Interjection

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In grammar, an interjection or exclamation is a lexical category used to express an isolated emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker (although most interjections have clear definitions). Filled pauses such as uh, er, um are also considered interjections. Interjections are typically placed at the beginning of a sentence. An interjection is sometimes expressed as a single word or non-sentence phrase, followed by a punctuation mark. The isolated usage of an interjection does not represent a complete sentence in conventional English writing. Thus, in formal writing, the interjection will be incorporated into a larger sentence clause.

Examples in English
Convention like Hi, Bye and Goodbye are interjections, as are exclamations like Cheers! and Hooray!. In fact, like a noun or a pronoun, they are very often characterized by exclamation marksdepending on the stress of the attitude or the force of the emotion they are expressing. Well (a short form of "that is well") can also be used as an interjection: "Well! That's great!" or "Well, don't worry." Much profanity takes the form of interjections. Some linguists consider the pro-sentences yes, no, amen and okay as interjections, since they have no syntactical connection with other words and rather work as sentences themselves. Expressions "Excuse me!", "Sorry!", and similar ones often serve as interjections. Interjections can be phrases or even sentences, as well as words, such as "Oh!" or "Wow!".

Phonology
Several English interjections contain sounds that do not, or very rarely, exist in regular English phonological inventory. For example: Ahem [ m], [ m], [ m], or [ h m], ("attention!") may contain a glottal stop [ ] or a [ ] in any

dialect of English; the glottal stop is common in American English, some British dialects, and in other languages, such as German.

 

Shh [

] ("quiet!") is an entirely consonantal syllable.

Ps [ps ] ("here!"), also spelled psst, is another entirely consonantal syllable-word, and its consonant cluster does not occur initially in regular English words.

Tut-tut [

] ("shame..."), also spelled tsk-tsk, is made up entirely of clicks, which are an active part of

regular speech in several African languages. This particular click is dental. (This also has the spelling pronunciation [t t t t].)

Ugh [ x] ("disgusting!") ends with a velar fricative consonant, which otherwise does not exist in English, though is common in languages like Spanish, German, and Gaelic .

Whew or phew [

u] ("what a relief!"), also spelled shew, may start with a bilabial fricative, a sound

pronounced with a strong puff of air through the lips. This sound is a common phoneme in such languages as Suki (a language of New Guinea) and Ewe and Logba (both spoken in Ghana).

 

Gah ("Gah, there's nothing to do!") ends with [h], which does not occur with regular English words. Yeah [j] ("yes") ends, in some dialects, with the short vowel [], which is not found at the end of any regular English words.

[Link]

Kata seru
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Kata seru ialah kata yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan perasaan seseorang seperti marah, sedih, gembira, sakit, hairan, kagum, terkejut, dan sebagainya. Cara penggunaannya disesuaikan denganintonasi pengucapan iaitu dengan nada meninggi atau menurun. Dalam bahasa Melayu, kata seru digunakan untuk membentuk ayat seru. Perhatikan penerangan di bawah.

Kata Seru Digunakan untuk Aduh

Penerangan

Ayat Contoh

(a)Menyatakan perasaan sakit (b)Menyatakan perasaan kagum/hairan

1. Aduh, sakitnya tanganku! 2. Aduh, indah sekali pemandangan di sini!

Aduhai

Digunakan untuk menyatakan perasaan sedih/dukacita

1. Aduhai, malang sekali nasib peminta sedekah itu! 2. Aduhai, apalah malang nasibku ini!

Ah

Digunakan untuk menyatakan perasaan penolakan/tidak bersetuju/membantah

1. Ah, aku tidak bersetuju! 2. Ah, aku tiada masa untuk melayan engkau! 1. Amboi, sombongnya dia! 2. Amboi, hebat sekali engkau beraksi! 1. Cis, kalau kail panjang sejengkal, lautan dalam jangan diduga! 2. Cih, harimau di hutan lagi dapat kujinakkan, inikan pula cicak mengkarung! 1. Eh, bilakah kau pulang ke tanah air! 2. Eh, Salim pun ada di sini!

