60 262 Subordinate clauses (2) contrast and concession Contrast The conjunctions but, while, whereas and whilst express a contrast: Reds and yellows are warm colours, whereas blues and greens are cool. While is more informal than whereas; whilst is very formal. We often put the subordinate clause with while or whilst before the main clause: While/Whilst only 84 people died on the railways last year, more than 5,000 died on the roads. Concession The conjunctions although, (even) though and yet indicate that the information in the main clause is somehow surprising or unexpected: CONJUNCTION | WHEN USED "We do ot sto a tater with et 2 te do not use even although, or even by itself: Shetoves him even heis-slfsh 2 She love hhim, even though he is selfish. * Compare even though and even if (> Unit 37.1): I’m going to apply for the job, even though it pays very little. (I know that it pays very little.) I’m going to apply for the job, even if it pays very little. (I don’t know what it pays.) ‘We can use these conjunctions with an adjective instead of a clause: The necklace, even though (it was) staggeringly expensive, would match the dress perfectly. Though exhausted after the drive home, Shelley cooked a meal for them all. We can use though after an adjective, with linking verbs such as be, look and seem: Beautiful though she is/may be (= although she is beautiful), you must be sure of her character, too. It is also possible to use however + adjective/much/many in this way: However exhausted she felt after the drive home, Shelley cooked a meal for them all. ‘We've got to get these plans approved, however difficult it may be. ( though it may be difficult) You won't change my mind, however much you argue! Prepositions of concession Despite and in spite of are prepositions; they can be followed by a noun or an -ing form: In spite of the depressed gold price, mine production rose in most areas last year. Despite often offering basic salaries, charities rarely have problems in recruiting staff. # We do not introduces a clause with despite or in spite of; we have to use a conjunction: X Despite-the-planeteft-an-heurtate we artived at our destination on time, ¥ Though the plane left an hour late, we arrived at our destination on time. If we want to introduce a clause with despite or in spite of, we add the fact that: In spite of the fact that the rehearsal had gone so badly, the first night was a great success.1 Practice Choose the clause, A or B, that provides the best ending for each sentence. Listen and check. 1 Many people believe that capital punishment is a deterrent to serious crime, even though A it actually makes little difference to the crime rate. B the crime rate has decreased in some places where it is used, 2. We usually consider it healthy to eat lots of fruit, but A it’s one of the best food groups in terms of vitamins. B too much can produce an excess of acid in the stomach. 3 Tenjoy having people to stay, though A Lalways appreciate the peace when they've gone. B [always feel unhappy when they've gone. 4 lain Banks’ early novels were considered quite strange, while A his later ones also seem to be quite weird. B his later works are more mainstream and accessible. 5. The patient had the nurses running round and they quickly lost patience, much as A they tried to sympathise with her. B they got annoyed with her. 6 Global warming is often considered the main factor in current climate fluctuations, yet A it appears to be having a real effect on phenomena such as hurricanes. B periods of warming have long been a feature of the Earth’s development. Write the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the words in brackets, as in the example. 0 Although the earthquake appeared horrific at the time, there were few fatalities. (though) Horrific. though the. earthquake appeared at. the, tinte, there. were few. fatalities, 1 Warnings of the flood were given well in advance, yet people didn’t leave their homes. (spite) 2. Very little of the remaining stock sold, despite the low prices in the sale. (even though) 3. The magazine had tried introducing several new features. Nevertheless, circulation continued to drop. (although) 4 The Scots won the battle, even though they had a far smaller force. (despite) 5 Although this may seem difficult now, you'll soon wonder why it caused so many problems. (though) 6 Ladore children but I can’t accept that kind of behaviour from any child. (much as) 263Adverbial linking expressions THE DESTRUCTION OF THERA Approximately 3,500 years ago, there was a huge volcanic eruption in the Aegean Sea, which devastated the island of Thera (Santorini In addition, it destroyed the successful Minoan civilisation on the island of Crete. However, it now seems that the heaviest fall of volcanic ash was to the north-east, over what is now Turkey 1 General points Adverbial linking expressions can be single-word adverbs, e.g. therefore, however, or they can be adverbial phrases, e.g, as a result, in conclusion. * They are not conjunctions: they are generally more formal than conjunctions and are used mainly in writing, © They are usually separated from the sentences they link by punctuation. + We usually place the adverb at the beginning of the second sentence of the pair we are linking, but we can sometimes also insert it into the sentence it introduces, separating it out with commas: ‘There was an unprecedented response to our advert. am afraid, therefore, we are not taking your application further. + We can also insert it before the verb (or after be or an auxiliary): There was an unprecedented response to our advert. | am afraid we are therefore not taking your application further. * Some adverbial expressions can be placed at the end of the sentence: The director didn’t come to the launch. It was a success, nevertheless. 