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1.
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History of Banking—its Evolution and Development 1-12

2.
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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 13-35

3. En
Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 36-67

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4. Money Supply
eer 68-75

5.
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Banking and Commercial Laws
g.n
76-97

6. Banker—Customer Relationship
et
98-121

7. Regional Rural Banks 122-129

8. Co-operative Banks in India 130-138

9. Priority Sector Advances : Origin 139-164

10. Non-performing Assets : Important Points 165-173

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11. Modern Aspects of Banking 174-185

12. Foreign Trade and Banking 186-201

13. Credit Function of Banks 202-226

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14. Para Banking Services 227-244

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15. Financial Awareness 245-265
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16. Current Development in Banking 266-288

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CHAPTER
History of Banking—its
1 Evolution and Development

ROLE OF BANKS IN INDIAN ECONOMY - SALIENT FEATURES

ww Banks play a crucial role in the economic development of any country. Many developed
countries such as Japan, Germany etc. owe their growth and development to strong financial
system including banking system. In most of the growing economies including India strong

w.E
healthy banks are pivotal to development. In countries with growing economies like India,
banks are important from four angles. These are:
One, banks help in developing other financial intermediaries and markets as per the need
of the country.
asy
Two, help the corporate sector to meet its money needs because of less developed equity

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and bond markets.
Third, banks help mobilize the savings of large number of savers, which look for assured

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income and liquidity and safety of funds, and
Lastly, Banks also provide financial stability in the economy.

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HOW BANKS HAVE CHANGED OVER YEARS?
Banking has changed with the needs of the economy over the years and evolved as a strong

in
instrument of development. The various phases of changes that have made banks an instrument
of development are given below:

g.n
1. Countries world over have been divided into two major groups viz. “underdeveloped”

et
(backward) and “developed” (advanced) countries.
FYP defined “underdeveloped” economy as one where the economy has not been able to
unutilize the given/available resources or have underutilized the resources like natural
resources, manpower resources etc. “Developed” economy on the other hand means
where full or large utilization of such resources have taken place for the growth and
development of the economy. Underdeveloped or growing economies like India, are
also characterized by nature of occupational pattern which in India is mainly agriculture,
and the population is largely “agrarian population”.
Reason for non-utilization of resources could be:
• non-availability of technology;
• prevailing socio-economic factors that may hinder the use of available resources etc.
Under-developed economies are normally characterized by “poverty”.
2. Agriculture largely remains labour intensive in India. Most farmers as well as labourers
live at subsistence level or even below subsistence level. In order to increase agricultural
production, investment in agriculture is necessary which will generate surplus to form
capital base of the farmers.

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2 History of Banking—its Evolution and Development

At present majority of farmers and farm labourers are unable to save anything because
of poor to low surplus. Poor Capital level results in low to even no reinvestment in the
business which may lead to poor standard of living. Addition in population is also one
of the many major causes of poor savings and poor standard of living.
3. Common basis for comparing underdeveloped economies and developed economies has
been per capita income. India’s per capita income as compared to many developed and
even underdeveloped countries has been low.
4. Capital–Output ratio is also a determinant of economic development. It means number
of units of capital required to produce one unit of output. In other words, this term refers to the
productivity of capital in various economic sectors at a point of time.

ww 5. In order to reduce the economic disparity, it is necessary to increase capital–out ratio and
improve public savings. For this, investment level is required to increase. For investments
to increase there is need for generating surpluses and savings. To avoid diversification of

w.E
savings there is need to mobilize public or community savings. Purpose of mobilization
of savings are:
(i) to help improve production through reinvestment thus improving capital output

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ratio and,
(ii) to channelise the idle funds from the public into the productive channels.

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STEPS TAKEN TO MOBILIZE RESOURCES

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6. In order to mobilize public savings, Government initiated many steps through Five Year
Plans.

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(i) Taxation is first measure.
(ii) Other measures to mobilize monies from the people by spreading of banking facilities

in
in the needed areas.
(iii) Other steps included encouraging surplus of public sector enterprises, and
(iv) mobilization of internal and external loans/deposits.
g.n
7. Public sector and other organizations like Banks and private organizations became major

as from every corner of the country.

8. There may not always be dearth of savings in the rural areas but it may be failure of
et
source of mobilizing small savings of the people from all sectors of the economy as well

deposit mobilization efforts which allow the savings being put into unproductive channels.
Government found enough scope of deposit mobilization, both in the rural and non-rural
areas and took decisions to create infrastructure for collecting savings.
9. As a step towards such mopping up of savings, banking industry took the initiative to
open up new banks and branches all over the country.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION STAGES OF BANKING - HIGHLIGHTS

For reaching the modern day banking business, banking industry has to pass through various
stages of evolution and development. The stages are briefly discussed below:

Stage-1 Indigenous Banks

• Business of banking has been reported origin in Vedic period. Records show giving and
receiving of credits during that period.

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History of Banking—its Evolution and Development 3

• Indigenous money lenders were known as Seths or Shahs existed during that period and
ran lucrative business in money lending.
• Discounting of bills was common in those times.
• Hundi (traditional bills) system was in vogue during that time.
• During 17th century, a foreign traveller quoted the existence of money changer in India
known as Shroffs.
• Moghul period also refers to Jagat Seth called Manak Chand. Lord Clive also mentioned
about him around 1859.
Defects of Indigenous Banking
Certain shortcomings were observed in the indigenous banking in India vis-à-vis the

ww
requirement of trade and commerce. Some important shortcomings that existed at that time
are listed below:

w.E
(i) Indigenous banking is unorganized and does not sensitize the need and working of the
different sectors of the economy, including banking sector.
(ii) They only do business for trade and commerce and work on commission basis resulting
into trade risk in their financial business.

asy
(iii) They did not distinguish between short term and long term finance purposes.
(iv) Methods of accounting was based on local practices and hence could not match with

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modern methods of financial accounting.
(v) Many of the indigenous bankers charged very high rate of interest.

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Stage-2 Opening of Presidency Banks

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(a) Bank of Hindustan established in 1770 was founded by M/s Alexander & Co., an English
agency in Calcutta.

in
(b) First Presidency Bank namely Bank of Calcutta came up in 1806 in Calcutta in collaboration
with Government of Bengal and East India Company. Total capital was Rs.50 lakh of which
Rs.10 lakh was share of East India Company.
(c) However, in 1809, Bank of Calcutta was renamed as Bank of Bengal. g.n
(now Mumbai).
(e) Third Presidency bank came up in Madras (now Chennai) in the year 1843.
et
(d) Bank of Bombay, as second Presidency Bank was established in 1840 in the then Bombay

In 1860, concept of limited liability was introduced in India leading to the establishment
of Joint Stock Banks.
All banks in India are registered under the Indian Companies Act as Joint Stock Company.

MODERN BANKING - ADVENT AND DEVELOPMENT

The commercial banking industry in India started in 1786 with the establishment of the
Bank of Bengal in Calcutta.
It was only with the establishment of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank of the
country in 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act (1934) that the quasi-central banking role
of the Imperial Bank of India came to an end.
In 1865, the Allahabad Bank was established with Indian shareholders.
Punjab National Bank came into being in 1895 by purely Indian nationalist people like Lala
Lajpat Rai, Babu Purshotam Lal Tandon, [Link] Singh and others.

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4 History of Banking—its Evolution and Development

Between 1906 and 1913, other banks like Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of
Baroda, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Mysore etc. were set up.
• The brand ambassador of bank of Baroda is Rahul Dravid.
• The branding line of Bank of Baroda is ‘India’s International Bank’.
• The logo of Bank of Baroda is known as ‘Baroda Sun’.
In 1921, the three Presidency banks were amalgamated to form the Imperial Bank of India,
which took up following roles:
(i) role of a commercial bank,
(ii) a bankers’ bank, and

ww (iii) a banker to the Government. (quasi central banking role)

The Imperial Bank of India was established with mainly European shareholders.
Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 under RBI Act (1934)

w.E
After independence, the Government of India started taking steps to encourage the spread
of banking in India that led to the stage -3 of banking development in India.

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Stage-3 Banking in Post Independence Period
After independence, in order to serve the economy better, the All India Rural Credit Survey

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Committee was set up by RBI. This Committee recommended that Imperial Bank of India be
taken over and with it are merged / integrated former state-owned and state-associate banks.

gin
Accordingly, State Bank of India (SBI) was constituted in 1955 under the State Bank of India
Act (1955). Subsequently in 1959, the State Bank of India (subsidiary bank) Act was passed,
enabling the SBI to take over five major former state-associate banks as its subsidiaries. These

eer
were State Bank of Patiala; State Bank of Hyderabad; State Bank of Travancore; State Bank of
Bikaner & Jaipur and State Bank of Mysore.

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After creating a subsidiary of SBI, arrangement made was that 55 per cent of the capital will
be owned by the SBI and rest 45 per cent remains with old shareholders.

g.n
However, this arrangement also saw some weaknesses like reduced bank profitability,
weak capital base, and banks getting / burdened with large amounts of bad loans (un-
recovered loans).
et
Commercial banks in India have traditionally focused on meeting the short-term financial
needs of industry, trade and agriculture but long term financial needs were left for other agencies
or government to meet. There was no coordination between commercial banks and long term
lending organizations. Hence when one was available the other was not available.
• As such with the growing need for long term funds for financing industrial projects
Government established Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) in 1964 to help
industrial sector with long term financial resources to boost industrial growth.

ADVENT OF MODERN BANKING - STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

• Present day banking is the result of continuous research and development in the field of
financial and economic aspects of Indian banking system.
• After independence of the country, today’s banking has passed through various stages
of development. Banking was held to be a strong institution to respond to the growing
financial needs of various sectors of the economy. Many policy decisions, amendments in
laws, new enactments etc. were initiated to make banking industry respond to growing
financial requirements of different sectors of the economy.

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History of Banking—its Evolution and Development 5

Broadly, four stages could be identified that Indian banking has passed through or is passing
through after independence. These are as follows:
Stage-1 Period covering 1948 onwards till late sixties (say 1969), identifies with the
foundation stage. During this period government ensured the enactment of
necessary legal / legislative framework for consolidating and reorganization
of the banking system. Banking during this period was cautious, selective
and securitized. Loans were advanced against tangible securities only i.e.
to persons who were able to offer good securities and deposits to the bank.
Banks overlooked the importance of project (purpose), person (borrower) and
repayment capacity.
• In order to overcome above difficulties and others, social control on banks was initiated

ww in 1968 on the recommendations of the National Credit Council in 1967. (Gadgil Study
Group, established by RBI).

w.E
SOCIAL CONTROL AND NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS – NEED AND OBJECTIVE
Factors that led to the decision to nationalize commercial banks were:

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1. Ownership and control in few hands.
2. Concentration of wealth and power by few big industrial houses who used the bank

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funds to build their own empires.
3. Failure of banks to mobilize resources from small towns and villages by not opening
branches in small towns and villages

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4. Misutilization of resources and powers by some vested interests. In other words money
mobilized by banks was not being used for the economic benefit or development.

eer
5. Discrimination against small business units.
6. Needs of the agriculture sector of the economy was neglected by banks by ignoring small

in
farmers taking the plea that it is risky sector.
7. Misuse of funds by banks. Some banks were financing anti-social elements who in order

g.n
to get large profits created shortages of essential commodities, thus affecting the general
public at large.

et
8. Banks failed to follow the objectives of the five year plan policies and framework wherein
priority sectors of the economy were given priority. Private control of the banks led to
various development obstacles to the achievement of the plan objectives.

NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS
• To make banking system align itself to the needs of economy and policies of the
Government, on July 19, 1969 fourteen (14) of the major private sector banks were
nationalized as a part of social control over banks. This was an important milestone in
the history of Indian banking. This was followed by the nationalization of another six
private banks in 1980.
• The 14 banks were nationalized under the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer
of Undertakings) Act, 1970. Criterion for selection of these banks was that those which
had deposit of Rupees 50 crores and above as on the date of Ordinance issued on 19th
July, 1969. These banks were:
1. Allahabad Bank 2. Bank of Baroda
3. Bank of India 4. Central Bank of India
5. Dena bank 6. Canara Bank

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6 History of Banking—its Evolution and Development

7. Indian Overseas Bank 8. Bank of Maharashtra

9. Punjab National Bank 10. United Bank of India
11. Union Bank of India 12. Syndicate Bank
13. Indian Bank 14. United Commercial Bank
This process was followed again in 1980 when another lot of six banks were nationalized
under Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1980. Banks
nationalized in second stage were:
1. Punjab & Sind Bank
2. Oriental Bank of Commerce
3. New bank of India (now merged with Punjab National Bank)

ww 4. Vijay Bank
5. Andhra Bank

w.E
6. Corporation Bank
With the nationalization of these banks, the major segment of the banking sector came under
the control of the Government. The nationalization of banks imparted major impetus to branch
expansion in un-banked, rural and semi-urban areas, which in turn resulted in huge deposit

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mobilization, thereby giving boost to the overall savings rate of the economy. It also resulted
in scaling up of lending to agriculture and its allied sectors.

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In 1975 five Regional Rural banks were established on 2.10.1975 through an Ordinance. The
ordinance was replaced by Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976, with the main objective to extend

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banking facilities to the un-banked rural areas along with commercial banks and cooperative
banks.

Stage-2 Expansion Stage

eer
This stages / phase covers the period from late sixties (1969 to mid eighties). There was

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rapid expansion, both vertical and horizontal i.e. geographical spread as well as administrative
spread. There was effort to fulfill nationalization objectives of expansion.

g.n
There was re-orientation of credit flow policy during this period so as to benefit the neglected
sectors of the economy, like agriculture, small scale industries and small borrowers.

Stage-3 Consolidation Phase et

This phase started from early eighties to start nineties when rapid expansion of banks
faced with certain serious problems of control and economic viability of certain branches, more
particularly rural branches. This phase also saw the problem of manpower, their training and
positioning of branches. Branch expansion was slowed down during this period and banks
started addressing the gaps that occurred during period. Staff productivity, recovery of advances,
profitability etc. were some major problems.

Stage-4 Banking Reform Phase

To create a strong and competitive banking system, a number of reform measures were
initiated in 1991. The thrust of the reforms was on increasing operational efficiency, strengthening
supervision over banks, creating competitive conditions and developing technological and
institutional infrastructure. These measures led to the improvement in the financial health,
soundness and efficiency of the banking system.
One important feature of the reforms of the 1990s was the permission to open new private
sector banks. Following this decision, new banks such as ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, IDBI Bank,

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History of Banking—its Evolution and Development 7

Development Credit Bank (DCB), Kotak Mahindra Bank, InduSind Bank, Yes Bank and UTI
Bank (now Axis bank) were set up.
From 1991 onwards till today, banking industry has seen the reforms in terms of their
management and business policies. The main aim of reforms is to create a vibrant financial sector
that is efficient, competitive and responsive to the needs of the economy and the people at large.
(a) Main focus of the reforms was:
(b) Strengthening of financial institutions, and integration of domestic financial system with
global system of banking and economic system.
Policies were made in such a way that it could provide banks with:-
(a) greater flexibility in banking operations

ww (b) greater accountability to shareholders, and

(c) greater control over bank functions, and

w.E
(d) safety through prudential norms and supervision.
Based on the happenings in the domestic and international market, Indian banking system
is gearing up for meeting new challenges like:

asy
(i) Banks entering into greater specialized business like retail, housing, personal sector,
corporate sector etc.

En
(ii) Banks have to look for more non-fund based business (NFB), like advisory services.
merchant banking advisory services, guarantee business, consultancy business services
etc.

gin
(iii) Creating a strong image of the organization (brand image); customer delight and excellence
etc.

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(iv) The concept of Universal Banking is catching up fast. (Universal bank means where a
bank takes up both the functions of long term lending development financial institutions

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as well as that of commercial banks. In other words a universal bank lends both short
term (working capital) as well as term loan (long tern finance).

g.n
• Export-Import Bank (Exim Bank) was established in 1982 (1.1.1982) to help entrepreneurs
financially, in terms of long term and short term funds, to increase exports and to act as
a controller of the business of the export and import.
• Then came the National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) in 1984 et
on the recommendation of Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit
for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD). NABARD was set up under the
Parliament Act 61 of 1981.

FINANCE COMMISSION AND ITS ROLE

The Finance Commission was established in 1951 to look into the following aspects:
• To suggest as to how the revenues earned by the government through taxes etc. at centre
could be shared between the States and the Centre.
• Finance Commission is set up under Articles 280 of the Constitution of India.
• Since 1951, 13 Finance Commissions have been set up. The Fourteenth Finance Commission
has been set up under the Chairmanship of ex-Governor of Reserve Bank of India, Y V
Reddy. Thirteenth Finance Commission was headed by Finance Secretary Vijay Kelkar.
The first Finance Commission was constituted in 1951 and was headed by K C Neogy.
• Period of Commission is five years.

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8 History of Banking—its Evolution and Development

• Finance Commission has four other members. Finance Commission is appointed by the
President of India.
• Main focus of the Finance Commission is to reduce the imbalances between taxation
fixation and expenditure controls of the Centre and the States respectively.
• Presently the 13th Finance Commission has recommended that States share from the
Central Revenue should be 32 per cent.

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History of Banking—its Evolution and Development 9

PAST EXERCISE
1. Which of the following is considered an 6. The branding line of Bank of Baroda is
informal method of getting credit/finance? [BOB 2008]
[Vijaya Bank 2008] (a) International Bank of India
(a) Internet banking (b) India’s International Bank
(b) Branch visits (c) India’s Multinational Bank
(c) Going to moneylenders (d) World’s local Bank
(d) Telebanking (e) None of these

ww (e) All of these

2. Which of the following is NOT a Public
Sector Unit/Undertaking/Agency? [Vijaya
7. Which of the following is/are the major
concepts visible in today’s banking industry
in India?
Bank 2008]
(a) ECGC
(c) SIDBI
w.E (b) SEBI
(d) Axis Bank
(1) Risk Based management
(2) Growing competition
[IOB 2008]

(e) BHEL
asy
3. Which of the following is NOT a foreign
bank working in India?
(3) IT initiatives
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(b) Only (2)
(d) Both (2) & (3)

(a) HSBC En [Vijaya Bank 2008]

(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
8. Which of the following commissions set-

(b) Barclays
gin
(c) Standard Chartered
up by the President of India decides the
distribution of tax incomes between the
Central and State Governments?
(d) Yes Bank

eer
(e) All are foreign banks
4. Who amongst the following is the Chairman
[United Bank of India 2009]
(a) Central Law Commission

in
(b) Pay Commission for Government
of the 13th Finance Commission? [Vijaya Employees
Bank 2008]
(a) Bimal Jalan
(b) Y V Reddy
(d) Planning Commission
(e) Finance Commission g.n
(c) Administrative Reforms Commission

(c) C Rangarajan
(d) Vijay Kelkar
(e) None of these
5. Who is Brand Endorsing Personality of
following except __________ . et
9. Nationalization of banks aimed at all of the

[IBPS 2012]
(a) Provision of adequate credit for
Bank of Baroda? [BOB 2008] agriculture, SME and exports
(a) Juhi Chawla (b) Removal of control by a few capitalists
(b) Kiran Bedi (c) Provision of credit to big industries
(c) Amitabh Bachchan only
(d) Access of banking to masses
(d) Kapil Dev
(e) Encouragement of a new class of
(e) None of these
entrepreneurs

ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (e) 6. (b)
7. (e) 8. (e) 9. (b)

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10 History of Banking—its Evolution and Development

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. In India, the first bank of limited liabilities 7. Consider the following statements:
managed by Indians and founded in 1881 1. Allahabad Bank was the first bank to be
was established exclusively by Indians.
(a) Hindustan Commercial Bank 2. Seven banks forming subsidiary of State
(b) Oudh Commercial Bank Bank of India was nationalised in 1960.
(c) Punjab National Bank Which of the statements given above is/are
(d) Punjab and Sind Bank correct?

ww (e) National Bank

2. How many banks were first nationalised?
(a) 10 (b) 12
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(e) Can’t say
(c) 14
(e) 24
w.E (d) 16

3. When was the second phase of

8. Which was the first Bank corporated by the
Indians?
(a) Imperial Bank of India

asy
nationalisation done? (b) State Bank of India
(a) 9th July, 1969 (c) Avadh Commercial Bank
(b) 10th July, 1968 (d) Reserve Bank of India

En
(c) 16th August, 1985
(d) 15th April, 1980
(e) National Bank
9. When was the Avadh Commercial Bank

gin
(e) None of the above
4. How many banks were in second phase of
nationalisation?
established?
(a) 1881
(c) 1898
(b) 1894
(d) 1899
(a) 4
(c) 6 eer
(b) 5
(d) 7
(e) 1864
10. Imperial Banks were amalgamated and
(e) 9
5. Match the following:
List I
in List II
changed as .......
(a) Reserve Bank of India
(b) State Bank of India
(c) Subsidiary Banks g.n
et
A. Allahabad Bank 1. 1894 (d) Union Bank of India
B. Oriental Bank of 2. 1943 (e) Corporation Bank
Commerce 11. When was Imperial Bank was changed as
C. Punjab National Bank 3. 1943 State Bank of India?
D. UCO Bank 4. 1865 (a) 1st January, 1935
(b) 26th February, 1947
Codes:
(c) 1st July, 1955
A B C D A B C D
(d) 1st July, 1959
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 2 3 4 1
(e) 26th February, 1955
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 1 3 2
(e) 3 1 4 2 12. In the second nationalisation of commercial
banks, ......... where nationalised.
6. Which of the following Indian Banks is not
a Nationalised Bank? (a) 4 (b) 5
(a) Corporation Bank (c) 6 (d) 8
(b) Dena Bank (e) 9
(c) Federal Bank 13. The first wholy Indian Bank was set-up in
(d) Vijaya Bank (a) 1794 (b) 1894
(e) Oriental Bank of Commerce (c) 1896 (d) 1902
(e) 1918

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History of Banking—its Evolution and Development 11

14. When was SBI established? (d) ECGC
(a) 1st April, 1935 (e) None of the above
(b) 31st July, 1969 21. The first nationalisation of banks exercise
(c) 5th May, 1955 was done on
(d) 1st July, 1955 (a) 19th June, 1969
(e) 5th May, 1960 (b) 19th June, 1970
15. The origin of the State Bank of India goes (c) 19th June, 1967
back to the first decade of the 19th century (d) 15th July, 1967
with the establishment of (e) None of the above
(a) Bank of Calcutta 22. How many banks were nationalised in the
(b) Bank of Bengal second phase in 1980?

ww (c) Bank of Bombay

(d) Bank of Madras
(e) None of these
(a) 5
(c) 7
(b) 6
(d) 4

w.E
(e) 1
16. Which bank came into existence in 1921 23. Axis Bank is the changed name of
when three banks namely, Bank of Bengal (a) IDBI (b) ICICI
(1806), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank (c) UTI (d) UTO

asy
of Madras (1843) were reorganised and
amalgamated to form a single banking
entity?
24.
(e) RBI
Which one of the public sector bank has

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(a) Imperial Bank of India
(b) State Bank of India
completed 100 years of its establishment on
21st December, 2011?

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(a) Central Bank of India
(c) Reserve Bank of India
(b) State Bank of India
(d) Punjab National Bank
(c) Punjab National Bank
(e) None of the above

in 1955? eer
17. Which bank became the State Bank of India
25.
(d) Bank of Baroda
(e) Allahabad Bank
Which institution provides long run finance
(a) General Bank of India
(b) Bank of Hindustan
in
(c) Imperial Bank of India
(d) Federal Bank of India
to industries?
(a) UTI
(c) GIC
(b) LIC
(d) IDBI
g.n
et
(e) None of the above (e) All of these
18. Which of the following banks has acquired 26. Open Added Money Market Scheme was
the ‘Centurion Bank of Punjab’? firstly introduced by
(a) ICICI Bank (b) IDBI Bank (a) UTI (b) IDBI
(c) HDFC Bank (d) AXIS Bank (c) ICICI (d) LIC
(e) None of these (e) None of these
19. What was the deposits criteria of 14 banks 27. The Export Import Bank of India was set-up
nationalised on 19th July, 1969? in
(a) ` 1000 crore (b) ` 500 crore (a) July, 1969 (b) April, 1970
(c) ` 100 crore (d) ` 50 crore (c) January, 1982 (d) April, 1982
(e) None of these (e) None of the above
20. Name the premier institution that is taking 28. Exim Bank also provides
care of the financial needs of importers (a) refinance facilities
and exporters of our country which was (b) consultancy and technology services
established in the year 1981. (c) services of finding foreign markets for
(a) EXPO Bank exporters
(b) Export Import Bank (EXIM) (d) All of the above
(c) Merchant Bank (e) None of the above

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12 History of Banking—its Evolution and Development

29. Exim Bank concentrates on (a) ICICI Bank Limited
(a) medium-term financing (b) HDFC Bank Limited
(b) short-term financing (c) Kotak Mahindra Bank Limited
(c) short and medium-term financing
(d) Yes Bank Limited
(d) short and long-term financing
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
30. Exim Bank extends facility of 34. The word ‘Bank’ is derived from
(a) rediscounting of foreign bills of (a) German word ‘back’ which means a
commercial banks joint stock fund’
(b) advisory services to the exporters (b) Italian word ‘banco’
(c) research and market surveys (c) words ‘bancus’ or banque’ which means

ww (d) All of the above

(e) None of the above
31. The branding line of Bank of Baroda is
‘a bench’
(d) All of the above

w.E
(a) International Bank of India
(b) India’s International Bank
(c) India’s Multinational Bank
(e) None of the above
35. Which is the largest associates bank of State
Bank of India?

asy
(d) World’s Local Bank
(e) None of the above
32. Nationalisation of banks aimed at all of the
(a) State Bank of Patiala
(b) State Bank of Hyderabad

En
following, except
(a) provision of adequate credit for
(c) State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur
(d) State Bank of Saurashtra

gin
agriculture, SME and exports
(b) removal of control by a few capitalists
(c) provision of credit to big industries
(e) State Bank of Assam
36. The formation of the 14th Finance
Commission in India has been finalized.
only
eer
(d) access of banking to masses
Who has been appointed to head the
commission?

entrepreneurs
in
(e) encouragement of a new class of

33. Which of the following banks has been

included in the second Schedule to the RBI
(a) D. Subba Rao
(b) Y. V. Reddy
(c) Montek Singh Ahluwalia
g.n
et
Act, 1934 with effect from 21st August, (d) Raghuram Rajan
2004 and thus, is the latest entrant in Indian (e) Rakesh Mohan
banking as a new generation private sector
bank?

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (d)
26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (b)
36. (b)

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CHAPTER
Banking and Banking
2 Structure–Legal Aspects

DEFINITION OF BANK AND BANKING

ww
After independence, steps were taken in order to regulate the banking and banking business
in India. Government brought in a law in this regard, wherein banking and banking business
in India has been defined. This law became an Act and called the Banking Regulation Act, (BR
Act), 1949.

w.E
As per the Act, Section 5(c) provides that ‘a banking company is a company which transacts
the business of banking in India.’

asy
Further, Section 5(b) of the BR Act defines banking business as, ‘accepting, for the purpose of
lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise,
and withdrawable by cheque, draft, order or otherwise.’

BANKING STRUCTURE En
gin
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (As Apex Regulator)

eer
ORGANIZED SECTOR UNORGANIZED SECTOR

Commercial Banks in Cooperative Banks

g.n
Organized Sector
et
Commercial Banks

Scheduled Banks Non-scheduled Banks

Nationalized State Bank SBI subsidiaries Private RRBs LABs

Banks of India Sector Banks

Foreign Banks Old Private New Private

Sector banks Sector banks

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14 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

Cooperative Banks - Structure

Urban Cooperative Rural Cooperative

Credit Credit

Coop. Credit Societies Urban Cooperative Banks

Scheduled Non-Scheduled Short Term Long Term

State Coop. Central Coop. Primary Agri.

Banks Banks Credit Societies

ww State Coop.
Agri.& Rural
PrimaryCoop. Agri.
& Rural Develop.

w.E Development
Banks
Banks

asy
Unorganized Sector

Indigenous Banks Money Chit Nidhis

• En lenders funds

Scheduled Banks have been defined in the Reserve Bank of India Act as those which are

gin
included in the second schedule of the RBI Act, 1934.
• In order to be included in the second schedule of the RBI Act, a bank must fulfill the

eer
following three criteria:
(i) the paid up capital and reserves together should not be less than Rupees 5 lakhs.

in
(ii) working of the bank should not be detrimental to the interests of the depositors.

g.n
(iii) the banks to be included in the second schedule should either be a company as per the
Companies Act, 1956 or a State Cooperative Bank or a corporation or any institution
notified by the Government of India in this behalf.
• On the other hand a non-scheduled bank is one whose paid up capital is less than Rupees
5 lakhs.
A Unit Banking System comprises of a main corporate office having single branch doing
et
banking business in a given area of operation.
MONEY MARKET FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS -
types and structure

 %CNN/QPG[ $KNN/CTMGV $CPM%TGFKV

 +PUVTWOGPVU KPUVTWOGPVU

Treasury Bills General Bills

The governance of banks in India is largely controlled by some important laws / Acts.
Illustratively, these are:
1. The Reserve Bank of India Act (1934)

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 15

2. The Banking Regulation Act (1949) that applies to all activities of all banking companies
including sections applicable to Cooperative Banks in India.
3. Negotiable Instruments Act (1881).
4. Bankers’ Books Evidence Act (1891),
5. SBI Act (1955),
6. Regional Rural Bank Act (1976),
The Reserve Bank of India is responsible for the regulation and supervision of banks as
empowered under the Banking Regulation Act.

FIMMDA:

ww
What is FIMMDA?
FIMMDA stands for The Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India

w.E
(FIMMDA). It is an Association of Commercial Banks, Financial Institutions and Primary Dealers.
FIMMDA is a voluntary market body for the bond, Money and Derivatives Markets.

asy
INVESTOR PROTECTION FUND(IPF) :
ISE has set up an Investor Protection Fund (IPF) to meet the claims of investors against defaulter

En
Members, in accordance with the Guidelines issued by the Ministry of finance, Government
of India.

gin
ISE has established an Inter-connected Stock Exchange Investor Protection Fund Trust
(ISE-IPF Trust) with the objective of compensating investors in the event of defaulters' assets
not being sufficient to meet the admitted claims of investors, promoting investor education,

eer
awareness and research. The Investor Protection Fund (IPF) is administered by way of registered
Trust created for the purpose. The Inter-connected Stock Exchange Investor Protection Fund
Trust is managed by Trustees.

in
The Inter-connected Stock Exchange Investor Protection Fund Trust, based on the

g.n
recommendations of the Defaulters' Committee, compensates the investors to the extent of
funds found insufficient in Defaulters' account to meet the admitted value of claim, subject to
a maximum limit as per decided by Trust per investor per defaulter/expelled member.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTING UP NEW BANKS AND BRANCH AUTHORIZATION

POLICY
et
• The minimum statutory requirements for setting up new banks in India are stipulated
in the BR Act, 1949.
• The RBI explicates the eligibility criteria for the entry of new banks. At present, the capital
requirement for any new bank entry is Rupees 500 crores.
• Reserve Bank of India also releases some guidelines / directive on various issues relating
to banking operations including expansion, control etc. Some areas on which guidelines
/ directives are issued are:
• Guidelines / directives to update its branch authorization policy, which governs the
opening of new branches by all Scheduled Commercial Banks in the country.
• Under the banking structure, private money lenders do not form the part of scheduled
banking structure.

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16 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

• Legally, banks are not permitted to create a charge upon any unpaid capital of the company
as per Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (section-14).
• Under the Banking Companies (Acquisition & Transfer of Undertaking) Acts of 1970 and
1980, as amended in 1994, public sector banks are permitted to offer their equity shares
to public up to 49 per cent of the capital of the bank.
• For the uniform and fair conduct of the banking business by banks in India, a Banking
Codes and Standard Board of India (BCSBI) has been created.
• At present there are 19 public sector banks (nationalized banks); State Bank of India (1)
and SBI Associates (5).

ww• Government introduced the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking)
and Financial Institution Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2000 which allowed Government to
dilute its sharing holding to 33 per cent, mainly for the purpose of raising fresh equity.
•
w.E
This bill empowers the Government to supersede the Board of Directors of public sector
banks.

asy
TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNTS AND THEIR FEATURES

En
1. Savings Bank Account

Meaning
gin
Savings Bank accounts as the name implies, are intended for savings for future. The very

eer
purpose of this type of account is to promote savings habit of the general public. As such, there
is no restriction on the number and amount of deposits that can be made. The credit balance
outstanding in this account will earn interest as per the current directives of the Bank. When

in
needed, the amount can be withdrawn, subject to certain conditions.

Introduction of the Savings account

g.n
All savings bank accounts are required to be introduced by someone known to the bank or
customer having an account in that bank.

For whom to open Savings Bank Accounts

Savings Bank Accounts may be opened in the names of:-
et
(i) Individual - Single Accounts
(ii) Two or more individuals - Joint Accounts
(iii) Illiterate persons
(iv) Blind persons
(v) Minors
(vi) Associations, Clubs, Societies.
(vii) Trusts
(viii) Institutions/Agencies specially permitted by the RBI.
• Savings bank accounts of military units may be opened for funds of Regimental Units
which mainly consists of contributions from individual members of the unit, income
from Regimental properties, collections made on Army day, etc.

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 17

• Interest is paid on daily basis calculated between 10th and 30th of each month.
• At present banks pay an interest of 4% on the savings bank account.
• Minimum balance to open a normal savings bank account is Rupees 1000=00. However,
poor people defined by the Government of India, can open a savings bank account with
zero balance called No-Frill Savings Bank Account.

2. Current Account

Meaning & Purpose

Current Accounts are active accounts opened by such section of the public like Traders,

ww
Businessmen, Corporate Bodies, etc. who like to operate their accounts continuously due to
many receipts and payments of money in connection with their business. In these accounts,
there is no restriction on the number of withdrawals and deposits.

w.E
Opening of Current Accounts - Introduction
All current accounts should be introduced by persons well known to the bank. Introduction by

asy
an existing current account holder should generally be insisted upon.
For whom to open Current Accounts

En
Current Accounts may be opened in the names of following:-
(i) Accounts in the name of a single person.

gin
(ii) Joint Accounts of two or more individuals.
(iii) Sole-Proprietory Concern.
(iv) Partnership Firms.
eer
in
(v) Joint Hindu Family or Hindu Undivided Family.
(vi) Associations, Clubs, Societies.
(vii) Trusts/Other Trust Accounts like Provident Fund A/cs.
g.n
(viii) Private and Public Limited Companies and other undertakings registered under
Companies Act, 1956.
(ix) Executors and Administrators.
(x) Other Banks.
et
(xi) State Financial Corporations.
(xii) Government/Quasi Government Departments /Boards/Bodies etc.
No interest is paid in current accounts. However banks may charge a reasonable amount
from the customer / clients if the balance falls below the stipulated amount.

3. Fixed Deposits / Term Deposits

Meaning & Scope of Fixed / Term Deposits

• The term fixed deposit will include both deposits made for a fixed period and deposits
made subject to notice of withdrawal.
• Fixed deposits are term deposits repayable after an agreed period fixed at the time of
deposit.

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18 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

• On the other hand, call deposits (accounts) can be treated as demand or term liabilities
subject to terms of repayment and notice of withdrawal agreed at the time of accepting
these deposits.

