L-3 PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

FACTOR- A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.

MULTIPLE- When a number divides another number exactly, the
second number which is being divided, is called a multiple of the first
number. Ex- 3.1

Q 1. Write all the factors of the following numbers:

Sol:
(a) 24 = 1 x 24
= 2 x 12
= 3x8
= 4x6
∴ Factors of 24 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

(c)21 = 1 x 21
=3x7
∴ Factors of 21 = 1, 3, 7, 21

(d)27 = 1 x 27
=3x9
∴ Factors of 27 = 1, 3, 9, 27

(f)20 = 1 x 20
= 2 x 10
=4x5
∴ Factors of 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10,
(h)23 = 1 x 23
∴Factors of 23 = 1, 23

(i)36 = 1 x 36
 = 2 x 18
= 3 x 12
=4x9
=6x6
∴ Factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

Q 2. Write first five multiples of:

Sol:
(a) 5
5x1=5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
∴ First five multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25.
(b) 9
9x1=9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
∴ First five multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45.

Q 4. Find all the multiples of 9 up to 100.

Sol: Multiples of 9 up to 100 are:
9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99
………………………………………………………………………………………………
PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS
PRIME NUMBERS- The numbers having exactly two factors – 1 and
itself are called PRIME NUMBERS.
Eg: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13…………………
2 is the only even number which is a PRIME NUMBER
COMPOSITE NUMBERS – The numbers having more than two factors
are called Composite numbers.
For eg:4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …………………………

TWIN PRIMES- Two prime numbers are said to be twin primes if their
difference is 2. For eg: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11,13)…………..
CO-PRIME- Two numbers are said to be co-prime if they do not have a
common factor other than 1.
For eg: (2,3), (3, 4), (4, 5) are pairs of co- prime numbers
TWO CONSECUTIVE NUMBERS ARE ALWAYS CO-PRIME
PERFECT NUMBERS- If the sum of all the factors of a number is double
that number, then that number is called a perfect number.
For eg: factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6
Sum=1+2+3+6=12= double of 6
So, 6 is a PERFECT NUMBER.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Ex-3.2
Q1. What is the sum of any two:
(a)Odd numbers
(b)Even numbers
Sol:(a) The sum of any two odd numbers is an even number.
Example: 1 + 3 = 4, 3 + 5 = 8
(b) The sum of any two even numbers is an even number.
Example: 2 + 4 = 6, 6 + 8 = 14
Q3. The numbers 13 and 31 are………………..Find such pairs of prime
numbers up to 100.
Sol: 17 and 71
37 and 73
79 and 97
Q6. Express the following as the sum of two odd prime numbers:
(a) 44
Sol: 3 + 41 = 44
(b) 36
Sol: 5 + 31 = 36
(c) 24
Sol: 19 +5 =24
Q 7. Give three pairs of prime numbers whose difference is 2.
Sol:3 and 5;
5 and 7;
11 and 13
Q9. Write seven consecutive composite numbers less than 100 so that
there is no prime number between them.
Sol: 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
[Link] each of the following numbers as the sum of three odd
primes:
(a) 21
Sol. 21 = 3 + 7 + 11
(b) 31
Sol. 31 = 3 + 11 + 17
(d)61
Sol. 61=31+13+ 17
[Link] five pairs of prime numbers less than 20 whose sum is
divisible by 5.
Sol: 2 + 3 = 5
7 + 13 = 20
3 + 17 = 20
2 + 13 = 15
5 + 5 = 10

