pod? (S005) = AS SmooH 36 omnidlee [Link] humans, achondroplasia "dwarfism" (D) is dominant-over normal (d). A homozygous dominant (DD) person dies before the age of one. A heterozygous (Dd) person is dwarfed. A homozygous recessive individual isnormal. A heterozygous dwarf man marries a dwarf heterozygous woman + a o : 9 Parent Phenotype Dusorh 4 Dux Q Parent genotypes_¢77 DAF Vd + Possible gametes:__D, GD, a D Ve d= as% What isthe probability ofhaving anormal child? What is the probability that the next child will be normal?__=_ 25" What isthe probability of having a child that isadwarf? Fo — : What isthe probability: ofhaving achild thatdies atonefromthis disorder? 2 2Part 2: Working Backwards Some times we only know abou the offspring and we want ‘ollearn about the parents) If you have ‘been paying attention, you should have started to notice a pattern, For example, when both parents are heterozygous the phenotypic ratio always comes out 3 to 1. If one parent is ‘homozygous recessive and the other is heterozygous, the phenotypic ratio always comes out 1 tol, Keeping this in mind see if you can solve the next two problems. 1. In pea plants, yellow seeds.(Y) are dominant and green seeds (y) are recessive. A pea plant with jellow seeds is crosse@ with a pea plant with green Seeds The resulting offspring have about ‘equal numbers of yellow and green seeded plants. What are the ‘genotypes Re \- Dom-yellor O \ 7 yY y queen. Ny 5 fe) | Mm al] 100% yellow we teen Dposeibilittes For Way x ay 50% yellow) Darert Q Qe = \ f GANS Nee Molt \ 1 \ > areet | NS GENESEE \oligu) = ‘ly hetercaygcud SOP l Greem = yy } 2. In another cross, a yellow seed: jas crossed with another yellow seeded plant and it produced offspring of which abot fere green seeded plants, . ‘What are the genotypes of both parents? meats Mush howe i ash areen — Pons = voy as q heterc MsPart 3:Back Cross/Test Cross When an organism has the flominant phenatype,)then its genotype can be-either- heterozygous or homozygous dominant (you can't tell by looking at it). In order tofind out we must do a test cross using an homozygous, recessive organism For example: =— In Dalmatian dogs, the gene for black spots isdominant to the gene for liver colored spots. Ifa breeder hhas a black spotted dog, how can [Link] out whether it is homozygous( BB) or heterozygous( Bb) spotted dog? *B = black spots and b = liver spots Ifthe breederfinds a black spotted dog, whose ancestry is not known, she cannot tell by looking at the dog if it is BB or Bb. She should find a liver spotted dog, whose genotype must be "bb" and mate it with the black spotted dog in question. This is the cross of a homozygous (BB) individual: B Notice that all of the offipring will be Bb and therefore, there is b Bb Bb no possibility of having an liver spotted offspring. 6 = Bb’ a4 Bo b |B} ‘ob b Al puppies should Iz are BlacksE hover black spars Yo ace \werspat C “4 BB / Q ig Ame. breed @ mush be. boleronyge double dominars (not good for coding Pane #4This would be the resultant Punnett [Link] the heterozygous (Bb) individual. B If any of the breed offspring has liver spots, then she can say that she had a heterozygous black spotted dog. Ifall the offspring had black spots then she can say that the suspect dog was homozygous. 1. You found a wild, black mouse. Explain how you would determine the genotype ofthis mouse. *Hintinmice, white fur is recessive. oT rneik b a. Draw Punnett squares for your possible crosses. — 1 clelec mine. \S black mouse iS BB a Bb you would cross fo & A (recessive mou sa, 2 <= Be & 6 aygeus | | % Boxbe 4 |pp a. You have 24 offspring, 23 with black fur and 1 with white fur. What was the genotype of tee es themouser 2b — must joe hefer B\GoUS offertvian where clid thal 7 Le worse come {cor Bat had 40 Wave recess’ allel “produce lbo- while b. Ifyou only had 3 black offspring, can you tell what the genotype was of the suspect mouse? Explain why or why not.Pherdyp! ¢ roto Part 4: Dihybrid Cross — 2 call¢les. Eg. Fur’ Kouaheoal> Co When we study two traits on different chromosomes, at one time, we call this a dibybrid cross. Youstillfollow the same five step process for Monohybrid crosses but now there will befour times as many possibilities because we are studying two traits. Afemale guinea pig is heterozygousfor both fur color and coat texture is crossed with a ‘male that has light fur color and is heterozygous for coat texture. What possible offspring can they produce?’ Dark fur color is dominant (D) and lightfur (d) is recessive. Rough coat texture (R) is dominant, while smooth coat (r) isrecessive. Step I: The guinea pig that is heterozygous for both color and texture this means it has one allele for each trait. Therefore its genotype would be "DdRr" . The other guinea pig has light ‘fur, since that isa recessive trait the genotype for that trait must be "dd It is also heterozygous for fur texture, which means a genotype of "Rr". All together its overall genotype must be "ddRr", Step 2 and 3: The Punnett square will be larger now because there are more possible sperm and egg combinations. During the formation of sperm a "D" could go with a "R" producing a sperm "DR", or a "D" could go with a "r"forming a sperm with "Dr" Filling-in the Punnett square it should look like the one we started below . Finish off filling in the blank squares in the Punnett square. Dark fur=D Rough coat=R Aillwayskee Light fur=d Smooth coat=: et Female genotype= DgRr gametes= DR Dr dR de Tec caloe-ther Male genotype= ddRy —gametes= GR dr dR dr MY dao ay Fe IR dr cal clo poy aR drStep 4: After filling-in the Punnett square you should obtain the following genotypic ratio: remember the numbers should add up to the number of squaresfilled in: 4DdRr :2 DaRR :4 ddRr :2ddRR :2 Ddrr :2 dder Step 5: There will be only four different phenotypes because the 4 DdRr and the 2 DdRR will have dark fur with rough coat, and the 4 with ddRr and the 2 ddRR will have light fur with rough coat, while the 2 Ddrr will have dark fur with smooth coat and the 2. ddrr will have light fur with smooth coat. Therefore the phenotypic ratio would be: Gdark, rough : 6 light rough :2 dark smooth : 2 light smooth Now try this one © 2 In humans there is a disease called Phenylketonuria (PKU) which is caused by a recessive allele.) People with this allele have a defective enzyme and cannot break. down-the amiiid acid phenylalanine. This disease can result in mental retardation or death. Let "E" zepresent the normal enzyme. Also in humans in a condition called g galactose intolerance or galactosemia, which is also ‘caused by a recessive allele, Let "G" represent the normal allele for gal digestion, In both diséases, normal dominates over recessive. If two adults were/lieterozygous for> / both traits (EeGg), what are the chances of having. a ¢ child 4 that is is s completed normal? Has just / PKU? Has just galactosemia? Has both disea “MC 6, Bole, CEGG, Eqta4 Vilomall = EEG 1 4) ; bhwPKU ¢ sIle mafiv= 18.8% 86% Shun ged. only = EE qa oc EX Balle aie = 18.8°D Bas woth = 2eag = Wblle or Ifite = [Link]%NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS!!!! Incomplete Dominance or Codominance Tn Four o'clockflowers the alleles for lower color are both equal therefore neither dominates “ecall this condition in raleD Ge etamlatce ie Uptatis je of dominance, A redfour o'clock flower (rr) is crossed with a whiteflower jaw). Since there tant trait we usd two\different little letters for the genotype. Step I: The genotype of the red,flower will be "rr" and the genotype of the white flower is "ww", Step 2 and 3: Complete a Punnett square for this cross. Cc < - Fed = re Qameta= Fo > |p ~ | ae Encomelete = wake =O “amebs ~ 424 WwW {Cw } Cw THANG S . $0 Moers wo | Ao Tee Will_be pink | A Blend Step 4: All of the offspring will be "rw", So the (Raiendl genotypic ratio is: \OO/o Les pxinank = Step 5: Ail of the offspring will have one of each allele (rw), so all 9 dd bé ‘will be pink, i 1. Predict the offspring