Who can open Fixed Deposit Accounts

Fixed Deposits can be opened in the name of:
• Individuals,
• Joint names of two or more individuals,
• Clubs, Association, Societies, Trusts, etc.

ww•
•
Limited Companies,
Minor under the guardianship of the natural guardians or guardians appointed by the

•
w.E
Court of Law,
Partnership or Proprietory concerns.

Other Features
• asy
Money is deposited in the account and period is decided by the customer.
•

En
Premature withdrawal is allowed in such accounts. In case of premature withdrawal
customer is paid rate of interest charged is the one that is applicable for the period the

gin
deposit remained in the bank. The interest is calculated for the duration it remained with
the bank.
•

eer
The customer / client has to pay some reasonable penalty fixed by each bank for premature
withdrawal.
•
•
•
in
Fixed deposits are not transferable instruments.

g.n
Fixed deposits / term deposits attract higher rate of interest than other deposit schemes.
Normally longer the period of deposit higher the interest rate. In some

hold good due to the banks deposit needs and market conditions.

4. DEMAT Accounts
et
banks it is called time liability deposit accounts. However this principle does not always

DEMAT means Dematerialized Account. This account is opened to buy and sell shares in the
market. It is opened like any other bank account with the difference that in such accounts only
shares are transacted and not money as is the case with other bank accounts.
Indian Depository Receipit:
An IDR is a receipt, declaring ownership of shares of a foreign company. These receipts can
be listed in India and traded in rupees. Just like overseas investors in the US-listed American
Depository Receipts (ADRs) of Infosys and Wipro get receipts against ownership of shares held
by an Indian custodian, an IDR is proof of ownership of foreign company’s shares. The IDRs are
denominated in Indian currency and are issued by a domestic depository and the underlying
equity shares are secured with a custodian. An Indian investor pays in Indian rupees for the
IDR whereas a shareholder in the issuer’s home country pays in home currency.

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 19

5. Public Provident Fund Accounts (PPF)
• Public Provident Fund (PPF) is the scheme floated under the PPF Act 1968 by central
government. It is a safe and government backed investment scheme which provides
besides higher interest rate a tax benefit under section 80C of IT Act.

Features of the PPF Scheme

• The period for which money could be invested in PPF is 15 years.
• Minimum investment is Rs.500 and Maximum investment is Rs.1,00,000 per year.
• Amount invested more than Rs.1,00,000 will not be eligible for interest and for tax benefit
under Sec 80C.

ww• One is eligible to open only one PPF account in one’s name. But if found that second
account is opened it will be deactivated. You will receive only principal of what you paid.
•

•
w.E
PPF can’t be opened in joint names. However, PPF accounts can be opened in the names
of spouse or children.
PPF account can be opened in your minor child name also.
•
asy
You can’t invest more than 12 installments in a year. It means if you planned for
contribution of Rs.1,000 per month, then maximum contribution you can make is 12,000

•
in a year.

En
This account cannot be attached for your debt or liability. So this is totally safest form

•
of investment.

gin
PPF account can be opened at all nationalized banks, post offices or other banks so

eer
permitted.
• If you forget to contribute the minimum amount in any year then the account will be
deactivated. To activate you need to pay Rs.50 as penalty for each inactive year and

•
in
also you need to pay Rs.500 for each inactive year’s contribution. Such provision can be
modified from time to time by appropriate authority.

g.n
NRIs cannot open PPF account. But they can continue their existing account till its maturity

•
only. Scheme does not provide any extension of period.

et
In case death of account holder then the balance amount will be paid to his nominee or
legal heir even before 15 years. Nominees or legal heirs are not eligible to continue the
deceased account.
• PPF can be transferred from one place to another place. But can’t be transferred from
one name to another.
• A person having an Employee’s Provident Fund Account can open a Public Provident
Fund Account since both are different.
• Once your account completes 15 years then following options are available to subscriber:
(a) You can withdraw your whole amount.
(b) You can extend for a 5 years block as many times as you wish.

6. Senior Citizen’s Account

• As per the Government guidelines, people above the age of 60 years are treated as senior
citizen.

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20 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

• Senior Citizen accounts are normal savings accounts with the difference that an interest
benefit of between 0.25% and 0.50% per annum or as decided by respective banks from
time to time is given to the beneficiary account holder.
• This scheme became effective from April 19, 2001.
• In such accounts where a senior citizen opens a joint account, the first name in the account
should be that of senior citizen only then the benefit of the scheme goes to senior citizen.
• The accounts under senior citizen scheme are applicable to those senior citizens who are
residents of India.

NON-RESIDENT INDIAN (NRI) ACCOUNTS

ww
Who is Non-Resident Indian?
Definition of NRI

w.E
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999, defines a Non-Resident Indian as:
(a) A person resident outside India who is a citizen of India, i.e.

asy
(i) Indian citizens who go abroad for employment or for carrying on any business or
vacation etc. indicating indefinite period of stay outside India.

En
(ii) Indian citizens working abroad on assignments with Foreign Governments,
Government Agencies or International/Multinational Monetary Fund (IMF), and
World Bank etc.

gin
(iii) Officials of Central and State Governments and Public Sector Undertaking deputed
abroad on assignments with Foreign Govt. Agencies/Organization or posted to their

eer
own offices including Indian Diplomatic Missions abroad.
(b) A person of Indian origin who is a citizen of any country other than Bangladesh or
Pakistan, if
in
(i) He, at any time, held an Indian passport.

g.n
(ii) He or either of this parents or any of its grand parents were a citizen of India by virtue
of Constitution of India or Citizenship Act 1955 (57 of 1955)

et
(iii) The person is a spouse of an Indian Citizen or a person referred in sub clause b (i) or
(ii) above.
The above definition of NRI in simple words means:
• A person of Indian nationality or origin, who resides abroad for business or vocation
or employment, or having an intention of employment or vocation, when the period of
stay abroad is indefinite.
• A person is of Indian origin is an NRI if he has held an Indian passport, or he/she or any
of his/heir parents or grandparents were/are a citizen of India.
• While a spouse, who is a foreign citizen, of an Indian citizen or a person of Indian origin, is
also treated as a person of Indian origin, for the purpose of opening of bank accounts and
other facilities granted for investments into India, provided such accounts or investments
are in the joint names of spouse.
• For instance, students going abroad for higher studies, are not NRIs, while, government officials
going abroad on posting to Indian missions or World Bank, IMF, etc., are NRIs.
• Tourists on brief visit to foreign countries are not categorized as NRIs.

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 21

Types of NRI accounts and their features
Different types of non-resident accounts can be opened by banks in India. Their types, important
features, requirements and operational aspects are briefly given below:

NRI Accounts-Rupee and Foreign Currency Accounts

A Non-resident Indian can open following types of accounts:
1. Non-resident (External) Rupee Account (NRE)
2. Non-resident Ordinary Rupee account (NRO)
3. Foreign Currency (Non-resident) Account (Banks) [FCNR(B)]

ww
Features of Accounts

• w.E
1. Non-resident (External) Rupee Account (NRE Accounts)
NRE accounts can be opened and maintained by Non Resident Indians through any of
the following modes:

asy
(i) remittances from abroad by way of TT, checks, drafts, or even transfer from another
Non-Resident account.

En
(ii) by tendering of foreign currency travellers cheques or notes by the NRI during his
temporary visit to India, provided the bank is satisfied about his non-resident status.
•
gin
NRE account can be opened as Saving Bank account or Current Account, or Recurring
Deposit Account or Term Deposit for a minimum period of one year.
•

• eer
An NRI can open NRE accounts as Joint Accounts, in the name of two or more non-
resident individuals. Such individuals could be of Indian nationality or Indian origin.
Opening of NRE account, jointly with a person resident in India is not permitted.
•
in
No lien is permitted to be marked on the balances held in NRE savings account.

Permitted Credits g.n

(a) Remittance to India in any permitted currency.
(b) Personal cheques drawn on foreign currency account of the account holder.
et
The RBI has permitted the following important credits that can be put into the NRE accounts:

(c) Travellers cheques and bank drafts drawn in any permitted currency
(d) Foreign currency/bank notes tendered during his temporary visit.
(e) Transfer from any other NRE/FCNR (B) Accounts.
(f) Any other credit if covered under general permission or specific permission granted by
Reserve Bank of India.

Permitted debits
The following debits are freely permitted in the NRE accounts:
(a) Local disbursements/payments
(b) Remittance outside India
(c) Transfer to any NRE/FCNR(B) Account
(d) Investments in shares/securities, etc.

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22 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

Other facilities
NRE accounts also, offer following other facilities to NRI depositor:
(a) A cheque book facility in saving or Current account is allowed.
(b) Full repatriation of deposit amount including interest permitted.
(c) Maturity proceeds can be transferred to another bank, as desired by the depositor.
(d) Nomination facility is permitted. Nominee can be either resident or non-resident.
(e) Income by way of interest on balances held in NRE account is exempted from income
tax as on date.
(f) Residents Indian can operate the account on the basis of power of attorney granted by

ww account holder. However the power of attorney holder cannot repatriate funds outside
India.

w.E
(g) Banks may allow temporary overdrawing up to Rs.50,000/- (at present) in NRE saving
account, to be adjusted within 2 weeks of availment.

Interest on NRE Deposits

asy
Interest varies from time to time at the discretion of the respective banks.

• En
2. Non-resident Ordinary Rupee Account (NRO)
NRO accounts are Rupee accounts.
•
gin
NRO accounts can be opened and maintained by any person resident outside India and
also by Foreign Tourist, who are on a short visit to India on tourist visa.
•
eer
The new accounts can be opened by sending fresh remittances from abroad or by transfer
of funds from NRO/NRE/FCNR accounts.
•

•
as an NRO account. in
When a resident becomes a non-Resident, his domestic Rupee account, is re-designated

g.n
NRO account of an NRI is just like any other domestic account, opened and maintained
to facilitate credits which accrue in India from investments that were made prior to his

•
leaving the country.
NRO accounts can be opened in Indian rupees only as saving bank account, current
account, recurring deposit account and term deposit account.
et
• Most of the regulations for interest rates, amount or tenor, etc., applicable to NRO accounts
are similar to those for domestic deposit accounts.
• The interest on NRO accounts is subject to deduction of Income Tax at source, as prescribed
from time to time by the appropriate authority.
• NRO accounts can be opened as Joint Accounts, with resident Indians.

Permissible Credits
The following credits are freely permitted to be credited to NRO accounts:
(a) Any remittance from abroad in permitted currency.
(b) Currency tendered during visit to India of the account holder.
(c) Any legitimate dues in India of the account holder can be credited to such account. For
instance, rent, interest, dividend, and maturity proceeds of Units of UTI, LIC policy
maturities, etc. can be credited.

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 23

Permissible Debits
• All local payments in Indian rupees.
• Remittance outside India of the account holder, net of applicable taxes. For example,
interest, dividend, rent, etc. can be debited to such account.
• Any other transactions if covered under general or specific permission granted by RBI.

3. FOREIGN CURRENCY (NON-RESIDENT) ACCOUNT (BANKS),

[FCNR (B) ACCOUNTS]
FCNR accounts are foreign currency accounts which can be opened and maintained by Non-

ww
Resident Indians, in Designated Currencies only, viz., US dollar, EURO, Great Britain Pounds,
Japanese Yen,. Canadian dollar and Australian dollar as of now.
NRIs can open these accounts only in the form to Term Deposits, for a minimum period of

w.E
ONE year and maximum period of FIVE years.
Joint accounts can be opened in the name of two or more non-resident individuals, who are
persons of Indian nationality or Indian origin.
SEPA:
asy
The Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) is where more than 500 million citizens, over 20 million

En
businesses and European public authorities can make and receive payments in euro under the
same basic conditions, rights and obligations, regardless of their location.

gin
The introduction of the euro has helped to make cash payments anywhere in the euro
area just as easy as at home. But until recently it was not so easy to pay for goods or services

eer
electronically in another euro area country.

Permitted Credits and Debits

Facilities in
Credits permissible in FCNR (B) accounts are the same as that in NRE Rupee account. Other

g.n
(a) There is no exchange risk for the account holder as the account is maintained in foreign
currency.
(b) Repatriation of principal amount along with interest is permitted. et
(c) The interest on the deposit shall be paid on the basis of 360 days to a year, cumulative
on half-yearly intervals of 180 days.
(d) Nomination facility is available.
(e) Income earned by way of Interest is exempted from income tax.
(f) No operation by way of power of attorney to the resident is permitted, since there are
no local withdrawals.
(g) Forward Cover can be booked to hedge the balance held in FCNR account.
Interest on FCNR (B) accounts: Interest rate can vary from time to time as per the policy
of the RBI and respective banks.

POST OFFICE SCHEMES

Post Office Savings Accounts – types and features
• Period / duration of the savings account is normal as in other cases.

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24 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

• Rate of interest is 4% per annum.

• Interest is tax free up to Rs.10,000/=.
• Earlier maximum amount that could be accumulated in savings bank was Rs.2,00,000/=
but now there is no limit.
• Cheque book facility is available.

Term Deposit Accounts

• These term deposits are for different periods, i.e. 1, 2, 3, and 5 years.
• Rate of interest per annum varies with duration or period of deposit. As on 31.3.2014 it

ww•
is 8.2% for 1-2 year; 8.3% for 3 years and 8.4% for 5 years duration term deposits.
Income tax benefit is available under section 80 C in case of term deposit for 5 years
duration.
•
w.E
Interest is chargeable quarterly.

Monthly Income Scheme (MIS)

•
• asy
Duration of deposits under monthly income scheme is 5 years.
Rate of interest as on 31.3.2014 is 8.4% p.a.
•
En
No tax benefit is available in MIS of post office.

• gin
Senior Citizen Scheme (SCS)
The senior citizen scheme is having deposit duration of 5 years.
•
• eer
Rate of interest per annum is 9.2% as on 31.3.2014.
Tax is deducted at source in SCS.
•
•
in
There is no tax benefit in SCS. All existing income tax rules will apply in such accounts.

g.n
A depositor may operate more than one account in individual capacity or jointly with
spouse.
•
•
•
Minimum age for opening such account is 60 years.
Interest is chargeable on quarterly basis.
Maximum amount that can be deposited in SCS is Rupees 15,00,000/=.
et
• Interest is paid on 31st March / 30th June / 30th September and 31st December every year.

Public Provident Fund Scheme

• The scheme is the same with the same features as discussed in earlier paragraph on PPF
scheme

National Savings Scheme (VIII issue)

• The period is 5 years from the date of deposit.
• Minimum amount is Rs.100/=. No maximum limit prescribed.
• Denominations of certificates available are for Rs.100/-, 500/- 1000/-, 5000/- and
Rs.10,000/=.
• Rate of interest is 8.5% p.a. as on 31.3.2014.

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 25

• Income Tax rebate is available under section 80C.
• Interest is chargeable half yearly and paid annually and is deemed to be reinvested.
• Any individual person can buy these certificates as an adult himself or on behalf of a
minor; or a Trust can buy such certificates

National Savings Scheme (IX issue)

• Duration of such deposits is 10 years.
• Rate of interest is 8.8% p.a.
• Income Tax rebates is available under section 80 C of the Income Tax Act.
• Interest is chargeable half yearly and is deemed reinvested.

ww
Opening of Post Office Accounts ( Requirement of documents)
•

•
w.E
One recent photograph (passport size) for individual cases and in case of joint accounts,
photographs of all joint holders.
Any one of the following documents for identification of account holder:

asy
• Election photo Identity card
• Ration card with photograph
• Passport
En
• Driving License

gin
• Job card issued under MG-NREGA duly signed by an officer of State Government
• Post office identity card

eer
• Identity card issued by Central/State government or PSU
• Photo identity card issued by recognized university/education board/college/school

in
• Aadhaar card with number and address (UIDAI).

For Address Proof any of the following one document

• Bank or post office passbook / Statement with current address. g.n
•
•
•
Passport with current address
Ration card with current address
Electricity bill not more than 3 month old.
et
• Telephone bill not more than 3 months old.
• Salary slip of reputed employer with current address
• Certificate from Public Authority/Postman or Gram Dak Sewak or Branch Postmaster
• UIDAI letter containing address and name of the prospective account opener.

Attestation of Documents
• Documents could be self-attested.
• In case of illiterate depositors should be attested by Gazetted Officer / Sarpanch / Branch
Sub-head / Chief Post Master or Postman/ Gram Dak Sewak.
• In case money is invested / deposited through an agent, the agent can attest the same.
• In case savings go beyond Rs.50,000/=, a copy of PAN Card be obtained or Declaration
form 60 be submitted.

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26 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

PAST EXERCISE
1. As per the newspaper reports, some 5. What is Forex ? [Punjab & Sindh 2011]
economically developed states only hold (a) It is buying of foreign currency.
about 60% of the total 'Demat Accounts' in (b) It is selling of foreign currency.
India. A demant Account is [BOI 2008] (c) It is buying of one currency and selling
(a) an account which is opened by the people of another currency.
of the lower income groups of society. (d) It is simultaneous buying of one currency
(b) an account in which trading of the and selling of another currency.

ww shares is done.
(c) an account which can be opened only
by minors.
(e) None of these
6. Which of the following is not a part of the
scheduled banking structure in India ?

w.E
(d) an account which can be operated by
big corporate houses and are mainly
business accounts like current acounts.
(a) Money Lenders
[Corporation Bank 2011]

(b) Public Sector Banks

(c) Private Sector Banks

asy
(e) None of these
2. What is an Indian Depository Receipt?
(d) Regional Rural Banks
(e) State Co-operative Banks
7. Which of the following is not a part of

En
[BOB 2008]
(a) A deposit account with a public Sector the scheduled banking structure in India?
Bank [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]

gin
(b) A depository account with any of the
Depositories India
(a) State Co-operative Banks
(b) Public Sector Banks
(c) Private Sector Banks

eer
(c) An instrument in the form of depository
receipt created by an Indian depository
against underlying equity shares
(d) Regional Rural Banks
(e) Moneylenders

in
of the issuing company
(d) An instrument in the form of deposit
receipt issued by Indian depositories
(e) None of these
8. Which of the following is the most active
segment of the money market in India?

g.n
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
(a) Call Money/Notice Money Market
(b) Repo/Reverse Repo
3. What is Call Money?

overnight
[BOB 2008]
(a) Money borrowed or lent for a day or

(b) Money borrowed for more than one

(c) Commercial Paper (CP)
(d) Certificate of Deposit (CD)
(e) None of these
et
9. Govt of India has created a special fund
day but up to 3 days called India Micro Finance Equity Fund of
(c) Money borrowed for more than one ` 100 crores. The fund is maintained by
day but up to 7 days [Corporation Bank 2011]
(d) Money borrowed for more than one (a) IDBI Bank (b) RBI
day but up to 14 days (c) ECGC (d) SIDBI
(e) None of these (e) NABARD
4. Many a time we read a term 'SEPA' in 10. Accounts are allowed to be operated by
financial newspapers. What is the full form cheques in respect of [IBPS 2011]
of the term? [UBI 2009] (a) Both savings bank accounts and fixed
(a) Single Exchange Processing Agency deposit accounts
(b) Single Euro Payments Area (b) Savings bank accounts and current
(c) Single Electronic Processing Agency accounts
(d) Super Electronic Purchase Agency (c) Both savings bank accounts and loan
(e) None of these accounts

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 27

(d) Both savings bank accounts and cash 15. With a view to facilitating payment of
accounts only balance in the deposit account to the person
(e) Both current accounts and fixed deposit named by the depositor without any hassles
accounts in the event of death of the account holder,
11 Which of the following is a correct the following facility was introduced for
statement? [IBPS 2011] bank accounts in our country: [IBPS 2011]
(a) Normally no interest is paid on current (a) Will (b) Registration
deposit accounts. (c) Nomination (d) Indemnity
(b) Interest is paid on current accounts at (e) Guarantee
the same rate as term deposit accounts. 16. Banks in our country normally publicise
(c) The rate of interest on current account that additional interest rate is allowed on

ww and savings account are the same. retail domestic term deposits of [IBPS 2011]
(d) No interest is paid on any deposit by (a) Minors (b) Married women
the bank. (c) Senior citizens (d)Govt employees
(e) Rural residents

12. w.E
(e) Savings deposits are the same as current
deposits.
The usual deposit accounts of banks are
[IBPS 2011]
17. Drawing, accepting, making or issuing of any
promissory note, hundi or bill of exchange
expressed to be payable to bearer on

asy
(a) Current accounts, electricity accounts
and insurance premium accounts
demand by a person other than the Reserve
Bank of India or the Central Government is
prohibited under [IBPS 2011]

En
(b) Current accounts, post office savings
bank accounts and term deposit
accounts
(a) Banking Regulation Act, 1949
(b) Section 31 (1) of the Reserve Bank of

gin
(c) Loan accounts, savings bank accounts
and term deposit accounts
(d) Current accounts, savings bank
India Act, 1934
(c) Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
(d) Indian Contract Act, 1872

eer
accounts and term deposit accounts
(e) Current bill accounts and term deposit
(e) None of the above
18. A bank without any branch network that
offers its services remotely through online

13.
accounts
in
Fixed deposits and recurring deposits are
[IBPS 2011]
(a) repayable after an agreed period.
banking, telephone/mobile banking and
interbank ATM network alliances is known
as
(a) Universal Banking g.n [IBPS 2013]

(b) repayable on demand.

(c) not repayable.
(d) repayable after death of depositors.
(e) repayable on demand or after an agreed
period as per bank,s choice.
(b) Indirect Bank
(c) Door Step Bank
(d) A Direct Bank
(e) Unit Banking
et
19. Which of the following is an investment
14. Interest on savings bank account is now
advisory discipline?
calculated by banks on [IBPS 2011]
[IBPS 2013]
(a) minimum balance during the month
(b) minimum balance from 7th to last day (a) Corporate Industrial Finance
of the month (b) Offshare Banking
(c) minimum balance from 10th to last day (c) Wholesale Banking
of the month (d) Wealth Management
(d) maximum balance during the month (e) Trade Finance
(e) daily product basis
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (e)
8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c)
15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d)

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28 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are
1. In Indian Commercial Banking System, correct?
the number of the Non-scheduled Bank (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
is more than the Scheduled Banks. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. The Non-scheduled Banks in Indian (e) Can’t say
Commercial Banking Systems are even 5. A scheduled bank is the one which is
less than a dozen in number. included in the

ww Which of the statements given above is/are

correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(a) II Schedule of Banking Regulation Act
(b) II Schedule of Constitution
(c) II Schedule of RBI Act

w.E
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(e) Can’t say
2. Which one of the following banks can be
6.
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
Presently, the number of the public sector

asy
banks in India is
included in the Scheduled Commercial
(a) 8 (b) 20
Banking System of India? (c) 28 (d) 14
(a) Regional Rural Banks

En
(b) Private Sector Banks
(c) Foreign Banks in India
7.
(e) None of these
Which of the following is popular ‘saving

gin
bank’ among the poor children?
(d) All of the above (a) Core banking
(e) None of the above (b) Credit banking
3. Match the following:
List I
eer List II
(c) Debit banking
(d) Merchant banking
(e) Piggy banking
A. Allahabad Bank
B. Central Bank of
India
C. Indian Overseas
in 1.
2.

3.
Delhi
Kolkata

Mumbai
8. Who is a very senior citizen?

g.n
(a) A person who is 65 years and above
(b) A person who is 75 years and above
(c) A person who is 80 years and above
Bank
D. Punjab National
Bank
4. Chennai
9.
age
et
(d) A person who is 90 years and above
(e) A person who completed 100 years of

When banks accept fixed sum of money

Codes: from an individual for a definite term and
A B C D pay on maturity with interest, the deposit is
(a) 2 4 3 1 known?
(b) 2 3 4 1 (a) Term deposit
(c) 4 3 2 1 (b) Demand deposit
(d) 4 1 3 2 (c) Bond
(e) 1 2 3 4 (d) Mortagage
4. Consider the following statements: (e) Advance
1. Scheduled Commercial Banks are those 10. Which one of the following whose activities
which have been included in the First are not systematically coordinated by the
Scheduled of RBI Act, 1934. monetary authority?
I. Organised sector
2. Non-scheduled Commercial Banks are
II. Unorganised sector
those which have been included in the
III. Co-operative sector
Second Scheduled of RBI act, 1934.

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 29

Select the correct answer using the codes 15. Which of the following can be identified as
given below a demat account?
(a) Only II (b) I and III (a) Accounts which can have zero balance
(c) Only I (d) II and III (b) Accounts opened to facilitate
(e) Only III repayment of loan
11. Which one of the following dominate the (c) Accounts in which shares of companies
organised sector? are traded in electronic form
(a) RBI (d) Accounts maintained by mutual fund
(b) Commercial Bank companies for investors
(c) Co-operative Bank (e) None of the above
(d) RRBs 16. Which of the following is not a money

ww (e) SBI
12. National Saving Scheme (NSS-922) has
been closed by the government since
market instrument?
(a) Treasury Bills
(b) Commercial Paper

w.E
(a) 1st November, 1999
(b) 1st November, 2000
(c) 1st November, 2001
(c) Certificate of Deposit
(d) Equity Share
(e) None of these

asy
(d) 1st November, 2002
(e) 1st November, 2003
13. Match the following:
17. Treasury Bills means
(a) salary bills drawn by Government
officials on the treasury
List I
En List II (b) bills drawee by the Government
contractors and other suppliers on the

gin
A. Agricultural 1. Unit Fund treasury for the dues owed to them by
Sector the Government
B. Industrial Sector 2. Enacted by (c) obligation of the Government of India

eer Parliament
in 1976
issued by the Reserve Bank of India and
payable normally 91 days after issue
C. Unorganised
Sector
D. RRB
in
3.

4.
NABARD

Public Issue
(d) a mode of drawings by the Treasury
Office on the Reserve Bank of India
(e) None of the above
g.n
18. Which one of the following countries is the

Codes:
A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 4 3 2 1
A B C D
Monetary Fund?
(a) United States (b) France
(c) Spain (d) India
et
first borrower of fund from the International

(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 3 2 4 1 (e) Sri Lanka

(e) 2 3 1 4 19. Which one of the following statements is
14. A scheduled bank is one true regarding IMF?
(a) which conforms to the requirements of (a) It is not an agency of UNO
Schedule III of the Banking Regulation (b) It can grant loan to any country of the
Act, 1949 world
(b) which has been declared as a (c) It can grant loan to State Government of
scheduled bank by the Government of a country
India (d) It grants loan only to member nations
(c) which has deposits exceeding ` 10 (e) All of the above
crore 20. Voting rights in the IMF are distributed on
(d) which has its name added to the the basis of
second schedule of the Reserve Bank of (a) one country, one vote
India Act, 1934 (b) proportion to the share of the income of
(e) None of the above the country in the world income

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30 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

(c) proportion to contributions given by 27. The paid-up capital of non-scheduled bank
each country is less than
(d) proportion to quota allotted to countries (a) ` 5 lakh (b) ` 10 lakh
from time to time (c) ` 12 lakh (d) ` 15 lakh
(e) None of the above (e) None of these
21. The headquarters of IMF and World Bank 28. A foreign bank is one
are located at (a) whose most of the branches are situated
(a) Geneva and Montreal outside India
(b) Geneva and Vienna (b) in which atleast 40% equity shares are
(c) New York and Geneva held by non-resident Indians
(d) Washington DC (c) which is incorporated outside India

ww
22.
(e) Nigeria
Which one of the following institutions
publish the report of ‘World Economic
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
29. How many banks are presently nationalised
Outlook’?
(a) IMF
(c) RBI
w.E (b) World Bank
(d) UNCTAD
banks in India?
(a) 14
(c) 19
(b) 15
(d) 20

23.
asy
(e) Citi Bank
The capital of IMF is made up by
contribution of the
(e) 6
30. Which of the following are the scheduled

En
banks?
(a) credit (a) State Bank of Mauritius Limited
(b) deficit financing (b) HDFC Bank Limited
(c) member nations
(d) borrowing
(e) All of these gin (c) ICICI Bank
(d) None of the above

24.
eer
Special drawing right is an international
practice of drawing funds. Which of the
(e) All of the above
31. Which of the following is not the part of the
scheduled banking structure in India?
finding facility?
(a) World Bank
(b) Asian Development Bank
in
following institutions control this special (a) Money lenders
(b) Public sector banks
(c) Private sector banks
(d) Regional rural banks g.n
25.
(c) Federal Reserve
(d) European Common Market
(e) All of the above
Nationalised banks have been permitted
(e) State co-operative banks
32. BCSBI stands for et
(a) Banking Codes and Standards Board of
India
to offer their equity shares to the public
(b) Banking Credit and Standards Board of
to the extent of 49% of their capital as per
India
amendments made in 1994, in
(a) Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (c) Banking Codes and Service Board of
(b) Banking Companies (Acquisition India
and Transfer of Undertakings) Acts (d) Banking Credit and Service Board of
1970/1980 India
(c) RBI Act, 1935 (e) None of the above
(d) Nationalisation of Banks Act, 1980 33. Scheduled bank means a bank
(e) None of the above (a) incorporated under the Companies Act,
26. How many banks are presently associates 1956
of State Bank of India? (b) authorised to transact government
(a) 8 (b) 7 business
(c) 6 (d) 5 (c) governed by the Banking Regulation
(e) 4 Act, 1949

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 31

(d) included in the Second Schedule to the Which of the statements given above is/are
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 correct?
(e) All of the above (a) Only I (b) Only II
34. ‘Unit Banking System’ is that system where (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
an individual bank undertakes the banking (e) Either I or II
business 40. Which of the following statements is
(a) through a single office incorrect regarding a minor?
(b) through a few branches operating (a) A minor is a person who has not
within a limited area attained the gas of 18
(c) Both (b) and (c) (b) Minor does not have legal capacity to
(d) All of the above enter into a contract

ww
35.
(e) None of the above
Savings account with zero balance can be
opened for
(c) A current account in the name of minor
can be opened when guardian of the
minor operates this account

w.E
(a) persons of high net worth
(b) employees of IT companies
(c) weaker sections of society
(d) A minor’s account should never be
allowed to be overdrawn
(e) In the event of death of a minor, the

36.
asy
(d) women customers
(e) None of the above
Which of the following is not a public sector
money will be payable to the guardian
41. RBI has deregulated interest rate for savings
accounts. What does it suggest?
bank?
En
(a) State of Hyderabad
(a) Customers will get the benefit of higher
interest rates

gin
(b) Central Bank of India
(c) Regional Rural Bank
(d) HDFC Bank
(b) Banks will have the right to fix their
interest rates independently
(c) Each bank will have their respective

37.
(e) None of the above
eer
In economics, it is generally believed
interest rates without the need to
adhere to fixed interest rate common to

in
all banks
that the main objective of a public sector
(d) Banks will decide interest rates for
financial company like bank is to
(a) employ more and more people
(b) maximise total profits
savings.
(e) None of these g.n
individual customers according to their

38.
(c) maximise total production
(d) sell the goods at subsidised cost
(e) All of these
Which of the following is not required for
time is known as a
(a) term deposit
et
42. A money deposited in a bank that cannot
be withdrawn for a present fixed period of

opening a bank account? (b) checking account

(a) Identity proof (c) savings bank deposit
(b) Address proof (d) no frills account
(c) Recent photographs (e) current deposit
(d) Domicile certificate 43. Mahesh and Suresh are friends aged 14 and
(e) None of the above 15 respectively. They want to open a joint
39. Consider the following statements: account in your bank. You will
I. If the beneficiary of a cheque has lost (a) allow them to open a joint account to be
the cheque, he can instruct the paying operated jointly
bank to stop payment of the cheque (b) allow them to open a joint account
with operating instructions either or
without waiting for the account
survivor
holder’s instruments.
(c) allow them to open a joint account
II. While outsourcing, the only
with operating instructions former or
consideration should be cost savings. survivor

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32 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

(d) allow them to open a joint account 50. Savings account with zero balance can be
with operating instructions any one or opened for
survivor (a) persons of high net worth
(e) None of these (b) employees of IT companies
44. Mangalam village became the first village in (c) weaker sections of society
India where all households were provided (d) women customers
banking facilities. Mangalam village is (e) None of the above
situated in which of the following Union 51. Who amongst the following cannot open
Territories? an account in any bank in India?
(a) Delhi (a) One who is not earning regularly
(b) Chandigarh (b) A housewife
(c) Puducherry

ww
45.
(d) Daman and Diu
(e) Andaman Nicobar
How does a bank establish the identity of a
(c) A student of 10th standard
(d) A farmer who owns a small piece of
land
customer?
w.E
(a) By getting introduction of an existing
customer
(e) An individual who is well to do and his
source of income in not known
52. In case a depositor is a sole proprietor

asy
(b) By following KYC norms
(c) By taking AADHAR card copy
(d) All of the above
and holds deposits in the name of the
proprietory concern as well as in the
individual capacity, the maximum

46.
En
(e) None of the above
While discussing investments, there is
insurance cover is available up to
(a) ` 100000 (b) ` 200000

gin
mention of short-term government security.
What is this type of investment known as?
(a) Debenture (b) Mutual fund
(c) ` 500000
(e) None of these
(d) All of these

53. In case of FCNR (2) Scheme, the period for

47.
(e) All of these
eer
(c) Treasury bill (d) Share

The commercial banking system in India

fixed deposits is
(a) as applicable to resident accounts

consists of
in
(a) nationalised banks and private sector
banks
(b) scheduled and non-scheduled banks
(b) for terms not less than 1 year and not
more than 5 years

g.n
(c) for terms not less than 2 years and not
more than 6 years
(d) at the discretion of the bank
(c) regional rural banks, Co-operative banks
land development banks
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
(e) None of the above
et
54. Which of the following are the scheduled
banks?
(a) The Fuji Bank Limited
48. An institution which accepts deposits,
(b) IDBI Bank Limited
makes business loans and offers related
(c) Centurian Bank of Punjab Limited
services is called
(d) All of the above
(a) Saving bank
(b) Commercial bank (e) None of the above
(c) Investment bank 55. Small savings Scheme like National Savings
(d) Development bank Certificates, Public Provident Fund,
(e) Central bank Monthly Income Schemes are popular
49. Money deposited with the bank becomes a among the salaried people. Which financial
debt due institutions manage these schemes?
(a) from the banker (a) Public sector banks
(b) from the customer (b) Commercial banks
(c) to the customer (c) Post offices
(d) Either (a) and (b) (d) Co-operative banks
(e) None of these (e) Private sector bank

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 33

56. Which of the following statements about 62. ‘Nomination’ for a Deposit account in the
UCBs undertaking insurance business is/ bank means
are correct? (a) mandate given by the close relative(s)
(a) No UCB should undertake insurance of the depositor, to settle the death
agency business without obtaining its claim in case of death of the depositor
prior permission (b) mandate decided by the bank to settle
(b) The Reserve Bank has allowed all the death claim of its depositor
primary (Urban) co-operative banks (c) mandate of the depositor in favour
to undertake insurance business on of one or more persons, to claim the
a referral basis, without any risk amount on death of the depositor
participation through their network of (d) mandate of the depositor in favour of a

ww branches
(c) The banks need not obtain prior
approval of the Reserve Bank to
close relative who can claim the amount
on death of the depositor
(e) court order instructing the banks to

w.E
undertake referral business
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
settle the death claim of its depositor
63. New private banks are being given licences
since

asy
57. In July 1969, how many commercial banks
were nationalised?
(a) 1991
(c) 1993
(b) 1992
(d) 1995
(a) 13
(c) 15
En (b) 14
(d) 16
(d) 2001
64. Crossing of cheques makes them
(a) invalid document
(e) 20

gin
58. The maximum period for which a fixed
deposit can be accepted by a commercial
(b) ineligible to endorse to person other
than the payee
bank is
(a) 10 years
eer
(b) 15 years
(c) remain the same in all respect, it is only
a practice
(d) eligible for payment irrespective of
(c) No limit
(e) None of these
in
(d) 8 years

59. The rate of interest payable on a bank

deposits is determined by
sufficient balance in the account

counter
g.n
(e) ineligible to get cash across the bank

65. When a bank dishonors a cheque.

(a) Indian Bank’s Association
(b) the bank concerned
(c) RBI
(d) Finance Ministry
et
(a) it is called settlement of the cheque
(b) it is called withdrawing of the cheque
(c) it is called nullifying of the cheque
(d) it is called truncating of the cheque
(e) None of the above
60. Zero balance account is generally allowed (e) it is called return of the cheque unpaid
to be opened for 66. In a bank which of the following are the
(a) salaried class usual types of Deposits accounts?
(b) businessmen (a) Savings accounts, Electricity accounts
(c) foreign customers and Insurance Premium accounts
(d) children (b) Fixed deposits, Post office Savings Bank
(e) senior citizens accounts and Current Deposit accounts
61. In our country, now a cheque remains valid (c) Current Accounts, Saving Bank
for payment for ............ from the date of accounts and Term Deposit accounts
issue. (d) Loan accounts, Savings Bank accounts
(a) 3 months (b) 6 months and Term Deposit accounts
(c) 9 months (d) 12 months (e) Current Bill accounts and Term
(e) 18 months Deposits accounts

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34 Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects

67. Which of the following cannot be called as a (b) The net non-performing assets to the
value added service offered by a bank? net advances of the bank should not
(a) Special accounts for poor sections of exceed 10%
society (c) The scheduled commercial bank has
(b) Accident insurance cover earned profit for the last 2 years
(c) Instant credit of outstation cheques (d) All of the above
(d) Free cheque books (e) None of the above
(e) All of these 72. A current account in a bank means
68. An account in which trading of shares in (a) in which balances are kept high
their electronic form is done, is known as (b) interest is not paid on the balance in the
(a) D-mat account account

ww (b) NRI account

(c) NRIO account
(c) in which transactions should take place
daily
(d) availing credit facilities

w.E
(d) Current account
(e) None of these
69. A Savings Bank Account opened with a
commercial bank with zero balance or very
73.
(e) None of these
Which of the following methods is being
adopted by Banks for calculating and

asy
minimal balance is known as
(a) Savings Bank Ordinary account
applying interest on Savings Bank accounts?
(a) On monthly products based on
minimum balance between 10th and

En
(b) Student Savings Bank account
(c) No-Frill account
last working day.
(b) Daily balance is counted and interest is
(d) Current account
(e) Call deposit
70. Travellers cheque isgin paid accordingly
(c) On average quarterly balance.

eer
(a) a supplementary credit card
(b) a cheque issued by a bank or finance
74.
(d) On average half yearly balance.
(e) None of the above.
The main function of IMF is to

in
institution which functions as capital
(c) a certificate issued by a bank or finance
institution in lieu of cash
(d) a cheque issued by a bank or finance
(a) give financial investment loans to
devoloping countries

g.n
(b) act as a private sector lending arm of
the World Bank
institution which functions as a bond
(e) a prepaid instrument issued by a bank
or finance institution which can be
substitute of cash
problems of member countrieset
(c) help of solve balance of payment

(d) arrange international deposits from

71. For availment of refinance from National banks
Housing Bank, scheduled commercial (e) None of the above
bank has to satisfy which of the following 75. How many banks are there in public sector
conditions? at present ?
(a) The capital adequacy ratio of the banks (a) 28 (b) 27
should be as per the norms prescribed (c) 19 (d) 20
by the Reserve Bank of India (e) None of these

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Banking and Banking Structure–Legal Aspects 35

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)
7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a)
25. (b) 26. (d 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (e)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (d)
37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (c) 41. (c) 42. (a)

ww 43.
49.
(a)
(b)
(c)
44.
50.
(c)
(c)
(e)
45.
51.
(d)
(c)
(b)
46.
52.
(c)
(a)
(a)
47.
53.
(b)
(b)
(b)
48.
54.
(b)
(b)
(a)

w.E
55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (e) 66. (c)
67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (e) 71. (d) 72. (b)
73.
asy
(b) 74. (c) 75. (b)

En
gin
eer
in g.n
et

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CHAPTER
Reserve Bank of India—
3 Structure and Functions

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

ww
Every country has its own central bank which controls and handles the monetary affairs of
the country. For instance central bank of USA is called the Federal Reserve Bank, the central
bank of UK is Bank of England and the central bank in China is known as the People’s Bank

w.E
of China and so on.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of the country. It was established on
April 1, 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

asy
The basis of the establishment of RBI was the recommendations given by a Committee called
‘Hilton Young Commission’ established by the then British Government in India.
It started as a private bank with private shareholding as was in vogue in most foreign central

En
banks of the world operating at that point of time.
When RBI was established, its capital was fixed at Rupees 5 crore i.e. Rupees 50 million).

gin
When the RBI was established, it took over the functions of currency issue from the
Government of India and the power of credit control from the then Imperial Bank of India.

eer
Initially RBI had its headquarter in Calcutta (now Kolkata) but soon shifted its headquarter
to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937.

in
However from January 1, 1949, RBI was nationalized by the Government through an Act
called Transfer of Public Ownership Act, 1948.

g.n
The RBI Act covers whole of India in terms of supervision, control and guidance/
directions to financial institutions in India.