Ex- 3.3
Q1. To be done in the book itself.
Q 2. Using divisibility test, determine which of the following numbers are divisibly by 4; by
8:
Ans:
(b) 726352
Divisible by 4 as its last two digits are divisible by 4.
Divisible by 8 as its last three digits are divisible by 8
(d) 6000
Divisible by 4 as its last two digits are 0.
Divisible by 8 as its last three digits are 0.
(g) 21084
Divisible by 4 as its last two digits are divisible by 4.
Not divisible by 8 as its last three digits are not divisible by 8.
(h) 31795072
Divisible by 4 as its last two digits are divisible by 4.
Divisible by 8 as its last three digits are divisible by 8.
Q3. Using divisibility test, determine which of the following numbers are divisible by 6:
Ans:(a) 297144
Divisible by 2 as it is an even number.
Divisible by 3 as sum of its digits (2+9+7+1+ 4+ 4= 27) is divisible by 3.
Since the number is divisible by both 2 and 3, therefore, it is also divisible by 6.
(c) 4335
Not divisible by 2 as it is not an even number.
Divisible by 3 as sum of its digits (4+3+3+5= 15) is divisible by 3.
Since the number is not divisible by both 2 and 3,
therefore, it is not divisible by 6.
(e) 901352
Divisible by 2 as it is an even number.
Not divisible by 3 as sum of its digits (9+0+1+3+5+2= 20) is not divisible by 3.
Since the number is not divisible by both 2 and 3, therefore, it is not divisible by 6.
(i) 639210
Divisible by 2 as it is an even number.
Divisible by 3 as sum of its digits (6+3+9+2+1+0= 21) is divisible by [Link] the number is
divisible by both 2 and 3, therefore, it is divisible by 6.
(j) 17852
Divisible by 2 as it is an even number.
Not divisible by 3 as sum of its digits (1+7+8+5+2= 23) is not divisible by 3.
Since the number is not divisible by both 2 and 3, therefore, it is not divisible by 6.
Q 4. Using divisibility test, determine which of the following numbers are divisible by 11:
Ans:
(b) 10824
Sum of the digits at places = 1 +8+4= 13
Sum of the digits at even places = 0 +2 = 2
Difference of both sums = 13 – 2 = 11
Since the difference is 11, therefore, the number is divisible by 11.
(d) 70169308
Ans:
(b) 10824
Sum of the digits at places = 1 +8+4= 13
Sum of the digits at even places = 0 +2 = 2
Difference of both sums = 13 – 2 = 11
Since the difference is 11, therefore, the number is divisible by 11.
(d) 70169308
Sum of the digits at odd places = 0 +6+3+8= 17
Sum of the digits at even places = 7+1+9+9= 17
Difference of both sums = 17 – 17 = 0
Since the difference is 0, therefore, the number is divisible by 11.
(f) 901153
Sum of the digits at odd places = 0+1+3= 4
Sum of the digits at even places = 9 +1+5= 15
Difference of both sums = 15 – 4 = 11
Since the difference is 11, therefore, the number is divisible by 11

Tests for Divisibility of Numbers- REFER TO PGS-

54,55 AND 56 OF NCERT BOOK
SOME MORE DIVISIBILITY RULES
RULE 1- If a number is divisible by another number, then the first
number is divisible by every factor of the second number.
For eg:- 84 is divisible by 12.
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Therefore 84 is divisible by the factors of 12.
36 is divisible by 6- 1,2,3,6

RULE 2- If a number is divisible by two or more co-prime numbers,

it must be divisible by their product also.
For eg:- 72 is divisible by 4 and 9 both.
4 and 9 are co-prime numbers.
Therefore, 72 is divisible by the product of 4 and 9 also i.e 36.

RULE 3- If a number is a factor of two or more numbers then, it is a

factor of their sum/ difference also.
For e.g.- 8 is a factor of 40 and 48 both
Therefore, 8 is a factor of (40 + 48=88) also.
16 is a factor of 32 and 80
Therefore, 16 is a factor of (80 – 32= 48) also
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ex – 3.4(based on some more divisibility rules)

Q 6. A number is divisible by both 5 and 12. By which other number
will that number be always divisible?
SOL. USING RULE 2-If a number is divisible by two or more co-prime
numbers, it must be divisible by their product also.
12 and 5 are co-prime numbers
Therefore, it is divisible by 12 x5 = 60 also.
Q 7. A number is divisible by 12. By what other numbers will that
number be divisible?
SOL. USING RULE 1-If a number is divisible by another number, then
the first number is divisible by every factor of the second number.
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Therefore, the given number is also divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ex- 3.5
Q 10. Determine if 25110 is divisible by 45.
SOL. USING RULE 2- If a number is divisible by two or more co-prime
numbers, it must be divisible by their product also.
25110 is divisible by 5 and 9. 5 and 9 are co-prime numbers.
Therefore, 25,110 is divisible by 45 also.

