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Research Methodology for Online Learning Effects

This chapter outlines the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and instruments used to collect data for the study. A descriptive research method and purposive sampling technique were used to collect data through surveys from 50 Grade 12 TVL students in Mariano Marcos Memorial High School.

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Jack Santos
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124 views5 pages

Research Methodology for Online Learning Effects

This chapter outlines the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and instruments used to collect data for the study. A descriptive research method and purposive sampling technique were used to collect data through surveys from 50 Grade 12 TVL students in Mariano Marcos Memorial High School.

Uploaded by

Jack Santos
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER III

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter deals with the methods and techniques that the researcher will apply in

collecting data essential for the study. Chapter 3 outlines the research design, the research

method, the population under study, the sampling procedure, and the method that was used to

collect data. Chapter 3 also contains the instrument which will be used by the researcher for

gathering data.

Research Design

The research method to be used in the study is the Descriptive Method. This Method is

intended to answer the research title The Effects of Online Learning to the Practical

Performances of Grade 12 Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) Students. Carrying out such

method aims to accurately and systematically describe the situation, population, and

phenomenon this would lead to the answer for the stated problems. The method directs which

and shows how data is collected and analyzed. It also suggest appropriate instrument that can be

used for determining desire outcomes. Designing a study helps the researcher to plan and

implement the study in a way that will help the researcher to obtain intended results, thus

increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation

(Burns & Grove 2001:223).


Population and Sample Size

Polit and Hungler (1999:37) refer to the population as an aggregate or totality of all the

objects, subjects or members that conform to a set of specifications, for this study there are Nine

(9) sections of SHS in Mariano Marcos Memorial High School. A sample size is a subset of a

population selected to participate in the study, it is a fraction of the whole, selected to participate

in the research project (Brink 1996:133; Polit & Hungler 1999:227). In this survey, a subset of

50 respondents from Grade 12 Electrical Installation and Maintenance, ICT A, ICT B, Cookery,

Technical Drafting students of Mariano Marcos Memorial High School. Researcher will give 10

questionnaires for each strand and 1 questionnaire to each student to balance and tabulate the

results effectively. Time and money was saved by selecting a sample size to be studied rather

than attempting to study the entire population of Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL)

students. Obtaining data as well as analyzing and interpreting large amounts of data would have

been impossible to accomplish within the time in conducting this research.

Instrument and Sampling Technique

The researcher used survey questionnaire in Google form as an instrument for the study

to help them gather information and data about The Effects of Online Learning to the Practical

Performances of Grade 12 Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) Students. The respondent

required to put choose on their answer on the choices for the five question, all based on their own

experience and own perspective. Purposive Sampling Technique was used in order to be specific

with the target respondents which are Grade 12 Electrical Installation and Maintenance, ICT A,

ICT B, Cookery, Technical Drafting students of Mariano Marcos Memorial High School. This
technique will be helpful in identifying the scope and limitation of the study as regards with the

grade level and strand. The researchers sent a request letter before the survey to inform the

respondents that the researchers would be conducting a survey.

For the success of this research the researchers spend a thorough time in preparing the

survey questionnaire. Every researcher have created a two questions that they think should be

included in the survey questionnaire based on the Statement of the Problem, then the researchers

held a meeting to deliberately discuss and choose the best five (5) questions on the given

questions which will they put on the survey questionnaire. After that the researchers edited and

planned the flow of the questions.

After our final preparation we submitted our survey questionnaire to our respected

Research teacher Ms. Veronica Yumol for correction and validation to start our Pilot testing. For

the validation we submitted our Chapter 1 to 2 with our survey questionnaire to be thoroughly

checked.

The pilot testing was done through sending our survey questionnaire to our possible

respondents through Messenger in the form of Google form. The researchers have chosen 10

respondents for the Pilot testing, two people each strand (ICT A, ICT B, Cookery, EIM and TD).

After answering the questionnaire we asked them for recommendation and comments they think

we should do or add in our survey questionnaire for its improvement.


Data Collection

Researcher distributed survey questionnaire as an instrument to collect data and information

among respondents. It’s were randomly distributed during free time of students to avoid

distraction of classes. Before questionnaire distributed, it undergo validation considering the

content statement of the problem. Once validated, questionnaire will be distributed randomly and

collected after the respondents answered to finally analyze the results.

Data Gathering Procedur

In gathering the needed data which was used by the researcher, the following were done.

1. Securing permission to conduct study. The researcher drafted a letter to secure

permission to conduct the study to the Research teacher once signed; the researcher would catch

permissions from the teacher of the Senior High School in Mariano Marcos Memorial High

School. Letters will also be showed to the students.