STRUCTURE, MANAGEMENT AND FUNCTIONS

et
Reserve Bank of India is operating as a corporate body. It has its common seal and is an on-
going concern with perpetual succession.
The organizational structure of RBI is through the Central Board of Directors (CBD). The
Transfer of Public Ownership Act provides for the constitution of CBD and Local Board by the
Central Government. The CBD has of 20 members (as on date). Besides these members, RBI
has one Governor, four Deputy Governors appointed by the Central Government. Their tenure
in office is 5 years for Governor and 4 years for Deputy Governors. Also in the organizational
structure are Executive Directors.
Presently Mr. Raghuraj Ranjan is the 23rd Governor of Reserve Bank of India, who took
over the charge from Dr. Y.V. Reddy. To start with the first person appointed as the Governor
of RBI was Sir Osborne Smith.
The RBI Act provides that CBD conducts one meeting every quarter and at least 6 meetings
in a year.
RBI at present has 22 Regional Offices located mostly in the State Capitals / UTs. The
jurisdiction of RBI as per the RBI Act of 1934 extends to all the States and Union Territories.

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 37

The Local Boards have been formed in four major centers of the country, viz. Mumbai,
Kolkata, New Delhi and Chennai.
The general control, superintendence and directions regarding the working of banks in
India remain with the Central Board of Director through its Governor and Deputy Governors
and other executives.
One Director each from Local Boards is nominated to the CBD by the Central Government.
Nearly 10 Directors are nominated by GOI besides one Central Government official.
Reserve Bank of India besides being named as ‘bank’ does not fall in the category of
commercial banks because it does not do the business of banking as defined in the Banking
Regulation Act i.e. accepting deposits and lend money to people as done by commercial banks.

ww RBI controls the changes in the stock of market because firstly, such changes exert a
powerful influence on prices, secondly, greatly influence output and distribution of income
and wealth, which in turn influence employment and lastly it helps in balancing income and

w.E
wealth distribution.

MONETARY POLICY OBJECTIVES OF RBI

asy
RBI normally declares the monetary policy twice a year. These policies are called busy season
policy (declared in October every year) and slack season policy (declared in April every year).

En
The objective behind such monetary policy is to:
• ensure price stability of commodities in the country

gin
• ensure balanced credit expansion
• ensure growth of long term investments in the economy

eer
• ensure proper balance of exports and imports.
• Encourage food procurement operations

in
• Ensure proper distribution of credit to all sectors of the economy.

g.n
In order to achieve these objectives RBI resorts to various methods / techniques, like:-
• Open Market Operations
• Interest Rates management on loans and advances by banks
• Bank Rate Mechanism
• Maintaining proper SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) and CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio)
et
• Credit Rationing through Selective Credit Control (now withdrawn)
• Moral Suasion
• Exchange Control Mechanism

FUNCTIONS OF RBI
• Reserve Bank of India as a central monetary authority of India, like in any other Central
Bank of any country, is empowered to guide, monitor, regulate, control and promote the
past, present and future of the financial system of the country.
• RBI is performing such functions since 1935 after its inception as empowered by the
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
• As a Central Bank of the country, the RBI performs a wide range of functions. Among
various functions important are:

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38 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

ƒ Acts as the currency authority
ƒ Controls money supply and credit
ƒ Manages foreign exchange
ƒ Serves as a banker to the government
ƒ Builds up and strengthens the country’s financial infrastructure
ƒ Acts as the banker of commercial banks
ƒ Supervises banks.
Reserve Bank of India performs various functions to manage the monetary system of the
country. These functions include:

ww 1. Reserve Bank of India under the RBI Act, Section 22 is solely responsible for the issuance
of currency notes excluding rupee one note which issued by Finance Secretary of the
Government of India. RBI regulates the issuance of the notes in India mainly to bring

w.E
confidence among people of genuineness, quality and credibility of money issued besides
bringing in uniformity in issuance of notes. Due to single authority there is effective
control on flow of credit in and out of the market.

asy
2. RBI acts as banker to commercial banks.
3. RBI conducts banking and financial operations of the Government of India and advises

En
on various financial and economic issues.
While handling the Government business, RBI maintains government accounts, advises on

gin
monetary matters including financial aspects, besides carrying out Government business
as and when required.
4. It provides financial accommodation to cooperative banking sector for financing special

eer
sectors of the economy like agriculture etc.
5. Bank performs the function of controller of exchange value of rupee vs. US dollar.

in
6. As a guide and controller of banking and financial sector, RBI appoints CEOs of Banks

g.n
and put its members of the Boards of the Bank to ensure proper Governance and sound
banking practices.

et
7. As a developmental function, RBI promotes various specialized institutions. It has
promoted IDBI (Industrial Development Bank of India), NABARD (National Bank for
Agriculture & Rural Development), Small Industrial Development Bank of India (SIDBI),
Deposit Insurance & Credit Guarantee Trust for Small and Medium Enterprises (DI &
CGTSME) / Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) etc.
8. RBI issues monetary policy twice a year to provide guidance to flow of credit and safety
measures to the banking and financial sector. It issues busy season policy in October
every year and slack season policy in May-June. This sets the tone for the money market
as well as financial activities.
9. For good governance, RBI resorts to moral suasion on banking and financial sector.
10. It disseminates financial data on banking, economy and other aspects of monetary aspects.
11. RBI is sole authority to handle overall monetary and credit policy in the country.
12. To regulate the flow of credit in the economy RBI also resorts to selling and purchasing
of short term or even long term securities.
13. RBI provides ‘ways and means’ credit facility to the Government of India and State
Governments in order to overcome tight money position between payment and receipt
of the client. The period of such ‘ways and means’ credit is maximum 90 days (3 months).

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 39

Such power to lend money to governments is given under section 17 (5) of Reserve Bank
of India Act, 1934.
14. RBI also acts as a lender of the last resort, which means meeting the genuine financial
requirements of commercial banks.
15. Management of raising of finance by the Government and issuance of new loans/advances
on behalf of the Government of India / State Government is handled by the Public Debt
Office of the Reserve Bank of India.
16. It regulates the credit flow in the market by using credit control instruments like bank
rate, open market operations and power to vary reserve ratios like cash reserve ratio
(CRR) and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). These two ratios are most important tools for

ww17.
maintaining liquidity in the financial system, particularly banking system.
Bank Rate, CRR and SLR are some of the quantitative steps that RBI can take from time
to time to control flow of money and to control inflation.

w.E
1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
•

asy
Reserve Bank of India exercises direct control over the liquidity of the banking system.
RBI is the only authority to effect changes in the liquidity position of banks based on
demand and time liabilities.
•
En
As per Section 5 (f) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 ‘demand liabilities’ means those
liabilities that are to be met on demand.
•
gin
Banks are also required to maintain a portion of their deposit liabilities in the form of
liquid assets i.e. bonds etc. This is called Statutory Liquidity Ratio. As on 15.6.2014 the

•
eer
SLR fixed by RBI is 22.5 per cent reduced by 0.5 per cent from 23 per cent.
Liquid assets to be maintained are in the form of cash, gold and unencumbered approved

in
securities as per section 24 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
• As and when RBI increases the SLR, reduces the funds supply in the market, thus reducing

g.n
the lendable resources with commercial banks. Vice versa when SLR is reduced it will
increase the funds with banks for onward lending.

2. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)

•
et
Banks are required to deposit with reserve bank of India an amount equal to the percentage
of deposits with respective bank in the ratio prescribed by RBI from time to time. This is
called Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR).
• This is mainly done to provide stability to the economy. In simple words CRR is the
proportion of funds banks have to deposit with the Reserve Bank of India. It change
from time to time is part of economic policy to control inflation etc. Any change in CRR
percentage means either increased availability of funds with the banks or reduced funds
available in the market.
• Unchanged CRR means no additional funds available for banks to lend.

3. Bank Rate
It means the rate of interest at which RBI buys or rediscounts the bills of exchange including
commercial papers etc. as permissible under RBI Act, 1934. As per the need of the hour, RBI
raises the Bank Rate in order to squeeze the credit expansion whereas it reduces the Bank Rate
when it needs to allow more flow of credit in the economy.

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40 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

4. Repo Rate
Repo Rate is the rate at which banks borrow from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). A lower
repo rate means bank’s borrowing cost will go down which could prompt banks to cut lending
rates.

5. Reverse Repo Rate

Reverse repo rate means the rate of interest at Which RBI borrows from the banks.

Objectives of Monetary Policy

ww
(a) Ensures price stability
(b) Controls expansion of bank credit
(c) Promotion and development of fixed investments
(d)
(e) w.E
Controls inventory build up by some individuals
Export promotion
(f)
(g)
asy
Ensures proper food procurement operations.
Uniform credit distribution among various sectors of the economy and society.

1. En
Techniques Used by RBI to Manage and Control Monetary System
Open market Operations
2.
3. gin
Bank Rate Mechanism
Discretionary control of refinance and rediscounting
4.
5. eer
Interest Rate (Repo rate and reverse repo rate) control
CRR and SLR mechanism
6.
7.
8.
Credit rationing
Credit reporting in
Selective Credit Control when need arises g.n
9.
10.
11.
Credit reporting system to RBI
Inventory and credit norms
Moral suasion
et
LICENSING OF BANKS
• Any person, group of persons or company who/which wishes to start a banking company
in India is required to take prior permission / licence from the Reserve Bank of India
vide section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
• Before granting licence, RBI gets itself satisfied on various terms like:
ƒ Location of bank
ƒ Availability of sufficient capital. As of now minimum capital for opening a new bank
is Rupees 500 crore. This may vary from time to time. Initially, minimum capital
required for opening a new bank was only Rupees 5 lakhs. The minimum capital to
be decided by RBI is as per the Banking Regulation Act, section11.
ƒ Ensure that bank will serve the cause of people (depositors).
ƒ Ensure that bank will not work detrimental to the interest of the country.

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 41

ƒ Banks are required to transfer from their annual profits, minimum 20 per cent to the
reserves.
ƒ A bank opened as public sector undertaking is not required to any permission or
licence from RBI.
Bank Holiday
A bank holiday in India is a public holiday which is declared specially for the Banks and other
Financial Institutions. Not all public holidays are classified as Bank Holidays. Bank Holidays
are declared by Central/State Governments/ Union Territory under the Negotiable Instruments
(NI) Act, 1881.

ww
BRANCH LICENCING (OPENING OF NEW BRANCHES)
• As a part of their function to control the business of banking in India and ensure the
availability and access of banking facilities to all citizens of the country, RBI exercises the

w.E
power to control opening/expansion of new branches in the country. Banking Regulation
Act, section 23 makes it obligatory for the bank to take prior permission from RBI to open
any new branch.
•
asy
RBI before granting the permission to open new branch in an area in India gets itself
satisfied on some of the following important aspects:

En
ƒ availability of banking infrastructure already existing in the area.
ƒ ensures that bank has strong and sound financials (capital, profits etc.) to support

gin
opening of new office/branch.
ƒ ensure that business development is possible in the area.

eer
ƒ does general good to the public (depositors and borrowers) at large.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT CONVERTIBILITY (CAC)

•
in
Capital Account Convertibility (CAC) is basically associated with change of ownership in

g.n
foreign / domestic financial assets and liabilities at market determined rate of exchange.

Interest on Savings Accounts

A committee formed to review the government's savings scheme under the leadership of
Shyamala Gopinath, former deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India who retired on 20
June 2011, has recommended that the interest paid on savings instruments under the scheme,
et
except post office savings accounts, be reviewed annually and benchmarked to government
securities of similar maturity periods.
To protect investors from large volatility, the rates will not be changed by more than 1 percentage
point.
Rate for senior citizens' savings scheme will be 1 percentage point higher than comparable
government securities. National Savings Certificates (NSCs) will give 0.5 percentage point
higher than benchmark securities and other schemes, including PPF, will offer 0.25 percentage
point above the benchmark.

Benefits of CAC to Indian Economy

• There is availability of larger capital stock to supplement domestic resources that will
help growth.
• Reduction in cost of capital and improved access to international financial markets.

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42 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

• CAC enhances the effectiveness of fiscal policy by reducing real interest rates applicable
to public sector borrowings.
• Can bring about an optimal combination of taxes through reduction of the inflation and
in the rates of other taxes to international levels that has beneficial effect on tax revenues.

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI)

• Securities and Exchange Board of India is a regulatory body controlling investments in
the market.
• Many countries of the world have similar type of controllers for making the investment
market more efficient, stable, transparent and of high quality.

ww•

•
SEBI was established under the Securities Exchange Board of India Act of 1992 and came
into operation on April, 12.1992.

w.E
Main function of the SEBI as provided in the preamble of the Act is “to protect the interest of
the investors in securities and promote the development of, and regulate the securities market and
for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto”.
• SEBI is headed by a Chairman in Mr. U.K. Sinha and assisted by three Whole Time

asy
Members (WTM). They are Mr. Prashant Saran, Mr. Rajeev Kumar Agarwal and Mr. S.
Raman. These members in turn are assisted by Executive Directors who control different

•
En
departments and various functions.
First member looks after the corporate finance, special enforcement cell, investigation

gin
department, economic & analysis, HRD while Mr. Rajeev Kumar looks market regulations,
integrated surveillance, legal affairs, general services, affairs of the SEBI’s Regional Offices.
Mr S Raman on the other hand looks after the investment management, enforcement,

• eer
adjudication, RTI and Appellate Authority, IT department, etc.
SEBI hears the complaints of investors and has constituted a Appellate Tribunal to hear

in
the complaints against the decisions of the first level authorities. The Securities Appellate
Tribunal (SAT) has a Presiding Officer in Hon’bl Justice J.P. Devadhar(as of now) with
two members in Mr. Jog Singh and Mr. A.S. Lamba.
Perticipatory notes g.n
et
Financial instruments used by investors or hedge funds that are not registered with the Securities
and Exchange Board of India to invest in Indian securities. Indian-based brokerages buy India-
based securities and then issue participatory notes to foreign investors. Any dividends or capital
gains collected from the underlying securities go back to the investors. In many ways, this is
similar to an informal ADR process, where brokerages hold on to stocks for foreign investors.

INSURANCE REGULATORY AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (IRDA)

• Government of India appointed a Committee called by the name Malhotra Committee
to look into various aspects of the life and non-life insurance in India.
• Malhotra Committee Report was submitted in 1994, January 7. Based on the
recommendations of Malhotra Committee, IRDA was established and incorporated as a
statutory body by an act of Parliament of India.
• IRDA was incorporated under the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
Act, 1999. This Act was cleared by the Central Government.
• IRDA has its headquarter at Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). Till 2001 it operated from
Delhi.

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 43

• As far as organizational structure of the IRDA is concerned, it has 10 members appointed
by the Central Government. The 10 member team is headed by the Chairman. At present
its Chairman is T.S. Vijayan. Of the other members, four members (at present [Link],
M. Ram Prasad, S. Roy Chowdhary and DD Singh) are whole time members whereas Mr.
Anup Wadhawan, S.B. Mathur, Prof. V.K. Gupta as CA and Subodh Krumar Agarwal
are four part time members.
• Main purpose and function of IRDA is to protect the insurance policy holders’ interest.
It also regulates the opening of new insurance companies in the country for which it
provides registration certification to the interested insurance companies which want
to start insurance business in India. It also has a role in allowing balanced and orderly

ww
growth of insurance industry.
• In cases where it finds irregularities in the functioning of the insurance business where
policy holders’ interest is at stake, it may not renew or modify the registration certificate

•
w.E
or even cancel or suspend the operations.
Insurance Repository Facility: Central Government recently announced a setting up of a
system called Insurance Repository. It is a type of facility whereby the policy holder (s) can

asy
buy and keep policy of insurance in electronic format. In this way paper document could
be avoided and so the cost. Such policies kept in electronic format are called “electronic
policies” or “e Policies
•
En
Various Functions of IRDA: Among the many functions that IRDA performs, some
important ones are:

gin
ƒ In order to watch the interest of policy holders’, IRDA makes out rules and regulations.
ƒ IRDA sets standard of code of conduct for surveyors and assessors of losses.

eer
ƒ Takes up inspections, audit and conduct of insurers, insurance intermediaries and
others having any connection with insurance business.

in
ƒ Helps regulate the investment of insurance company funds.

g.n
ƒ Recommends margin for maintaining of solvency / liquidity of insurance company.
ƒ Adjudicates disputes among various parties to insurance business like insurers, non-
insurance intermediaries and insurance intermediaries.

et
ƒ IRDA sets business targets in terms of percentage of total insurance business for rural,
other social sectors etc.
ƒ Sets premium income of the insurer.
Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP):
A Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) is a product offered by insurance companies that unlike
a pure insurance policy gives investors the benefits of both insurance and investment under
a single integrated [Link] first ULIP was launched in India in 1971 by Unit Trust of India
(UTI). With the Government of India opening up the insurance sector to foreign investors in
2001 and the subsequent issue of major guidelines for ULIPs by the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority (IRDA) in 2005, several insurance companies forayed into the ULIP
business leading to an over abundance of ULIP schemes being launched to serve the investment
needs of those looking to invest in an investment cum insurance product.

OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS

• Among the many tools that RBI uses to control the flow of credit / money in the economy,
“open money market operations” is one of them.

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44 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

• As the name indicates open market operation, it means sale and purchase of financial
instruments is done by the RBI in the open market.
• RBI in order to expand or contract the money in the economy, sells or purchases the
eligible short term or long term government securities or bills of exchange or foreign
exchange etc.
• In the Open Market Operations, RBI while selling the securities tries to withdraw the
money from the economy (market) whereas when it purchases the securities in the open
market it expands the money in the economy or market.
• Open Market Operations are used to control and reduce market money fluctuations.
• The concept behind open market operation is that any sale or purchase of approved

ww•
securities by the Reserve Bank of India as the Central Bank of the country tends to either
squeeze the money in the market or increases the supply of money.
This method is effective in controlling money supply. Increase in money supply by

w.E
purchasing the securities will help banks to lend more money in various sectors of the
economy.
Hot Money:

asy
Money that flows regularly between financial markets as investors attempt to ensure they
get the highest short-term interest rates possible. Hot money will flow from low interest rate
yielding countries into higher interest rates countries by investors looking to make the highest

En
return. These financial transfers could affect the exchange rate if the sum is high enough and
can therefore impact the balance of payments.

gin
Banks usually attract "hot money" by offering relatively short-term certificates of deposit that
have above-average interest rates. As soon as the institution reduces interest rates or another

eer
institution offers higher rates, investors with "hot money" withdraw their funds and move them
to another institution with higher rates.

MUTUAL FUNDS
• in g.n
Mutual Fund is a fund created by pooling customers’ funds held for trading for higher
income with low risk. In other words Mutual Fund is a link between investors who save

• et
money and capital market. As an investor, he brings liquidity into the financial system
besides promoting good corporate governance with investor protection.
Mutual Fund is constituted as a ‘Trust’. Its functions include mobilizing public funds,
identifying capital markets for investment such funds on behalf of investor.
• For holding and managing the public funds, Mutual Fund is required to act efficiently
and professionally for the benefit of the investor, besides, holding the portfolio as Trustee
of investor.
• Based on the period of the units and the amount raised, Fund can be classified as ‘open
ended fund’, ‘close ended fund’ , income oriented fund’, and Trust oriented fund’.
• In the open ended fund there is no ceiling on the amount to be raised. Here unit holders
are assured of certain return in the form of dividends, appreciation in capital and safety
of funds.
• Close ended Fund is characterized by maximum amount to be raised or pooled, fixed
period and stocks are listed in stock markets in order to have quick liquidity. Here the
unit price is normally less than the Net Asset Value (NAV).
• Net Asset Value (NAV) is the value of each unit or share. In other words it is the total
value of asset (Fund) divided by the total number of units/share outstanding. It also
means value of asset (Fund) minus liabilities.

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 45

• Suppose a Mutual Fund Scheme has investment at Market Value to the tune of Rupees
700 crore. The liabilities are Rupees 50 lakh whereas outstanding units are 28 crore. The
Net Asset Value (NAV) will be 24.98.
• India’s first Mutual Fund came up as Unit Trust of India on February,1. 1964. It is first
statutory Mutual Fund organization in India. The first commercial bank to start the
business of Mutual Fund in India was State Bank of India.
• With the amendments in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, banks can do the business
of Mutual Fund.
• Where the investor wants regular income from his /her investment, the Fund invests
money so pooled in fixed income bearing securities. Such Funds are called “Income

ww Oriented Fund”.
• SEBI controls, supervises and guides the functioning of the Mutual Funds for better
governance.

w.E
• Normally the lock-in-period of repurchase of the units by Mutual Fund is 3 years.
• Mutual Funds sometimes charge a fee from unit holder only at the time of redemption

asy
of the units. Such transactions and mode of collection of fee is called Back-ended-load
Redemption Scheme.
• Mutual Funds are required to be operated by a separate organization called Asset

En
Management Company (AMC) formed under the Indian Companies Act of 1956 which
requires the approval of SEBI.

gin
• Mutual Fund is useful to investors in various ways. For instance, small investors can
be party to Fund, there is diversification of risk and are largely safe since it is managed

eer
by experienced professionals. Professionally managed Mutual Fund investment means
having investment management skills and doing continuous research in available
investment options.

in
• The first diversified equity investment scheme in India was ‘Master Shares’.
• While investing money in Mutual Fund, as an investor he/she has the right:
ƒ to inspect his documents of investment, g.n
ƒ to have access to information, and
ƒ in the beneficial ownership of the asset of the scheme. et
• A high portfolio turnover means that the fund is active in the market, transaction cost is
high and there might be some risk involved.
• In Mutual Fund, “Load” means expenses charged to the fund.
Sovereign Wealth Funds: A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund
investing in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in
alternative investments such as private equity fund or hedge funds. Sovereign wealth funds
invest globally. Most SWFs are funded by revenues from commodity exports or from foreign-
exchange reserves held by the central bank. Some sovereign wealth funds may be held by a
central bank, which accumulates the funds in the course of its management of a nation's banking
system; this type of fund is usually of major economic and fiscal importance. Other sovereign
wealth funds are simply the state savings that are invested by various entities for the purposes
of investment return, and that may not have a significant role in fiscal management.

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46 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

PAST EXERCISE
1. As reported in the newspapers, China has following Konw Your Customer (KYC)
asked its banks to put 12.5% money instead norms. Hence money invested here
of earlier 12% as CRR. This correction in may not be from a valid and legal
CRR has been made for the seventh time in source.
past one year. Why did China have to take (3) P-Notes are launched to arrange
this step again and again and so frequently? funds only for social schemes. Due to
[OBC 2008] huge funds available with NRIs for

ww (1) It will put a curb on lending of money

by the banks.
(2) It will help Govt of China to tame the
investment they are sending it in bulk.
Hence the cost of such investments is
very high and it is not commercially

w.E
rate of inflation.
(3) It will help the poor to get easy loans at
cheaper rates from the banks as higher
viable for banks to accept such
investments.
(a) Only (1) is correct

asy
CRR brings more money for activities
of the social sector.
(a) Only (1) is correct
(b) Only (2) is correct
(c) Only (3) is correct
(d) Both (1) & (2) are correct

En
(b) Only (2) is correct
(c) All (1), (2) & (3) are correct
(e) None of these
4. In the recent times the RBI and the Securities

gin
(d) Only (3) is correct
(e) Both (1) & (2) are correct
2. Which of the following organisations/
& Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have
taken various steps to control the flow of
capital in India economy. Which of the

eer
agencies has asked all the banks in India
to form customer service panels at branch
following is/are NOT included in this/
these step(s)? [BOM 2008]
levels?

in
(a) Indian Banks' Association
(b) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
(c) Supreme Court of India
[OBC 2008] (1) Guidelines have been issued to restrict
unregulated
through "P-notes".
overseas investors

g.n
(2) ` 60,000 crore out of this fund is being
(d) Securities & Exchange Board of India
(SEBI)
(e) None of these
3. As we all know Securities & Exchange Board
et
provided to waive the loans on farmers.
(3) Borrowers raising external commercial
borrowings of over $20 million would
have to park the proceeds overseas for
of India (SEBI) has taken some corrective use as foreign currency expenditure.
steps to restrict functioning of Participatory (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
Notes (P-Notes) in Indian Stock Markets. (c) Only (3) (d) Both (1) & (3)
Why are P-Notes considered dangerous for (e) All (1), (2) & (3)
the financial markets of a country? 5. The Reserve Bank of India issues coins and
[OBC 2008] notes of various denominations. At present
(1) This allows a foreign investor to invest RBI does not issue coins of which of the
funds without knowing the history/ following denominations?
financial health of a company. If the [Vijaya Bank 2008]
company fails fforeign investors lose (a) 10 paise (b) 20 paise
their money. Govt of India does not (c) 25 paise (d) 50 paise
want this as this will bring a bad name (e) 1.00 Rupee
to the country. 6. As we read every now and then, the
(2) P-Notes allow foreign investors to buy Monetary and Credit Policy is reviewed and
shares of blue chip companies without changes/corrections are made frequently.

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 47

Who amongst the following exactly takes recover that money by increasing their
this decision in India? [Vijaya Bank 2008] interest rates.
(a) Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission (3) Banks are in need of a huge amount of
(b) Prime Minister money, as they have to give revised pay
(c) Finance Minster to all its employees.
(d) Chairman, Finance Commission (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(e) None of these (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)
7. We often see the names of two personalities (e) None of these
in newspapers/magazines/electronic media. 11. Very often we read in the newspapers
These names are Dr. C Rangarajan and about various measures taken up to control
Dr Bimal Jalan. In their lives, one thing in the flow of the capital in the Indian markets.

ww common. That is [Vijaya Bank 2008]

(a) Both are the chief economic advisors to
Prime Minister of India.
Who amongst the following is/are the
regulators who can control the flow of the
same in India? [UBOI 2008]

w.E
(b) Both are Members of Parliament.
(c) Both are former Governors of RBI.
(d) Both were Finance Ministers of India.
(1) Indian Bank’s Association
(2) RBI
(3) SEBI

asy
(e) There is nothing common in both. (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
8. Which of the following organisations is (c) Only (3) (d) Both (2) & (3)
known as the market regulator in India? (e) Both (1) & (2)

(a) IBA
En (b) SEBI
[BOI 2008] 12. Many times we read a term “Hot Money” in
newspapers. What is/are the characteristics
of Hot money?

gin
(c) AMFI (d) NSDL [UBOI 2008]
(e) None of these (1) The term is used for fresh currency
9. The Reserve Bank of India keeps on notes issued by the RBI.

Why is this done?

eer
changing various ratios/rates frequently.

(1) To keep inflation under control

[BOI 2008]
(2) It is the fund which flows in the market
to take advantage of high interest rates.
(3) It is the fund which is thrown in the

lose its market valuein

(2) To ensure that Indian Rupee does not

(3) To ensure that banks do not earn huge

profits at the cost of public money.
market to create imbalance in the stock
markets.
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3) g.n
(b) Only (2)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

10.
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(e) None of these
(b) Only (2)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

As reported in various newspapers many

13.
(e) None of these

et
RBI's open market operation transactions
are carried out with a veiw to regulate
[BOB 2008]
(a) Liquidity in the economy
banks have revised their interest rates
(b) Prices of essential commodities
on home loans, car loans and other such
(c) Inflation
loans. Which of the following phenomenon
(d) Borrowing power of the banks
prompted these banks to make such an
(e) All the above
upward revision in their interest rates?
14. Open market operations, one of the
[UBOI 2008]
measures taken by RBI in order to control
(1) RBI has revised the CRR and other credit expansion in the economy, means
such rates upward, which has created a [BOB 2008]
liquidity crunch in the market. (a) Sale or purchase of Govt. securities
(2) Stock markets in the country are (b) Issuance of different types of bonds
showing very high fluctuations as (c) Auction of gold
visible through their indexes. As a (d) To make available direct finance to
result banks have lost a huge amount of borrowers
money in trading. Banks now want to (e) None of these

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48 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

15. The bank rate means [BOB 2008] 21. Which of the following financial product
(a) Rate of interest charged by commercial are NOT much popular in India as they
banks from borrowers have been launched only recently?
(b) Rate of interest at which commercial [IOB 2008]
banks discounted bills of their (a) Development Bonds
borrowers (b) Insurance Policies
(c) Rate of interest allowed by commercial (c) Mutual funds
banks on their deposits (d) Sovereign Wealth Funds
(d) Rate at which RBI purchases or (e) All are very popular products in India.
rediscounts bills of exchange of 22. Which of the following policies of the
commercial banks financial sectors is basically designed to

ww (e) None of these

16. The stance of RBI monetary policy is
[BOB 2008]
transfer local financial assets into foreign
financial assets freely and at market
determined exchange rates? Policy of

w.E
(a) inflation control with adequate liquidity
for growth
(b) improving credit quality of the Banks
(a) Capital Account Convertibility
(b) Financial Deficit Management
[IOB 2008]

asy
(c) strengthening credit delivery (c) Minimum Support Price
mechanism (d) Restrictive Trade practices
(d) supporting investment demand in the (e) None of these
economy
En
(e) Any of the above
23. A customer wishes to purchase some US
dollars in India. He/she should go to
[IOB 2008]
(a) RBI
(c) NSE gin
17. Capital Market Regulator is
(b)
(d)
[BOB 2008]
IRDA
BSE
(a) Public Debt Division of the RBI only
(b) American Express Bank Only
(e) SEBI
eer
18. Which of the following is the regulator of
(c) RBI or any branch of a bank which is
authorized for such business
(d) Ministry of Foreign Affairs

(a) RBI
(c) SIDBI
(b) SBIin
the credit rating agencies in India?

