Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education
Palimbang Campus
Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat

My
case study
in
reading in the Philippines history

Submitted by: Amieliza Latip Roder

Submitted to: Saiden P. Akmad

 Case study 1: where did the first catholic mass take place in the Philippines

Introduction

The beginning of Christianity in the Philippines is linked to the celebration of the first Holy

Mass. There is a controversy regarding the first Catholic Mass that happened in the Philippine

shore. As Antonio Pigatetta stated the first mass was held on the 31th of March 1521 on an

island called "Mazana." And now, this case study. will help to clear out the issue and to identify

the place which Pigafetta calls "Mazaua." There are two conflicting claims on the subject: one

claims that it happened in Limasawa and the other one claims that the event occured in Batuan

Butuan claims that a monument erected in 1872 near Agusan River. The said monument was a

brick pillar that has a marble slab that contained an inscription and was later on translated in

English: "To the Immortal Magellan: the People of Butuan with their Parish Priest and thee

Spaniards resident therein, to commemorate his arrival and the celebration of the First Mass on

this site on the 8th of April 1521. Erected in 1872, under the District Governor Jose Ma.

Carvallo." The monument was built because it was suggested by a Spanish friar of the Order of

Augustinian Recollects. The given date for the first Mass can be an error, or it can be an attempt

to translate the original date in terms of the Gregorian calendar. In any case, that monument is

a testimonial that the first mass really happened in Butuan

The place Limasawa holds the title of the place where the first mass happened by law and by

some evidences. In 1996, it was proclaimed that the first Holy Mass was celebrated in Limasawa

Island on March 31, 1521 by Republic Act 2733. The memoirs of Antonio Pigafetta that serves

as a primary source and stands to be the most credible source when it comes to the said
historical event. However, Pigafetta never said that the Easter Sunday Mass in Limasawa was

the first"

II Supporting Details

The arguments for Masawa in Butuan and not Limasawa in Samar-Leyte as the site of the first

Mass celebrated in our country are strong. There are incontrovertible eyewitness accounts of

the people of that time: Antonio Pigafetta, the official chronicler of Magellan's voyage: Gines de

Matra, one of Magellan's original crew who managed to return to Spain and reported about

what he found in Masawa; and other supporting testimonies

Pigafetta in his account specifically wrote: "That island was called Butuan and Calagan. The

name of the first king is Raia Colambu and the second Raia Sioul... It is twenty-five leagues from

Acquada, and is called Masaua."

Also the differences with respect to the recorded latitudinal locations of Masawa and Limasowa

as reported by the different chroniclers of that time favor the former more than the latter. It

can be argued that the accuracy of these estimations, given the facilities of that time, may not

be that precise. Besides, there can also be strong motives for making intentionally wrong

latitudinal locations to mislead enemies and competitors.

I conclude that the first mass was held in Masao, Butuan and not in Limasawa Leyte; because

according to (Republic Act No. 2733) the law as well as the government declare that the first

mass is really held in Masao, Butuan. Even though there is also a law declare Limasawa as the
place were the first Mass held there’s a possibility that they only want to detour us to the truth

that Butuan is the real place where it is held because there’s a lot of evidences that leads to the

conclusion that the first Mass was held in Masao, Butuan. That’s why the researchers

recommended that the future researchers should conduct a further research and find

additional information to strengthen this claim

CASE STUDY 2: WHAT HAPPENED IN THE CAVITE MUTINY?

(1872)-It is a historic year of two events the Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of three priests:

Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgs, and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA).

 SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUNITY

The documentation of Spanish historian Jose Montera y Vidal centered on how the event was

event was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines. Although

regarded as a historian, his account of the matiny was criticized us woefully biased and rabid for

a scholar Another account from the official report written by the Governor General Rafael

Izquierdo implicated the native clergy, who were then. Active in the movement toward

secularization of parishes. These two accouns corroborated each other.

PRIMARY SOURCE: EXCERPT FROM MONTERO'S ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

Source: Jose Montero Hidal, Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 in Gregorio Zuide

and Smit Zuide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book

Store: 1990), 269-273.

