MOMENT-AREA
METHOD
Bonifacio | Eleda | Gogola | Lorio
OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss the background of
Moment-Area Theorem
2. Derive the main formulas behind
the Moment-Area Method
3. Apply the formulas to the given
types of sample problems
4. Discuss and apply the concept of
the Theorem of Three Methods
BEAM DEFLECTION
- Refers to the degree to which a
structural element is displaced
due to the forces and loads
being applied to it.
F
BEAM DEFLECTION
METHODS OF DETERMINING
BEAM DEFLECTION
Conjugate-Beam Method Moment-Area Method
Double-Integration Method Strain-Energy Method
(Castigliano's method)
Method of Superposition Unit-Load Method
(Principle of Virtual Work)
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Founders
Cristian Otto Charles Erza
Mohr Greene
German civil American civil
engineer who engineer who
originally developed formally stated the
the idea for the two concept of the
moment-area moment-area
theorems theorems in 1873
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Definition
This method provides a semi graphical
technique for determining the slope of the
elastic curve and its deflection due to
bending. This is particularly advantageous
when used to solve problems involving
beams, especially those subjected to a
series of concentrated loadings or having
segments with different moments of inertia.
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Things to consider
1. Strain
2. Bending (Flexural Stress)
3. Hooke’s Law
4. Equations of Equilibrium
5. Curvature
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Assumptions
1. Plane sections doesn’t change in length and doesn’t
experience shear deformation
2. The beam’s moment of inertia and the material’s
modulus of elasticity are constant
3. The material is linear and obeys Hooke’s Law
4. There is no twisting or torsion occurring along the beam
5. The cross-section of the beam is constant along the
x-axis
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Assumptions
Real-life structures never meet these
assumptions exactly, but usually approximate
them well enough for the theory to be fairly
accurate.
In practice, many engineers forget these
assumptions and often apply the theory
appropriately, the conservative nature of
structural design (e.g load factors), however,
compensates for this, and structural failures due
to design error rarely occur.
DERIVATION
Linear Strain
DERIVATION
Hooke’s Law
DERIVATION
Equations of Equilibrium
DERIVATION
Moment Curvature Relationship
Deflection-differential equation
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Theorem 1
The change in slope between any two
points on the elastic curve equals the area
of the M/EI diagram between these two
points.
DERIVATION
Theorem 1
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of the tangent at point A on the
elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended
from another point B equals the “moment” of the area
under the M/EI diagram between the two points A and
B. This moment is computed about point A (the point
on the elastic curve), where the deviation is to be
determined.
DERIVATION
Theorem 2
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Additional Info
You can use trigonometry to solve for the deflection
along with the slope at A and B by extending a tangent
line between two points where the slope is 0 since
calculating for the tangential deviation gives the
deflection directly.
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
M/EI DIAGRAM
01. Determine the support reactions and draw the beam’s M/EI
diagram
If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the M/EI diagram
02. will consist of a series of straight line segments, and the areas and
their moments required for the moment-area theorems will be
relatively easy to compute
If the loading consists of a series of concentrated forces and
03. distributed loads, it may be simpler to compute the required M/EI
areas and their moments by drawing the M/EI diagram in parts,
using the method of superposition.
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
MOMENT-AREA THEOREMS
01. Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle between two tangents,
and Theorem 2 to determine vertical deviations between these
tangents
02.
Realize that Theorem 2 in general will not yield the displacement of
a point on the elastic curve. When applied properly, it will only give
the vertical distance or deviation of a tangent at point A on the
elastic curve from the tangent at B
03. After applying either Theorem 1 or Theorem 2, the algebraic sign of
the answer can be verified from the angle of deviation as indicated
on the elastic curve
SIGN CONVENTION
1. POSITIVE VALUES
If the net area of the BMD is positive (mostly sagging),
then:
● the change in slope
between two points is
measured
counterclockwise from the
tangent of the first point
(Mohr’s First Theorem);
● the deflected position of
the member lies above
the produced tangent
(Mohr’s Second Theorem).
SIGN CONVENTION
2. NEGATIVE VALUES
If the net area of the BMD is negative (mostly hogging),
then:
● the change in slope
between two points is
measured clockwise from
the tangent of the first
point (Mohr’s First
Theorem);
● the deflected position of
the member lies below the
produced tangent (Mohr’s
Second Theorem)
DETERMINATE STRUCTURE
Determinate structures are analysed just by the use of
basic equilibrium equations.
ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0 ΣM=0
By this analysis, the unknown reactions are found for
the further determination of stresses
EXAMPLE: simply supported beams, cantilever beams,
single and double overhanging beams, three hinged
arches, etc.