Q 11. 18 is divisible by both 2 and 3. It is also divisible by 2 x 3 = 6.

Similarly, a number is divisible by 4 and 6. Can we say that the number
must be divisible by 4 x 6 = 24? If not, give an example to justify your
answer.
SOL. No. Number 12 is divisible by both 6 and 4 but 12 is not divisible
by 24 because 4 and 6 are not co-prime numbers.
Number 36 is divisible by both 6 and 4 but 36 is not divisible by 24
because 4 and 6 are not co-prime numbers.

Ex- 3.4
Q1. Find the common factors of:
(a) 20 and 28

Sol. Factors of 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

Factors of 28 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28

Common factors = 1, 2, 4

(d) 56 and 120

Sol. Factors of 56 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56

Factors of 120 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120

Common factors = 1, 2, 4, 8

Q 2. Find the common factors of:

(b) 5, 15 and 25

Sol. Factors of 5 = 1, 5

Factors of 15 = 1, 3, 5, 15

Factors of 25 = 1, 5, 25

Common factors of 5, 15 and 25 = 1, 5

Q 3. Find the first three common multiples of:

(b) 12 and 18

Sol. Multiple of 12 = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, ………

Multiple of 18 = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, ………………………………

Common multiples of 12 and 18 = 36, 72, 108

Q 4. Write all the numbers less than 100 which are common multiples of 3 and 4.
Sol. Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66,
69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99

Multiples of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96,
100

Common multiples of 3 and 4 = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96

Q 5. Which of the following numbers are co-prime?

(d) 17 and 68

Sol. Factors of 17 = 1, 17

Factors of 68 = 1, 2, 4, 17, 34, 68

Common factors = 1, 17
Therefore, they are not co-prime numbers.

(e) 216 and 215

Sol. Factors of 216 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27, 36, 54, 72, 108, 216

Factors of 215 = 1, 5, 43, 215

Common factor = 1

Therefore, they are co-prime numbers.

(f) 81 and 16

Sol. Factors of 81 = 1, 3, 9, 27, 81

Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

Common factor = 1

Therefore, they are co-prime numbers.

Ex. 3.5
Q1. Which of the following statements are true?
Answer: Statements (b), (c), (d), (g) and (h) are true.

Q 2. Here are two different factor trees for 60. Write the missing numbers.
Sol.
(a)

(b)
Q 3. Which factors are not included in the prime factorization of a composite number?
Answer: 1
Q 4. Write the greatest 4-digit number and express it in terms of its prime facto
Answer: The greatest 4-digit number is 9999.

The prime factors of 9999 are 3 x 3 x 11 x 101.

Q5. Write the smallest 5-digit number and express it in terms of its prime facto
Answer: The smallest 5- digit number is 10000.
The prime factors of 10000 are 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5.
Q 6. Find all the prime factors of 1729 and arrange them in ascending order. Now state the
relation, if any, between, two consecutive prime numbers.
Answer: Sol.

Prime factors of 1729 are 7 x 13 x 19.

The difference of two consecutive prime factors is 6.

Q7. The product of three consecutive numbers is always divisible by 6. Verify this statement
with the help of some examples.
Answer: Among the three consecutive numbers, there must be one even number and one multiple of
3. Thus, the product must be multiple of 6.
Example:(i) 2 x 3 x 4 = 24
(ii) 4 x 5 x 6 = 120
Q 8. The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is always divisible by 4. Verify this statement
with the help of some examples.
Answer: 3 + 5 = 8 and 8 is divisible by 4.
5 + 7 = 12 and 12 is divisible by 4.

7 + 9 = 16 and 16 is divisible by 4.
9 + 11 = 20 and 20 is divisible by 4.
Q9. In which of the following expressions, prime factorization has been done:
(a)24 = 2 x 3 x 4

(b)56 = 7 x 2 x 2 x 2
(c)70 = 2 x 5 x 7

(d)54 = 2 x 3 x 9

Answer: In expressions (b) and (c), prime factorization has been done.