when two pink Four o'clock flowers [Zcowe are crossed. - 4. Complete a Punnet square frthis eps. aule n= SC? 2 Pine cw ‘ ate Pok= © 3 25% rea clon fro) a wW fr {ww WY PS Te Die [xy b. What is the predicted genotypic ratio for the offspring? Mus E+ LW Bailid b. What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for the offspring? ings beds while | a 2. In humans firaight hair (3s)\gnd curly hair(ce) are) $$ S>S\raide © —— codominant ‘traits, that result in hybrids who have wavy S - liair-(se).Cross a curly hair female with a wavy haired Cc > ‘male. a a Complete a Punnett square for this cross. J Gece olse on b. _ Whatare the chances of having acurly haired child? Ch = ee tualy = 5O% —t__. ee = Wat = SOPart 6: Multiple Allele So far we have studied traits or genes that are coded for by just two alleles. Like in rabbits, there was one allele for brown hair color and one allele for white hair. However, some traits are coded for by mare than two alleles. One of these is blood type in humans. This is a violation of ‘Mendel’s Principle of unit characteristics. In humans, there are four types of blood: type A, type B, type AB, and type 0. The alleles A and Bare codominant to each other and the Oallele is recessive to both A and B alleles. So aperson with the genotype AA or AO will have A (ype of blood. ) The proper way to write blood type alleles is like this:(1'4) P| (P) or iit is the recessive O A protein I =B protein i= no protein 6 8 a, What possble genotypes will produce B type ofblood? LJ mj Tk b. Wha ©, d. Whatistheonly genotype thatwill produce AB typeofblood?, the only genotype that will produce 0 typeofblood? You aff blood type Oahnd you marry a person with blood type AB. ee >) a. Complete a Punnett square for this cross. Ant b. _Listthepossible bloodtypes (phenotypes) ofyouroffspring. 01 2 me . 1 50% Jeac2. In the 1950's, a young woman sued film star/director Charlie Chaplin for parental support of her illegitimate child. Charlie Chaplin's blood type was already on record as type [Link] mother of the child had type A and her son had type 0 blood. —— a, CompleteaPi atin ‘square for the possible cross of Charlie and the mother, Z — o Chine ie so nn) > sto -Np 0 A Q mom Ce fe a = ze 50% Type AB Chute > OE Cheater won pre zt Pay =60% Tipe A Type AB Type-B re yafr® or L We) ee . Thejudge ruled in favor of the mother and ordered Charlie Chaplin to pay child support costs of the child. Was the judge correct in his decision based on blood typing evidence? Explain wiy or why not. *refer fo any Punnett squares to support your answer. No. Yn order to Produce a cheba GO bloc pe. each parert has. lo be. hetero4yq? wpe Charlee We be] he has AR Gload type,Part Eg. Step 1 7: SEX LINKED TRAITS. As many of you know boys are different than girls. In humans sex is determine by the twenty third pair of chromosomes known as "sex chromosomes". Ifyou have twox-shaped (XX) chromosomes you are destined to be a female. Ifyou have anx and a Y-shaped (XY) chromosomes you are destined to be a male. Since the X and Y chromosomes carry different information, any genes found on the X chromosomes are referred to as sex-linked genes. Therefore, women will have two alleles for these genes because they have tvo (XX) chromosomes. On the other hand, men have only one allele for each of these genes because they have only one X chromosome (XY). This is clearly a violation of Mendel's Principle of Unit Characteristics, which implies that you receive one set of alleles from each parent. Infruit flies, the gene for eye color is carried on the X chromosome which is a sex chromosome Gex-tnked). (he allele for red eyes ts dominant over the allelefor White eyes7if a white-eyed Female fruit fly's mated witha red-eyed male, prediesthe possible offspring. ince the female has white eyes, she must be("X'X".) The male is red-eyed and because he has only one X chromosome, he has only one allele for eye color. His éyes are red So he wiust be RY. siveams Re-Only has OMe allele for eye color, so he must be "XRY". Since the allele "R" is present ‘on the X chromosome only, and there is no other allele for eye color because the male other sex chromosome is a ¥ chromosome. Step 2: For sex-linked traits we need to list the genotype ina different fashion . We must identify the. Step 3: A). ORY? Stop4 Step 5 confusing. c The Punnett square for the parent flies are shown below. 