(d) SEBI
[BOB 2008]
(e) None of these

at present?
(a) 14% (b) g.n
24. What is the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)

18%
[IOB 2008]

et
(e) None of these
(c) 20% (d) 24%
19. The recent decisionZ of the RBI to cut Cash
(e) None of these
Resereve Ratio (CRR) by 150 basis points
25. An agreement, which in fact is a contract,
(October 2008) will be able to infuse how between the RBI and Banks for the sale and
much liquidity into the market?[OBC 2008] repurchase of Govt securities and short-
(a) ` 10,000 crores term treasury bills at a future date and for
(b) ` 30,000 crores which the RBI indicates “the interest rate”,
(c) ` 40,000 crores is generally known as [RBI 2009]
(d) ` 50,000 crores (a) Repo Rate
(e) None of these (b) Bank Rate
20. Whenever RBI does some Open Market (c) Reverse Repo Rate
Operation Transactions, actually it wishes (d) Prime Lending Rate
to regulate which of the following ? (e) None of these
[IOB 2008] 26. As per the reports in various newspapers
(a) Inflation only many private companies are trying to
(b) Liquidity in economy obtain the licences to launch a banking
(c) Borrowing powers of the banks company in India. Which of the following
(d) Flow of Foreign Direct Investments organisations/agencies issue the licence for
(e) None of these the same? [Corporation Bank 2009]

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 49

(a) Securities & Exchange Board of India (c) To ensure that no one visits a foreign
(SEBI) nation for any illegal activity by
(b) Indian Institute of Banking & Finance purchasing foreign currency from a
(IIBF) bank
(c) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) (d) To ensure that Indians do not go to a
(d) Registrar of Companies nation where they are being targeted
(e) None of these for racial discrimination
27. As per the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the (e) None of these
economic conditions in India are not yet 30. As per the news published in various
financial newspapers, the RBI is reworking
suitable for full convertibility of Rupee. At
the roadmap on Capital Account
present Rupee is convertible at which of the

ww following accounts? [Indian Bank 2010]

(1) Fully at Capital Account
(2) Fully at Current Account
Convertibiliy. If this is done, who amongst
the following would be able to invest in
foreign projects or acquire assets outside

w.E
India without any restrictions? [SBI 2010]
(3) Partially at Trade Account (1) Public Sector Banks
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) (2) Companies which are registered in
(c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (3) India

asy
(e) None of these
28. As per the news published in major
newspapers, the Reserve Bank of India
(3) Govt. of India
(4) Any Individual
(a) Only (1)

En
(RBI) raised Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
by 100 basis points to 25%. What was/were
(b) Only (2)
(c) Only (3)

SLR?
gin
the reason(s) owing to which RBI raised the
[Indian Bank 2010]
31.
(d) All (1), (2), (3) & (4)
(e) None of these
As decided by the Reserve Bank of India, all

eer
(1) It will help in reducing liquidity in the
market. the villages with a population of 2000 will
(2) Inflation will come down substantially. have access to financial services by the end

in
(3) It will facilitate companies to launch
their IPOs as the financial climate will
become conducive for the same.
(a) Only (1)
32.
of
(a) 2009-10
(c) 2011-12
(e) None of these
(b) 2010-11

g.n
(d) 2012-13
[SBI 2010]

As reported in various newspapers, the

(b) Only (2)
(c) Only (1) & (2)
(d) Only (2) & (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
et
Reserve Bank of India is planning to allow
more and more banks to function as “Local
Area Banks”. This will help RBI in the
implementation of which of the following
29. The Reserve Bank of India has directed all of its plans/drives? [SBI 2010]
the banks to ensure that the names of their (1) Financial Inclusion
customers, individuals or corporates, do not (2) Rural Banking
appear in any list published by the Security (3) Mobile and e-Banking
Council Committee. This act/directive of (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
the RBI is to ensure which of the following? (c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (2)
[Indian Bank 2010] (e) None of these
(a) To ensure that the bank loans/advances 33. The Reserve Bank of India has asked all the
taken by the individuals/organizations banks to install “Note Sorting Machines” in
are used only in those activities for the branches. How will this help banks and
which they are taken. the general public ? [Allahabad Bank 2010]
(b) To ensure that money deposited in the (1) The machines will check for counterfeit
bank has not come from unknown and notes and drop these from circulation.
(2) This will help banks to count the notes
unauthorized sources
quickly and accurately.

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50 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

(2) This will help in sorting out soiled directive issued by the RBI will fall in which
notes so that they are not reissued by of the following categories?
the banks. [Corporation Bank 2010]
(a) Only (2) (b) Only (1) (a) Plan for Financial Inclusion
(c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (2) (b) Efforts to meet the targets of Priority
(e) None of these Sector Lending
34. As per the guidelines issued by the RBI,
(c) Extension of Relief Packages to the
banks are preparing for a service which will
allow customers to withdraw upto ` 1,000 Farmers
using their debit cards from notified shops/ (d) Extension of Internet and Branchless
stores all over the country. All such shops/ Banking
stores will have ‘POS’ terminals for the (e) None of these

ww same. What is full form of the ‘POS’ ?

(a) Payment on Sale

[Allahabad Bank 2010]
38. The rate on which banks borrow from the
RBI is called .......... . [Punjab & Sindh 2010]
(a) SLR (b) CRR

w.E
(b) Power of Sale
(c) Point of Sale
(d) Payment Order Service 39.
(c) Interest Rate (d) Bank Rate
(e) Repo Rate
As we know, the RBI is the apex bank of
35.
asy
(e) None of these
Many a time we read in newspapers that
some big banks have revised their lending
India. Similarly, the apex Bank of the USA
is called ............. . [Punjab & Sindh 2010]
(a) Federal Reserve

En
rates to make them dearer or cheaper.
Though the decision to raise the lending
rates is always in the hands of the banks,
(b) The Central Bank of USA
(c) Bank of America

theirs gin
normally they announce this decision of

40.
(d) Central National Bank of USA
(e) None of these
What is the full form of ‘ULIP’, the term

eer
[Corporation Bank 2010]
(1) immediately after the Union Budget is
presented in the Lok Sabha every year.
which was in the news recently?
[Syndicate 2010]

policy rates.
in
(2) when the RBI makes changes in its

(3) when the Monetary and Credit Policy

of the RBI is reviewed periodically.
(a) Universal Life & Investment Plan
(b) Unit Loan & Insurance Plan

g.n
(c) Universal Loan & Investment Plan
(d) Uniformly Loaded Investment Plan

et
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(e) Unit Linked Insurance Plan
(c) Only (3) (d) Only (2) & (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3) 41. Which of the following Rates/Ratio is not
36. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently covered under the Monetary and Credit
announced a hike in some policy rates and policy of the RBI? [Syndicate 2010]
also indicated that there may be another (a) Bank Rate
change in near future. Which of the (b) Repo Rate
following is/are considered a policy rate(s) (c) Cash Reserve Ratio
in the hands of the RBI? (d) Reverse repo Rate
[Corporation Bank 2010] (e) Exchange Rate of Foreign Currencies
(1) Repo Rate 42. RBI has asked banks to make a plan to
(2) SLR provide banking services to all villages
(3) Inflation having a population up to 2000. This
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) directive issued by the RBI will fall in which
(c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (2) of the following categories ?
(e) All (1), (2) & (3) [Corporation Bank 2011]
37. As per the reports published in various (a) Plan for Financial Inclusion
newspapers, RBI has asked banks to make (b) Efforts to meet the targets of Priority
a plan to provide banking services to all Sector Lending
villages having a population of 2000. This

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 51

(c) Extension of Relief Packages to the (a) Only (1)
Farmers (b) Only (2)
(d) Plan for opening more rural branches (c) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) None of these (d) Only (3)
43. The rate of interest on Savings Bank (e) Both (1) & (3)
Account is stipulated by 48. Which of the following rates signals the
[Corporation Bank 2011] RBI’s long-term outlook on interest rates?
(a) The concerned bank [Allahabad Bank 2011]
(b) RBI (a) Repo Rate
(c) Indian Banks Association (b) Reverse Repo Rate
(d) Government of India (c) Bank Rate

ww
44.
(e) Banking Codes and Standards Board of
India
Banks borrow money from the RBI on 49.
(d) SLR
(e) CRR
For which of the following reasons RBI has

w.E
which of the following rates?

(a) Reverse Repo Rate

[Allahabad Bank 2011]
decided to undertake mid-quarter policy
reviews? [Allahabad Bank 2011]
(1) To re-align its policies

(c) SLR
(d) CRR asy
(b) Repo Rate (2) To take steps and ensure smooth flow
of credit

En
(3) To provide guidance to the economy
(e) Saving Rate (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
45. Banking and financial services all over (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)

gin
the world are regulated usually by the
Monetary Authority of the land. Who
controls this function in India?
50.
(e) None of these
Which of the following is the Central Bank

eer
(a) Ministry of Finance
[Allahabad Bank 2011]
of USA? [Allahabad Bank 2011]
(a) Federation of Banks, USA
(b) Citigroup, USA
(b) SEBI
(c) RBI
(d) IRDA
(e) FEDAI
in 51.
(c) Bank of America
(d) Central Bank of USA
(e) Federal Reserve
g.n
Who amongst the following was the
46. Which of the following is/are the
objective(s) of our monetary policy?
[Allahabad Bank 2011]
(1) To anchor inflation expectations
et
Head of the committee which gave its
recommendations on the modalities for
Capital Account Convertibility?
[Andhra Bank 2011]
(2) To actively manage liquidity
(3) To maintain interest rate regime (a) Dr. Rakesh Mohan
consistent with price output and (b) Dr. C Rangarajan
financial stability (c) S.S. Tarapore
(a) Only (1) (d) K.J. Udeshi
(b) All (1), (2) & (3) (e) None of these
(c) Both (1) & (3) 52. Which of the following organisations/
(d) Only (2) agencies has established a fund known as
(e) None of these Investor Protection Fund?
47. Which of the following is/are key policy [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
rates used by RBI to influence interest rates? (a) RBI
[Allahabad Bank 2011] (b) SIDBI
(1) Bank Rate and Repo Rate (c) Bombay Stock Exchange
(2) Reverse Repo Rate (d) Ministry of Finance
(3) CRR and SLR (e) Ministry of Commerce and Industry

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52 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

53. Reverse Repo is a tool used by RBI to (b) Deciding Bank Rate, CRR and SLR
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011] from time to time
(a) Inject liquidity (c) Opening Savings Accounts for general
(b) Absorb liquidity public
(c) Increase the liquidity with banking (d) Prescribing the Capital Adequacy Ratio
system (e) Currency Management
(d) To keep the liquidity at one level 60. The monetary authority in India, viz
(e) None of these Reserve Bank of India, is bound to maintain
54. The European Union has adopted which of a reserve against the notes issued, whatever
the following as a common currency? may be the amount. This system is called as
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011] [Corporation Bank 2011]

ww (a) Dollar
(c) Yen
(e) Euro
(b) Dinar
(d) Peso
(a) Minimum Reserve System
(b) Proportional Reserve System
(c) Maximum Fiduciary Issue System

w.E
55. SEBI is a/n [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
(a) Advisory body
(b) Statutory body 61.
(d) Simple Deposit System
(e) None of these
Interest rates on which of the following

asy
(c) Constitutional body
(d) Non-statutory body
(e) Registered as a society
deposit schemes is fixed by the Reserve
Bank of India? [Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) Fixed deposits above five years’

En
56. Which of the following bodies promoted
Securities Trading Corporation of India
maturity
(b) Recurring deposits
Banks?
gin
Limited (STCI) jointly with the Public Sector
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
(a) Securities Exchange Board of India
(c) Savings bank
(d) Flexi Deposit scheme
(b) ICICI Ltd
eer
(c) IDBI Ltd
(d) Reserve Bank of India
62.
(e) None of these
Which of the following policies is known as
Annual Policy Statement?
(e) IRDA
57. Consider the following.
in
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
(1) Deposit rates
[Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) Annual budget of GOI

g.n
(b) Credit and monetary policy of RBI
(c) Foreign trade policy of DGFT
(2) Base Rate
(3) Prime Lending Rate
Which of the above are decided by the
Reserve Bank of India?
63.
(d) Regulations issued by SEBI
(e) None of these et
Which of the following Acts was framed
specially to deal more effectively with
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (1)
(c) Only (3) (d) Both (2) and (3) the problem of Non-Performing Assets in
(e) None of these banking system? [Corporation Bank 2011]
58. Mutual funds are regulated by (a) Companies Act
[Corporation Bank 2011] (b) Banking Regulation Act
(a) Association of Mutual Funds of India (c) Foreign Exchange Management Act
(AMFI) (d) Industrial Dispute Act
(b) Securities and Exchange Board of India (e) SARFAESI Act
(SEBI) 64. Very often we read in newspapers/
(c) Reserve Bank of India magazines about ‘Sovereign Wealth Funds’.
(d) IRDA Which of the following is/ are the correct
(e) None of these description of the same?
59. Which of the following is not a function of [Corporation Bank 2011]
the RBI? [Corporation Bank 2011] (1) These are the funds or the reserves of
(a) Maintaining Forex a government or cenetral bank of a

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 53

country which are invested further to 69. Which of the following states became the
earn profitable returns. first state in the country to launch RBI,s
(2) These are the funds which were e-payment system for commercial tax
accumulated by some people over payers? [IBPS 2011]
the years but were not put in active (a) Andhra Pradesh
circulation as they retain them as black (b) Kerala
money for several years. (c) Gujrat
(3) The funds which are created to be used (d) Maharashtra
(e) Karnataka
as relief funds or bailout packages.
70. Bank rate policy, open market operations,
(a) Both (2) and (3) only
variable reserve requirements and statutory
(b) Only (2)

ww (c) Only (3)

(d) Only (1)
liquidity requirements employed by
Reserve Bank as measures of credit control
are classified as (IBPS 2011)

w.E
(e) None of these (a) quantitative methods
65. The names of which of the following (b) qualitative methods
rates/ratios cannot be seen in financial (c) Both of the above

asy
newspapers? [Corporation Bank 2011] (d) All of the above
(a) Bank Rate (e) None of the above
(b) Repo Rate 71. Reverse Repo is a tool used by RBI to

En
(c) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
(d) Cash Reserve Ratio
(a) inject liquidity
(b) absorb liquidity
(c) increase the liquidity with banking
66.
(e) Pulse Rate

gin
Ten-rupee notes contain the signature of
[Corporation Bank 2011]
system
(d) to keep the liquidity at one level

eer
(a) Finance Secretary, GOI
(b) Chairman, State Bank of India
(e) None of the above
72. What is Repo Rate?
(a) It is a rate at which RBI sell
(IBPS 2011)

67.
(d) Finance Minister, GOI
(e) Prime Minister in
(c) Governor, Reserve Bank of India

Interest payable on savings bank accounts

government securities to banks

g.n
(b) It is a rate at which RBI buys
government securities from banks
(c) It is a rate at which RBI allows small
is
(a) not regulated by RBI.
[IBPS 2011]

(b) regulated by State Governments.

(c) regulated by Central Government
loans in the market

et
(d) It is a rate which is offered by Banks to
their most valued customers or prime
customers
(e) None of the above
(d) regulated by RBI.
(e) regulates by Finance Minister. 73. Which of the following is not a function of
68. Which of the following is a correct the RBI? (Bank PO 2010)
statement? [IBPS 2011] (a) Maintaining Forex
(b) Deciding Bank Rate, CRR and SLR from
(a) SBI is the sole authority to issue and
time to time
manage currency in India
(c) Opening Savings Accounts for general
(b) A nationalised bank is the sole authority public
to issue and manage currency (d) Prescribing the Capital Adequancy
in India. Ratio
(c) A cooperative bank is the sole authority (e) Currency Management
to issue and manage currency in India. 74. Capital market regulator is [BOB 2008]
(d) RBI is the sole authority to issue and (a) RBI (b) IRDA
manage currency India. (c) NSE (d) BSE
(e) None of these (e) SEBI

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54 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

75. Which of the following is the regulator of (c) Reserve Bank of India
the credit rating agencies in India? (d) IRDA
[BOB 2008] (e) None of the above
(a) RBI (b) SBI 81. Which of the following best describes the
(c) SIDBI (d) SEBI Securities and Exchange Board of India?
(e) None of these (a) SEBI is the regulator for the capital
76. Which of the following organisations is markets
known as the market regulator in India? (b) SEBI protects the interest of investors
[Syndicate Bank 2009] (c) SEBI is for ethical practices
(a) IBA (b) SEBI (d) All of the above

ww (c) AMFI
(e) None of these
(d) NSDL

77. In one of his speeches, Pranab Mukherjee

82.
(e) None of the above
Which of the following policies is known as
Annual Policy Statement?

w.E
said that the government has no plans to
dilute the roles of market regulators. This
means, the role of which of the following
[Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) Annual budget of Central Government
(b) Credit and monetary policy of RBI

asy
will not be diluted? [Syndicate Bank 2010]
(a) Life Insurance Corporation of India
(LIC)
(c) Foreign trade policy of DGFT
(d) Regulations issued by SEBI

En
(b) Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
(c) Federation of Chambers of Commerce 83.
(e) None of the above
By increasing repo rate, the economy may

gin
and Industry (FICCI)
(d) Bureau of India Standards
observe the following effects __________.
[IBPS 2012]

eer
(e) Securities and Exchange Board of India (a) Rate of interest on loans and advances
(SEBI) will be costlier
78. Equity schemes managed strong NAV (b) Industrial output would be affected to

in
gains which boost their assets' was a new in
some financial newspapers. What is the full
form of NAV used as in above headlines?
an extent

g.n
(c) Banks will increase rate of interest on
deposits

et
[Central Bank of India 2010] (d) Industry houses may borrow money
(a) Nill Accounting Variation from foreign countries
(b) Net Accounting Venture (e) All of these
(c) Net Asset Value 84. Increased interest rates, as is existing in the
(d) New Asset Venture economy at present will __________.
(e) None of the above [IBPS 2012]
79. SEBI is a/an [Indian Overseas Bank 2011] (a) Lead to higher GDP growth
(a) advisory body (b) Lead to lower GDP growth
(b) statutory body (c) Mean higher cost of raw materials
(c) constitutional body
(d) Mean lower cost of raw materials
(d) non-statutory body
(e) Mean higher wage bill
(e) registered as a society
85. The European Union has adopted which of
80. Mutual funds are regulated by
the following as a common currency?
[Corporation Bank 2011]
[SBI Bank 2013]
(a) Association of Mutual Funds of India
(AMFI) (a) Dollar (b) Dinar
(b) Securities and Exchange Board of India (c) Yen (d) Euro
(SEBI) (e) Peso

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 55

86. The Holidays for the Banks are declared as 87. Interest on Savings deposit nowadays is
per _________. [SBI Bank 2013] _____________. [SBI Bank 2013]
(a) Reserve Bank Act (a) Fixed by RBI
(b) Banking Regulation Act (b) Fixed by the respective Banks
(c) Negotiable Instruments Act (c) Fixed by the Depositors
(d) Securities and Exchange Board of India (d) Fixed as per the contract between Bank
Act and the Consumer Court
(e) Companies Act (e) Not paid by the Bank

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
1. (e) 2. eer (b)
ANSWER KEY
3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (e)
6.
11.
16.
(e)
(b)
(e)
7.
12.
17.
in
(c)
(b)
(e)
8.
13.
18.
(b)
(e)
(d)
9.
14.
19.
(a)
(a)
(c)
10.
15.
20.
g.n
(a)
(d)
(b)
21.
26.
31.
(d)
(c)
(c)
22.
27.
32.
(a)
(b)
(a)
23.
28.
33.
(c)
(c)
(a)
24.
29.
34.
(d)
(c)
(c)
25.
30.
35.
et
(a)
(b)
(d)
36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (e) 39. (a) 40. (e)
41. (e) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (e)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (e) 55. (b)
56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (e) 64. (d) 65. (e)
66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (d) 69. (e) 70. (a)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (e) 75. (d)
76. (b) 77. (e) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (b)
81. (d) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (a) 85. (d)
86. (c) 87. (b)

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56 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following is not an apex 5. Banks and other financial institutions in
institution? India are required to maintain a certain
(a) SBI amount of liquid assets like cash, precious
(b) SIDBI metals and other short-term securities as a
(c) NABARD reserve all the time in banking world, this is
(d) State Cooperative bank known as
(e) None of these (a) CRR (b) Fixed asset

ww
2. Sub-section 12AB of Section 17 of the
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 defines
the term as an instrument for borrowing
(c) SLR
(e) None of these
(d) PLR

6. The ratio of the Cash Reserves that the

w.E
funds by selling securities of the Central
Government or a State Government or of
such securities of a local authority as may
banks are required to keep with the RBI is
known as
(a) Liquidity Ratio

asy
(b) SLR
be specified in this behalf by the Central
(c) CRR
Government or foreign securities, with an
(d) Net Demand and Time Liability
agreement to repurchase the said securities

En
on a mutually agreed future date at an
agreed price which includes interest for the
(e) None of the above
7. The term ‘Ways and Means’ advances refers

gin
to
funds borrowed? (a) the advances allowed under DRI
(a) Bank rate (b) LAP Scheme by commercial bank

eer
(c) Repo (d) Reverse repo (b) the advances allowed by commercial
(e) None of these banks under Twenty Point Economic
3. Which of the following fall under the Programme

in
qualitative methods of credit control
adopted by Reserve Bank of India?
(a) Selective Credit Control
(b) Credit Authorisation Scheme
(c) the temporary advances made to the

g.n
government by its bankers to bridge
the interval between expenditure and
the flow of recepts of revenues
(c) Moral Suasion
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
4. Bank rate means
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
8. Which of the followinget training
establishment is not run by Reserve Bank of
(a) the rate of interest charged by India?
commercial banks on advances (a) Bankers Training College, Bombay
(b) the rate at which commercial banks (b) College of Agricultural Banking, Pune
discount bills of exchange for their (c) NIBM
clients (d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
(c) the rate of interest allowed by banks on
9. In period of depression when the Reserve
the deposits
Bank desires to encourage the banking
(d) the standard rate at which the Reserve
system to create more credit it
Bank of India is prepared to buy or
(a) reduces the bank rate
rediscount bills of exchange other
(b) raises the bank rate
commercial paper eligible for purchase
(c) permits the bank rate to be decided by
under the Reserve Bank of India Act,
market forces
1934
(d) All of these
(e) None of the above
(e) None of these

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 57

10. For the performance of its duties as the 15. Which of the following are the instruments
regulator of credit, the Reserve Bank of of Credit Control in the hands of the RBI?
India possesses the usual instruments of I. Lowering or raising the discount and
general credit control, viz. interest rates.
(a) bank rate II. Raising the minimum support price of
(b) open market operation the major agro products.
(c) the power to vary the reserve III. Lowering or raising the minimum cash
requirement of banks reserves maintained by the commercial
(d) All of these banks.
(e) None of these Select the correct answer using the codes
11. The currency notes issued by RBI have a given below

ww cent percent cover in

(a) approved assets
(a) Only I
(c) Only III
(b) Only II
(d) Both I and III

w.E
(b) gold (e) Both II and III
(c) foreign exchange 16. RBI’s open market operation transactions
(d) trustee securities are carried out with a view to regulate.
(a) liquidity in the economy

asy
(e) None of these
12. Which of the following do not fall within (b) prices of essential commodities
the functions of the Reserve Bank of India? conflation

En
(a) Regulation of currency
(b) Control of credit
(c) borrowing power of the banks
(d) All of the above

gin
(c) Banker of the government, banker’s (e) None of the above
bank and lender of the last resort 17. What does the letter ‘L’ denote in the term
(d) Accepting deposits and making loans ‘LAF’ as referred every now and then in

(e) None of the above

eer
and advances to public relation to monetary policy of the RBI?
(a) Liquidity (b) Liability

in
13. Which of the following are the main (c) Leveraged (d) Longitudinal
functions of the Reserve Bank of India? (e) Linear
(a) Granding licences to commercial banks
for opening branches in rural areas g.n
18. Which of the following is not a measure
adopted by the Government or RBI to
control inflation?
(b) Accepting deposits from the public
(c) Regulating foreign exchange business
(d) Acting as note issuing authority,
bankers’ bank and banker to the
(a) Monetary policy
(b) Fiscal policy
(c) Public distribution system
(d) Price control
et
government
(e) None of the above (e) Financial inclusion
19. Whenever RBI does some Open Market
14. The Public Debt Office of the Reserve Bank
Operation transactions, actually it wishes
of India
to regulate which of the following?
(a) is a central depository for all types of
(a) Inflation only
Government securities except Treasury
(b) Liquidity in economy
Bills
(c) Borrowing powers of the banks
(b) attends to the function of note issue the (d) Flow of foreign direct investments
Reserve Bank of India (e) None of the above
(c) is responsible for maintaining external 20. Which of the following are decided by the
value of rupee Reserve Bank of India?
(d) controls balance of payment position of I. Deposit rates
the Government of India II. Base Rate
(e) None of the above III. Prime Lending Rate

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58 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

Select the correct answer using the codes 25. As we all know, banks in India are required
given below: to maintain a portion of their demand and
(a) Only I (b) Only II time liabilities with the Reserve Bank of
(c) Only III (d) II and III India. This portion is called
(e) None of these (a) statutory liquidity ratio
21. RBI has recently deregulated the rates of (b) cash reserve ratio
interest to be provided by various banks (c) bank deposit
to their depositors/customers with effect (d) reverse repo
from 25th October, on their accounts. (e) government securities
(a) Time deposit (b) Saving bank 26. Reserve Bank of India is the lender of the
(c) Loan (d) Fixed deposit last resort to scheduled commercial banks

ww
22.
(e) Current
Which of the following functions are not
being performed by the Reserve Bank of
because
(a) the parties can approach RBI when
their limits are exhausted
India?

w.E
(a) Regulation of banks in India
(b) Regulation of foreign direct investment
(b) they are not able to get loans from other
banks
(c) RBI meets directly or indirectly all

asy
in India their reasonable demands for financial
(c) Foreign currency management in India
accommodation subject to certain terms
(d) Control and supervision of money
and conditions which constitute its

23.
supply

En
(e) Currency management in India
Which of the following is not a function of
discount rate policy.
(d) All of these

gin
the Reserve Bank of India?
(a) Fiscal policy functions
(e) None of these
27. Banks without the prior approval of the
RBI, can not

eer
(b) Exchange control functions
(c) Insurance, exchange and destruction of
currency notes
(a) one a new place of business in India of
abroad

24.
in
(d) Monetary authority functions
(e) Supervisory and control function
The Reserve Bank of India has directed all
the banks to ensure that the names of their
(b) shift other wise that within the same
centers (city/town/village) of the

g.n
existing place of business
(c) shift their sole rural branch outside
customers, individuals or corporate, do not
appear in any list published by the Security
Council Committee. This act/directive of
the RBI is to ensure which of the following?
unbanded
(d) All of the above
et
the centre/village is not permitted, as
such shifting would render the centre

(a) To ensure that the bank loans/advances (e) None of the above
taken by the individuals/organisations 28. The interest rate at which the RBI lends
are used only in those activities for to commercial banks in the short term to
which they are taken maintain liquidity is known as
(b) To ensure that money deposited in the (a) interest rate
bank has not come from unknown and (b) repo rate
unauthorised sources (c) reverse repo rate
(c) To ensure that no one visits a foreign (d) bank rate
nation for any illegal activity by (e) None of the above
purchasing foreign currency from a 29. The bank rate is
bank (a) free to fluctuate according to the forces
(d) To ensure that Indians do not go to a of demand and supply
nation where they are being targeted (b) set by the RBI
for racial discrimination (c) set by the RBI is directed by the Union
(e) None of the above Ministry of Finance

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 59

(d) set by the RBI as adviced by the Indian 36. What is the animal of the insignia of the
Banks Association RBI?
(e) set by the Government of India on (a) Lion (b) Tiger
the recommendation of the Planning (c) Panther (d) Elephant
Commission (e) Horse
30. A customer wishes to purchase some US 37. Who regulates the money circulation in
dollars in India. He/she should go to India?
(a) Public Debt Division of the RBI only (a) State Bank of India
(b) Reserve Bank of India
(b) American Express Bank Only
(c) NABARD
(c) RBI or any branch of a Bank which is
(d) Commercial Banks
authorised for such business

ww
(e) SBI
(d) Ministry of Foreign Affairs 38. When was Reserve Bank of India
(e) None of the above established?
31. Consider the following (a) 1920 (b) 1925

w.E
I. Bank Rate Policy
II. Open Market Operations
III. Devaluation of Rupee
(c) 1935
(e) 1968
(d) 1948

39. When was Reserve Bank of India

measures?
(a) Only II asy
Which of the above are called fiscal
Nationalised?
(a) 1947 (b) 1948

En
(c) 1949 (d) 195
(b) Both I and II
(e) 1960
(c) Both I and III
40. Generally, the minimum rate below which

gin
(d) Only III
(e) None of these the banks do not lend is known as
32. The names of which of the following (a) floor rate (b) repo rate

eer
rates/ratios cannot be seen in financial (c) highest rate (d) base rate
newspapers? (e) All of the above
(a) Bank Rate 41. SEBI, a regulator of securities market in
(b) Repo Rate
in
(c) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
(d) Cash Reserve Ratio
(e) Pulse Rate
India was established in the year 1988, but
was empowered with statutory Powers in
the form of Act in the year
(a) 1990 (b) 1991g.n
33. Prior approval (as also a licence) of RBI is
required for opening
(a) personal banking branches
(b) merchant banking branches
(c) 1992
(e) None of these
42. CGTMSE stands for
(d) 1993

et
(a) Central Government Fund Trust for
(c) asset recovery branches Medium and Small Enterprises
(d) All of the above (b) Credit Guarantee Fund for Medium
(e) None of the above Size Enterprises
34. Who will act as the banker to the (c) Central Government Transfer Fund for
Government of India? Multispecialty Micro Enterprises
(a) State Bank of India (d) Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro
(b) Reserve Bank of India and Small Enterprises
(c) NABARD (e) None of the above
(d) Nationalised Banks 43. What is the full form of ‘CRR’ as used in
(e) Central Bank of India banking sector?
35. Where is the headquarter of Reserve Bank (a) Crucial Reserve Rate
of India? (b) Cash Reserve Ratio
(a) Mumbai (b) Delhi (c) Compulsory Return Rate
(c) Kolkata (d) Ahmedabad (d) Credit and Reserve Ratio
(e) Noida (e) None of the above

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60 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

44. Many Regional Rural Banks are given 51. Which of the following policies of the
licence to open branches in small cities and financial sectors is basically designed to
towns. These licences are given by transfer local financial assets into foreign
(a) Cabinet Committee on Economic financial assets, freely and at market
Affairs determined exchange rates? Policy of
(b) Reserve Bank of India (a) Capital Account Convertibility
(c) NABARD (b) Financial Deficit Management
(d) Indian Banks’ Association (c) Minimum Support Price
(e) None of the above (d) Restrictive Trade practices
45. Which of the following organization/ (e) None of the above
agencies is not associated with the world of 52. On 1st March, 1992, Reserve Bank of India

ww banking and finance?

