The book that I read last night was great.
In this sentence, "book" is a singular, countable noun. It is also specific
because of the phrase “that I read last night.” The writer and reader (or speaker
and listener) know which book is being referred to.
The books assigned for this class are very useful.
In this sentence, "books" is a plural, countable noun. It is also specific
because of the phrase “for this class.” The writer and reader (or speaker and
listener) know which books are being referred to.
The advice you gave me was very helpful.
In this sentence, "advice" is an uncountable noun. However, it is specific
because of the phrase “you gave me.” It is clear which piece of advice was helpful.
Here are some more specific rules:
"The" is used in the following categories of proper nouns:
Museums and art galleries: the Walker Art Center, the Minneapolis Institute of
Art
Buildings: the Empire State Building, the Willis Tower
Seas and oceans: the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean
Rivers: the Mississippi, the Nile
Deserts: the Sahara Desert, the Sonora Desert
Periods and events in history: the Dark Ages, the Civil War
Bridges: the London Bridge, the Mackinac Bridge
Parts of a country: the South, the Upper Midwest
the Great Lakes
the French
the Rockies (as in the Rocky Mountains)
"The" is often used with proper nouns that include an “of” phrase.
the United States of America
the University of Minnesota