7 XE Xx Qs 3p Kr BO xky c |e \e) individual sin ce ‘pr female ‘gccording. to their sex chromosomes. Females aré XX, males dre keds are ‘only found on the X chromosome, therefore the Teters are paced ‘ay Moen (above) the X chromosome. Therefore the genotype for the female fly is XX and the male isXRY. Youcan use shorthand notation rrx RY, but sometimes this can be Rered 07 yk rye vara ec awhile The genotypie ratio is Y Py ey 50% of Gres ane, » 60% oF Sies are ef eyed evel loo Q = rec\eyed é 00% of fe white eyecl, ‘Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. A person with hemophilia is lacking certain proteins that are necessary for normal blood clotting. Hemophilia is caused by a recessive allele so use "N" for normal and “n" for | hemop! ilia. Since hemophilia is sex-linked, remember a woman will have two alleles (NN or Nn or nn) but a man will have only one allele (N or n). A woman who is hetero rygous (a carrier) for hemophilia marries a normal man: ‘What are the genotypes 7 the parents? N= normal nh Poly ne hemaphiice. BeOS ey b. Make a Punnett square for the above cross. ee hen ) 22 50% @.are. Comers,©. What is the probability that a male offspring will have hemophilia? 4. Whatis the probability of having a hemophiliac female offspring?__( 2. Can acolor blind female have a son that has normal vision? Color blindness is caused by a sex- linked recessive allele. *useN = normal vision and n= cofor blind ,, C h Ay bs Nena yl = y hey fey | Part 8: Pedigree Charts: In genetics, traits can be traced over several generations similar to a family tree. This family tree is called a Pedigree chart. Pedigree charts are useful in gathering background genetic information that can be used for medical reasons. Horse race enthusiasts also rely heavily on pedigree charts to predict a horse's success. When interpreting pedigree charts remember ‘square are male and circles are females Normal Dominance 1. Use the below pedigree chart to answer the following three questions. Muscle type is not a sex linked characteristic. mak female = YI g@ @ Wa: ¢ mak female oO aye She @-2 ajjected| " Fasttwtchmuscles [Link] twitch. muscks. a, Place the genotypes of each individual below its symbol, b, What is the genotype of individual #3 and 42.9). <4 ¥4 ¢, Caneither individual #8 or 9be homozygous? o - would hever-ge ‘ d. Explain the family relationship that #12 has with #2. *12 0 qrardsn 0 #2=z tok 2. Label the genotype for each of the individuals below its symbol on the pedigree chart (note: eye color is not a sex-linked trait). ey 260 a 4 ‘mao Bb @r> CO aypee $ male female b> LJ HH @ Buecyes & 10 12 me fomie Ob Es Brown eyes are dominant fs] @pb overblue-eyes. e8OQH FO & w( oO ~ Normal Doms nance | mertaree Chart G- Sex \inked pe a ee. CNar List the possible genotypes of the following hemophilia pedigree chart below. Remember hemophilia isa sex linked trait that is caused by a recessive allele, therefore you must denote the individuals sex chromosomes (X*X" and X*Y or Nn and nY) as well as the hemophilia allele «). N=Nov ne her Normal Female Male [EE Hemophilia = \eike Ge = hemophelics ca ‘e R & Q= 1O= i + wry en = =x ye YN xVedigree — Sexlinted #2 Examine the following pedigree chart of color-blindness. In humans, color blindness is caused by a recessive sex-linked allele, On the diagram, label the genotypes of the individuals 1-16. oO Nomal |), female male @ i | Colorblind y 6 a t 2 x 4 yByb 6 vy we te I BO MOTH OTE \ 9 10 i2 wy yBe O 13 «4°«TS 6 by \ , b a HQ. YPY Hcdablnc| #5 x Y= colorblind \ - Yel L- 1o- ey lo=ybp 4# FS yey = EB = YO ae Be Ile =~OKE. ediabiedl