(a) SEBI (b) AMFI
announced a new system of exchange rates
known as

w.E
(c) RBI (d) ECGC (a) partial convertibility
(e) SPCA (b) liberalised exchange rate system
46. As per the new guidelines issued by SEBI, (c) Either (a) or (b)

asy
companies are required to list shares within (d) Both (a) and (b)
how many days of the closure of the Initial (e) Neither (a) nor (b)
Public Offers (IPOs)? 53. The number of regional offices of RBI is
(a) 12 days
(c) 21 days
En (b) 15 days
(d) 30 days
(a) 20
(c) 22
(b) 21
(d) 23
(e) 25 days

gin
47. Which of the following key rate has not
been altered by RBI since 2003?
(e) None of these
54. The RBI has adopted ....... model, in which
mobile banking is promoted through
(a) Bank rate
eer
(b) Statutory liquidity ratio
business correspondents of banks.
(a) Bank Led (b) Bank Mobile
(c) Cash reserve ratio
(d) Repo rate
(e) All of the above
in
48. Commercial bills market is a part of
(d) Mobile
(e) None of these

banker’s bank?
(d) All of these

g.n
55. Which of the following is/are known as

(a) organised money market

(b) unorganised money market
(c) stock market
(d) capital market
(a) SBI
(c) RBI
(e) None of these
(b) NABARD

et
(d) All of these

56. Which of the following agencies/

(e) None of the above organisations has recently decided that
all the stock exchanges should introduce
49. Interest is usually paid on money market
physical settlement of equity derivatives?
instruments
(a) Reserve Bank of India
(a) at maturity (b) on request
(b) Bombay Stock Exchange
(c) twice a year (d) annually
(c) Registrar of Companies
(e) All of these
(d) Securities and Exchange Board of India
50. Government securities with terms of more
(e) All of the above
than 1 year are called
57. CRR refers to the share of ........ that banks
(a) government bonds
have to maintain with RBI of their net
(b) treasury bills
demand and time liabilities.
(c) bills of exchange
(a) soft cash (b) forex reserves
(d) capital bills
(c) gold (d) liquid cash
(e) None of the above
(e) None of these

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 61

58. In India, RBI prescribes the minimum SLR (c) Reverse Repo rate
level for scheduled commercial banks in (d) Base rate
India, in specified assets as a percentage of (e) Cash Reserve Ratio
bank’s 64. Which of the following is the Central Bank
(a) net demand and time liabilities of the country?
(b) demand liability (a) RBI (b) SBI
(c) time liability (c) RRB (d) NABARD
(d) All of the above (e) None of these
(e) None of the above 65. Bank rate as fixed by RBI, means
59. Section 14 of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (a) rate of interest charged by banks from
(a) prohibits a banking company from borrowers

ww creating a charge upon any unpaid

capital of the company
(b) contains a system of licensing of banks
(b) rate of interest on bank deposits
(c) rate of interest charged by RBI on its
loans to banks

w.E
by the RBI
(c) provides that the subscribed capital of
a banking company should not be less
66.
(d) rate of interest on inter-bank loans
(e) None of the above
The Reserve Bank of India keeps on

asy
changing various ratios/rates frequently.
than one-half of its authorised capital Why is this done?
(d) All of the above I. To keep inflation under control.
(e) None of the above

En
60. Objective of Monetary Policy of RBI is to
(a) control inflation
II. To ensure that Indian rupee does not
lose its market value.
III. To ensure that banks do not earn huge

gin
(b) discourage loading of commodities
(c) encourage flow of credit into neglected
profits at the cost of public money.
Select the correct answer using the codes

eer
sector given below:
(d) All of the above (a) Only I (b) Only II
(e) None of the above (c) Only III (d) All of these

correct?
in
61. Which of the following statements is/are

(a) SEBI was established in 1988

(b) It was made a fully autonomous body
67.
(e) None of these
Open market operations, one of the

g.n
measures taken by RBI in order to control
credit expansion in the economy, means
in 1992
(c) It regulates the securities market and
protect the interests of investors in
securities
securities
et
(a) sale or purchase of government

(b) issuance of different types of bonds

(c) auction of gold
(d) to make available direct finance to
(d) All of the above
borrowers
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
62. A company which pools money from 68. Which of the following statements about
investors and invests in stocks, bonds and the money market is/are true?
shares is called (a) Not all commercial banks deal for their
(a) a bank customers in the secondary market
(b) an insurance company (b) Money markets are used extensively by
(c) bank assurance businesses both to warehouse, surplus
(d) mutual fund funds and to raise short-term funds
(e) None of the above (c) The single most influential participant
63. Which of the following rates is not decided in the US money market is the US
by RBI? Treasury Department
(a) Bank rate (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Repo rate (e) All of the above

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62 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

69. Under which section of the Reserve Bank (c) The Fiscal Policy of India is approved
of India Act, the Reserve Bank has the sole by RBI
right of note issue? (d) RBI has Deputy Chairman Planning
(a) Section 20 (b) Section 22 Commission on its board
(c) Section 25 (d) Section 28 (e) None of these
(e) Section 30 75. The RBI is not expected to perform the
70. From the given options, bring out the one function of
which is not a function/power of Reserve (a) the banker to the government
Bank of India? (b) accepting deposit from commercial
(a) To assume the responsibility meeting banks

ww directly or indirectly all reasonable (c) accepting deposit from commercial

demands for accommodation public
(b) To hold cash reserves of the commercial (d) issue of currency

w.E
banks and make available financial
accommodation to them
(c) To enjoy monopoly of the note issue
76.
(e) None of these
RBI stipulates a healthy mix of CASA in
the business figures of banks. What does it

asy
(d) To assume responsibility of all banking
operations of the government
(e) The assume the responsibility of
denote?
(a) Customer Analysis and Savings Pattern
(b) Cost Appreciation and Selling Analysis

En
statistical analysis of data related to
macro economy of India
(c) Current Account and Savings Account
(d) Credit and Savings Aggregate

gin
71. Which of following institutions regulate
non-banking financial companies? 77.
(e) None of the above
Which of the following is/are functions of

eer
(a) RBI the RBI?
(b) SEBI I. Acts as the currency authority.
(c) IRDA II. Controls money supply and credit.
(d) Finance Ministry
(e) None of these in
72. All venture Capital Funds must be
registered with
III. Manages foreign exchange.

g.n
IV. Serves as a banker to the government.
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
(a) RBI
(b) SEBI
(c) Registrar of Companies
(d) Either (a) or (b) 78.
(a) I and II
et
(b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) All of these
(e) None of these
Quantitative instrument of RBI can be
(e) None of these (a) Bank Rate Policy (BRP)
73. The Monetary and Credit Policy of India is (b) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
the responsibility of which of the following? (c) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
(a) Planning Commission (d) All of these
(b) Finance Ministry (e) None of these
(c) RBI 79. Which of the following acts govern the RBI
(d) National Advisory Council functions?
(e) None of these (a) RBI Act, 1934
74. Which of the following statements is (b) Banking Regulation Act, 1949
correct?
(c) Companies Act, 1956
(a) RBI is just like any ordinary commercial
(d) Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973
bank
(e) Foreign Exchange Management Act,
(b) RBI is responsible for the overall
1999
Monetary Policy

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 63

80. The bank rate means 87. At which rate the RBI lends short-term
(a) rate of interest charged by commercial money to the bank?
banks from borrowers (a) PLR
(b) rate of interest at which commercial (b) CRR
banks discounted bills of their (c) Repo rate
borrowers (d) Reverse repo rate
(c) rate of interest allowed by commercial (e) None of these
banks on their deposits 88. When RBI acts as a baker to the government,
(d) rate at which RBI purchases or what does it do?
rediscounts bills of exchange of (a) RBI keeps bank accounts of the
government

ww
commercial banks
(e) None of the above (b) RBI carries out government transactions
81. Banks borrow money from the RBI on (c) RBI advises the government on all
financial and monetary matters

w.E
which of the following rates?
(a) Reverse repo rate
(b) Repo rate
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above

asy
(c) SLR 89. A bank which acts as a banker of other
(d) CRR banks is called
(e) Savings rate (a) saving bank

En
82. The first Governor of the Reserve Bank of
India from 1st April, 1935 to 30th June, 1937
(b) commercial bank
(c) investment bank
was
gin
(a) Sir Osborne Smith
(d) development bank
(e) central bank
90. The Reserve Bank of India was set-up on

eer
(b) Sir James Taylor
the recommendations of the
(c) CD Deshmukh
(a) Narasimham Committee
(d) Sir Benegal Rama Rao
(e) KG Ambegaonkar
in
83. Headquarters of Reserve Bank of India is in
(a) New Delhi (b) Mumbai
(b) Hilton-Young Commission
(c) Mahalanobis Committee
(d) Fazal Ali Commission
(e) None of the above g.n
et
(c) Kolkata (d) Chennai
91. IRDA with its headquarters at ............. is
(e) Hyderabad
the Regulatory Authority for all insurance
84. SEBI was established in companies in India including the Life
(a) 1993 (b) 1992 Insurance Corporation of India.
(c) 1988 (d) 1990 (a) Hyderabad (b) Bengaluru
(e) 1994 (c) Mumbai (d) Delhi
85. In 1991, the SLR was as high as (e) Chandigarh
(a) 25% (b) 30% 92. Which of the following is/are key policy
(c) 38.5% (d) 39.5% rates used by RBI to influence interest rates?
(e) 40% I. Bank rate and repo rate
86. Shares of companies notified by SEBI can be II. Reverse repo rate
traded only when these are in ....... form III. CRR and SLR
(a) physical Select the correct answer using the codes
(b) dematerialised given below
(c) Either (a) and (b) (a) Only I (b) Only II
(d) centralised (c) Only III (d) All of these
(e) None of these (e) None of these

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64 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

93. Which of the following rates signals the (c) balancing liquidity with a view to
RBI’s long-term outlook on interest rates? enhance economic growth rate
(a) Repo rate (d) improving the position of availability
(b) Reverse repo rate of the securities in the market
(c) Bank rate (e) All of the above
(d) SLR 99. An agreement, which in fact is a contract,
(e) CRR between the RBI and banks for the sale and
94. Proposals for setting up of new banks repurchase of government securities and
short-term treasury bills at a future date
are under active consideration. Which
and for which the RBI indicates ‘the interest
organisation gives the permission?
rate’, is generally known as

ww (a) RBI
(b) Indian Banks Association
(c) Finance Ministry
(a) repo rate
(b) bank rate
(c) reverse repo rate

w.E
(d) Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs
(e) None of the above
(d) prime lending rate
(e) none of these
100. RBI generally reviews the Monetary Policy

asy
95. As we all know, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
is the percentage of the deposits keep in
reserve with them. This ratio is also known
after every
(a) 3 months
(c) 9 months
(b) 6 months
(d) 10 months
as
(a) Repo rate En (e) None of the above
101. Which of the following rates is decided by

(c) SLR gin

(b) Reverse repo rate the market conditions and not by RBI?
(a) Bank rate
(c) CRR
(b) SLR
(d) Inflation rate
(d) Liquidity ratio
(e) None of the above
eer
96. At which of the following rates does
(e) None of these
102. An average citizen cannot open a Savings

government securities?
(a) Repo Rate
in
the Central Bank lend to banks against
account in which of the following?
(a) Commercial bank
(b) Post office
(c) Co-operative bank g.n
et
(b) Reverse Repo Rate (d) RBI
(c) Bank Rate (e) None of the above
(d) SLR 103. As per the existing policy, the Cash Reserve
(e) CRR Ratio (CRR) of scheduled banks is fixed at a
97. The Interest rate at which the RBI lends certain percentage of their NDTL. What is
to commercial banks in the short-term to full form of NDTL?
maintain liquidity is known as (a) New Demand and Tenure Liabilities
(a) interest rate (b) Net Demand and Time Liabilities
(b) repo rate (c) National Deposits and Total Liquidity
(c) reverse repo rate (d) Net Duration and Total Liquidity
(d) bank rate (e) New Deposits and Term Liquidity
(e) All of the above 104. As per the new guidelines issued by SEBI,
98. Reverse repo means companies are required to list shares within
(a) injecting liquidity by the Central Bank how many days of the closure of the Initial
of a country through purchase of Public Offers (IPOs)?
government securities (a) 60 days (b) 12 days
(b) absorption of liquidity from the market (c) 30 days (d) 45 days
by sale of government securities (e) None of these

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 65

105. On which one of the following issues can fund industry to stop ‘Misselling’ their
SEBI penalise any company in India? schemes to investors. What is ‘Misselling’
I. Violation of Banking Regulation Act. of products?
II. Violation of foreign portfolio I. Misselling takes place when mutual
investment guidelines. funds are sold without telling the likely
III. For violation of Negotiable Instrument returns.
Act. II. When agents sell the products without
Select the correct answer using the codes telling investors what are the risks
given below: involved in investing in mutual funds.
(a) Only I (b) I, II, and III III. When agents invest somebody’s
(c) I and II (d) II and III money in mutual funds without their

ww (e) All of these

106. Assume that Reserve Bank of India reduces
knowledge, it is called misselling.
Select the correct answer using the codes

w.E
the bank rate by 1%, what will be its impact? given below:
(a) Less liquidity in the market (a) Only I (b) Only II
(b) More liquidity in the market (c) Only III (d) All of these

asy
(c) No change in the liquidity in the market (e) None of these
(d) Mobilisation of more deposits by 111. A customer wishes to purchase some US
commercial banks dollars in India. He/She should go to

En
(e) None of the above
107. Which of the following agencies/
(a) Public Debt Division of the RBI
(b) American Express Bank

changes for ULIPs?

(a) IRDA gin
organisations has decided to make major

(b) RBI
(c) RBI or any branch of a bank which is
authorised for such business
(d) Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(c) AMFI
(e) None of these eer
(d) FRBI (e) None of the above
112. In January, 1998, the Reserve Bank of India

of our Monetary Policy?

in
108. Which of the following is/are objective(s)

I. To anchor inflation expectations.

II. To actively manage liquidity.
introduced new regulatory framework for
safeguarding the interest of depositors. The
guidelines comprises
g.n
(a) NBFCs falling short of the stipulated
II. To maintain interest rate regime
consistent with price output and
financial stability.
Select the correct answer using the codes
deposits et
minimum Net Owned Funds (NOF)
were precluded from accepting public

(b) An NBFC not having minimum credit

given below rating as prescribed by RBI is not
(a) Only I (b) Only II eligible to accept fresh deposits
(c) I and III (c) Ceiling on the quantum public deposits
(d) All of the above was related to the level of credit rating
(e) None of the above given by the approved credit rating
[Link] Reserve Bank of India had diverted its agencies
stake in State Bank of India to (d) All of the above
(a) IDBI Bank (b) LIC (e) None of the above
(c) ICICI Bank [Link] prescribes the cash reserve ration to be
(d) Government of India maintained by banks as part of prudential
(e) None of these norms. In what way is this cash reserve
[Link] per the reports in the leading maintained by the banks?
newspapers. Securities and Exchange (a) It is kept as reserves of gold with RBI
Board of India (SEBI) has asked the mutual (b) It is maintained as cash with RBI

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66 Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions

(c) Each bank keeps the reserve in their 119. Which one of the following tools is used by
respective head offices RBI for selective credit control ?
(d) It is maintained as investments in (a) It advises banks to lend against certain
government bonds commodities
(e) None of these (b) It advises banks to recall the loans for
114. RBI has reduce by one percentage point the advances against certain commodities
Statutory Liquidity Ratio required to be (c) It advises banks to charge higher rate
maintained by banks to 23%. In what form of interest for advance against certain
is this stipulation reacquired to be fulfilled? commodities.
(a) Banks are required to keep the amount (d) It discourages certain kinds of lending
by assigning higher risk weights to

ww
in approved government securities of
loans it deems undesirable.
the appropriate value
(e) None of the above
(b) The amount to be maintained in cash
120. Under provisions of which one of the

w.E
and securities with RBI
following Acts has the Reserve Bank of
(c) The required amount is to be maintained
India has the power to regulate, supervise
in gold with RBI
and control the banking sector?
(d) All of the above

asy
(e) None of the above
[Link] chief economic advisor to the
(a) RBI Act
(b) Banking Regulation Act
(c) Negotiable Instruments Act

En
Government of India has recently changed.
Who is the present incumbent?
(a) Raghurm Rajan
(d) RBI and Banking Regulation Act
(e) None of the above
(b) Bimal Jalan
(c) Rakesh Mohan gin 121. As we all know, the Bank Rate at present is
fixed at 6%. What does it mean in context to
the banking operations ?
(d) Kaushik Basu
(e) Y.V. Reddy
eer
116. The financial year for banks is April-March,
(a) No bank will be able to give loan to any
patron at a rate lower than the Bank

(a) January - December

(b) April - March
(c) July - June
in
but what is the financial year for RBI?
Rate.
(b) Bank should give loan to their priority

g.n
sector customers/borrowers at the rate
of 6% only. They cannot charge less or
(d) October - September
(e) June-May
117. Which of the following rates/ratios is not
covered under the RBI monetary and credit
clients.
et
more than this from their priority sector

(c) Banks are required to invest 6% of their

total capital on financial inclusion and
inclusive banking operations.
policy ?
(d) Banks will be required to give 6% of
(a) Bank rate
their total deposits to the Govt. of
(b) Exchange rate of foreign currencies
India for meeting its Balance of Trade
(c) Repo rate
requirements.
(d) Reverse repo rate
(e) None of the above
(e) Cash reserve ratio
122. As we all know, the RBI has raised the Cash
118. Under provisions of which one of the
Reserve Ratio (CRR) by 25 bps, in April
following Acts does the RBI issue directives
2010. What action will banks have to take to
to the Banks in India ?
implement the same ?
(a) RBI Act
(1) They will have to deposit some more
(b) Banking Regulation Act
money with the RBI as reserve money.
(c) Essential Commodities Act
(2) Banks will be required to give some
(d) RBI and Banking Regulation Act
more loan to projects of the priority
(e) None of the above
sector.

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Reserve Bank of India—Structure and Functions 67

(3) Banks will be required to give a loan (2) To ensure that Indian Rupee does not
equivalent to the CRR to the Govt. of lose its market value.
India for its day to day expenditure as (3) To ensure that Banks do not earn huge
and when required. profits at the cost of public money.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Only 3 (d) Only 1 and 2 (c) Only 3 (d) All 1, 2 & 3
(e) All 1, 2 and 3 (e) None of these
123. The rate on which banks borrow from the 126. The central banking functions in India are
RBI is called ....... performed by the
(a) SLR (b) CRR 1. Central Bank of India
(c) Interest Rate (d) Bank Rate 2. Reserve Bank of India

ww (e) Repo Rate

124. Which of the following is the full form of
the term SLR as used in the banking sector?
3. State Bank of India
4. Punjab National Bank
(a) 1, 2 and 3

w.E
(a) Social Lending Ratio
(b) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
(c) Scheduled Liquidity Rate
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 2 and 4

asy
(d) Separate Lending Rate
(e) None of these
125. The Reserve Bank of India keeps on
(e) None of these
127. If the cash reserve ratio is lowered by the
RBI, its impact on credit creation will be to

En
changing various ratio/rates frequently.
Why is this done?
(a) increase it (b) decrease it
(c) no impact (d) constant

gin
(1) To keep inflation under control. (e) None of these

1. (a) 2. (c) eer

3. (d) 4.
ANSWER KEY
(d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c)
9.
17.
25.
(a)
(a)
(b)
10.
18.
26.
(d)
(e)
(c)
11.
19.
27.
in (a)
(b)
(d
12.
20.
28.
(d)
(a)
(b)
13.
21.
29.
(d)
(b)
(b)
14.
22.
30.
(a)
(b)
(c)
15.
23.
31.
(d)
(a)
(d)
16.

g.n
24.
32.
(e)
(c)
(e)
33.
41.
(d)
(c)
34.
42.
(b)
(d)
35.
43.
(a)
(b)
36.
44.
(b)
(b)
37.
45.
(b)
(e)
38.
46.
(c)
(a)
39.
47.
(c)
(a)
40.
48.
et (d
(a)
49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (d)
57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (a)
65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (d) 69. (b) 70. (a) 71. (a) 72. (b)
73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (d)
89. (e) 90. (b) 91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (e)
97. (e) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (a) 101. (d) 102. (d) 103. (b) 104. (b)
105. (e) 106. (b) 107. (a) 108. (b) 109. (d) 110. (d) 111. (c) 112. (d)
113. (b) 114. (a) 115. (a) 116. (c) 117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (b)
121. (a) 122. (a) 123. (d) 124. (b) 125. (d) 126. (b) 127. (a)

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CHAPTER

4 Money Supply

MONEY – ITS QUALITY AND FUNCTIONS

ww
What is money?
Money is something that passes freely from one person to another and could be used to settle
debt.

w.E
In the old age banking, many types of metals were used as money to settle debts. Such
metals were like gold, silver, cowrie shells, etc.

asy
Development of modern money though in stages started because barter system of settlement
of debt made fixing of pricing of a product difficult.
The problem of fixing prices of products led to the development of modern money that

En
enables a man to receive payment for the goods or services provided, and to purchase, at a time
he chooses, the goods and services he requires.

Quality of Money gin

eer
First important aspect of money is to know its quality aspects.
Money must possess certain qualities to qualify to be used as acceptable (acceptability factor)

in
mode of debt settlement. Acceptability thus becomes prime factor. To be acceptable, experts
have suggested several qualities of money, of which important are:

g.n
(a) Portability: Commodity used as money should be easy to carry, since transactions
taking place at different places could be settled there and then.
(b) Durability: Money used should be durable in use. The commodity used as money
should withstand frequent handlings. It should also not wear out quickly or
deteriorate in quality with passage of time.
et
(c) Divisibility: Money used must be capable of being divided into convenient number of
smaller units. This will help in carrying out business transactions of smaller values.
(d) Homogeneity: Each unit should be exactly the same as every other unit.

FUNCTIONS OF MONEY
Second part of knowledge of money is to know what are its functions. These functions are as
follows:
1. It contains a value
2. It is a unit of account.
3. It is used as a medium of exchange.
4. It functions as a standard of deferred payment.
Present day money we use consists of coins, banknotes, etc.

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Money Supply 69
Quasi Money: There is another form of money defined in developed economies called as
“quasi money” or “near money”. Bank deposits, transferable by cheque or other instruments
of transfer are generally acceptable as a means of payment.

MONEY SUPPLY MEASURES

The RBI controls the money supply in the economy by various means.
Various measures of money supply are:
M 1= It purely reflects the non-interest bearing monetary liabilities of the banking sector.
It contains money with public + demand deposits with banking system + ‘other’
deposits with RBI.

ww M 2= It includes, besides currency and current deposits, savings and short term deposits
reflecting the transactions balances of entities. In other words it is measured as M 1

w.E
+ Time liabilities portion of savings deposits with the banking system + certificate
of deposits issued by banks + term deposit of residents with a contractual maturity
of up to 1 year with banking system.

asy
M 3= It includes M 2 + term deposits of residents with a contractual maturity of over
1 year with banking system + call borrowings from non-depository financial
corporations by the banking system. In other words it is measured as M 2 + net

En
time deposits of banks.
M 4= M 4 money supply is measured as M 3 + total deposits with Post Office savings

gin
bank (excluding NSC) but including various other deposits with PO like time
deposits, recurring deposits and CTD of PO.

eer
OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS ON MONEY SUPPLY
•

•
in
‘High powered money’ as used by RBI means money produced by RBI and Government
of India and held by public and banks.

g.n
Ingredients of high powered money include post office deposits + public sector bank
deposits + deposit held by RBI including cash reserves of banks partly held in the form

• Difference between high-powered money and ordinary money supply is that ordinary et
of currency as ‘cash in hand’ and partly as deposit with RBI and other deposits of RBI.

money supply includes demand deposits with banks plus currency with public plus other
deposits with RBI whereas high powered money includes currency with public besides
cash reserves of banks and other deposits of RBI.
• Reserve Bank of India takes certain extreme steps of termination of license of existing
or new banks or recommends moratorium on bank or file winding up petition in Court
when it considers bank is doing business not in the interest of its clients or considers that
bank functioning and affairs are beyond redemption.
• Narrow Money concept used by RBI means those assets which represent immediate
purchasing power and act as a ‘medium of exchange’ function of money.
• Blocked Currency means when one money currency of a country is not permitted to be
exchanged with another country’s money currency, then it is called blocked currency.
• Rationale behind defining money as ‘money held by the public’ is to separate the producers
of money from those who demand it.
• RBI measures money supply in order of descending order of liquidity.

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70 Money Supply

CURRENCY CHEST AND MINTS/PRESSES

• Reserve Bank of India has the sole responsibility to manage the currency in India with
power it derives from the RBI Act, 1934.
• Currency Chest is the storehouse for storing money (notes and coins) not in use or surplus
with commercial banks.
• Currency Chest along with the money held therein remains the property of RBI. At present
there are nearly 18 centers identified by RBI to run currency operations. Such operations
are done through dedicated / designated branches of the commercial banks.
• The money stored in the currency chest is the property of the Reserve Bank of India and

ww•
is held by the bank on its behalf.
When a commercial bank deposits the money in the currency chest, such money becomes
the credit in the bank’s account with RBI and vice versa.
•

•
w.E
The currency chest facilities maintained by commercial banks are made available to all
banks, government and general public.

asy
When the money is moved from one currency chest to another, the cost of transportation
is normally borne by the RBI along with the charges of police escort.
• Issuable notes, soiled notes, new notes, mutilated notes or other damaged notes (torn

En
notes) are all called notes.

• gin
COINAGE- DENOMINATION AND MINTING
Owner of the Small coins is the Government of India and has the sole right under the

• eer
Coinage Act of 1906 as amended from time to time.
Government of India also exercises right to design coins of various denominations. The

•
in
denominations that are designed and minted by Government are Rupee five, two, one,
paisa 50, paisa 25 and paisa 10 coins.

g.n
At present coins are minted at four major centers of the country, viz. Mumbai, Alipore
(Kolkata), Saifabad and Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP),
•
et
Coins are distributed by RBI through its issue offices. These issue offices are at Chandigarh,
Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jammu, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Nagpur,
New Delhi, Patna and Thiruvanantheapuram.

Decimals coinare system

Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal
denominations to a decimal system, i.e. a system based on one basic unit of currency and one
or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most
commonly 100.
In India, Pakistan, and other places where a system of 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192
pies was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 new paisa = 1⁄100 rupee. The following table
shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan.
Bold denotes the actual denomination written on the coins.

BENEFITS OF CURRENCY CHEST

• Beneficiaries of the currency chest are banks, government and public.

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Money Supply 71
• Currency chest helps to withdraw surplus cash from the banks’ branches that pass on
the credit to the depositing bank.
• Un-issuable notes can be removed from the market.
• Mutilated notes can be exchanged with fresh notes.
• Shortfall in cash receipts and payments on any day can be quickly withdrawn from the
currency chest.

PRINTING OF MONEY (NOTES)

• Notes are printed by Reserve bank of India whereas coins are minted by Government

ww•
of India.
The basis of printing notes by RBI is/are:
ƒ Additional need of money

w.E
ƒ Need for reserves required under law.
ƒ Need for replacing the old, mutilated, torn etc. notes in the market.

• asy
ƒ Based on the futuristic needs (forecasting needs)
Coins and Rupee one note is signed by the Secretary (Finance), Government of India

En
whereas all other denominations of notes like rupee 5,10,20,50,100,500 and 1000 are signed
by the Governor of Reserve Bank of India.
•
gin
RBI has directed Banks not to staple any currency notes instead the bundle (s) should be
tied or secured by paper band or rubber band.
•

• eer
While maintaining cash, branches use “clip system”. Clip system is the mode of verification
of cash.

in
For printing of the Indian currency specially produced paper from 100 per cent cotton.
Cotton is used because it gives natural whiteness, provides lengthy fibers that provide

•
strength, currency notes are crisp and cotton can withstand many folding.
g.n
Normal strength of cotton used in paper currency is around 6000 to 7000 folds whereas

•
international standard / parameter is around 6000 folds.
Security thread in paper currency is:
ƒ Metallic or plastic thread that can’t be photocopied,
et
ƒ Thread is woven inside the note, and
ƒ Thirdly thread gives a blue look under the ultra violet lamp (UV lamp)
• All currency distributed in the economy is a liability.
• Normally mutilated note means the one which has a missing piece and /or note composed
of pieces.
• Notes issued by the Controller of currency before 1935 (before the establishment of RBI)
are called currency notes.
• Bank Note is a promissory note payable to the bearer and issued by RBI on demand
• The form of approved assets that RBI ensures before currency notes are issued include
Government Rupee and foreign security of any maturity, bullion and gold coins and
rupee coin and eligible promissory notes and bills of exchange that are payable in India
and purchasable by RBI.

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72 Money Supply

Cash factory in Lucknow

India's largest lender State Bank of India (SBI) launched its first Currency Administration Branch
(CAB), an exclusive branch to handle currency notes in Lucknow. Also known as cash factory,
CAB is part of the bank's plan to open one currency chest in every city that will distribute notes
and rupee coins to the local banks and ATMs, apart from identifying counterfeit currencies.
The cash factory will be the nodal point for issuing currency notes to all local SBI branches
as well as ATMs. About half a dozen sophisticated note sorting machines will sort out currency
notes in four varieties in the branch office.

ISSUING OF NOTES

ww• Reserve Bank of India issues notes based on certain methods. In first method called
Deposit System, RBI issues paper money which is backed fully by gold or silver reserves.
•

•
w.E
Sometimes fixed amount of money is permitted to be issued against securities, without
necessary gold or silver reserves. This method is called Fixed Fiduciary method.
In another method called Maximum Limit System or Maximum Fiduciary System, limit

• asy
of issue of paper notes is fixed.
In yet another method called Minimum Reserve System, minimum reserve in the form
of gold and silver is fixed. This is the method which is beig presently used in India to

•
issue note.
En
gin
The currency coins of Rupee 1 that is issued by the Central Government through the Public
Debt Office of RBI, is made of metal like bronze whereas paisa 25 and 50 are normally
manufactured with nickel. However the new coins of 2, 5 and 10 naya paisa are made of

• eer
an alloy made of copper and nickel.
Rupees 500 note was reintroduced in Indian economy in 1987 after withdrawing it for

•
in
some period whereas Rupees 1000 note was reintroduced in the year 2000.

g.n
India has declared its par value of rupee in terms of ‘gold’ under Bretton Woods System
and as a member of IMF.
India delinked its rupee from pound sterling and linked it with ‘basket of currencies’.

•
liberalized exchange rate system. et
With the advent of reforms, RBI in 1992announced a system of partial convertibility and

For holding reserves for issuing of notes, RBI is required to hold minimum Rupees 200
crore of which not less than rupees 115 crore shall be gold.
• RBI as on date issues note in the denominations of rupees 2,5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000.

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Money Supply 73

PAST EXERCISE
1. Which of the following banks has opened 4. Who decides on the value and volume of
the country's first "Cash Factory" in bank notes to be printed and on what basis?
Lucknow which will issue currency notes (SBI 2011)
to all its branches and ATM in the area? (a) Finance Ministry
(Andhara Bank 2009) (b) Planning Commission
(a) Bank of India (c) RBI

ww (b) Bank of Baroda

(c) State Bank of India
(d) Union Bank of India
(d) Stock exchange
(e) None of these
5. What is the maximum denomination for

w.E
(e) None of these
2. Coins which were minted in with the ‘Hand
which coins can be produced in India?
(IBPS 2011)

asy
Picture’ are available since (a) ` 1000
(IOB 2010) (b) ` 10
(a) independence (c) ` 100
(b) 1965
(d) 2005 En
(c) 2000
(e) 2010
(d) ` 50
(e) ` 5

gin
3. The Reserve Bank of India began production
of notes in 1938, issuing ` 25101000 notes. `
6. When did RBI demonetise 25 paise coins in
the country?

2012)
eer
1000 note was re-introduced again in (IBPS
(a) 2010
(Vijaya Bank 2008)

in
(a) 1987 (b) 2000 (b) 2008
(c) 2003 (d) 2006 (c) 2011
(e) 2010 (d) 2009
(e) 2005 g.n
ANSWER KEY et
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c)

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74 Money Supply

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Rupee coins are the legal tender in India (b) proportional reserve system
under the provisions of (c) maximum fiduciary issue system
(a) Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (d) simple deposit system
(b) Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (e) None of the above
(c) Banking Regulation Act, 1949 8. One rupee notes bear the signature of
(d) Indian Coinage Act, 1906 (a) Governor of Reserve Bank of India
(e) None of the above (b) Prime Minister of India

ww
2. In India, the system of decimal coinage was
introduced on
(a) 15th August, 1947
(c) President of India
(d) Secretary, Ministry
(Government of India)
of Finance

w.E
(b) 26th January, 1950
(c) 1st April, 1957
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
9.
(e) None of the above
The note-issue system in India is based on
(a) Gold Deposit System

asy
(b) Minimum Reserve System
3. Which of the following is the sale authority (c) Proportional Reserve System
for issue of currency in India? (d) Simple Deposit System

En
(a) Government of India
(b) Reserve Bank of India 10.
(e) None of the above
The Indian rupee is a

gin
(c) Controller of Currency (a) taken coin
(d) All of the above (b) standard-token coin
(e) None of the above (c) standard coin

eer
4. In terms of Section 24 of the Reserve Bank
of India Act, 1934, the Reserve Bank of India
may issue bank notes for the maximum 11.
(d) gold coin
(e) None of the above
The currency notes are issued by the
denomination of
(a) ` 500
(c) ` 10000
(e) None of these
in
(b) ` 5000
(d) ` 1000
Reserve Bank of India under the signature
of
(a) Executive Director
(b) Deputy Governor g.n
5. The minting of rupee coin is governed by
(a) Coinage Act, 1906
(b) Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
(c) Banking Regulation Act, 1949 12.
(c) Governor
(d) Secretary
(e) None of the above
et
The approved assets against which currency
(d) Currency Act, 1902 notes are issued by RBI comprise of
(e) None of the above (a) gold coin and billion and rupee coin
6. One rupee notes and coins are issued by (b) foreign securities and Government of
(a) Reserve Bank of India India rupee securities of any maturity
(b) State Bank of India on behalf of (c) bills of exchange and promissory notes
Government of India payable in India which are eligible for
(c) Government of India purchase by RBI
(d) Finance Minister of Central Government (d) All of the above
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
7. The monetary authority in India,viz 13. Who is the final authority for deciding the
Reserve Bank of India, is bound to maintain design, form and material of bank notes?
a reserve against the notes issued, whatever (a) Central Government
may be the amount. This system is called is (b) Reserve Bank of India
(a) minimum reserve system (c) Indian Banks Association

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Money Supply 75
(d) Note Issuing Authority of India (a) US dollar
(e) None of the above (b) gold
14. Whenever somebody needs foreign (c) basket of currencies
currency against Indian Rupee, banks give (d) All of these
equivalent amount of desired currency (e) None of these
based on prevalent? 20. The Reserve Bank of India began production
(a) Bank rate (b) Currency rate of notes in 1938, issuing ` 2,51,01,000 notes. `
(c) Policy rate (d) Exchange rate 500 note was re-introduced again in
(e) Base rate (a) 1987 (b) 2000
15. Which one of the following is the major (c) 2003 (d) 2006
component of the money supply in the (e) 2010

ww Indian Economy?
(a) Currency component
(b) Deposit component
21. Who decides on the quantity of coins to be
minted?
(a) The Government of India

w.E
(c) Treasury bill with public
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) Both (b) and (c)
(b) RBI
(c) SBI
(d) All of the above
16.

asy
The first decimal issues of coins in 1950 in
India consisted of
(a) 1, 2 and 5 paise
22.
(e) None of the above
Under Bretton Woods System, as a member
of IMF, India declared its par value of rupee

En
(b) 1, 2, 5 and 10 paise
(c) 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 paise
in terms of
(a) British pound

17. gin
(d) 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 paise
(e) 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 paise along with ` 1
In India, Fixed Fiduciary System of note
(b) US dollar
(c) a basket of currency

eer
(d) gold
issue was in force from (e) None of the above
(a) 1816 to 1920 (b) 1920 to 1945 23. The merit of issuing notes with RBI can be

18.
(e) 1965 to 1972
in
(c) 1945 to 1950 (d) 1947 to 1952

Which one of the following methods is

currently used in India to issue note?
seen is
(a) uniformity
(b) stability in currency
(c) control of credit g.n
(a) Fixed Fiduciary System
(b) Maximum Fiduciary System
(c) Proportional Reserve System
(d) Percentage Reserve System
24.
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
et
The association of the rupee with pound
sterling as the intervention currency was
(e) Minimum Reserve System broken in
19. On 25th September, 1975, rupee was (a) 1990 (b) 1991
delinked from pound sterling and was (c) 1992 (d) 1993
linked to (e) None of these

ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (e) 17. (a) 18. (e) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (c)

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CHAPTER
Banking and
5 Commercial Laws

BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949 - IMPORTANT PROVISIONS

ww
• The Banking Regulation Act of 1949 came into operations with effect from March, 16.
1949. The purpose of this Act was to supplement the Companies Act and help consolidate
the prevailing laws at that time relating to banking companies.
•

•
w.E
Banking Regulation Act defines bank, banking and banking business as per section 5 of
the ACT.
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 says “banking company” means any company which

• asy
transacts the business of banking.
“Banking” means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits

En
of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawable by
cheque, draft, order or otherwise.
•
gin
In simple words, Banking can be defined as the business activity of accepting and
safeguarding money owned by other individuals and entities, and then lending out this
money in order to earn a profit.
•
eer
With the passage of time, the activities covered by banking business have widened and
now various other services are also offered by banks.
•
in
The banking services these days include issuance of debit and credit cards, providing

g.n
safe custody of valuable items, lockers, ATM services and online transfer of funds across
the country / world.
•

•
et
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is not applicable to Primary Agricultural Credit Societies.
However, Banking Regulation Act does apply to cooperative banks as per section 65
(AACS).
Mode of nomination to be taken in case of deposits have been described in section 45 ZA
of the Banking Regulation Act.
• Banking Companies in India are supposed to transfer at least 20 per cent funds to reserve
fund category every year. (Section 17, Banking Regulation Act, 1949).
• Reserve Bank of India is empowered through Section 21 of the Banking Regulation Act,
1949 to keep control over advances of banking companies.
• Any banking company in India cannot create floating charge on the undertaking or any
property of the company. (section 14 A).
• Section 7 of the banking Regulation Act, 1949 provides that every company carrying
the business of banking must use one word of the following: bank, banker, banking or
banking company.
• Section 6 provides list of businesses that banking company can undertake which have
been increased from time to time.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 77

• Businesses that banking companies in India are prohibited to undertake are given in
section 8 of the Act.
• Banking Companies can open its subsidiaries as section 19(1) of the Act. Main purposes
for which banking company can open subsidiary are:
ƒ Undertaking administration estates as executors, trustees etc.
ƒ Undertaking and executing trusts.
ƒ Providing safe deposit vaults services
ƒ Carrying banking business outside India.
ƒ Any other business that Government may permit from time to time.

ww•
•
Section 30(1) requires banks to be audited every year.
Banking Regulation Act as amended in 1968, inserted under Section 10, some new sub-

•
w.E
sections like A, B, C and D regarding management of banking companies.
Section 10A provides that of all the Board of Directors at least 51 per cent must possess
special qualities/experiences etc. like:

asy
ƒ Accountancy, economics, agriculture, law, banking, cooperation, etc.
ƒ Do not have substantial interest in companies which carry business with banking

En
company in which he is Board of Director.
ƒ Appointment of a person as Director who is already a Director of other banking

gin
company is prohibited.

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT (NIA), 1881: SALIENT FEATURES

•
eer
Commercial banking in India is governed by the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
•

in
The enactment of this Act was not only to define and amend the then laws relating to
promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques but also to provide a legal framework

g.n
for payment and collection of cheques and other negotiable instruments besides fixing
duties and responsibilities of paying and collecting bankers and their protection thereof.
•

•
negotiable instruments and their implications.
et
Negotiable Instruments Act also defines and describes the crossing and endorsement of

With the amendments made in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, new chapter and
sections added in it from sections 138 to 142, describes the forging and dishonouring of
cheques and their implications. This section was added in the Negotiable Instruments Act,
1881 by way of amendment through Banking, Public Financial Institution and Negotiable
Instrument Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988 (Act 66 of 1988).
• Initial three chapters define the terms used in trade and commerce the meaning of various
negotiable instruments and other aspects of banking operations like drawer, drawee,
holder, holder for value, holder in due course etc.
• Other chapter like chapters-4 onwards talk about different banking operations, legal
framework and guidelines etc. on how to handle various including negotiation, presentment,
payments, crossing, dishonouring and penalty etc.