Application to Determinate Structures
Sample Problem
Determinate Structure
A 600-lb/ft uniformly distributed load a applied to the left half of
the cantilever beam ABC in the Figure below. Determine the
magnitude of force P that must the applied as shown so that the
displacement at A is zero
Determinate Structure
SOLUTION:
Bending Moment Diagram:
the moment
caused by P
the moment
caused by the
distributed load
*The area under the diagram can be divided into four shapes:
rectangle (1), triangles(2&3) and parabola (4)
Determinate Structure
Elastic Curve:
it satisfies the boundary conditions (δc = θc = 0) and
the requirement the δA = 0. Because the slope of the
elastic curve at C is zero, the tA/C is zero
Therefore, from the second moment-area theorem, we
obtain …
Determinate Structure
Using the four
subareas shown in
the Figure. Compute
the first moment of
the bending moment
diagram about A, (
the constant EI
cancels)
Indeterminate Structure
A structure is termed as statically indeterminate, if it can
not be analysed from principles of statics alone, i.e.
Σ H = 0, ΣV=0, Σ M = 0
Examples of indeterminate structures
Fixed beams, continuous beams, fixed arches, two
hinged arches, portals, multistoried frames, etc.
Special methods like strain energy method, slope
deflection method, moment distribution method, column
analogy method, virtual work method, matrix methods, etc
are used for the analysis of redundant structures.
Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures
● Equilibrium conditions are
fully adequate to analyze ● Conditions of equilibrium are
the structure. not adequate to fully analyze
● Bending moment or shear the structure.
force at any section is ● Bending moment or shear
independent of the force at any section depends
material property of the upon the material property.
structure.
Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures
● The bending moment or ● The bending moment or
shear force at any shear force at any section
section is independent depends upon the
of the cross-section or cross-section or moment of
moment of inertia. inertia.
● Temperature variations ● Temperature variations
do not cause stresses. cause stresses.
Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures
● Stresses are caused due to
● No stresses are caused
lack of fit.
due to lack of fit.
● Extra conditions like
● Extra conditions like
compatibility of
compatibility of
displacements are required
displacements are not
to analyze the structure
required to analyze the
along with the equilibrium
structure.
equations.
Application to Indeterminate Structures
Sample Problem
Indeterminate Structure
T
Indeterminate Structure
T
Indeterminate Structure
T
Indeterminate Structure
T
Indeterminate Structure
T
Indeterminate Structure
T
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
INTRODUCTION
● Clapeyron derived the Three Moment
Theorem in the year 1857 for the purpose
of “ability to analyse beams in many
structures is crucial to efficient design
● Initially derived for the very general case
of spans with different flexural rigidities,
span lengths and support levels
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
HOW WAS IT DEVELOPED?
Consider
the How to
following SOLVE?
two internal
spans of an
arbitrary
continuous
beam
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
HOW TO SOLVE?
FIRST:
Calculate two vertical
intercepts
Which will result in:
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
SOLVE FOR USING THOSE TWO EQUATIONS
After Solving
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
We Get
NOTE:
Is negative since it is upwards
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
SOLVE FOR USING THOSE TWO EQUATIONS
Add the two equations and we get:
Since EI is common we have::
Eqn. 3
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
DETERMINE THE 1ST MOMENT AREA OF THE 2 FINAL BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM IN
TERMS OF THE FREE AND REACTANT BENDING FREE MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Eqn. 4
Reactant BMD has been broken into a
rectangular and triangular parts we have:
Eqn. 5
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
INTRODUCE EQUATION 4 AND 5 TO EQUATION 3
Eqn. 3
Eqn. 4
Eqn. 5
We Have
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
USING ALGEBRA TO SOLVE FOR THE EQUATION
And we have……...
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION
The Three Moment Equation
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
DETAILS ABOUT THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION
The Three Moment Equation
Eqn. 6
The term in the brackets represents the total
angular discontinuity At B if A, B and C
were pinned supports
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
USE EQUATIONS 1 AND 2 WITH MOHR’S THEOREM TO FIND THE EQUATIONS FOR
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
Eqn. 7
Application of the Three Moment Theorem
Sample Problem
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
Analyse the given beam shown in Figure 5.28(a) by the
three moment equation. Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagram
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
First, we must first illustrate the simply supported moment diagram
on AB, BC, and CD
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
Since the Also the moment
Support A is at D is MD =
simply (-20)(2)
supported = -40kNm
therefore MA = 0
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
Then, we need to apply the three moment theorem to span AB and BC
Three
Moment
Equation
Just Substitute
OR 6MB+MC=-456
EQN. 1
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
MD =20kNm
Then, we need to apply the three moment theorem to span BC and CD
Three
Moment
Equation
Just Substitute
OR MB+5MC=-556
EQN. 2
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
Thank you for
listening, have
a good day!
References
● [Link]
● Book: Structural Analysis: Eight Edition by R.C. Hibeller
[Link]
● Book: Structural Analysis III by Dr. C. Caprani
[Link]
● Youtube Channel: Calvin Rans, 8.1 Moment Curvature Relationship
[Link]
● Youtube Channel: ENG1001atMonash, 7.2 - Beams: Simple Beam Theory, Derivation
of Euler Bernoulli and Bending Stress Formulae
[Link]
● Youtube Channel: structurefree, Flexure Formula (Part 2) - Mechanics of Materials
[Link]
● Youtube Channel: The Efficient Engineer, Understanding the Deflection of Beams
[Link]