Amboi

Digunakan untuk menyatakan perasaan kagum/hairan Digunakan untuk

Cis/cih

(a) Menyatakan perasaan marah (b) Menyatakan perasaan mengejek/menyindir

Eh

Digunakan untuk menyatakan perasaan hairan/terkejut Digunakan untuk (a) Menyatakan perasaan hendak menegur atau

Hai

menyapa seseorang (b) Cuba menarik perhatian

1. Hai, nama saya Patsy! 2. Hai, lihat anak kecil di hujung sana itu!

Nah

Digunakan untuk menarik perhatian dan pelbagai maksud lain

1. Nah, ambillah pemberikanku ini! 2. Nah, serahkan saja perkara ini kepada mereka!

Wah

Digunakan untuk menyatakan perasaan kagum/takjub Digunakan untuk

1. Wah, tinggi sungguh cita-citamu! 2. Wah, mulia sekali hatimu! 1. Wahai kawan-kawanku, marilah kita bersatu padu! 2. Wahai anak-anak bangsaku, janganlah leka dengan kemewahan dunia!

Wahai

(a) Menyatakan perasaan dukacita (b) Mendapatkan perhatian

[sunting]Tandaan

Semua ayat seru, tanda serunya mestilah diletakkan di hujung ayat dan bukannya selepas kata seru. Semua ayat seru ditandai dengan tanda seru (!).

[sunting]Kesalahan

umum

1. Kesalahan menggunakan kata seru yang salah atau tidak menggam barkan perasaan yang dinyatakan. Contoh: (a) (i) Wahai, gemuknya kambing peliharaan Pak Jusoh ini! (SALAH) (ii) Wah, gemuknya kambing peliharaan Pak Jusoh ini! (BETUL) (b) (i) Cis, sakit sungguh jariku ini! (SALAH) (ii) Aduh, sakit sungguh jariku ini! (BETUL) Ayat (a)(i) dan (b)(i) salah kerana tidak menggunakan kata seru yang betul. Gunakan kata seru berdasarkan gambaran perasaan yang dinyatakan dalam ayat tersebut. 2. Kesalahan meletakkan tanda seru selepas kata seru dalam ayat. Contoh: (a) (i) Nah! ambillah buku ini sebagai hadiah daripadaku (SALAH) . (ii) Nah, ambillah buku ini sebagai hadiah daripadaku (BETUL) ! (b) (i) Wah! bergaya benar dia hari ini. (SALAH) (ii) Wah, bergaya benar dia hari ini! (BETUL) Ayat (a)(i) dan (b)(i) salah kerana meletakkan tanda seru selepas kata seru dalam ayat seru. Untuk semua ayat seru, tanda serunya mestilah diletakkan di akhir ayat seru.

Interjections
Hi! That's an interjection. :-) Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah!They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written. Interjections like er and um are also known as "hesitation devices". They are extremely common in English. People use them when they don't know what to say, or to indicate that they are thinking about what to say. You should learn to recognize them when you hear them and realize that they have no real meaning. The table below shows some interjections with examples. interjection meaning ah expressing pleasure expressing realization expressing resignation expressing surprise alas dear expressing grief or pity expressing pity expressing surprise eh asking for repetition expressing enquiry expressing surprise inviting agreement er hello, hullo expressing hesitation expressing greeting expressing surprise hey calling attention example "Ah, that feels good." "Ah, now I understand." "Ah well, it can't be heped." "Ah! I've won!" "Alas, she's dead now." "Oh dear! Does it hurt?" "Dear me! That's a surprise!" "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today." "What do you think of that, eh?" "Eh! Really?" "Let's go, eh?" "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru." "Hello John. How are you today?" "Hello! My car's gone!" "Hey! look at that!"

expressing surprise, joy etc hi hmm oh, o expressing greeting

"Hey! What a good idea!" "Hi! What's new?"

expressing hesitation, doubt or "Hmm. I'm not so sure." disagreement expressing surprise expressing pain expressing pleading "Oh! You're here!" "Oh! I've got a toothache." "Oh, please say 'yes'!" "Ouch! That hurts!" "Uh...I don't know the answer to that." "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh." "85 divided by 5 is...um...17." "Well I never!" "Well, what did he say?"

ouch uh uh-huh um, umm well

expressing pain expressing hesitation expressing agreement expressing hesitation expressing surprise introducing a remark

[Link]