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS: IMPORTANT FEATURES

• Negotiable Instruments by statute under Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 means and
include Cheque, Bills of Exchange and Promissory Note. These negotiable instruments

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78 Banking and Commercial Laws

being dealt along with other important aspects of negotiable instruments are given in
different sections given below:
ƒ Section 4 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 deals with promissory note.
ƒ Section 5 of NIA, 1881 deals with bills of exchange
ƒ Section 6 of the Act deals with cheques.
ƒ Section 123 describes the types of Crossing and its definition.
ƒ Section 8 describes the term “holder” of instrument.
ƒ Section 10 describes “holder in due course”.
ƒ Section 9 of NI Act, 1881 describes about “holder for value”.

ww• Under section 137 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, certain instruments like
Government Promissory Notes, Shah Jog Hundis, Delivery Orders and Railway Receipt
(under certain conditions) have been recognized as negotiable instruments by customs,

• w.E
usages and law to be having negotiable characters.
All negotiable instruments can be negotiated or transferred from one person to another,
i.e. ownership is transferable. Negotiable Instrument is explained as negotiable means

asy
“transferable” or “change hands along with ownership” whereas “instrument” means a
“document” or “property in document” used for banking purposes.
•

En
Drawing, accepting, making or issuing any promissory note, hundi or bill of exchange
expressed to be payable to bearer on demand by a person other than the RBI or the control

•
gin
govt is prohibited under sec. 31 (1) of RBI act 1934.
Essential Features of Negotiable Instruments Acts are:
ƒ It is an unconditional written document.

eer
ƒ Negotiable instruments are conveniently transferable from one hand to another along
with the property in the instrument.

instrument. in
ƒ Holder of the negotiable instrument has the right to sue in his own name on the

g.n
ƒ Negotiable instrument provided complete and good transfer of title in the instrument

Difference between Transferability and Negotiability et

to the transferee. It has complete negotiability as well as transferability property.

Transferability means transfer of any product from one person to another with the condition that the
transferor cannot transfer better title in the product to transferee than what he (transferor) himself has.
If he has no title in the product which is, say, stolen one, then he (transferor) cannot give transferee any
better right on property than he himself has. If transferor is caught, then the product has to be returned
back to its original owner. However, in case of Negotiable instrument transferee if takes a cheque from
the transferor without knowledge of latter’s (transferor’s) defective title (say stolen cheque), then the
transferee will have complete title in the property (money) in the cheque and shall not be responsible to
the true owner of the cheque from whom stolen. But in transferability this is not true.

DEFINITION OF VARIOUS NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS

Cheques: An instrument to be called a cheque, must possess the following important features
as required in section 6 of Negotiable Instrument Act. These are:
ƒ Instrument should be drawn on a specified banker for specified amount with a date
on it.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 79

ƒ Instrument that is payable on demand is cheque and only in money terms.
ƒ There are three parties to cheque, namely, Drawer ([Link] holder who signs the
cheque); Drawee (bank on whom cheque is drawn and is to pay the money to payee); and
Payee (whom to pay money)
ƒ In a cheque order to pay money is unconditional.
Promissory Note: It has following characteristics as contained in section 4 of NIA, 1881:
ƒ It is unconditional promise to pay.
ƒ It should be in writing and signed by the maker.
ƒ Promise to pay must be of a certain sum of money.

ww ƒ Promise to pay must be to or to the order of certain person or the bearer of the
instrument
Bills of Exchange: Characteristics of bill of exchange as given in section 5 of NI Act, 1881

w.E
provides following important parameters to call an instrument as bill of exchange.
ƒ An instrument in writing;
ƒ It contains an unconditional order,

asy
ƒ Bill of exchange is signed by maker,
ƒ There is direction to pay to a certain sum of money only to or to the order of certain

En
person or the bearer of instrument.
• As per the banking practice some other instruments are also being used as negotiable

gin
instruments like dividend warrants, share warrants, bank draft, bank notes etc.
• Instruments like deposit receipts, share certificates, postal and money orders of post

eer
offices etc. are non-negotiable instruments.

POINTS OF SIMILARITIES/ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABOVE THREE NEGOTIABLE

INSTRUMENTS
ƒ
ƒ
in
All the three have unconditional order as common factor.
g.n
In case of cheque and bill of exchange there are three parties whereas in case of

ƒ
promissory note there are only two parties.

promissory note, the maker is creditor and debtor respectively.

et
In case of cheques, the maker is the drawer, whereas in case of bills of exchange and

In case of cheques and promissory notes, acceptance of instrument is not required

but in case of bill of exchange acceptance is necessary.
ƒ Cheque can be crossed to stop further negotiability but in case of promissory note
and bill of exchange crossing is not required.
ƒ In case of bill of exchange the liability of the drawee or maker is secondary, i.e. upon
non-fulfilment of a promise to pay by drawee but in case of promissory note the
liability is primary.
ƒ In case of cheques the liability of the drawee is to pay on demand.

MORE ABOUT CHEQUES

Cheques can be classified into various types. Normally cheques are of four types. These are:
Bearer Cheque: A cheque payable to a person mentioned in the instrument or any person who
presents the cheque on the bank’s counter is called bearer cheque. In case of bearer cheque, it can
be transferred to another person by mere delivery.

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80 Banking and Commercial Laws

Open Cheque: Holder of an open cheque can get cash across the counter of the bank or holder
can transfer to another person by signing at the back of the cheque or even can deposit in his own
account.
Order Cheque: Such cheques contain an order to pay money to a particular person mentioned
in the instrument. Such cheques are transferable by endorsement.
Crossed Cheque: When two transverse parallel lines on the face of the cheque are put then the
cheque is called crossed cheque. Crossing is a direction / instructions to the bank.

HOLDER

ww•

•
A holder of negotiable instrument means a person who has possession of the instrument
in his own name and has the right to recover money mentioned therein.
Holder is not a person who is in possession of the instrument through theft, possesses

•
w.E
lost cheque belonging to another person, if court passes an order not allowing possessor
of the instrument to get amount. (section 8 of NIA, 1881)
Holder has the right to endorse, obtain duplicate instrument in case of loss of original

asy
and can sue other in his own name as per the instrument.

Rights of Holder:
En
1. An endorsement in blank may be converted by him into an endorsement in full

gin
2. He is entitled to cross cheque
3. Can negotiate a cheque with third person, if negotiation is not prohibited by any crossing
etc.
eer
4. Can claim payment of the instrument and sue in his own name on the instrument

HOLDER IN DUE COURSE

in
5. Can get duplicate copy of the cheque otherwise lost.

g.n
•

et
Holder in due course (section 10 of NIA, 1881) means a person who has obtained the
instrument for lawful and valuable consideration; must have obtained instrument before
maturity; is not aware of defect in the title of his immediate transferor and has nothing
apparently wrong in the instrument.
• For instance, if a borrower of the bank, deposits a cheque with his bank in discharge of
his debt, then the position of the bank is “holder in due course”.

Conditions to be Holder in Due Course

• Possession of instrument in the hands of holder in due course- if order, name must exist
as payee or endorsee
• Negotiable Instruments must be regular in all aspects
• Instruments must have been obtained for valuable consideration
• Instrument must have been obtained before the amount mentioned therein becomes
payable.
• Holder in due course must obtain instrument without having any doubt in its title. He
receives the instrument free from any defective title.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 81

HOLDER FOR VALUE
• When a banker obliges a customer by crediting his account with the amount of the
cheque of other bank, and allows him to draw money against it, the banker’s position is
of “holder for value”. For instance, ‘X’ a debtor induces ‘Y’ , a third person to draw on
him (X), which accepts in favour of his creditor ‘Z’, then the latter (Z) is holder for value
with power to sue the drawer ‘Y’ even though he has not received any value.

Payment in Due Course

• Payment in due course means when cheques are passed in “accordance with the apparent

ww tenor of the instrument in good faith and without negligence to any person in possession
thereof under circumstances which do not afford a reasonable ground for believing that
he is not entitled to receive payment of the amount therein mentioned”. Section 10 of

•
w.E
Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881)
The above section makes it clear that payment is considered made in due course only
when made as per:

asy
ƒ Apparent tenor (see date, name of payee),
ƒ Whether cheque is stale or not,

En
ƒ Bearer or otherwise,
ƒ Amount in figures and words match, and

gin
ƒ There is not apparent visibility to the naked eye about material alteration etc.
ƒ Amount is paid in good faith and without negligence, and

•
eer
ƒ Payment is made to person in possession of the instrument.
The legal position of holder in due course does not withstand test of law in case instruments

in
are overdue instrument or a not negotiable instrument or inchoate instrument.

CHEQUE PAYMENT AND COLLECTION SYSTEM

Collection of Cheques g.n
Role of Collecting Banker
•
et
One of the functions of the banker is to collect cheques of his customers only to realize
payments from drawee bank (paying bank).
• Many a time it is difficult to ensure the legality of ownership of cheque deposited by
customer for realization from another bank. In order to ensure safety of the collecting
banker, section 131 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 provides certain parameters
that if followed can give legal protection to the collecting bank. These parameters are:
ƒ Act in good faith and without negligence
ƒ Receive payment for his customer only. No third party cheques to be collected.
ƒ Collect cheques crossed generally of specially to himself.

What is Negligence?
ƒ Negligence depends upon the circumstances of each case.
ƒ Generally it indicates lack of care which is necessary to be taken in a case.

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82 Banking and Commercial Laws

ƒ “Test of negligence under section 131 is whether the payment considered in the light
of circumstances, antecedents and present, was so much out of ordinary course that
it ought to have aroused doubt in banker’s mind and caused him to make enquiries.”
ƒ Some specific examples of negligence in practice could be:
ƒ Opening of accounts without proper introduction.
ƒ Irregularity of endorsements
ƒ No enquiry being made in doubtful cases.
ƒ Failure to take note of Not Negotiable Crossing.
ƒ Collection of “Account Payee Cheque” for any other person.

ww
WHAT IS COERCION?

• w.E
As per Section 15 of Indian Contract Act:
Coercion means threatening to commit or committing any act which is an offence under
Indian Penal Code or unlawful detaining or threatening to detain unlawfully any property

asy
belonging to other party, with a view to obtaining his or her consent.

What is Conversion?
• En
“Conversion” means wrongful or unlawful interference (i.e. using, selling, occupying or

gin
holding) with another person’s property which is not consistent with the owner’s right
of possession.

eer
• Negotiable Instruments are included under law in the term “property” and hence banker
is liable for conversion.

in
• The basic principle under conversion is that a rightful owner of the goods can recover
the same from anyone who takes it without his authority.

g.n
However, right of true owner is restricted to the fact that when goods have reached in the
hands of a person in good faith, for value and without knowledge that the other party had no
authority on goods.
Except the above, true owner can file suit for conversion.

CROSSING AND ENDORSEMENT OF CHEQUES

et
Crossing of Cheque
What is Crossing? – Two parallel transverse lines on the face of the cheque

Different types of Crossing

General Crossing (section 123 of NI Act, 1881)

• Parallel lines with or without any abbreviation like “& Company” or “ Not Negotiable”,
or “Account Payee” are all general crossings.

Special Crossing (section 124 of NI Act, 1881)

• Parallel lines with the name of some Banker is written across the cheque.
• Cheque shall be deemed to be crossed specially to that Banker.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 83

“Crossing of Cheque: some features
• Where a cheque is uncrossed, the holder may cross it generally or specially.
• It restricts the payment of the cheque by way of cash.
• In case of special crossing, the banker on whom it is drawn shall not pay otherwise than
to the Banker mentioned therein and to none else.

Truncated Cheques
• Truncated cheque means a cheque whose image is scanned and the electronic image is
sent for collection and payment, instead of physical cheque.

ww
CTS-2010 ( Cheque Truncated System-2010)
• This facility started initially in NCR (National Capital Region) and Chennai. Later this

• w.E
scheme was extended to whole of the country in phases.
New cheque books are now issued with mark “ CTS _2010 Standard” by Banks.
•
asy
Reserve Bank of India and Indian Banks Association have developed such cheques by
standardizing paper quality, water marks, logo of bank in invisible ink etc.
•

En
CTS has been legalized through the amendment of Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. The
amendments came through the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 {NI (Amendment and
Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 },

Advantages of CTS gin

ƒ
ƒ eer
There is better reconciliation of funds.
Since only cheque image is sent during collection, instead of physical movement of

in
cheques, lot of time is saved.

g.n
ƒ Collection of cheques is faster since time taken for collection is reduced.
ƒ Earlier physical movements of cheques used to take place from branches to the nodal

et
branch for collection/clearing. There was lot of risk in physical movement as any
cheque lost might lead to risks. Now with CTS system the operation risk is largely
finished.
ƒ Movement of cheques can be anywhere in the country with no geographical
constraints.
ƒ It reduces the cost of handling and other operational costs.
As per the amendments in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 2002, presentation of a truncated
cheque to paying banker is not compulsory.
Where an electronic image of a truncated cheque is presented for payment, drawee bank
is entitled to:
1. Demand any further information regarding the truncated cheque in case of any suspicion
about genuineness of the apparent tenor of the instrument.
2. Demand the presentment of the truncated cheque for verification if it has suspicion of
any fraud, forgery, tampering or destruction of the instrument.
3. Retain the truncated cheque, if the payment is made accordingly.

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84 Banking and Commercial Laws

Collection of cheques: Time Limits

• Normally proceeds sent by the Paying Branch are credited in the Drawee’s A/c within
10 days of lodgment in case the instrument drawn on State Head Quarters except the
State Capital of N.E. Region & Sikkim, and 14 days in all other cases. For delayed credit
beyond 10/14 days, branch should pay penal interest at the rate of FD as applicable for
the delayed period.
• For abnormal delay in credit i.e. beyond 90 days, branch should pay penal interest at the
rate of 2% above. F.D. rate applicable for the delayed period.

PAYMENT OF CHEQUES

ww
Role of Paying Banker
•

w.E
Duties of the paying banker are laid down in section 31 of the Negotiable Instrument
Act, 1881. This section provides that “ the drawee of a cheque having sufficient funds of the
drawer in his hands properly applicable to his payment of such cheque must pay the cheque when

asy
duly required so to do, and in default of such payment, must compensate the drawer for any loss
or damage caused by such default”.
• Paying banker is required to ensure availability of sufficient funds, properly applicable

En
funds (there is no restrictions by court etc.), make payment only when duly required to
do so, and in case of default in payment compensate the party.
•
gin
Some examples of payments could be:
ƒ Cheque presented for payment is marked ‘pay to bearer’, is payable to bearer or

eer
possessor or order.
ƒ Cheque presented marked’ pay Ramesh or order’ is payable to Ramesh or to his order.

Bouncing of Cheques
•
•
in
Bouncing of cheques or dishonouring of cheques was a civil liability till 1989.
g.n
However to make bouncing of cheques a criminal liability that can lead to imprisionment

Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988
from April 1. 1989.
et
and/or fine, amendments were made in the Negotiable Instruments Act through banking,

• Five new sections from sections 138 to 142 were inserted in the existing Act mainly to
protect genuine public.
• However, where bank returns the cheques with the remarks “payment stopped” always
does not mean dishonouring of cheque and as such section 138 (b) is not attracted.
• Cheque dishonoured on the ground of “account closed” does not mean dishonoured due
to insufficient funds or exceeding arrangement.
• In banking customs and practice and as per legal decisions “refer to drawer” is considered
that cheque has been returned for want of funds in the drawer’s account.
• A valid cheque does not become invalid due to it being either post dated and ante dated.

ENDORSEMENTS OF CHEQUES—IMPORTANT ASPECTS

• Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, section 15 defines endorsement as one “where the
maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same, otherwise than as such maker,

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Banking and Commercial Laws 85

for the purpose of negotiation, on the back or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed
thereto or so signs for the same purpose a stamped paper intended to be completed as
a negotiable instrument, he is said to have endorsed the same and is called “endorser”.
• In simple words, endorsement means when holder signs the negotiable instrument
otherwise than as maker (drawer), on the:
ƒ Back of the instrument
ƒ On the face of the instrument
ƒ On a slip of paper annexed to the instrument as its part, or
ƒ Signs a stamped paper intended to be completed as negotiable instrument.

ww• Endorsement can be full endorsement or blank endorsement.

ƒ When in addition to the signatures the holder writes the name of the endorsee, it is
called endorsement in full. Section 16 of NI Act)

w.E
ƒ Where merely signature of the holder is put without anybody’s name, then it is called
Blank Endorsement.
ƒ A cheque endorsed blank becomes a bearer cheque may be originally it was issued as

•
asy
an order cheque. But the same cheque can become an order cheque if endorsed in full.
Sometimes in practice, endorsement is done by fixing a rubber stamp, such endorsement
is valid legally.
•
En
In case any ‘order cheque’ is endorsed in blank, then it can be paid to the bearer and
like a bearer cheque can be transferred by delivery. This is true in case any cheque [Link]

gin
endorsed in blank, it becomes payable to bearer.

•
eer
BILLS OF EXCHANGE- IMPORTANT FEATURES
Section 5 of the Negotiable Instruments defines a bill of exchange as an instrument in

•
instrument. in
writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker and directing certain
person to pay a sum of money only to or to the order of a person or to the bearer of the

g.n
Bill of Exchange has following characteristics that make it a bill of exchange:
ƒ Should be in writing
ƒ Should be signed by drawer et
ƒ It is necessary that there is no ambiguity in naming drawer, drawee and amount
payable. In other words all these should be certain.
ƒ Name of the payee must be certain.
• Drawee and acceptor are the same in case of bill of exchange.
• There are two types of bill of exchange, viz.
ƒ Demand bill of exchange
ƒ Usance bill of exchange
• It is necessary that all types of bills of exchange are presented for payment or acceptance
to the drawee.
• When bill of exchange is drawn on partnership firm, then any partner can accept it.
• Demand bill of exchange is one which is payable on presentment, or at sight or on
demand. In such bills no time limit arises.
• In case of demand bills presentment time and acceptance time are the same.

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86 Banking and Commercial Laws

Dishonour of Bill
• Bill is considered dishonored when drawees who are not partners any one fails to accept
bill or drawee given conditional acceptance, it is deemed dishonoured.
• Notice of dishonour is not necessary for maker.

Payment of Bill on Public Holiday

• When on the date of payment or maturity is a public holiday, then it is done on the
immediate preceding working day..
• Days of grace on bill of exchange and promissory note are allowed after sight or after date.

ww•
Normal grace period is 3 days after sight or after date. Days of grace are not permissible
in case of cheques.
Days of grace on bill of exchange and promissory note on the happening of some situation

w.E
or event, or after that situation or specific day.

PROMISSORY NOTE
•
asy
It is defined as an unconditional undertaking to pay a certain sum of money only to or
to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.
•

En
A document can be called a promissory note if it satisfies the legal requirements mentioned
in negotiable instruments act and is an unconditional promise to pay.
•

gin
Law provides that a promissory note should possess following features:
ƒ A written, unconditional promise to pay.

eer
ƒ Must have been signed by maker
ƒ Parties to promissory note are certain i.e. specified in particular.
ƒ Method of payment is specified along with money payable.
•
in
Promissory note like bill of exchange can be drawn for any duration. Law does not
specify any period.
g.n
INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT AND BANKING OPERATIONS
Important Features
• Concept of partnership is contained in Indian Partnership Act, 1932.
et
• Section 4 of the Partnership Act defines partnership as relation between persons who
have agreed to share profits of the business carried on by all or any of them acting for
all. It also means abstract relations of agency between two or more persons.
• Partnership firm can be registered or unregistered. Partnership agreement can be written
or oral.
• Typical characteristics of partnership is:
ƒ Joining together or association of minimum two persons or more than two persons.
ƒ Agreement for engaging themselves in gainful business
ƒ Persons coming together for a legal business must agree to share profits from the
business in a proportion.
ƒ Between themselves partners act as an agency in their relationships.
• Section 8 of the Partnership Act, 1932 defines “Particular Partnership” which means a
person becoming a partner with another person in a particular venture or undertaking.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 87

• As between the partners it may be agreed if so desired by them (a) that one or more of
them shall not be liable for losses, (b) that any partner is not to share the losses but share
only the profit, (c) that to share loss which is a negative profit.
• For instance, a sum due to one of the partners in a firm from a company can be set off
against the debt to such a company due from the firm.
• Legal relationship between the partners is that of ‘Agency’.
• A partner as an agent of the firm has some implied powers under section 18 of the
Partnership Act, 1932. Implied Powers means that any partner can make the firm liable
by his acts done in the name of the firm in ordinary course of business.
• For instance, under implied powers some specific acts, for example, that a partner can

ww do are:
ƒ He may sell or purchase any goods on account of the firm necessary to carry firm’s

w.E
business.
ƒ He may receive payment of debts due to the firm and issue receipts thereof.
ƒ He may borrow money on credit of the firm against security of firm’s assets.

• asy
ƒ He may accept, make and issue bills and other negotiable instruments.
However, under implied powers partner cannot acquire or transfer any immovable

•
property.

En
Implied powers do not apply to the following under section 19(2) of the Partnership Act:

gin
ƒ Partner cannot take firm’s dispute to arbitration.
ƒ Cannot compromise or waive firm’s claims against outsiders (third party).

eer
ƒ Cannot open a banking account on behalf of the firm in the name of the partner.
ƒ Cannot withdraw suit or admit any liability in a suit filed on behalf of firm or

• in
proceedings against the firm respectively.

g.n
PARTNERSHIP at WILL: It means partnership not for a fixed period. Also partnership
can be dissolved by any partner giving a notice to that effect to other person. (section 43
of the Partnership Act).
• Some other typical features of partnership are:
ƒ Partnership does not exist between members of charitable society or religious
associations etc.
et
ƒ Persons who enter into partnership with one another are individually called ‘partners’.
ƒ All partners jointly or collectively are called ‘firm’.
ƒ Joint Hindu Family is not a partnership.
• Minor can be admitted as partner of the firm with the consent of all partners (Section 30
(1) of Partnership Act, 1932). Minor when admitted as partner derives certain rights as
per section 30 of the said Act. These rights are:
ƒ Personally minor is not liable to any act of the firm.
ƒ Can elect to become a partner on attaining majority.
ƒ Entitled to all benefits of the firm but not liable for any losses or other liabilities.
ƒ If decides not to become partner then his share is not liable for any acts of the firm
done after the date of notice of his intention of not becoming partner.
ƒ Right to all information and inspection of accounts etc.

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88 Banking and Commercial Laws

• Reconstitution of Partnership: Partnership firm can be reconstituted on the retirement,

death, or expulsion etc. of partner. Reconstitution of partnership firm means:
ƒ Share transfer of partner’s share from one person to another.
ƒ Insolvency or death of partner
ƒ Expulsion or retirement of partner ,or
ƒ Introduction of new partner.
• When inducing a new partner to the firm, section31 of the Partnership Act, 1932 provides
certain pre-requisites. These are:
ƒ Consent of all the existing partners is required.

ww ƒ New partner shall not be liable of the deeds of the firm prior to his date of joining.
ƒ New partner agrees to the existing business line and is ready to work along with
existing partners.
•
w.E
A partner can retire from the partnership (section 32 of the Partnership Act) on the
grounds:

asy
ƒ He retires with the consent of other partner(s).
ƒ He retires with express agreement by partners.

En
ƒ In case of partnership at Will, partner can retire any time of his own by giving notice
in writing to all other partners.
•

•
gin
When partner retires, remaining partners can continue business without break. On
retirement of the partners normally there is no dissolution of partnership firm.
In case a partner is to be expelled, it has to be done in good faith. Test of good faith are:

eer
ƒ Has expelled partner given reasonable notice?
ƒ Is expulsion in the interest of the partnership firm?

•
expulsion? in
ƒ Has principles of natural justice adhered to ,i.e. had the partner being heard before

g.n
When partner dies, firstly, partnership seizes to exist, i.e. it comes to an end, unless there

•
et
is contract to the contrary. Secondly estate of the deceased is not liable for the acts of the
firm done after his death. Thirdly, no public notice is necessary of the death of the partner.
Dissolution of Partnership: Dissolution of partnership firms means when partners fail to
run the show and agree to close or stop partnership, then such action is called dissolution. It
is, in fact, complete breakdown of relationship between partners. (section 39 of Partnership
Act, 1932).
• Partnership can be dissolved by (i) the consent of all partners, (ii) in accordance with the
contract between partners, (iii) by operation of law particularly where unlawful business
is being carried on, and (iv) by the intervention of court’s order.
• Section 42 of the Act further states that partnership can be dissolved by any one or all of
the following contingencies, subject to the contract to the contrary. Such contingencies
stated are:
ƒ When partnership is constituted for a fixed period or term and on the expiry of the
term, partnership is dissolved.
ƒ When partnership is constituted to carry out one or more ventures and those have
been completed.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 89

ƒ When partner dies
ƒ When any partner is adjudicated as an insolvent.
• Business of partnership is considered illegal and void, if (a) it is forbidden by law, (b)
the nature of the business carried out by partnership is such that it is against any law of
land, or against public interest at large, (c) business is fraudulent, and (d) business may
cause harm to person or property.

Registered and Non-registered Partnership—its impact

• In the partnership is unregistered then the partner cannot do the following:

ww ƒ A partner cannot institute a suit against the firm or any partner of the firm to enforce
his right. Only registered firms or persons of registered firm can sue
ƒ An unregistered firm cannot sue a third to enforce a right arising from a contract

w.E
whereas registered firm can.
ƒ An unregistered firm or any partner of the unregistered firm cannot claim a set off
in a proceeding instituted against the firm by third party to enforce right arising out

asy
of contract.
ƒ Right of set off is affected if claim is above Rupees 100. This value may vary by

En
government after amendments in the Act.

• gin
THE INDIAN COMPANIES ACT, 1956 – Important Features
Company is a legal person or a separate legal entity and company member is not an

•
eer
agent of the other member.
Company is a perpetual existence and death or insolvency of any members of the company
does not dissolve the company unlike partnership.
•
• in
Liability of members is limited unlike partnership where liability is unlimited.

g.n
Company shareholder can transfer his share to another person making the transferee a
member of the company.
• Company conducts its business on the basis of:
ƒ Memorandum and Article of Association
ƒ The Companies Act, 1956, and
et
ƒ Use of common seal of the company.
• The Company Act, 1956 applies to the whole of India.
• Incorporated Company means following:
ƒ A company is an artificial person with perpetual succession and common seal, formed
and registered under the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1956.
ƒ A company that uses a word at the last of its name as name ‘limited’ or ‘private
limited’.
ƒ A company of few individuals forming a group of workers.
• Memorandum of Association: It contains the following information:
ƒ Constitution of the company i.e. the charter of the company.
ƒ Name of the company, name of the State where company is registered and situated
and objects of the company.

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90 Banking and Commercial Laws

ƒ Authorized capital, and

ƒ Liability of the members.
• When bank lends money to the company, it sees all the points mentioned in the
memorandum of association. Normally bank sees (i) objective of company is incorporated,
(ii) what is the constitution of the company i.e. how it has been formed and who are its
promoters, (iii) what is present capital and how much is required, and (iv) liabilities of
its members, any special clause etc.
• Article of Association provides information related to share capital, underwriting
commissions, alterations of capital, powers of Directors, their qualifications, remunerations,

ww
•
rules and regulations, objects of company, power of company, etc.
Joint Stock Companies are mainly statutory companies and they are established under
the Indian Companies Act.
•
w.E
Statutory companies are those which are established by a special Act of the Parliament.
For example such companies are RBI, SBI, NABARD or other Government enterprises.
•

asy
There are three types of companies that are registered under the Companies Act, 1956.
These are:
ƒ Public Limited Company
ƒ
En
Private Limited Company

•
ƒ

gin
Company Limited by Guarantee.
Public Limited Company is limited by share, liability is per shareholdings, require 7 or

•
eer
more persons to start a company and is incorporated under Companies Act, 1956.
Private Limited Company is characterized by liability limited by shares, minimum 2

•
in
members to form a private limited company with maximum of 50 members excluding
employees, such company restricts the right of the transfer of shares and lastly such
company does issue prospectus.
g.n
A company limited by guarantee is one where members contribute fixed amount in the

•
contracts made are beyond members/company’s power as laid down in memorandum
of association. Ultra-vires are ab initio void and not ratifiable.
et
event of its winding up, profit not being motive since these are charitable companies.
Ultra-Vires means that company doing something beyond its scope, power of authority,

• Doctrine of Relation back: It means when dealing of the insolvent from the date of act
of insolvency will not be valid in law. All such properties sold or transferred shall rest
in the Official Receiver.
• Doctrine of Indoor Management: It means while persons dealing with a company
are presumed to have read the public document and understood their contents and
ascertained that the transaction is not inconsistent with the memorandum and articles
of the company. Moreover, outsider has no right and duty to see the inside working of
the company’s internal proceedings.
• Doctrine of Constructive Notice means that every person dealing with the company is
deemed to have notice of the contents of its memorandum and article and have understood
them properly.
• Minor cannot become a member of a company and is wholly incompetent to contract. Minor
taking shares is void.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 91

• Rights of Members include (a) right of getting dividend, (b) right of return of capital on
winding up of company or reduction, (c) right to attend meetings and exercise vote, (d)
right to inspect statutory books and registers free of charge as provided under Companies
Act.
• Prospectus: Prospectus under section 2 (36) of the Companies Act defines prospectus
as any document described or issued as a prospectus and includes notice, circular,
advertisement or other document inviting deposits etc. It also means invitation issued
to the public to take shares etc. of the company. It acts as an advertisement offering to
public. In other words it is general notice to public.
• Issue is not public when directed to a specified person.

ww• Deemed Prospectus means where a company allots or agrees to allot any share or
debentures with a view to their being offered for sale to public by any document by which
it is deemed that offer of sale is to public is called deemed prospectus.
•

w.E
Section 20 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 provides a restriction to banks to grant
loans and advances to its Director who happen to be Director or partners or guarantor
of any company or firm.

asy
LAW OF CONTRACT—THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1881
Meaning of Contract
•
En
Meaning of contract has been defined in section 2 (b) of the Contract Act as “agreement

•
gin
enforceable by law is called a contract”.
Section 2(e) of the Act also provides that “every promise and every set of promises,
forming the consideration for each other, is an Agreement”.

eer
However, Agreements cannot be enforced by Court of Law, and as such they are not
contracts.

in
Essential Elements of Contract
• g.n
Section 10 of the Contract Act, 1881 provides certain essential features that are required

ƒ Lawful offer accepted unconditionally.

ƒ Legal Relationship
ƒ Contract is for Lawful object.
et
to be looked into before any valid contract is made. These essential features are:

ƒ Capacity to enter into a valid contract.

ƒ Free consent of the parties to the agreement.
ƒ Free consent of the parties to the agreement
ƒ Freedom from vagueness
ƒ Presence of consideration
ƒ Performance possibility
ƒ Compliance with legal formalities

Person of Unsound Mind

“A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract if, at the time when
he makes it, he is capable of understanding it and of forming rational judgement as to its effect
on his interest” Section 12 of The Indian Contract Act.

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92 Banking and Commercial Laws

Two major test of Soundness of Mind are:

ƒ Capacity to understand the concerned business
ƒ Ability to form a rational judgement as to its effects on a person‘s interests.

LUNACY AND IDIOCY

• Lunatic means a person whose mental powers are deranged so that he cannot form a
rational judgement on any matter.
• Normally an agreement entered by lunatic is void in law, with exception where it is
necessary for his/her life.

ww• Banks do not normally open accounts of lunatic since they are unable to understand the
do’s and don’ts of the banking operations.

IDIOCY
• w.E
The term idiocy is related to the term idiot, which means a person whose mental powers
are completely absent. Any or all contract with such person (s) is void in law.
•
• asy
This defect is related to poor brain development.
Lunacy can sometimes be cured but idiocy is incurable.

Competence
En
•
gin
Section 11 of Indian Contract Act divides competence into three distinct branches. These
are:

eer
ƒ Disqualification due to infancy, i.e. person being minor.
ƒ Disqualification due to Insanity, described earlier in foregoing paragraphs.

in
ƒ Other disqualifications by personal law (s)
Section - 3 of Indian Majority Act, 1875 describes /defines minor.

Who is Minor? g.n

•
et
Every person domiciled in India and has attained the age of majority when he / she shall
have completed the age of 18 years and not before. However in case of appointment of
Guardian by the competent court, the age of majority is 21 years and not 18 years.
• In India, minor cannot enter into a contract, subject to certain exceptions. Banks do not enter
into contract with contract except for deposits under guardianship or where no liability is
created in the contract. An agreement by minor is absolutely void since minor has no capacity
to contract.

Exception in case of Minor

• Minor’s property is liable for payment of a reasonable price for necessaries supplied to
the minor or to anyone whom minor is bound to support.
• Section 68 of the Indian Contract Act provides that if a person incapable of entering into a
contract, or anyone whom he is legally bound to support , is supplied by another person
with the necessaries suited to his conditions of life, the person who has furnished such
supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person”). This
in simple words means that minor may enter into a contract to support a third person
who provides services and goods for minor’s benefit.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 93

• Another important feature in the Contract regarding minor is that since any contract
minor enters into is absolutely void in law, he/she cannot ratify his/her actions done
during minority period after attaining majority. There can be no ratification of a contract
which is void ab initio.
• A minor cannot be compelled to refund any benefit that he might have received under
a Void Contract.
• A minor cannot be a promise under section 26 of Negotiable Instrument Act.
• Contract Act provides that minor can be an agent so as to bind his acts but not so as to
bind himself.
• A minor cannot be declared insolvent because even for necessaries of life he is not

ww personally liable.

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, 1882

•
w.E
Important Features of the Act
Transfer of Property Act was enacted in 1882. Transfer of Property means an act by which

asy
a living person conveys property, in present or in future, to one or more of the living
persons or to himself or to himself and one or more other living persons. (Section 5 of

• En
Transfer of Property Act, 1882)
Word “Property” has also been explained in General Principles of Law. Property as per

gin
this law means physical or concrete thing like land and building and also owner’s rights
or interest in it. It also means right on action claims like book debt, bills of exchange and
other negotiable instrument act and documents of the title to goods.
•
eer
Transfer of Property Act does not fully applicable to the States of Punjab and Haryana.
•

• in
Possession of property can be any of the following: (i) actual possession, (ii) physical
possession, (iii) constructive possession, and / or (iv) adverse possession.

g.n
There are six types of mortgages that have been recognized in India. These are equitable
mortgage, simple (registered) mortgage, anomalous mortgage, English mortgage,

•
unsufructuary mortgage and conditional mortgage.
et
“Mortgagor” means the person who gives his property as security or for sale. “Mortgagee”
means a person to whom the property is given as security or buyer of property.
Common forms of mortgages practiced in India are simple mortgage and equitable
mortgage.
• Major benefits of equitable mortgage (mortgage by deposit of title deeds) are:
ƒ Registration is not required
ƒ Transaction remains confidential between banker and mortgagor.
ƒ On completion of contract (repayment of debt), the title deeds are returned to the
mortgagor.
ƒ Mortgagee (in case loans, it is bank) gets the same rights under equitable mortgage
as in case of simple (registered) mortgage.
• Essential features of a simple mortgage are:
ƒ Property remains in the possession of the mortgagor.
ƒ Mortgagor binds himself personally to pay the mortgage money.