2. Time and sequence We use adverbials of time to describe sequences or stages in a process: Dinner will be served at 8.00. Afterwards, the afterwards, fone action happening Mayor will give a speech beforehand after/before another I had a blood test last week and had to fast for 12 hours beforehand. after that, then, Put a plastic cup in the holder, then select the drink ‘next, following that 3 St29° I. PFOCESS yoy want and insert the correct coins. eventually finally, last stage in a The police interviewed every male in the street and in the end long process finally charged Jim Murphy with assault. First, a verbal warning is given; second, two sequence of events written warnings are given; third, a final warning is firsttyp, secondly), given, and finally the employee may be dismissed. thira(ly), finally The medical trial had to be abandoned: firstly, Yo number points there weren't enough volunteers, and secondly, 9 the company withdrew one of the drugs. 3 Addition We use in addition, similarly, furthermore, what is more and moreover to add something Approximately 3,500 years ago, a huge volcanic eruption devastated the island of Thera. In addition, it destroyed the successful Minoan civilisation on the island of Crete. In conversation we prefer to use also: Can you post this letter when you go to the shops? Also, can you get me a bar of chocolate? 2644 Result and reason In formal English, we use therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a consequence/result to express a result. In conversation we often use so: These drugs heal most ulcers but they do not cure the underlying disease. Consequently, ulcers tend to recur after treatment has stopped. The computer crashed yesterday evening so I’ve spent all day today trying to sort it out. ‘We can use for this/that reason to show a relationship of reason: We do not believe that the officers behaved inappropriately in the circumstances. For that reason, we welcome the independent inquiry. 5 Contrast and concession We use however, nevertheless/nonetheless, on the other hand, even so and on the contrary to make a contrast: A pet may be a good companion for the elderly. However, its need for exercise may be a problem. The new software is not problem-free. Nevertheless, itis still an improvement on previous versions. Even so expresses a particularly surprising contras The last attempt to swim the Channel ended in disaster. Even so, more swimmers than ever are training to achieve this difficult feat. In speech we often use these more informal adverbs of concession: I know it’s not late. I have to go, all the same. The new programme on dinosaurs is a bit far-fetched. Still/Mind you, it’s a lot more interesting than most of the other programmes on TV right now. We haven’t had much success with the garden. This year has been much drier than usual, though. The adverb still can appear at the beginning of the sentence, but not the end; though usually appears at the end, and all the same and mind you are common in both positions: 1 know it’s far too expensive Still, i's worth it! All the same, it’s worth it! eee ‘income, I rd call rector el 6 Other linking adverbials We use in conclusion, in brief, overall and all in all to summarise: In conclusion, the survey indicated that the local population would welcome a cycle lane. The adverbials To summarise and To conclude are common ways of introducing a conclusion in an academic paper: To conclude, hotels large and small have a real need for dependable communication systems. Many adverbials introduce a comment on the previous sentence by « giving an example — for example, for instance, such as: We specialise in office services, such as payroll and bookkeeping. + naming/explaining something — notably, namely (formal): This affects one of the principles of political economy, namely the free market in labour. © restating a point - in other words, to put it another way, that is (to say): The position is paid pro rata. In other words, your salary is calculated according to how many hours you work in comparison with a full-time employee. Some adverbials can mark a transition from one topic to another in speech, e.g. by the way, come to think of it, incidentally (> Unit 81.3): I did enjoy my trip to Stratford. By the way, if you're ever there, do look up Aunt Joan. She'd love to see you. 265 1361 roveroia. unkinc exeressions 266 Practice Write the linking adverb or expression in brackets in an appropriate position. Make any other changes necessary, as in the example. Sometimes more than one position is possible. ren and check. In addition, it ‘The new satellite navigation system contains all the major road maps of Europe. #€ receives updates automatically on a regular basis. (in addition) Most people who haven’t had training in typing start out by using two fingers only. They learn how to touch type purely by practice. (eventually) Rob wants us to visit his sister in Canada later this year. I'm still not sure that I want to fly after all the problems with the volcanic ash. (though) He does what novelists have always tried to do, to depict the world in which they live. (namely) The King's Speech was a low-budget British film. It won four Oscars at the 2011 ceremony. (nevertheless) We recognise that all of our clients have different and individual needs. We offer a tailor-made programme at no extra cost. (therefore) ‘We were really hoping that we'd have good weather for the day we visited the golf tournament, but it poured down. We made the most of it and enjoyed ourselves as much as we could. (still) Each pair of sentences contains one formal and one informal sentence. Complete each sentence with an appropriate linking expression, as in the example. 1 A We decided on the course of action we should take, .. #en, .. we put it into action. B An appropriate plan was discussed and organised. , it was put into action. ‘A We've almost finished the plans for the evening. We've booked the main act and we're talking to a possible support act now. B The arrangements are almost complete. The main act has been booked. , discussions with a supporting act are in train. A You know, we never trusted Jason’s business partner; he seemed a bit shifty. we didn’t expect him to get mixed up with those robberies. B The defendant was never entirely trusted by his colleagues. ..........., his involvement in the series of bank robberies came as a complete surprise to them. A They got it wrong last year and too many of us failed, supposed to be much easier. B The failure rate in last year's examination was considered to be too high. . . this year's paper is considerably easier. ‘A If you're new to