The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of exemption. from the

tribute was, according to some, the cause of the insurrection. There were, however, other

causes

The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne; the propaganda carried on by an

unbridled press against monarchical principles, attentatory [sic] of the most sacred respects

towards the dethroned majesty, the democratic and republican books and pamphlets; the

speeches and preachings of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain, the outbursts of the

American publicists and the criminal policy of the senseless Goveror whom the Revolutionary

government sent to gover the Philippines, and who put into practice these ideas were the
determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain Filipinos, to the idea of attaining the

their independence. It was towards this goal that they started to work with the powerful

assistance of a certain section of the native clergy, who out of spite towards friars, mude

common cause with the enemies of the mother country

At various times but especially in the beginning of year 1872, the authorities received

anonymous communication with the information that a great uprising would break out the

Spaniards, the minute the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and that all would be antaminated.

conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy times, the

principal leaders met either in the house of Filipino Spumard, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or in

that of the native curate of Bacoor, the soul of the movement, whose energetic character and

immense wealth enabled him to exercise a strong influence

PRIMARY SOURCES: EXCERPTS FROM THE OFFICIAL REPOST OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON

THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

Source: Rafael Izquinio, "Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny," in Gregorio Zaide and Sonja

Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store,

1990, 281-286

It seems definite that the insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by the

mestizos and native lawyers, and by those known here as abogadillos.

The instigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested against the injustice of the

government in not paying the provinces for their tobacco crop, and against the usary that some

practice in documents that the Finance department gives crop owners who have to sell them at

a loss. They encouraged the rebellion by protesting what they called the injustice of having

obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute starting January 1 and render personal

service, from which they were formerly exempted. Up to now it has not been clearly

determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a republic, because the Indios have no

word in their language to describe this different form of government, whose head in Filipino

would be called hari, but it turns out that they would place at the head of the government a

priest that the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zurnoru

Such is the plan of the rebels, those who guided them, and the means they counted upon for its

realization.

It is apparent that the accounts underscore the reason for the "revolution": the abolition of

privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite arsenal such as exemption from the payment of

tribute and being employed in polos y servicios, or force labor. They also identified other

reasons which seemingly made the issue a lot more serious, which include the presence of the

native clergy, who, out of spite against the Spanish friars, "nspired and supported the rebels.

Izquierdo, in un obviously biased report, highlighted that attempt to overthrow the Spanish

government in the Philippines to install a new "hari" in the persons of Fathers Burgors and

Zamora. According to him, native clergy attracted supporters by giving them charismatic
ssurance that their fight would not fail because they had God's support, aside from promises of

lafty rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army

In the Spaniard's accounts, the event of 1872 was premeditated, and was part of a big

conspiracy among the educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite.

They allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers, then kill the friars. The signal they

identified among these conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the rockets fired from Intrancos

The accounts detail that on 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of

the Virgin of Loreto, and came with it were some fireworks display. The Cavitenos allegedly

mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack. The 200-men contigent led by Sergeant

Lamadrid attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. Izquierdo, upon learning of

the attack, ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quelli the revolt. The

"revolution was casily crushed, when the Manilenos who were expected to aid the Cavitenos

did not arrive. Leailers of the plot were killed in the resulting skirmish, while Fathers Gonez,

Burgos, and Zamora were tried by a court-murtial and sentenced to be executed. Others who

were implicated mach as Joaquin de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa, and other

Filipino lawyers were suspended from the practice of law, arrested and sentenced to life

imprisonment at the Marianas Island Tequierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and

ondered the creation of an artillery force composed exclusively by l'eninsulares

, On 17 February 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to

attempt to fight the Spanuards again

DIFFERING ACCOUNTS OF THE EVENTS OF 1872

who other primary accounts that seems to counter the accounts of Izquierdo and Montero.

First, the account of Dr. Trinidad Hermenegilde Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and

researcher, who wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.

PRIMARY SOURCE: EXCERPT FROM PARDO DE TAVERA'S ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

Source: Trinidad Pardo de Taveru, Filipino Version of Cavite Mutmy," in Gregorio Zaide and

Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book

Store, 19901.274-280.