Ex- 3.6

Q.1 Find the HCF of the following numbers:

(a) 18, 48

Sol. Prime factorisations of 18 and 48 are:

2
18 48
36

12 18 1

12
6 12
12
Hence, the HCF = 2 x 3 = 6.
0

(c) 18, 60
Sol. Prime factorisations of 18 and 60 are:
Hence, the HCF of 18 and 60 = 2 x 3 = 6.

(e) 36,84

Sol. Prime factorisations of 36 and 84 are:

Hence, the HCF = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12.

(g) 70, 105, 175
Prime factorisation of 70, 105 and
175 are:

Hence, the HCF of 70, 105 and 175

is 5 x 7 = 35.

(i) 18, 54, 81

Prime factorisations of 18, 54 and 81 are:

Thus, the HCF = 3 x 3 = 9.

 (j) 12, 45,75.
Prime factorisations of 12, 45 and 75 are:

Hence, the HCF = 3.

Q.2 What is the HCF of two consecutive

(a) numbers?
(b) even numbers?
(c) odd numbers?
Solution:
(a) The common factor of two consecutive numbers is always 1.
Hence, the HCF = 1.
(b) The common factors of two consecutive even numbers are 1 and 2.
Hence, the HCF = 1 x 2 = 2.
(c) The common factor of two consecutive odd numbers is 1.
Hence, the HCF = 1.

Q.3 HCF of co-prime numbers 4 and 15 was found as follows by

factorisation:
4 = 2 x 2 and 15 = 3 x 15. Since there is no common prime factors, so
HCF of 4 and 15 is 0.
Is the answer correct? If not, what is the correct HCF?
Sol: No, answer is not correct because 0 is not a prime factor of any
number.
1 is always the common factor of co-prime numbers. Hence, the HCF of 4 and 15 is 1.
 LCM = 2X2X2X2X3X3X5=720

v ) 48, 72, 84

LCM= 2X2X2X2X3X7=336

EXERCISE 3.7
1. Renu purchases two bags of fertiliser of weights……………..
Sol. For finding the maximum number of weight we have to find the HCF of 75kg and 69 kg

H.C.F. = 3

Therefore, 3 kg is the maximum value of weight which can measure the weight of the

fertiliser exact number of times.

2. Three boys step off together from the same spot………………

Sol. For finding minimum distance, we have to find L.C.M of 63, 70, 77.

L.C.M. of 63, 70 and 77 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 = 6930.

Hence, the minimum distance each should cover so that all can cover the distance in complete steps is 6930 cm.
3. The length, breadth, and height of a room are 825 cm, 675 cm, and 450 cm, respectively………….
Sol. The longest tape which can measure 825 cm, 675 cm, and 450 cm = H.C.F. of 825 cm, 675 cm and 450 cm.

HCF = 75
Therefore, the longest tape is 75 cm.
4. Determine the smallest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 6, 8 and 12.
Sol.

∴ L.C.M. of 6, 8 and 12 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24.

Multiples of 24 are 24,48,72,96,120, 144,……………

The smallest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 6, 8 and 12 is 120.

5. Determine the greatest 3-digit number exactly divisible by 8, 10 and 12.

Sol.

∴ L.C.M. of 8,10 and 12 = 2×2×2×3×5 = 120.

Multiples of 120 are: 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720, 840, 960, 1080, ……………
The largest 3-digit number exactly divisible by 8, 10 and 12 is 960.

6. The traffic lights at three different road crossings change after every 48 seconds, 72

seconds and 108 seconds respectively………………………..

Sol. Time at which they will change simultaneously again =L.C.M. of 48, 72, 108
L.C.M. of 48, 72, 108 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 432
After 432 seconds, the lights change simultaneously.
432
432 seconds = = 7 minutes 12 seconds
60

Hence, they will change simultaneously again after 7 min 12 seconds from 7 a.m.
8. Find the least number which when divided by 6, 15 and 18 leave remainder 5 in each
case.
Sol.

∴ L.C.M. of 6, 15 and 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90.

Hence, the required number is 90 + 5 i.e., 95.

10. Find the LCM of the following numbers:

L.C.M. of 9 and 4 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36

L.C.M. of 12 and 5 = 2×2×3×5 = 60

L.C.M. of 6 and 5 = 2×3×5 = 30

L.C.M. of 15 and 4 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60

Yes, LCM is the product of two numbers in each case.