gardening, you should stick to plants that are hardy and grow easily to begin with, pansies and violas. B Newcomers to gardening would be wise to focus on some of the simpler hardy year’s exam is annuals, pansies and violas. A I don’t think that I'd change my life much if I came into money. I know people say that suddenly having a lot of money always changes your life, B Many of those who are accustomed to living on a small income believe that their lives would not be significantly altered by a major change in income. , that is rarely the case.3 Read the text and complete it with suitable linking words from the box, as in the example. Use appropriate punctuation where necessary. HEA Listen and check. Asarresult consequently first following that Furthermore However in addition Nevertheless therefore ITIS COMMON knowledge that much of the tides. (3) , the sea breached these Netherlands is land that is reclaimed from the sea. defences and a huge flood ensued, now known as Flooding is (0) .2hexefore...aconstant fear near St Lucia’s Flood. (4) over 50,000 the coast of Holland, particularly in these days of people were killed. ‘global warming, Technology today allows for ‘The human cost was not the only consequence strong sea defences and early warnings. of the flood; (5) soothe shape and @ , itwas not always the case. development of the country were altered forever in (On 14 December 1287 a violent storm gathered _ a number of ways: (6) 1 the sea broke strength in the North Sea and the English through the man-made defences, then it flooded a Channel, causing problems in the south-east of _ huge area and created a large inlet which became England and the north-west of Holland. known as the Zuider Zee (South Sea), and later @ yamassive storm tide followed _Ijsselmeer, and (7) , allowed sea access and hit the coast of Holland. There were of course _ to Amsterdam, which (8) developed as sea walls in place to protect the land from such an important port city. ight of these sentences contain a mistake in word order or formality caused by an inappropriate linking word. Correct the mistakes, as in the example, and tick (/) the two correct sentences. Still 0 I know Darren is a pain in class and he really gets on your nerves. Nevertheless, we've got to do our best by him. 1 [think that I did quite well in the computing exam. It was more difficult than though Texpected. 2 We'd love to come to your birthday party. Is it OK if we in addition bring the children? 3. The jury spent a long time deliberating, but came to a unanimous decision after four, hours finally. 4 We were expecting a basic but pleasant apartment. However, what we got was little more than a hovel. 5 Strictly no pets are allowed in the hotel rooms. Mind you, guide dogs for the blind may be permitted with prior permission from the management. 6 Iwas frozen to the bone when | got in after our walk in the snow yesterday, as a consequence I had a really long, hot bath. 7 know you'd like us to look after your horse next week. We'd rather all the same not. Our party believes that equal rights are essential in a modern democracy. We therefore promise to create strict legislation should we be returned to government. 9 Over forty percent of marriages end in divorce today, nearly one in every two, that is to say. 10 First, you put the disc in the disc drive and wait for the menu to appear on the screen then.Review MODULE 13 1 Choose the i italic H correct option in italics. If both options are choose both. a cage 1 We can either | or use long-life bulbs here or save money by u 2 Re ted ete Recreate] gna ona nea ee Ae ROTA 3. Maria dropped out ofunivesity after a year but he bbaves though he has / had a degree. 4. As / Since your insurance covers flight cancellation, you will receive a full refund. § The bank neither informed its customers of the account changes, not apologised / didn't apologise for the inconvenience it caused. 6 Please photocopy on both sides of the sheet so that / in order not to waste paper. 7 Members may not bring guests except that / if the management is notified in advance, 8 It was so sad / such a sad sight that no one was able to hold back their tears. 2 Complete the article with the linking words from the box, as in the example. although consequently despite firstly for these reasons however moreover nevertheless secondly though while THE ELGIN MARBLES are statues which date back to (5) the Greek authorities have the fifth century BCE. (0) ,Aldhaugl., they were created in Greece and were located in the Parthenon in Athens until the late eighteenth century, they are ‘now exhibited in the British Museum, London. The statues were bought in 1799 by the Englishman Lord Elgin, who wanted to bring them back to Britain as part of his personal art collection. a on the sea voyage back to England, the ship carrying them was sunk and the ‘Marbles’ were temporarily lost. It would be an incredibly expensive operation to recover them. @ , Elgin did so, and (3) placed himself in enormous debt. 8) cecsssenenes his OWN desires, he had to sel them to the British Government and they were housed in the British Museum, where they have been ever since. More recently, the statues have become the subject of debate between Britain and Greece and, indeed, among British historians and archaeologists requested their return on many occasions, the request has always been refused. One of the main arguments for not returning them, valid 6 the Greek request may have been, ‘was because of the pollution that is affecting the Parthenon and the possibility of earthquakes in Greece. This argument is less valid now, since the completion of the new Acropolis Museum. There are of course compeling arguments for their return: (7) , it cannot be denied that the statues are part of the Greek heritage and belong in their original environment; with the opening of the new Z 8) aN acropolis Museum, these works of art would now %p.,_ be as accessible to the public in Athens as they are now in London. (9) the Greek authorities have already received parts of the Parthenon statues back from other sources (10) spaces have been left in the new museum for the return of the rest of the statues, and it ‘would seem churlsh not to let them go home now.