This uprising among soldiers in Cavite was used a powerful level by the Spanish residents and

by the friars. The General Government in Madrid had announced its intention to deprive the

friars in these islands of powers of intervention in the matters of civil government und of the

direction and management of the university. It was due to these facts and promises that the

Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their country, while the friars, on

the other hand, feared that their power in the colony would soon be complese a thing of the

past. Up so that time there had been no intention of secession from Spain, and the only

aspiration of the people was to secure the material and education advancement of the country

According to this account, the incident was merely a multiply by Filipino soldices and laborers of

the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of Tequiedor, such

as the abolition of privileges and the prohibition of the founding of the school of arts and trades

of Filipinos, which the General saw as a smokescreen a creating a political club.

Tavera is of the opinion that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a way to

address other ses by blowing out proportion the isolated mutiny attempt. During this time, the

Central Government in Madrid was planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of

intervention in the matters of civil government and direction and management of educational

institutions. The friars needed something to justify their continuing dominance in the country,

and the mutins provided such opportunity

However, the Central Spaniards Government introduced an educational decree fusing sectarian

schools nan by the friars into a school called the Philippine Institute. The decree aimed to

improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in these

schools to be filled by competitive examinations, an improvement welcomed by most Filipinos..

Another account, this time by French writer Edmund Plauchut, complemented Tavera's account

and analyzed the motivations of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny

PRIMARY SOURCE: EXCERPTS FROM PLAUCHUT'S ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

Source: Edmund Plinichut. "The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the Manyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za." in

the Gregorio Zoide and Sonia Zoide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7

(Manila National Book Store, 1990), 251-208,

General La Torre created a jonta composed of high officials including some friars and six

Spanish officials. At the same time there was created by the government in Madrid a committee

to investigate the same problems submitted to the Manila committee. When the two finished
work, it was found that they came to the same conclusions. Here is the summary of the reformi

they considered necessary to introduced:

1. Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of collection.

2 Removal of surcharges on foreign importations.

3. Reduction of export fees

4. Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real state, enjoy freedom of

worship, and operate commercial transports flying the Spanish flag

5. Establishment of an advisory council to inform the Minister of Overseas Affairs in Madrid on

the necessary reforms to be implemented.

6. Changes in primary and secondary education.

7. Establishment of an Institute of Civil Administration in the Philippines, rendering unnecessary

the sending home of short-term civil officials every time there is a change of

8. Study of direct-tax system.

9. Abolition of the tobacco monopoly

The arrival in Manila of General Lequierdo put a sudden end to all dreams of reforms the

prosecution instituted by the now Govence General were probably expected as a result of the

hitter disputes between the Filipina clerics and the friars. Such a policy must really end in a

strong desire on the part of the other to repress cruelly

In regard to schools, it was previously decreed that there should be in Manila a Society of Arts

and Trades to be opened in March of 1871 to reptess the growth of liberal teachings, Cineral

Izquierdo suspended the opening of the school the day previous to the scheduled inmigration

The Filipinos had a duty to render service on public roads construction and pay taxes. every

year. But those who were employed at the muestranza of the urtillery, in the engineering shops

and arsenal of Cavite, were exempted from thuis obligation from time immemorial Without

preliminaries of any kind, a decree by the Govemor withdrew from such old employees their

retirement privileges and declassified them into the ranks of those who worked on public

roads..

The friars used the incident as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance, which

had started to show cracks because of the discontent of the Filipines. They showcased the

mutiny as part of a greater conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish

Government. Unintentionally, and more sa, prophetically, the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 resulted in

the martyrdom of GOMBUIZA, paved the way to the revolution culminating in 1898.