2. Drafting of the research materials. Through the leading of various literature, studies and

other materials, the researcher made a questionnaire and dealt with the variables under the study.

3. Actual administration of the research questionnaire. With the permission of school

principal, the researcher distributed the questionnaire, the researcher also gave a couple of time

to the respondents to answer the instrument as honesty as possible


4. Observation and survey were done in the collection of the data. Once the questionnaires

were retrieved, the data were treated statistically to find out the answer to the questionnaire.

The Statistical Treatment

The researchers made us of the Chi Square which is best in testing for association

between two categorical variables and to compute the data that are needed for the study. The

Chi-Square statistic is most commonly used to evaluate Tests of Independence when using a

cross tabulation or also known as a bivariate table. The Test of Independence assesses whether

an association exists between the two variables by comparing the observed pattern of responses

in the cells to the pattern that would be expected if the variables were truly independent of each

other. Calculating the Chi-Square statistic and comparing it against a critical value from the Chi-

Square distribution allows the researcher to assess whether the observed cell counts are

significantly different from the expected cell counts.

The calculation of the Chi-Square statistic is quite straight-forward and intuitive:

χ2 = ∑(Oi – Ei)2/Ei.

Where:
Oi= the observed value
Ei= the expected value

Common questions

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The Purposive Sampling Technique was chosen for its ability to specifically target respondents that are most relevant to the research question, allowing the researchers to focus on Grade 12 students in specific technical-vocational strands. This choice helps in understanding the nuanced effects of online learning on their practical performance. While this technique increases the relevance of the findings to the studied group, it may also limit generalizability to broader populations beyond the sample studied .

The research design ensures reliability and validity through several steps: the use of a purposive sampling technique to specifically target respondents relevant to the study, the thorough preparation of the survey questionnaire, which includes validation by the research teacher, and the pilot testing with a subset of respondents to refine the questions. These steps aim to ensure that the data collected is both reliable, accurately reflecting the variable of interest, and valid in truly capturing the real-world situation being studied .

Using Google Forms offers several advantages in data collection for this research, including ease of distribution and collection, especially when targeting students who are familiar with digital tools. It allows for efficient gathering of responses, automated data compilation, and reduces errors related to manual entry of data. Google Forms also facilitates the collection of data remotely, which is convenient given the context of studying online learning effects .

Challenges associated with using online surveys include potential issues with internet accessibility for respondents, ensuring responses are honest and unbiased without direct researcher observation, and achieving high response rates among students. Additionally, while online surveys reduce data entry errors and facilitate analysis, they also require careful design to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretation by the respondents .

The validation process involved a review of the survey questionnaire by a research teacher and pilot testing with a small group of respondents. This ensured that the questionnaire adequately addressed the research objectives and was free from ambiguous or leading questions. Feedback from these steps allowed for refinement and improvement, ensuring that the final survey collected high-quality, relevant data from the larger sample .

The sampling procedure contributes to the efficiency of data collection by employing a purposive sampling technique, which targets specific respondent groups that are relevant to the research question. By selecting a sample size of 50 respondents from specific sections of Grade 12 students, the study saves time and resources that would be used if the entire population were surveyed. This focused approach allows the collection of data that is more manageable and relevant, facilitating effective analysis within limited time and financial constraints .

Potential biases in the survey questionnaire were minimized through a careful preparation process, including creating questions based on the Statement of the Problem, deliberate discussion among researchers to select the best questions, validation by a research teacher, and pilot testing with respondents. Pilot testing and feedback collection allowed the researchers to refine questions further and ensure they were unbiased and adequately covered the study objectives .

The Descriptive Method was used in the study of the effects of online learning on grade 12 Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) students. This method was chosen because it aims to accurately and systematically describe the situation, population, and phenomenon, which helps to answer the stated research problems by providing a structured way to collect and analyze data for determining desired outcomes .

The Chi-Square test is used to test the association between two categorical variables in the study. Specifically, it evaluates the independence of these variables by comparing the observed pattern of responses to the expected pattern if the variables were independent. By calculating the Chi-Square statistic and comparing it to a critical value from the Chi-Square distribution, researchers can determine whether differences between observed and expected cell counts are statistically significant .

To maintain ethical standards, the researchers secured permission from the relevant authorities, including the Research teacher and the school principal, before conducting the study. They communicated with potential respondents through a request letter, informing them about the study and ensuring their voluntary participation. Survey administration was designed to minimize disruption to student activities, respecting their time and autonomy in participating .

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