These events are significant highlights in the Philippine history and have caused ripples right

through time, directly influencing the decisive events of the Philippines Revolution toward the

end of the century. These are considered a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among

the Filipinos of that time and will continue to serve as one up until this preset times
In conclusion, many theories explain the causes of Cavite Mutiny among them being

political,social, and economic. However, after weighing out the presented facts and arguments

during the discussion, we believe that the economic reasons marry closely to the immediate

causes of therevolution. Statements from Izquierdo and Tavera have supported the arguments

that have been made earlier which has proved that the mutiny itself was fueled by economic

[Link] to EdmundPlauchaut, Cavite Mutiny was a result of Filipino laborers being

forced to pay taxes and perform forced labor things which they were initially exempted to do,

and this gave them the opportunity to make aneconomic move that led to the mutiny. And with

these, we conclude that the people were not forced orsupervised by the government to make

the mutiny political because, in fact, it is economical. We cantjust take other historians

accounts for fact

 Case Study 3: Did Rizal Retract? Did Rizal Retract?

Readings in Philippine History CASE STUDY 3 January 7, 2020

INTRODUCTION

Case Study 3: Did Rizal Retract?

Jose Rizal is identified as a hero of the revolution for his writings that center on ending

colonialism and liberating Filipino minds to contribute to creating the Filipino Nation.

• The great volume of Rizal's lifework was committed to this end, particularly the more

influential ones, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. his essays vilify not the catholic religion,

but the friars, the main agents of injustice in the Philippine society.

The Debate

• Since Rizal's retraction letter was discovered by Father Manuel Garcia, C.M. in 1935, its

content has become a favorite subject of dispute among academicians andCatholics. The letter,

dated December 29, 1896, was said to have been signed by the National Hero himself.

• The controversy whether the National Hero actually wrote a retraction document only lies in

the judgment of its reader, as no amount of proof can probably make the two opposing groups
the Masonic Rizalists (who firmly believe that Rizal did not withdraw) and the Catholic Rizalists

(who were convinced Rizal retracted)-agree with each other.

The Balaguer Testimony

The Balaguer Testimony According to a testimony by Father Vicente Balaguer, a Jesuit

missionary who befriended the hero during his exile in Dapitan, Rizal accepted a shorter

retraction document prepared by the superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines, Father Pio

Pi.

Rizal then wrote his retraction after making some modifications in the document. In his

retraction, he disavowed Masonry andreligious thoughts that opposed Catholic

belief."Personally, I did not believe he retracted, but some documents that was purchased by

the Philippine government from Spainin the mid-1990s, the Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila"

showed some interesting points about the retraction, said Jose Victor Torres, professor atthe

History department of the De La Salle University.

Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila

Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila Popularly known as the Katipunan and Rizal documents, the

Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila is a body of documents on the Philippine revolutions that

contains confidential reports, transcripts, clippings, and photographs from Spanish and

Philippine newspapers.

Fr. Balaguer said that he received two original texts of the retraction. The first, which came

from Fr. Pi, contained "the changes which (Fr. Pi) made"; the other, which is "that of the
Archbishop" was "the exact copy of the retraction written and signed by Rizal".

According to Fr. Pi, Rizal rejected the long formula so that Fr. Balaguer had to dictate from the

short formula of Fr. Pi

The "exact" copy was shown to the military men guarding in Fort Santiago to convince them

that Rizal had retracted. Someone read it aloud in the hearing of Capt. Dominguez, who claimed

in his "Notes' that Rizal read aloud his retraction. However that copy of retraction had

differences from the original. Capt. Dominguez never claimed to have seen the retraction: he

only "heard".

Father Vicente Balaguer

The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia Another eyewitness account surfaced in 2016, through

the research of Professor Rene R. Escalante.

In his research, documents of the Cuerpo de Vigilencia included a report on the last hours of

Rizal, written by Federico Moreno,

• Rizal's Connection to Katipunan is undeniable- in fact, the precursor of the Katipunan as an

organization is the La Liga Filipina, an organization Rizal founded, with Andres Bonifacio as one

of its members.

Last hours of Rizal Did Rizal Retract?

WhySource: Michael Charleston Chua, "Retraction ni Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at

Pananaw," GMA news online, Published 29 December 2016

• At 7:50 yesterday morning, Jose Rizal entered death row accompanied by his counsel, Señor

Taviel de Andrade, and the jesuit priest Vilaclara.

• Señor Andrade left death row at 10 and Rizal Spoke for long while with the Jesuit fathers,

March and Vilaclara, regarding religious matters, it seems.

• At 3 in the afternoon, father March entered the chapel and Rizal handed him what he had

written.

• At 5 in the morning of the 30th, the lover of Rizal Arrived at the prison dressed in mourning.

Rizal's connection to Katipunan Rizal's connection to katipunan

• Precursor of katipunan as an organization is the La Liga Filipina, an organization founded by

Rizal with Andres Bonifacio as one of its members.

• Rizal may not have been officially part of the katipunan, but the katipuneros showed great

appreciation of his work toward the same goals.

• Out of the 28 members of the leadership of the katipunan, 13 were former members of La

Liga Filipina. Katipuneros even used Rizal's name as a password

• Katipuneros decided to inform Rizal of their plans to launch the revolution.

Did Rizal Retract?

• In this issue of Rizal's retraction. incident, the sources indicates the belief of Rizal not

committing such declaration of withdrawal and confession. While the other stands for the

contradicting, that of which claims Rizal of actually signing a statement of his retraction.
• Whatever further study that may emerge as to the truth about Rizal's retraction controversy,

it proclaims nothing compared to greatness and a name he gave to our country.

I conclude that Rizal did not retract. Although there were many opinions and evidences

presented by various authors as to whether Rizal did or did not retract. Nonetheless, until now

there is no proof or any justification to end the debate. ... When Rizal's family requested for the

original copy, it was said that it was lost.

 Case Study: Where did the cry of Rebellion happen?

Generally, the term cry denoted the first clash between the Katipaners and the civil guards and

the tearing up of their community tax certificates which was accompanied by their patriotic

shouts to defy their commitment and loyalty to Spain. Sick of the oppression under foreign nile

and craving for freedom and independence. Filipino revolutionaries under the leadership of

Anitres Bonifacio did those acts as a sign of their resistance. However, there were two different

places and dates that in contention on where and when the cry of rehellion occurred.

Various accounts by participants and historians give differing dates and places for the Cry. An

officer of the Spanish guanlia civil, LL. Olegario Diar, stated that the Cry took place in Balintawak

on August 25, 1896. Teodor Kalaw in his 1925 hook "The Filipino Revolution". wrote that the

event took place during the last week of August 1896 at Kangkong. Balintawak Santiago Alvarez,

the son of Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the Magdiwang faction in Cavite. stated in 1927 that

the Cry took place in Balay Tore, now in Quezon City on August 24, 1896, Piot Valenzuela, a

close associate of Andrés Bonifacio declared in 1948 that it happened in Pagad. Lawin on

August 23, 1806, Gregorio Zaide stated in his books in 1954 that the "Cry" happened in

Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Fellow historian Teodoro Agoncilla wrote in 1956 that it took

place in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, based on Pio Valenzuela's statement Accounts by

Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas claim the event to have taken

place in Tandang Sora's bam in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon City. Some of the apparent

confusion is in part due to the double meanings of the terms "Balintawak" and "Kalookan" at
the turn of the century Balintawak referred both to a specific place in modern Caloocan and a

wider area which included parts of modem Queam City. Similarly, Kalookan referred to modern

Caloocan and also a wider area which included modern Quezon City and part of modem Pasig.

Pagad Lawin. Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and other specific places were all in "greater

Balintawak". which was in turn part of greater Caloocan

With that. The Cry of Balintawak was soon changed into Cry of Pugad Lawin. But there is no

controversy about the act of courage of Bonifacio and the Katipuneros and the significance of

their act. They tore their cedulas as an expression of defiance against Spanish rule Reflecting on

this act today, we see the bravery of Filipinos who fought against a foreign enemy with superior

arma. The Katipuneros would match this symbolic act with attacks in Mandaluyong. Pandacan,

and Pasig that prompted the Spaniards to declare a state of war in the eight provinces Manila,

Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Pampanga One hundred twenty

three years after this historic event, the "Cry" of Filipino revolutionaries, regardless of the

controversies on the dates and venises, should continue to inspire modern Filipinos.

The Cry of Pugad Lawin A CONCLUSION "Cry of Pugad Lawin" was an event that officially

launched the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The insurrection rose in power and spread to

eight provinces, including Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and

Nueva Ecija