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94 Banking and Commercial Laws

ƒ Mortgagor expressly or impliedly agrees that in the event of default to pay, the
mortgagee has the right to sell the property and apply the sale proceeds to cover the
mortgaged money.
• Rights of the mortgagee as per Transfer of Property Act, 1882 are:
ƒ Right to foreclosure (section 67) or sale
ƒ Right to sue for mortgage money
ƒ Right to realize the security
ƒ Right to sale without court’s intervention, and
ƒ Right to the accession to mortgaged property, i.e. hold mortgaged property for the
purpose of security, unless there is contract to the contrary.

ww
• Under Transfer of Property Act, section 7, only owner of the property and / or duly
authorized agent of the owner can transfer the property.
•
w.E
Right of the Mortgagor to redeem the property mortgaged has been specified in section
60 of TOPA, 1882. These are:
ƒ Possession of property

asy
ƒ Delivery of the mortgage deed, title deeds and other relevant documents.
ƒ Retransfer of mortgaged property to him or any third person as per his direction.
•
En
Mortgage by deposit by title deeds does not require registration under the Indian
Registration Act.

gin
BANKERS’ BOOK EVIDENCE ACT, 1891—IMPORTANT FEATURES
•

eer
Bankers’ Book Evidence Act, 1891 mainly relates to providing evidence in the court of
law of the banking transactions in cases under suit since it (bank) keeps and maintains
accounts of all its customers
•
in
Bankers’ Books as per section 2(3) of the Bankers’ Book Evidence Act as amended from
time to time include the following:
g.n
ƒ Ledgers, day books, cash books, account books etc. used in the business whether

any other form of electromagnetic data storage device.

et
kept in the written form or as printouts of data or stored in a floppy, disc, tape or

ƒ ‘Certified Copy’ which means a copy of written form of details in such books together
with a certificate written at foot of such copy that it is true copy of such entry. In
simple words this means that such entry is contained in the books of the bank.
ƒ Certified statement that consists of printout of data stored in a floppy, disc, tape etc.
subject to the provision of section 2 A of the Bankers’ Book Evidence Act, 1891 (This
section provides conditions in making printouts as evidence).
• Certified copies produced by banks become prime facie evidence of the original entries.
Certified copies are admitted as evidence of matters, transactions etc. subject to the
extent of original entries. Though, certified copies of entries in the bankers’ books are
admissible as evidence but not as conclusive evidence. To prove the case additional and
corroborative evidence is required to be produced by the bank to prove its case. (Section
34 of Bankers’ Book Evidence Act. 1891).
• Printout copy of the transactions has to be certified by the Manager and in case of electronic
data, the Officer-in-charge of the computer system has to give the certificate as to the
fact that all needed precautions / safeguards of the data in the computer system etc. has
been taken care of.

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Banking and Commercial Laws 95

PAST EXERCISE
1. Mortgage is a [IBPS 2011] 4. Which of the following is not a prerequisite
(a) security on movable property for a loan for a promissory note? (Vijaya Bank 2008)
given by a bank. (a) Drawn on a specified banker
(b) security on immovable property for a (b) It should be unconditional
loan given by a bank. (c) It should be in writing
(c) concession on immovable property for
(d) It should be made and signed by the

ww a loan given by a bank.

(d) facility on immovable property for a
loan given by a bank.
debtor
(e) It should be payable in the currency of

w.E
(e) security on immovable property for a the country
deposit received by a bank. 5. Which of the following is not a party of Bill
2. With reference to a cheque which of the of Exchange? (IOB 2009)

asy
following is the “drawee bank” ?
[IBPS 2012]
(a) The bank that collects the cheque
(a) The drawer
(b) The drawee
(c) The payee

En
(b) The payee's bank
(c) The endorsee's bank
(d) The endorser
(e) None of these

gin
(d) The endorser's bank
(e) The bank upon which the cheque is
drawn
6. In terms of Section 5(1) (5) of the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949, a ‘banking company’

eer
3. Which of the following is not a negotiable
instrument? [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
means any company which (IBPS 2012)
(a) accepts deposits from the public
(b) undertakes lending of money
(a) Cheque
(b) Pay order
(c) Bill of Exchange
(d) Warehouse receipt
in (c) transacts the business of banking in
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
g.n
(e) All are negotiable instruments

et
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c)

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96 Banking and Commercial Laws

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. A working group on cheque transactions and 5. Which of the following is not a negotiable
E-cheques was constituted by the Reserve instrument?
Bank of India under the chairmanship of Dr (a) Promissory note
R B Barman and major recommendations of (b) Bill of exchange
group include (c) Cheque
(a) the physical cheque will be truncated (d) Bank draft
within the presenting bank (e) Share certificate

ww (b) settlement will be generated on the

basis of current MICR code line data
6. Which of the following is not the essential
requirement for the endorsement as per
Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881?

w.E
(c) electronic images will be used for
payment processing
(d) All of these
(a) It should be on the instrument
(b) It should be made by the holder or the
maker

asy
(e) None of these
2. Which of the following is a primary function
of banks?
(c) Signatures should be in ink and not by
pencil or rubber stamp

En
(a) Collection and payment of cheques,
rent, interest etc on behalf of their
(d) It should contain unconditional order
(e) The endorser should sign the
customers
gin
(b) Buying, selling and keeping in safe
endorsement in the same style and
with the same spellings as written in
the instrument

customers
eer
custody, the securities on behalf of their

(c) Acting as trustee and executors of the

7. Under the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881,
an instrument which is incomplete in some

advice in
property of their customers on their

(d) Remitting money from one place to the

respects, is called a/an
(a) foreign instrument
(b) inland instrument
(c) inchoate instrument g.n
other through bank drafts or mail or
telegraphic transfers
(e) Accepting deposits
3. Section 131 of Negotiable Instrument Act,
(d) ambiguous instrument
(e) fictitious instrument
et
8. Which of the following acts helps a bank in
its day-to-day activities?
1881 extends protection to the (a) Competition Act
(a) paying banker (b) Negotiable Instruments Act
(b) collecting banker (c) Hindu Marriage Act
(c) advising banker (d) Hindu Succession Act
(d) issuing banker (e) NRI Act
(e) All of these 9. All of the following are examples of
4. Which of the following statements is Quasi negotiable instruments, under the
incorrect about negotiable instruments? Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881, except
(a) Pay A or Order (a) dividend warrants
(b) Pay to Order to A (b) share warrants
(c) Pay A and B (c) bearer debentures
(d) Pay A only (d) promissory note
(e) Pay Bearer (e) None of these

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Banking and Commercial Laws 97

10. Transfer of any instrument to another 12. The banker is under an obligation to take
person by signing on its back or face or on a utmost care in keeping secrecy of the details
slip of paper attached to it is known as of the customer. However, the obligation of
(a) promissory note secrecy is not considered essential when
(b) bill of lading (a) a banker is required to give evidence in
(c) bill of exchange the court
(d) endorsement (b) there is national emergency and
(e) None of these disclosure is essential in the public
11. Which of the following statements is correct interest
about promissory note? (c) there are clear proofs of reason to the

ww (a) It need not be in writing

(b) An implied promise is enough to
constitute a valid promissory note
state and when consent is given by the
customer to provide information for
the preparation of balance sheet

w.E
(c) The promise to pay must be definite
and unconditional
(d) The name of the payee need not be
mentioned
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above

asy
(e) The payment can be in kind

En
1. (d) 2. gin
(e) 3.
ANSWER KEY
(b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d)
7. (c) 8.
eer
(b) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (d)

in g.n
et

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CHAPTER
Banker—Customer
6 Relationship

• Banker and customer have a legal binding once they enter into an agreement. This binding
arises from vast varieties of services provided by banks to depositors as well as borrowers.

ww•
Each service provided calls for a contractual relationship. There are certain terms and
conditions which are applicable to both parties- customer and banker.
Such relationship is contractual in nature and based on the customs and usages of

•
w.E
bankers. Courts in India have recognized some of these customs and usages. This makes
the relationship as implied terms of contract.
The very nature of contract between customer and banker revolves around three important
aspects,
asy
(i) There is both implied and express terms in the agreement

En
(ii) Duties owed by the bank towards the customer, and
(iii) Duties owed by customer towards bank.
•
gin
Besides the above, bank may have certain common law duty of care. As such these duties
may vary with the type of relationship between banker and customer and the nature of
activities/services availed from bank or provided by bank from time to time.
•
eer
In practice besides legal relationship (financial relationship), bank enters into an emotional
and social relationship with its customers.
•
in
Such a relationship is normally long lasting but at the same time risk borne. Therefore, we

g.n
should go into the details of the customer before engaging in this banker and customer
relationship.
• Today’s business also demands that business of banking is to attract, acquire and retain
right customers which makes it important that we should understand customer better
and through Know Your Customer (KYC) guidelines find right and suitable customer
for longer relationship.
et
• In order to understand the relationship, we have to understand the definition of customer
and banker.

WHY TO KNOW BANKER-CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP

• Knowing banker customer relationship is necessary because this relates to society,
emotional attachment and legal angles.
• Both serve the society to grow and the economy to expand.
Before we discuss the relationship between the banker and the customer, it is necessary that
we understand who is bank, banker and customer.
• According to section 5(b) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 ‘Banking’ means “accepting
for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money received from the
public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdraw able by cheque, draft, order
or otherwise”. The person who is performing this function is called the ‘Banker’.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 99
• The term Customer has not been defined in law in India. In practice and common usage,
customer is one who has business dealings with bank and has an account with the bank.
However, when a customer undertakes a “casual service” with bank like cashing a third
party cheque, or deposits third party cheque or makes a draft for somebody etc. does not
make him customer and the relationship between banker and customer is not established.

FUNCTIONS OF BANKS
Banks perform many functions some of which are legally required while some arose out of
business necessity. Important functions are:
• Acceptance of deposit of money for the purpose of lending or investments.

ww• Discounting of Bills

• Collection of Cheque and Bills

w.E
• Safe Custody of articles
• Conducting foreign exchange transactions
• Conducting foreign exchange transactions

asy
• Conducting foreign exchange transactions
• Remittances

En
• Hiring of Safe Deposit Lockers

gin
• Conducting Government Transactions.
• Issuing Letters of Credit and Guarantees, etc.

eer
• But now, as the competition increases, many newly opened banks/ institutions have
diversified their businesses and entered into areas of business, like Selling of Gold Coins,
Credit Card business, third party products (TPP) selling, etc.

DUTY OF SECRECY
•
in g.n
Bank is under obligation under law and moral grounds to maintain the secrecy about

•
in secrecy aspects, bank is liable legally and morally.
Banker’s duty of secrecy to its customer is an implied term of contract.
et
customers’ bank dealings. Bank has to observe secrecy of customers account or any of his
transactions or any other information related to the customers’ account. For any breach

• Banker is justified in disclosing customers’ bank dealings and accounts under section-6
of bankers’ Book Evidence Act, 1891 on order of court, Section 26 of banking Regulation
Act, 1949 and section 45 B of the Reserve bank of India Act, 1934.
• This obligation continues even after the closure of the account except under following
circumstances.

Exception of Secrecy Disclosure

Under the following circumstances Bank is not undertaking any liability when information
about the customers’ account/transactions is disclosed.
(a) Under compulsion of law: Bank is required to disclose the information when lawful
orders received. For instance, if court order is received under Bankers Book Evidence Act, 1879
bank is duty bound to disclose information of the account.

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100 Banker—Customer Relationship

(b) In the interest of Public (national interest): When bank has the knowledge that
customers’ transactions are damaging to the public interest or national interest, then it can
disclose the information on the account.
(c) In the interest of the Bank: When bank wants to sue a customer for non-payment of the
dues on loans and advances etc. then bank can disclose the information.
(d) With the implied consent of the customer: When disclosure is made at the behest of
the customer in writing.
(e) As per banking practices: Sometimes banking practices require that customers’ account
or his dealings with the bank are shared confidentially with other counterparts. For example,
if a borrower who deals with ‘X’ bank wants another loan from ‘Y’ bank, then ‘Y’ may ask for

ww
confidential report from ‘X’ bank. As such, ‘X’ bank as per banking practices can share this
information confidentially with ‘Y’ bank.
(f) Guarantor seeking information: When in a loan account, any guarantor has guaranteed

w.E
the account, he has right to seek information on the account of the borrower for whom he stood
as guarantor.

• asy
DUTIES OF BANKER
Bank’s foremost duty is to honour customer’s cheque provided it is drawn properly.

En
As a paying banker, it is duty of the bank to ensure that cheque is in proper order, not
forged and is being paid on the basis of the authority. Bank is duty bound to see that

gin
before paying money, the account of customer has sufficient funds in the account, there
is no legal impediments in payment of money, etc.

eer
• Money deposited with bank is the absolute property of the bank and bank can use it the
way it deems fit subject to the condition that as a debtor it pays back the money when
demanded.

in
• Bank’s duty to pay money through cheque or otherwise may end when:
ƒ Cheque is countermanded (stop payment instructions received)
g.n
ƒ Notice to the bank that customer has expired, except in case of impersonal accounts,

firm.
ƒ Notice of customer’s insanity.
ƒ Receipt of court order.
et
e.g. XYZ co. Ltd., ABC Corporation etc. drawn as representative of the company or

ƒ When corporate customer starts winding up proceedings as per court’s orders.

ƒ Cheque is forged and bank has reasonable idea that presenter of cheque etc. is not
entitled to it.
• Bank is supposed to issue, update pass book of the customer. In case bank opts for
sending account statements by post or by internet, then bank is required to send such
information on regular intervals.
• Duty to collect the cheques, Bills etc.
Rights of the banker: Banker has certain rights that can be exercised by him in case of need.
• Right to charge costs allowed legally.
• Right of General Lien
• Right of set-off

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Banker—Customer Relationship 101

• Right of appropriation
• Right to act as per the mandate given by the customers.
Charge Costs: Bank has the right to charge ‘bank charges’ on certain transactions, either
at the request of the customer or on the basis of banking customers and usages. For instance,
when bank sends SMS about account status of his customer, then bank charges some amount.
Similarly some banks charge some money on use of fresh leaflet in cash credit accounts etc.
Bank also has the right to charge (debit) bank charges on return of cheque unpaid to the account
of the customer.

GENERAL LIEN

ww• It is a right of the creditor to retain the possession of the goods and securities owned by
the debtor until the debt due by the customer is paid.
•
•
w.E
The banker’s lien is an implied pledge.
A banker acquires the right to sell the goods, which came into his possession in the
ordinary course of banking business. This means that any specific transactions other than

•
asy
as defined under Banking are not subject to general lien. e.g, safe custody transactions,
Locker transactions, money deposited for some specific purpose etc.
Section 171 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 gives a right of general lien to the banker.

RIGHT OF SET-OFF En
•
gin
Right of set-off is the right of a banker to adjust a debit balance in a customer’s account,
with any balance outstanding to his credit in the books of the banks.
•
eer
In other words, the banker has a right to mutually adjust the two accounts of the same
customer with certain amount, one in debit and another in credit, which is called right

•
of set-off.
in g.n
The set-off is applicable to debts due and payable on the date of set-off. The account must
be in the same name and the same capacity.
In case a customer has a fixed deposit in the bank and customer has also taken an overdraft

•
the fixed deposit. et
facility from the bank, then bank can exercise right of set-off only after the maturity of

For exercising right of set-off, bank does not normally need any separate document since
it is implied contract.
For example, M/s Daulat Ram Tota Ram, a partnership firm has an overdraft facility
from the bank to the tune of Rupees 9,500=00. As on 12.6.2014 the balance outstanding
in the account is 12,575=50p. However, the partners have a savings bank account in their
name with the same branch. Despite repeated notices, nothing has been paid. Since the
bank has a savings account in the same names and the balance is 15,565/=, the bank can
exercise right of set-off by debiting savings bank account and crediting the overdraft
amount by Rupees 12,575.50.

Points of Difference between Lien and Set-off

1. Lien is in relation to goods and security whereas set-off is in relation to money claims.
2. Lien is right to retain goods and security and set-off is right to combine and consolidate
the accounts.

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102 Banker—Customer Relationship

3. Lien is special relationship between customer and banker whereas set-off can be avoided
by an agreement.
4. Lien precedes set-off whereas set-off comes after lien.

RIGHT OF APPROPRIATION
• Section 59 of Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that if a customer owes many debts to
the bank and makes payment that is not sufficient to satisfy all debts then he can ask
bank to adjust particular accounts to discharge its debt.
• In simple words, right of appropriation means adjustment of monies of customers paid
by him for liquidation of his debt.

ww• The customer, who deposits the amount, has a right to clarify the purpose and account
against which the credit is to be given by the banker. It means it is the duty of the customer
to specify the nature of the transactions. If he fails to mention the purpose, then banker

•
w.E
has a right to adjust the credit against the any debit/ dues. This is called the right of
appropriation.
Section 60 of the Contract Act provides that where customer has omitted to intimate the

asy
bank to inform to which debt money deposited is to be appropriated, and there is no
other ways or circumstances to show or indicate to which debt payment is to be applied,
then bank as creditor has liberty to apply at his discretion to any lawful debt due and

• En
payable to bank.
In case the customer or the banker fails to appropriate the amount paid to satisfy certain

gin
debt, then the payment so made can be appropriated towards the amount to debts ‘in
order of time’. (section 61 of Contract Act)
•

eer
The right of set-off can be exercised by a banker as a statutory right that helps banker to
adjust his debt by serving a reasonable notice to the customer. However, bank should
ensure before set-off that there is no contract to the contrary to this effect.
•
• in
The right of set-off is exercisable only when the relationship is that of debtor and creditor.
Debts due and determined can only be set-off by bank.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANKER & CUSTOMER g.n

some account with the bank. However, “casual dealings” like cashing someone’s cheque or
exchanging soiled notes etc. does not make a person a bank’s customer.
et
As mentioned earlier customer is one who has some financial dealings with the bank and has

Among the various relationships arising out of business dealings between banker and
customers, important ones are given below. The relationship may vary with the nature of the
transaction / dealings with bank from time to time during the period of dealing.
For instance, a customer having a saving or current account with the bank and balance in
the account remains in credit, the relationship remains that of creditor and debtor between
customer and banker. But moment either the amount is overdrawn the relations turns to be that
of debtor and creditors between customer and banker instead of creditor and debtor earlier.
This relationship may change from time to time.
Under this relationship, bank undertakes to receive money from his customer and collect
cheques etc. for his customer only. Bank agrees under this relationship to pay the money back
to the customer only when demanded. Also bank will not cease to do business with customer
except upon serving reasonable notice to his customer. However, customer undertakes to take
reasonable care in drawing money from bank in writing. This relationship makes the bank under
duty to pay customer’s money on demand if everything otherwise is normal.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 103

RELATIONSHIP CREDITOR AND DEBTOR
In simple words when the customer deposits money into his account in the bank, the relationship
between the customer and banker takes the shape of bank as debtor and depositor as creditor.
Such relationship is established when depositor asks the bank to open an account and bank in
turn handover the application form to be filled by the depositor and submit to the bank along
with necessary documents. Moment the branch agrees to open an account a relationship between
the depositor (customer) and banker is established that of creditor and debtor.

RELATIONSHIP DEBTOR-CREDITOR
When the customer avails a loan or an advance, then his relationship with the banker undergoes

ww
a change. Since the funds are lent to the customer, he becomes the borrower and the banker
becomes the lender. The relation becomes that of debtor- creditor since the customer becomes
a debtor and the banker a creditor.

w.E
PRINCIPAL & AGENT
•

asy
Banks provide ancillary services such as collection of cheques, bills etc. They also
undertake to pay regularly the electricity bills, phone bills etc. for and on behalf of the
customer.
•
En
The relationship arising out of these ancillary services is of principal-agent between the
customer and the bank. The proceeds of the cheques sent for collection , and which are

gin
in transit, are not credited to the customer account till such time as they are collected
(received) from the paying banker and credited into the customer account.
•
eer
Here the instruction of the customer to the banker is that of a Principal and Bank carries
out the same as Agent.
•

in
As a special facility to its customers, banks do not charge any commission for collecting
local cheques/drafts but do charge for collection of outstation instruments (cheques, DD,

g.n
Bills etc.). For instance, a customer in Delhi receives a cheque from his friend in Shimla.
Since cheque is drawn on a bank and branch in Shimla, therefore customer in Delhi hand

Shimla. Delhi Bank sends the cheque through clearing to Shimla and gets the proceeds
(money) for the customer. In turn banks charges it commission. et
over the cheque to his bank in Delhi and requests to collect the proceeds (money) from

LESSEE AND LESSOR

• An important ancillary service provided by the banks is that of safe deposit lockers or
also called Vault facility, to the customers who hire them on lease basis.
• The relationship therefore, is that of lessee and lessor. Customer is lessee and bank is lessor.
• In certain banks, this relationship is termed as licensee and licensor. The bank leases out
the space for the use of clients. The bank is not responsible for any loss that arises to the
lessee in this form of transaction except due to negligence of that bank.
• Locker holder can keep any personal but safe goods in the locker without the knowledge
of the banker.
• Lockers can be operated by double keys – one the master key held by banker and other
locker key held by customer.
• Nomination facility is available in such accounts. Customer normally opens a savings bank
account in the bank and keeps sufficient money to pay yearly rent for hiring a locker box.

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104 Banker—Customer Relationship

INDEMNIFIER AND INDEMNIFIED

The customer is indemnifier and the bank is indemnified. A contract by which one party promises
to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself or the conduct
of any other person is called a contract of indemnity – section 124 ( Indian Contract Act, 1872).
In the case of banking, this relationship happens in transactions of issue of duplicate demand
draft, fixed deposit receipt etc. The underlying point in these cases is that either party will
compensate the other of any loss arising from the wrong/excess payment.

BAILOR AND BAILEE

ww• A bailment is the delivery of goods in trust. A bank may accept the valuables of his
customer such as jewellary, documents, securities for safe custody. In such a case the
customer is the Bailer and the bank is bailee besides becoming a trustee. This situation

w.E
is provided in section 148 of Indian Contract Act 1872, where it is made clear that the
delivery of goods from one person to the other for some purpose upon the contract that
the goods will be returned when the purpose is accomplished makes the relationship

• asy
that of bailor and bailee.
The money or the securities so kept are not at the disposal of the bank.
•
En
The banker cannot utilize those moneys or securities as he desires since the money does
not belong to him. He is holding the property in trust. Any violation of this contract is
breach of trust.

PLEDGER & PLEDGEE gin

•
eer
When a customer pledges goods and documents as security for an advance or any credit
facility, then he becomes Pledgor and the bank becomes the Pledgee.
•
in
The pledged goods are to be returned intact to the Pledgor after the debt is repaid by him.

MORTGAGOR & MORTGAGEE g.n

•

•
securing the payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan. et
Mortgage is the transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of

When a customer pledges a specific immovable property with the bank as security for
advance, the customer becomes mortgagor and banker is the mortgagee.

TERMINATION OF BANKER-CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP

The relationship seizes once:
• The customer wants to close the accounts
• The customer dies,
• The customer becomes insane or
• The customer becomes insolvent.
• Banker may himself close the a/c by serving notice to a/c holder on reasonable grounds.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 105

GARNISHEE ORDER AND INCOME TAX ATTACHMENT ORDER

WHAT IS GARNISHEE ORDER?

• A garnishee order is an attachment order issued by a competent court under section 60 of
civil procedure code (Rule 46 of Order XXI of schedule) at the request of a creditor to attach
his debtor’s funds in the hands of a Banker.
• A garnishee order is issued in two stages, first order Nisi and then an order Absolute
• Banker – Garnishee; Person approached the court - judgment creditor and person whose
funds are to be attached - Judgment Debtor.

ww
GARNISHEE ORDER-GUIDELINES
ORDER NISI.
•
w.E
Initial order of the court for attachment of funds requires bank to explain as to why the
funds of the depositors should not be attached. Such order is called Nisi order.
•
• asy
On receipt of order Nisi the bank is required to stop operation in the depositors account.
Bank is supposed to inform the customer about the receipt of the order Nisi.

ORDER ABSOLUTE
En
•
• gin
After receipt of the explanation from the bank the court issues ‘Order Absolute’.
On receipt of an Order Absolute, the bank is required to deposit the specified amount

•
in the court.

eer
Production of pass Book/ Deposit receipt are not necessary for making such payment
•

in
Many a times Garnishee order does not specify the amount. In case, no amount is
mentioned, the entire balance is to be attached. If issued for specific amount then only
that specified amount is to be deposited or attached.
g.n
TYPES OF CUSTOMERS
et
All banks in the country open accounts for its various types of customers. The list of customers
varies from individual to corporate bodies. Important types of bank customers are: individuals
including married women in her own right, minors, proprietorship concerns, partnership firms,
limited partnership forms, limited companies, Hindu Undivided Families (HUF), Government
Bodies etc.
Any individual who is not a minor and is competent to contract can be bank’s customer.
Important point is selection of right customers. Bank is required to keep in mind legal aspects
of customer dealing with bank. For this Reserve Bank of India in 2002 through Anti-Money
Laundering Act of 2002 and subsequent RBI guidelines on this matter provide that for selection
of right customer banks should develop a customer acceptance policy and ensure that before
opening an account or developing a banker customer relationship, ‘Know Your Customer’
guidelines of RBI are adhered to. Banks have to deal with the following types of customers
while opening their accounts. Important/salient features of each category of customers and
precautions to be taken in opening their accounts are given below:

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106 Banker—Customer Relationship

TWO OR MORE INDIVIDUAL OPENING ACCOUNT TOGETHER (JOINT ACCOUNT)

• Legally speaking, two or more individuals can come together to open a joint account in
the name of two persons or more.
• While opening joint account all aspects taken care of in Individual account opening are
to be satisfied here also. There is no restriction of number of joint holders of an account.
However, bank needs to ensure that all KYC guidelines are adhered to and customers
are having a purpose to open such account.
• A joint account can be operated by any one or all the joint account holder together. In
the absence of any instruction (s) to the contrary all cheques should be signed by all joint
account holders.

ww
MINOR AS CUSTOMER
•

w.E
A bank does open account of children who are below the age of 18 years. There is no risk
involved in such accounts provided account remains in credit balance and all other legal
aspects of opening minor’s account have been followed.
•

asy
Section 3 of Indian Majority Act, provides that a child who attains the age of 18 years,
except in case where a guardian is appointed by a court, where the age of majority is 21
becomes major. Since a minor below 18 years (21 years under guardian) cannot enter

En
into a contract and such contract if made by bank, is void. Since the banker customer
relationship is contractual in nature, therefore care has to be taken to see that minor’s

•
gin
account is opened within the legal framework.
A contract entered by minor with bank to open an account is valid to the extent that such
contract help minor get necessaries of life and is for his/her benefit only. That is why

eer
banks open account of minor below 18 years so that his necessities of life are met with
through savings.

Illiterate as Customer
• in g.n
Under Indian laws, there is no bar on dealing with bank by an illiterate person. He/she
can enter into a valid contract with the bank.
•

•
et
Due to difficulty in obtaining signatures from the illiterate persons or taking his/her thumb
impression, banks avoid giving cheque book facility. However, following precautions
are to be taken while opening and maintaining such accounts:
Clear thumb impression from customer should be taken on application form and specimen
signature card. Take LTI of female and RTI of male.
• In case two illiterates join together to open an account with the bank, then the operation
allowed should be jointly or survivor and not either or survivor.
• One illiterate and one literate person can open joint account. Some banks provide cheque
book facility while some do not issue any cheque book.
• Recent photograph of the account holder is to be taken along with the application form.
Introduction should also be preferred in such cases.

BLIND PERSON AS CUSTOMER

• Blind person can also open bank account of all nature like SB, CA, TD etc. Normally loan
accounts or current account with overdraft facility are discouraged.
• Blind persons are competent to enter into contract. Account opening form mentions the
customer is “Blind Person”.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 107

• It is necessary that before opening the account, bank explains various risks factors involved
in the operations of the account. It should be explained preferably in the presence of a
bank customer or staff member.
• Bank also allows opening of Joint account with a relative.
• Make payments or receive cash from the customer in the presence of some witness,
preferably, bank customer. Blind customer’s presence should be ensured for withdrawals.

PROPRIETORSHIP CONCERN
• A sole proprietorship concern has many features that make it unique. These are:
ƒ It is easy to form and run.

ww ƒ Oldest form of business organization.

ƒ One man organization easy to control and manage.

• w.E
ƒ No registration is essential in sole-proprietorship concerns.
But a license specific to the line of business from the local administration is required.
•
•
asy
It is mostly self-financed out of savings or borrowings from relatives and friends.
Outside interference is avoided and owner is fully on its own as far as planning, organizing,
decision making, marketing etc. are concerned. Profits need not be shared with anyone.
•
En
Owner and firm have the same standing and there is no legal existence of concern separate
from its owner. As such the liability of the proprietor is unlimited. It can be more than

• gin
the capital invested by the proprietor.
Shortcomings: Major shortcoming of a proprietorship concern is its lack of continuity.

eer
Since the business is one man show, as on businessman’s indisposition, death etc. business
operations are affected and so is income.

PARTNERSHIP FIRM
•
in g.n
Partnership is a group of people coming together to jointly do a business and share
profits of the business.
•

•
et
Partnership is legal entity formed by the business relationship of 10 person in case of
banking business and 20 in case of non-banking business. It can be formed either by a
written document called ‘partnership deed’ or orally.
The firm may be a trading firm doing the business of sale and purchase of goods or it may
be manufacturing, processing etc. It may also be professional partnership firm like that of
chartered accountants, lawyers, Doctors, etc.
• A partnership may be registered or unregistered. An unregistered firm however have
disadvantage that it cannot sue other debtors who have defaulted in the performance
of a function to prefer its claim on them. In case of registration of partnership deed, it is
registered with Registrar of Firms.
• It is important to note that in the absence of the agreement to the contrary in the
partnership deed, any partner can bind the acts of other partner for the acts done on
behalf of the firm.
• The account should be opened in the name of the firm. The account opening form should
be signed by all the partners. Mandate in the name of any partner to operate the account
and take banking decision should be signed by all partners. Any change in such mandate
should also be signed by all partners.

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108 Banker—Customer Relationship

• Liability of partners is unlimited. In other words every partner is liable for the firm’s
activities fully. They are jointly and severally liable.
• A letter of partnership duly signed by all the partners should be obtained. When a minor
is admitted as partner in the firm, a letter of restrictive operations should be obtained.
Minor is admissible for the profits or benefits from the firm but not for any liability.
• Payment of the cheque drawn by any partner can be stooped by any other partner.
• Precaution is required to be taken that in the event of the death or insolvency or lunacy
of any partner, the operations in the account are stopped and a fresh partnership deed
should be taken from the remaining partners.

ww
LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP (LLP)
• Limited Liability Partnership is a body corporate having separate legal existence having

w.E
mixed characteristics of Partnership firm and Companies. It is separate from its partners,
cannot own assets in the name, sue and be sued. It has perpetual succession. Every partner
is an agent of the LLP.
•
asy
It is to be registered with Registrar of Company. The incorporation document shall contain
the name of LLP, proposed business, address of the registered office and name & address
of each partner. Name to contain ‘Limited Liability Partnership’ or ‘LLP’ as suffix.
•
En
Incorporation Document is not required to contain State in which incorporated. Thus,

gin
registered office can be changed to any place in India just by informing ROC subject to
prescribed conditions.

LIMITED COMPANY
eer
Joint stock Companies are governed by the Companies Act, 1956. A Company is incorporated

in
under the Companies Act. The Company is a separate entity from its members.
There are three types of the companies:
(1) Public Limited Company g.n
(2) Private Limited Company
(3) Government Company

Documents Required in Case of Company Accounts

et
• List of the present directors.
• Certified copy of Certificate of Incorporation is taken while opening account.
• Certified copy of Certificate of Commencement of Business in case of public limited
Company is required.
• Copy of Memorandum of Article of Association (MOA)
• Board Resolution to open an account with the bank and operational instructions.

TRUST ACCOUNTS
A trust is an obligation arising out of a confidence reposed in and accepted by owner for the
benefit of another person or owner. It is fiduciary relationship with respect to property, subjecting
the trustee to equitable duties to deal with the property for the benefit of another person.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 109

• In simple words when an individual or an Association has property in his possession but
there is no ownership of property available, then arrangement by which such property is
managed or run is called “Trust”. The individuals or Associations holding and managing
the property are called “Trustees”.
• Trust may be established by two important ways:
ƒ By voluntary coming together of interested parties/persons.
ƒ By court order.
• The nature and extent of trustee’s authority is determined by an agreement of trustees
or by the order of the Court.

ww• Other special features of a Trust are:

ƒ Trust is an obligation annexed to the ownership of property.
ƒ Trust arises out of a confidence reposed in or accepted by the owner.

w.E
ƒ Trust property is held by trustee for the benefit of the beneficiaries.
ƒ Relationship of confidentiality exists in the contract of trust.

asy
• Normally two types of trusts are common in India. One is Public Trust and second is
Private Trust.

En
• Trust could be created for lawful purposes.
• Trust can be created by person competent to contract.

gin
• Trustees are those persons who command the confidence.
"Trust Deed" is a document that describes the creation of a trust and the purpose etc. for

eer
which it is being established.

EXECUTORS & ADMINISTRATORS

• in g.n
A person to whom the execution of a will is entrusted by the deceased (testator) is called
the executor of the will.
• The executor is supposed to obtain a probate from the court.
•
et
For a person who dies without leaving a will (intestate), the court appoints a person to
look after the property is called the administrator.

HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILY (HUF)

• Hindu Undivided Family unit is recognized in India by Hindu Law. Hindu Law is in fact,
a compendium of Hindu practices and customs accepted and practised for many decades.
• HUF is governed by two schools of law: one Dayabhag, in which son does not acquire
any right in the ancestral property so long as father is alive, and second is Mitakshara,
which propagates the thought that in a joint family governed by Hindu Law, all members
acquire right in ancestral property by birth. In most of the States in India, Mitakshara
system is prevalent except in West Bengal and Assam where Dayabhag system prevails.
• Normally the affairs and property of the Joint Hindu Family is managed by the eldest
male member (adult) of the family, who is called KARTA of family. The other members
(male as well as female except widow) of the family are called ‘Coparceners’.
• HUF cannot be admitted as a partner in the partnership firm.

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110 Banker—Customer Relationship

COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES
• Societies maintain accounts with the banks. Following points should be kept in mind
while opening accounts of societies/clubs etc.
• Society must be registered under the Society Registration Act 1960 for which certified
copy of the registration Documents is to be obtained.
• Copy of bye laws, rules and regulations should be obtained and read carefully for any
restrictive clause (s). A list of the members of the managing committee should be drawn.
• Copy of resolution of the Managing Committee/Governing Body etc. should be kept on
record. This is necessary before opening an account since this resolution provides what
the Managing Committee/Governing Body has passed for opening an account.

ww• Borrowing Power, if any, should be known to the bank.

• w.E
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
Local Authorities include Municipal Corporations, Zilla Boards, Local Development
Authorities, etc.
•
asy
Bank must obtain copy of such statute and find out the provisions as to who would
authorize opening of the account.
•
En
Generally these authorities have managing committees, with president, vice-president
and treasurer and the treasurer is given powers to open and operate the account.
•
gin
Normally loans and advances are discouraged to bodies but can be advanced with
permission from competent authority.

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS
• eer
Copy of the government notification should be obtained authorizing the concerned

• in
department (person in the department) to open and operate the account.

g.n
Certified copy of rules and regulations framed by the department for opening and
operations of such accounts should be obtained and compliance must be as per rules
without any deviation/s.

KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER GUIDELINES (KYC) et

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on AML/ KYC States
• “The objective of KYC/AML guidelines is to prevent banks from being used, intentionally
or unintentionally, by criminal elements for money laundering or terrorist financing
activities.
Under KYC Policy, a “Customer” is defined as:
• A person or entity that maintains an account and/ or has a business relationship with
the Bank;
• One on whose behalf the account is maintained (i.e. the beneficial owner);
• Beneficiaries of transactions conducted by professional intermediaries, such as Stock Brokers,
Chartered Accountants, Solicitors, etc. as permitted under the law, and
• Any person or entity connected with a financial transaction, which can pose significant
reputation or other risks to the Bank, say, a wire transfer or issue of a high value demand
draft as a single transaction.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 111

• KYC procedures also enable banks to know/understand their customers and their
financial dealings better which in turn help them manage their risks prudently”.
• The necessity of knowing your customer is to (i) check financial frauds (ii) identify money
laundering and other suspicious activities, (iii) scrutiny and monitoring of large value
transactions and, (iv) check opening of benami accounts.
• Before establishing any banking relationship Bank will carry out due diligence as required
under “Know Your Customer” (KYC) guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) and/or such other norms or procedures adopted by the Bank.
• What is Due Diligence?
• Due diligence basically means that bank takes reasonable efforts to verify the customer’s

ww•
antecedents and understand his purpose of opening account with the bank.
The due diligence process that the Bank follows, includes obtaining recent photographs,

•
w.E
verifying identity, verifying address, and other information on occupation or business
and source of fund for the person opening the account.
As part of the due diligence process the Bank may also require an introduction from a

• asy
person acceptable to the Bank if they so deem necessary.
Objective of KYC framework is to ensure appropriate customer identification and monitor

•
En
transactions of suspicious nature.
Different means to identify customer’s antecedents could be from documents like passport,

• gin
driving license and verification from exiting account holders including the introduction
of accounts by bank customer.
Valid introduction can be obtained from documents like PAN card, Income Tax Authority,

• eer
Election ID, Adharar Card etc.
Proof of residence and verification could be done through personal visits, ration cards,

•
utility bills etc.
in g.n
Reserve Bank of India has stipulated that issuance of Demand Draft, Traveller’s Cheques,
Mail Transfers or Telegraphic Transfers (last two are no more in use due to technology
improvement in banks), beyond Rupees 50,000 and above it should be done only through

•
the debit to the account or through cheque deposit and not against cash.
et
Information collected from the customer under KYC requirements while opening account
is to be kept confidential, cannot divulge information with any outsider, cannot use for
cross-selling or any other purpose and should be used for bank’s internal purposes.
• KYC information normally cannot be part of the account opening form. It could be
collected on voluntary basis only from customers.

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING
• Money Laundering refers to the conversion or “Laundering” of money which is illegally
obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source.
• Money Laundering is being employed by launderers to conceal criminal activity or against
the law enforced in India.

WAYS OF DOING MONEY LAUNDERING

• Hawala : Hawala is an alternative or parallel remittance system.

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112 Banker—Customer Relationship

• Structuring Deposits : This method entails breaking up large amounts of money into
smaller parts.
• Third-Party Cheques : Utilizing cheques or banker’s drafts drawn on different institutions
and clearing them via various third-party accounts.
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) forms the core of the legal framework
put in place by India to combat money laundering. PMLA and the Rules notified there under
came into force with effect from July 1, 2005. Director, FIU-IND and Director (Enforcement)
have been conferred with exclusive and concurrent powers under relevant sections of the Act
to implement the provisions of the Act.

ww The PMLA and rules notified thereunder impose obligation on banking companies, financial
institutions and intermediaries to verify, identity of clients, maintain records and furnish

w.E
information to FIU-IND. PMLA defines money laundering offence and provides for the freezing,
seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime.

• asy
BANKING OMBUDSMAN
Banking Ombudsman Scheme was announced by Reserve Bank of India in 2006. However,
it was revised, amended in 2007 and 2009 to provide this office a wider role in the field

En
of customer complaints and to adjudicate. It came into force on January, 1. 2006.
•

gin
Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006 is applicable to all commercial banks, all regional
rural banks, and all scheduled primary cooperative banks in the country. This scheme
extends to the whole of India.
•
eer
Any executive of the rank of General Manager or Chief General Manager or other person
suitable for the job can be appointed as Banking Ombudsman.
•
in
The period of office of Ombudsman is 3 years.

PRE-CONDITIONS FOR FILING COMPLAINT

g.n
ƒ

et
The complainant should have made written representation to the Bank and that
complaint has been rejected or complainant has not received any reply within a period
of one month after the bank has received his representation or he is not satisfied with
the reply given.
ƒ The complaint is not made later than one year after the complainant has received the
reply of the bank on his complaint.
ƒ The complaint does not pertain to the same subject matter for which suit proceedings
are pending before any Court, Tribunal or Arbitrator etc. or decree or award or order
has already been passed by such authorities.
ƒ Compensation is limited to Rs.10.00 lakhs.
ƒ The complaint should not be frivolous and filled with bad intentions.

GROUNDS FOR COMPLAINTS

Common grounds of service deficiency in banking that can be entertained under the banking
Ombudsman scheme are:
• Non-payment or inordinate delay in payment and collection of cheques, bills etc.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 113

• Non-acceptance of small denomination notes and coins without sufficient cause.
• Refusal to open deposit account or close the account or delay in closing accounts without
reason for refusal or delay.
• Failure to follow the Banking Codes & Standard Board of India’s guidelines and non-
adherence to the fair practices code as adopted by the bank.
• Failure to issue or delay in issue of drafts, pay orders or banker’s cheques etc.
• Non-adherence to follow prescribed working hours.
• Failure to honour guarantee or letter of credit commitments.
• Delay or failure to credit the proceeds to the parties account or non-observance of RBI

ww•
guidelines.
Any other matter relating to the violation of the directives issued by the RBI in relation
to banking or other services.
•
w.E
Complaints from NRIs having accounts in India in relation to their remittances from
abroad, deposits or other bank related matters.
•
• asy
Forced closure of accounts without due notice or sufficient reasons.
In case of loans and advances, failure to follow RBI directives on interest rates etc. and also

•
En
delay in sanction of credit facility without reason can be ground for filing complaint.
Non-acceptance of application for credit facility is sufficient ground for filing complaint.

FILING OF COMPLAINT
gin
•

eer
Complaint should be filed in writing and signed by the complainant or his/her authorized
representative stating clearly, name and address of the complainant, name and address
of the bank’s branch or office against which the complaint is being filed, facts of the case,

in
documentary proof, if any, along with the nature and extent of loss to the complainant
be given and the relief sought.
g.n
OTHER MATTERS – prescribed by RBI from time to time
•
•
Levying of charges without adequate prior notice to the customer. et
Non-adherence by the bank or its subsidiaries to the instructions of RBI on ATM/Debit
card operations or credit card operations.
• Non-disbursement / delay in disbursement of pension [to the extent the grievance can
be attributed to the action on the part of the bank concerned, but not with regard to its
employees].
• Refusal to accept or delay in accepting payment towards taxes, as required by RBI / Govt.
• Refusal to issue or delay in issuing or failure to service or delay in servicing or redemption
of govt. securities.
• The bank shall within one month – comply and intimate the compliance to ombudsman.
• Appeal before appellate authority: Within 45 days of date of receipt of award, any person
aggrieved may prefer an appeal against the award. Appellate authority may grant further
period of 30 days.
• Banks to display salient features of scheme for common knowledge of public.

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114 Banker—Customer Relationship

POWERS OF BANKING OMBUDSMAN

Banking Ombudsman has following powers:
• Call any additional information from the Bank against which complaint is filed or any
other bank concerned with the complaint.
• Call for certified copies of any document relating to the complaint.
• Maintaining confidentiality of any information or document that may come to his
knowledge or possession.
• Nature of the proceedings before Banking Ombudsman is “summary in nature”.
• Appellate Authority in the Scheme of Banking Ombudsman is Deputy Governor –in-

ww charge of the Department of RBI which is implementing the scheme.

w.E
Rejection of Complaints
Banking Ombudsman can reject the complaint in case where ;
ƒ The complaint is frivolous, malafide etc;

asy
ƒ The complaint is without sufficient cause or beyond pecuniary jurisdiction (Clause
12 (5))

En
ƒ Complaint is not pursued by complainant with reasonable diligence,
ƒ In the opinion of the banking Ombudsman there is no loss or damage or inconvenience

gin
caused to the complainant.

BANKING OMBUDSMAN ACTS AS ARBITRATOR

•
eer
Any dispute between the customer of the bank and the bank or may be amongst banks
is received by the Banking Ombudsman for arbitration. It means Banking Ombudsman

•
acts as a arbitrator.
in g.n
Banking Ombudsman assume the role of arbitrator once the dispute is referred to him
by the parties and gets the consent of the parties to do so by way of an affidavit of

•
understanding, duly stamped and notarized.

et
At any stage after assuming the charge of arbitrator, if Banking Ombudsman feels that
he is unable to perform his given role independently, then he can refuse to continue to
be an arbitrator.
• Generally speaking, Banking Ombudsman follows the rules and procedures laid down
in the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996.
• If the dispute is for an amount less than Rupees 10 lakh and parties to dispute agree for
arbitration in writing, then Banking Ombudsman can himself act as arbitrator.

CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT

• Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was enacted in 1986 Act 68 of 1986) and implemented
w.e.f April 15, 1987
• This Act was amended comprehensively in 2002 (specifically on 17.12.2002) and amended
Act was implemented from 15.03.2003.
• Consumer Protection Act applies to services and goods and among services fall the
banking services.

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Banker—Customer Relationship 115

OBJECTIVES
Consumer Protection Act was enacted to promote and protect the important rights of consumers.
Some important objectives are:
• Right to be protected against marketing of goods which are hazarduous to life and
property.
• Right to be informed about quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard price of goods and
services to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation
of consumers and provide consumer education.
• Right to be assured wherever possible, access to an authority of goods at competitive price.

ww• Right to be heard and assured that consumer interest will receive due consideration.

Central Councils
•
w.E
Government of India has established Central Consumer Protection Council (CCPC), for
hearing the complaints of consumers or complainants. In short form, CCPC is also called
‘Central Council’.
•
asy
The Chairman of the Central Council is normally Minister of Consumer Affairs in Central
Government.
•
En
Consumer interest under Consumer Protection Act will be protected by Consumer
Protection Councils.
•
gin
At the State level also Consumer Protection Councils are in existence and State’s Minister
of Consumer Affairs is the Chairman.

Objectives of Councils
eer
•

•
•
in
Protect right of consumer against marketing of goods and services which dangerous to
the life and property of consumer.

g.n
Right to be informed about quality, purity, quantity, price etc of the product and services.
Right to have access to various goods and services at competitive price.
•
•
•
Assure consumer that his interest is being watched by council.
Consumer’s right to be heard is what the council is meant for.
et
State or Central Government can establish various redressal agencies to hear and solve
consumer complaints.
• Central Consumer Protection Council consists of around 150 members drawn from
government, non-official members, other officials as members etc.
• Under the consumer protection act, the redressal of dispute is done through following
three Forum/Commissions:
ƒ District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum (also called District Forum) to hear
disputes district level. Jurisdiction of handling disputes up to Rupees 20 lakh falls
within District Forum.
ƒ State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission (also called State Commission). It
can handle disputes with claims between Rupees 20 lakh and 100 lakh.
ƒ National Consumer Redressal Commission (also called national Commission). It can
handle disputes above Rupees 100 lakh.

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116 Banker—Customer Relationship

BANKING CODE AND STANDARD BOARD OF INDIA

• Competitive forces alone do not ensure expected fair treatment, quality, justifiable price
and transparency of banks services to customers. Statutory regulatory measures set out
in letter but not carried out in spirit.
• For addressing these issues along with other issues related to customer service, RBI setup
a committee under the chairmanship of S S Tarapore, which suggested setting up of
BCSBI as an independent watchdog for ensuring promised level of service by the bankers.
ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP
• Set up in 2006 as a Trust
• Collaborative effort of RBI, IBA and banks

ww
•
•
•
Managed by Governing Council
Membership Voluntary
On becoming member, bank bound by Codes
CONSTITUTION
•
w.E
Registered as a separate society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
•

•
asy
An independent banking industry watchdog to ensure that the consumer of banking
services get what they are promised by the banks.
Reserve Bank to lend financial support for a limited period of five years.
•
En
To ensure that the Board really functions as an autonomous and independent watchdog of
the industry, the Reserve Bank extends financial support to the Board by way of meeting

gin
its full expenses for the first five years.
ROLE OF BCSBI
•
• eer
Combine the best of both self-regulation and statutory regulation.
Evolve comprehensive codes and standards for fair treatment of customers.
•

•
•
made in the codes. in
Act as a watchdog to ensure that banks deliver services in accordance with promises

Promote self regulation among banks.

Collaborative approach. g.n
COMPLAINTS AND BCSBI
• et
The BCSBI does not deal with individual cases of complaints. However, in case complaints
point to any serious failing in complying with the code, the BCSBI may investigate and
initiate appropriate action. The BCSBI is interested in cases where member banks appear
to have breached the Code.
CODE OF BANKS COMMITMENT TO CUSTOMERS
• The Code covers the products and services offered by banks to individual customers. It
mainly relates to
ƒ Deposit accounts
ƒ Safe deposit lockers
ƒ Settlement of accounts of deceased account holders
ƒ Foreign exchange services
ƒ Remittances within India
ƒ Loans and advances and guarantees
ƒ Credit cards
ƒ Internet Banking

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Banker—Customer Relationship 117

PAST EXERCISE
1. Which of the following is the abbreviated (3) Lending money by way of overdraft,
name of the new Act which deals with instalment loan, credit or advance for
money laundering? [OBC 2009] business activities
(a) AILTA (b) PERDA (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(c) TERLS (d) SALT (c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (3)
(e) PMLA (e) All of these
2. A bank normally does not have to deal with 5. Which of the following is NOT a function of

ww an issue related to [Indian Bank 2010]

(a) payments and settlement systems
(b) contractual rights of creditors
a bank? [Syndicate 2010]
(a) Providing project finance
(b) Selling Mutual Funds

w.E
(c) intellectual property rights
(d) cases of insolvency
(e) coordination between regulators active
(c) Deciding policy rates like CRR, Repo
Rate/SLR etc
(d) Settlement of payments of behalf of the

asy
in banking / financial sectors
3. As we all know, banks publish their quarterly
performance to bring transparency in the 6.
customers
(e) All of these are functions of a bank
One of the major challenges banking

En
system and also to give a clear picture
of their performance to the public. How
industry is facing these days is deliberate
efforts of some people to bring money

gin
were results of Quarter 2 different from
the results of Quarter 1 of the listed banks
including giants like SBI & ICICI banks ?
earned through illegal activities in
circulation. Which of the following acts has
been passed to prevent this activity?

eer
[Allahabad Bank 2010]
(1) Performance was subdued in Quarter
[Allahabad Bank 2011]
(a) Payment & Settlements Act
2.

banks have come [Link]

(2) Yields on advances of almost all listed

(3) Advances grew at a slower pace when

(b) Banking Regulation Act

g.n
(c) Negotiable Instruments Act
(d) Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance
Act
compared to deposits.
(a) Only (1) is true
(b) Only (2) is true
(c) Only (3) is true
(d) All (1), (2) & (3) are true
7.
et
(e) Prevention of Money Laundering Act
Banks need liquidity to meet which of
the following objectives of banking?
[Allahabad Bank 2011]
(e) None of these (1) To meet deposit withdrawal
4. Whenever some people wish to enter into (2) To fund loan demands
the business world, it is a must for them to (3) To maintain public confidence
approach a bank. What services do banks (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
provide them in this regard? (c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (2)
[Syndicate 2010] (e) None of these
(1) Banks act as payment agents by 8. Which of the following terms is NOT used
operating current accounts, paying in the Banking world?
cheques and receiving payments for [Allahabad Bank 2011]
them. (a) Holding Company
(2) Maintaining account books for them for (b) Postdated cheque
their day-to-day activities so that they (c) Credit
are not required to appoint account/ (d) Time deposit
finance personnel on a regular basis. (e) Centripetal force

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118 Banker—Customer Relationship

9. KYC guidelines followed by the banks have 14. In order to attract more foreign exchange
been framed on the recommendations of the Govt of India decided to allow foreign
the [Indian Overseas Bank 2011] investment in LLP [Link] is full form
(a) Ministry of Home Affairs of “LLP” as used in this reference?
(b) Ministry of Rural Development [IBPS 2011]
(c) Indian Banks Association (a) Local Labour Promotion
(d) Financial Intelligence Unit (b) Low Labour Projects
(e) Reserve Bank of India (c) Limited Loan Partnership
10. Which of the following is the popular name (d) Longer Liability Partnership
of the norms by which a bank satisfies itself (e) Limited Liability Partnership
about the customer’s identity and activities? 15. The process by which a life insurance

ww (a) Basel norms

(b) KYC norms
[Corporation Bank 2011] policyholder can transfer all rights, title and
interest- under a policy contract to a third
person is known as [IBPS 2013]

w.E
(c) Service norms
(d) Lending norms
(e) None of these
(a) Assignment of the policy
(b) Hypothecation of the policy
(c) Reinvestment of the policy

services? asy
11. Banks, today, in addition to normal banking
services, offer which of the following
[Corporation Bank 2011]
(d) Negotiation of the policy
(e) Nomination of the policy
16. Banking Ombudsman Scheme is applicable

En
(a) Internet Banking
(b) Depository Services
to the business of __________ . [IBPS 2012]
(a) All scheduled commercial banks

gin
(c) Financial Counselling Services
(d) Only (a) and (b) above
(e) All (a), (b) and (c) above
excluding RRBs
(b) All scheduled commercial banks
including RRBs

eer
12. Which of the following statements is true?
[IBPS 2011]
(c) Only Public Sector Banks
(d) All Banking Companies

deposits from public.

in
(a) Banks cannot accept demand and time

(b) Banks can accept only demand deposits

from public.
(e) All scheduled banks except private
banks

_____________. g.n
17. Banking Ombudsman is appointed by
[SBI Bank 2013]
(c) Banks can accept only time deposits
from public.
(d) Banks can accept both demand and
time deposits from public.
(a) Government of India
(b) State Governments
(c) RBI
(d) E C G C
et
(e) Banks can accept demand and time (e) Exim Bank
deposits only from government. 18. A bank's 'fixed deposit' is also referred to as
13. When a bank returns a cheque unpaid, it is a [IBPS 2013]
called [IBPS 2011]
(a) term deposit
(a) payment of the cheque
(b) savings bank deposit
(b) drawing of the cheque
(c) cancelling of the cheque (c) current deposit
(d) dishonor of the cheque (d) demand deposit
(e) taking of the cheque (e) home savings deposit

ANSWER KEY
1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (e)
7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (e) 10. (b) 11. (e) 12. (d)
13. (d) 14. (e) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a)

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Banker—Customer Relationship 119

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Who will settle the grievances of customers (c) Commercial
of banks? (d) Agent and principal
(a) Reserve Bank of India (e) None of these
(b) State Bank of India 8. A bank is under a statutory obligations to
(c) Local Courts honour its customer’s cheques vide
(d) Ombuds Men (a) Section 10 of the Banking Regulation
(e) Governor of RBI Act, 1949

ww
2. Who introduced the Banking Ombudsmen
Scheme?
(a) ARBI
(b) Section 3 of the RBI Act, 1934
(c) Section 31 of the Negotiable Instruments
Act, 1881
(b) SBI

w.E
(c) Ministry of Finance
(d) NABARD 9.
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
Whenever some people wish to enter into

asy
(e) None of these
3. When was Ombuds Men Scheme first
introduced?
the business world, it is a must for them to
approach a bank. What services do banks
provide them in this regard?
(c) June 1995
(e) July 1996 En
(a) November 2006 (b) October 1981
(d) January 1998
I. Banks act as payment agents by operating
current accounts, paying cheques and

(a) Three months gin

4. Traveller’s cheques are valid for ..........
receiving payments for them.
II. Maintaining account books for them for
their day-to-day activities, so that they
(b) Six months
(c) One year
eer
(d) No limit are valid till encashed
are not required to appoint account/
finance personnel on a regular basis.
(e) None of the above
in
5. One of the major challenges banking
industry is facing these days is money
laundering. Which of the following acts/
III. Lending money by way of overdraft,
instalment loan, credit or advance for
business activities.
g.n
Select the correct answer using the codes
norms are launched by the banks to prevent
money laundering in general?
(a) Know Your Customer Norms
(b) Banking Regulation Act
given below:
(a) Only I
(c) Only III
(e) All of these
(b) Only II
(d) I and IIIet
(c) Negotiable Instrument Act 10. The main function of commercial bank can
(d) Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance be segregated into
Act I. payment system.
(e) None of the above II. financial intermediation.
6. Money laundering normally involved III. financial services.
(a) placement of funds Select the correct answer using the codes
(b) layering of funds given below
(c) integrating of fund (a) I, II and III (b) I and III
(d) All of these (c) I and II (d) II and III
(e) None of these (e) None of these
7. Banker-Customer relationship is often 11. Which of the following types of institutions
considered a fiduciary one. What is this operate in the call money market only as
relation based on? lender?
(a) Contract (a) Commercial banks
(b) Faith (b) Primary dealers

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120 Banker—Customer Relationship

(c) Insurance companies (c) only public sector banks

(d) SBI (d) all banking companies
(e) None of the above (e) all scheduled banks except private banks
12. Which of the following is the Central Bank 17. Which of the following is not a part of the
of the country? scheduled banking structure in India?
(a) RBI (b) SBI (a) State co-operative banks
(c) RRB (d) NABARD (b) Public sector banks
(e) None of these (c) Private sector banks
13. A banker is expected to honour the cheques (d) Regional rural banks
within the specified banking hours as per (e) Moneylenders
section of Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881. 18. Which of the following statements is correct

ww
14.
(a) 22
(c) 30
(e) 65
(b) 25
(d) 45

The legal relationship between a bank and

about soiled/mutilated note?
(a) All banks are authorised to accept
soiled notes across their counters and

w.E
its customer is a kind of
I. debtor and creditor.
II. principal and agent.
pay the exchange value
(b) Banks are expected to offer this service
even to non-customers

asy
III. pledgor and pledgee.
IV. mortgagor and mortgage.
Select the correct answer using the codes
(c) All public sector bank branches and
currency chest branches of private sector
banks are authorised to adjudicate and
given below:
(a) I and III En (b) I, III and IV
pay value in respect of mutilated notes
(d) The RBI has also authorised all
commercial bank branches to treat

15.
(e) I, II and III
gin
(c) I, II, III and IV (d) I and II

Many times, we hear about the ‘Banking

certain notes in ‘two pieces’ as soiled
notes and pay exchange value

of same?
eer
Ombudsman’. What is/are the major roles
19.
(e) All of the above
Your bank’s customer XYZ enjoys a CC
limit of ` 100000. The CC account shows a

case of dispute.
II. The Banking
in
I. Banking Ombudsman is a quasi-judicial
authority having powers to summon,
the banks and the customers both in

Ombudsman are
credit balance of ` 10205. The relationship

(a) debtor/creditor
(b) creditor/debtor g.n
between your bank and XYZ limited is

appointed by the President of India

and are retired judges of the High or
Supreme Courts.
III. The decisions/judgements given by the
20.
(e) None of these
et
(c) bailor/bailee (d) bailee/bailor

In case, a depositor wishes to withdraw his

fixed deposits prematurely, banks
Banking Ombudsman cannot be taken (a) do not allow the same till maturity of
to any court of justice as their decisions the deposits
are last in case of bank related problems (b) charge a penalty for the same
disputes. (c) do not charge any penalty and allow
Select the correct answer using the codes the same
given below (d) All of the above
(a) Only I (b) Only II (e) None of the above
(c) Only III (d) All of these 21. For filing and resolving customer
(e) None of these complaints, the Banking Ombudsman
16. Banking Ombudsman Scheme is applicable (a) charges a fee of ` 500
to the business of
(b) does not charge any fee
(a) all scheduled commercial banks
(c) charges a fee of ` 1500
excluding RRBs
(b) all scheduled commercial banks (d) charges a fee of ` 1000
including RRBs (e) None of the above

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Banker—Customer Relationship 121

22. Which of the following is/are the rights of 26. Who is the appointing authority for the
customer towards his banker? banking ombudsman?
(a) To receive a statement of his account (a) RBI
from a banker (b) Finance Ministry
(b) To sue the bank for any lose and (c) PMO
damages (d) Team of PM, Finance Minister and RBI
(c) To sue the banker for not maintaining Governor
the secrecy of his account (e) (a) and (c)
(d) All of these 27. Which of the following is the drawee bank
(e) None of these in respect of a cheque?
23. Which one is true in respect of bank (a) The payee’s bank

ww marketing?
(a) Bank marketing deal with providing
services to satisfy customer’s financial
(b) The bank which collects the cheque
(c) The bank on which the cheque is drawn
(d) The endorsee’s bank
(e) None of these

w.E
needs and wants.
(b) Bank marketing has to discover/
ascertain/anticipate the financial needs
of the corporates.
28. Who is a banking ombudsman?
(a) The chief vigilance officer of a bank
(b) The chairman of a bank

asy
(c) Bank marketing may be required to
satisfy the corporates and institutions,
other related needs and wants.
(c) An official in the Finance Ministry,
Government of India
(d) An independent authority appointed

En
(d) Bank marketing means competitive
element, efficiency and effectiveness in
by RBI to address customer complaints
(e) None of these
the process.
gin
(e) None of the above
24. Under what circumstances, can the bank
29. Know Your Customer (KYC) norms are
required to be strictly followed by banks. It
means

eer
close a partnership account?
(a) Death of partner
(a) providing improved customer services
(b) determining the identify and residence

(d) All of the above

(e) None of the above
in
(b) Retirement of a partner
(c) Insolvency of a partner

25. SWIFT is a network for banks to exchange

proof of account holders through
approved documents

g.n
(c) ensuring that staff members know the
customers
(d) organising regular customer service
information. What is the expanded form?
(a) Safe window
transactions
(b) Secured
for

worldwide
international

international
meetings
(e) None of these et
30. The co-operative credit societies have a
(a) two-tier structure
transactions (b) three-tier structure
(c) Society for worldwide interbank (c) four-tier structure
financial telecommunications (d) five-tier structure
(d) All of the above (e) None of these
(e) None of the above

ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (e) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (e) 18. (e) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c)
26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (b)

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CHAPTER

7 Regional Rural Banks

ESTABLISHMENT AND STRUCTURE – SALIENT FEATURES

• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are third layer of commercial banking organization after

ww commercial banks and cooperative banks. RRBs were established on the recommendations
of the Narsimhan Committee to meet rural credit needs of the farming and other rural
community.
•
w.E
RRBs are new category of commercial banks sponsored by a strong commercial bank to
serve limited area and within limited local limits. However, since its commencement,
the area of operation has been widening.
•
asy
Regional Rural Banks were established under Regional Rural Bank Act, 1976 and first
bank established was Prathama Grameen Bank on October, 2. 1975. The first Commercial

• En
Bank to sponsor an RRB was Syndicate Bank.
Regional Rural banks were established as joint banks of Central Government, State

• gin
Government and Sponsored banks.
Initial capital to start with in 1975 was Rupees 1 crore but subsequently it was increased

•
eer
and at present the capital requirement is Rupees 5 crore.
This capital is shared by Central Government, State Government and Sponsored Bank in
the ratio of 50%, 35%, and 15% respectively till recently. But now this ratio has changed to

in
60%, 20% and 20% among Central Government, State Government and Sponsored Bank

g.n
respectively. Central Government acts through NABARD and its share of subscription
is also routed through NABARD.
•
et
Organizational Structure: RRBs are governed and managed by Board of Directors. Total
members of the Board are 9 but can change at the behest of the Government for better
superintendence. Of the 9 members of the Board of Directors, at least 3 are nominated by
Government of India, 2 by State Government and 3 by sponsored bank. Chairman of the
RRB is normally from sponsored bank and appointed after the approval of the NABARD.
The professional banking directions are received from Reserve Bank of India/NABARD.
• Regional Rural Banks are treated as scheduled commercial banks as per Reserve Bank
of India Act, 1934 and are included in the second schedule to RBI.
• RRBs are managed and controlled by its Board of Director.
• Expansion in terms of opening new branches, RRBs have to prior approval of Reserve
Bank of India.
• RRBs public deposits are assured by Deposit Insurance & Credit Guarantee Corporation.
In the larger interest of the depositors, RRBs are also permitted to give additional interest
on deposits of 1% if required.
• RRBs are required to maintain SLR in government securities or as directed by RBI from
time to time.

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Regional Rural Banks 123

• Capital Structure: There are four layers of capital structuring of RRBs. RRBs have first
level from share holders (Central Government, State Government and Sponsor Bank)
followed by second level of deposits from public. In case of need RRB can borrow funds
from sponsor bank also. Lastly, RRBs draw refinance from NABARD. Just like in case of
cooperative banks, Reserve bank of India also provides refinance facilities to RRBs that
too at concessional rate of 2% less than the bank rate.
• In relation to Income Tax Act and taxation purposes all RRBs are treated at par with
Co-operative Banks.

OBJECTIVE OF SETTING UP RRBS

ww• Main objective of setting up RRBs was to provide credit and other banking facilities to
small, marginal farmers and agricultural labourers, small artisans etc. in rural areas for
developing rural economy.
•
w.E
Another objective was to create a separate organization with rural base and local touch
since commercial banks were largely urban based.
•

asy
Yet another objective was to reduce regional imbalances and encourage local self
employment generation.

• En
GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF RRBS
From 1975 onwards there has been phenomenal growth of RRBs in terms of numbers.

• gin
From 5 banks in 1975, it grew to over 196.
RRBs cover around 619 districts of the country mobilizing over 145035 crore rupees.
•
• eer
As on 2013 there were near 16000 branches.
Performance wise as on 2013, there were 82 RRBs left after amalgamation, of which 2

• in
banks were in loss and rest 80 in profit.

g.n
One of the biggest problems faced by RRBs was recovery of loans and advances. On the
part of the Government, RRBs were in 2007 included as beneficiary of SARFAESI Act,
2002. (Securitization and Restructuring of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security
Interest Act, 2002.

ROLE OF SPONSOR BANKS

et
• The role of sponsor banks is broadly specified below:
ƒ Subscription to Bank’s share capital
ƒ Managerial assistance in the initial stages.
ƒ Financial assistance on mutually agreed terms
ƒ Help RRB in recruitment and training of manpower.

RRBS AND COMMERCIAL BANKS

• RRBs have limited area of operation like 2-25 districts whereas commercial banks can
operate anywhere in the country and have no geographical restrictions. However of late,
NABARD has also, in order to make RRBs become viable entities, removed geographical
restrictions to very large extent. RRBs are also permitted to open extension counters at
suitable places. They are also permitted now to re-locate their loss-making branches at
more business lucrative places.

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124 Regional Rural Banks

• Beneficiaries of RRBs loans and advances are pre-determined like lending only to weaker
sections, labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers, village artisans etc. But in case of
commercial banks such predetermination is not there.
• RRBs can also do non-fund business in order to overcome financial burden and improve
their profitability.
• Manpower recruitment and compensation in RRBs is determined by Central Government which
largely relates to State Government pattern of equivalent rank.
• Rates of interest are restrictive for lending purposes.

ACTIVITIES THAT RRBS UNDERTAKE

ww
• Granting loan and advances to specified section of society like small and marginal farmers,
agricultural labourers and other poor persons, whether individually or in group.
•

• w.E
Granting loans and advances to cooperative societies including marketing societies,
agricultural processing societies.
Granting loans and advances to small entrepreneurs and other small traders etc. in their

•
asy
area of operation.
Helping people below poverty line (BPL) to become part of main stream of economy.
•

En
NABARD has permitted RRBs to increase their lending to non-target people up to 60%
from present 40%. This will help RRBs to diversify their business activities in area of
lending.
•
gin
RRBs are permitted to undertake sale of third party products (TPP) like insurance products-
both human and animal related, health products but without risk participation subject to

eer
the condition that RRBs complies with IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority) regulations, bank should not recommend any particular product or service to
any person ensuring that any tie-up should not bind the bank for risk coverage.
•

•
in
RRBs can also issue Travellers Cheques of sponsor banks’. If agreed between RRB and
sponsor bank, the former can do remittance business for customers.
g.n
Permission of lockers can be obtained if RRBs performance is good and can afford cost.
•

•
et
In case the bank (RRB) has positive net worth and is a non-defaulter of SLR/CRR besides
having lower NPA levels (say 5% and below) then such banks can open NRI accounts.
To make themselves more profitable, RRBs can do the business of credit cards, open
currency chests and are authorized to government business also.

IMPROVING FUNCTIONING OF RRBS- PRESENT SHORTCOMING

• RRBs lack uniformity in their functioning. There are different controllers of an RRBs and
each tries to pull its ideas in the system. This results in poor monitoring and controlling
over RRBs.
• Due to area restriction RRBs are unable to mobilize good business. RRBs may be allowed
to operate in a larger area.
• Manpower development is on the back-foot in most RRBs.
• Poor recoveries are major issues in such banks. Use of SAFAESI Act, 2002 can be of great
help.
• Management system is poor. Chairman and Board Members must develop proper vision
of the bank. Each subsequent Chairman, who is for short period in the bank, must work
for that vision, particularly making it competitive organization.

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Regional Rural Banks 125

PAST EXERCISE
1. The sponsor bank helps and aids the RRB (c) Small Industries Development Bank of
sponsored by it, by [Vijaya Bank 2009] India (SIDBI)
I. subscribing to its share capital. (d) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
II. training its personnel. (e) National Bank for Agriculture and
III. providing managerial and financial Rural Development (NABARD)
assistance during the first 5 years or 4. Each of the RRBs covers districts ranging
extended period.
from [IBPS 2012]

ww Select the correct answer using the codes

given below
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(a) 1 to 15
(c) 3 to 25
(b) 2 to 25
(d) 2 to 15

w.E
(c) I and III
(e) None of these
(d) All of these

2. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are classified

(e) 1 to 5
5. Regional rural banks are working in all the
states of India except [SBI 2011]
as

asy
(a) scheduled commercial banks
[NABARD 2009]

(b) subsidiaries of the sponsor banks

(a) Sikkim
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Goa

En
(c) subsidiaries of NABARD
(d) All of the above
(d) Sikkim and Goa
(e) Assam
(e) None of the above

gin
3. Which of the following agencies/
organisations in India maintains the Micro
6. Which of the following is an example of
NBFCs? [IBPS 2013]

eer
Finance Development and Equity Fund
which was in news recently? [IBPS 2012]
(a) Unit Trust of India
(b) Life Insurance Corporation

in
(a) Confederation of Industries in India (c) General Insurance Corporation
(CII) (d) All of the above
(b) Indian Bank’s Association (IBA) (e) None of the above
g.n
1. (d) 2. (a) 3.
ANSWER KEY
(e) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6.
et (d)

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126 Regional Rural Banks

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. By virtue of the amendment carried out (c) RRBs may enter into ready forward
by the Regional Rural Bank (Amendment) transactions in government securities
Act, 1987, the Chairman of a Regional Rural with Subsidiary General Ledger (SGL),
Bank (RRB) is to be appointed by Constituent Subsidiary General Ledger
(a) Central Government (CSGL) account holders
(b) State Government (d) Both (b) and (c)
(c) Sponsor bank in consultation with (e) All of the above

ww NABARD
(d) Reserve of Bank of India
(e) None of the above
5. Which of the following measures have
been taken to enlarge resources available to
RRBs?

w.E
2. Which of the following conditions are
required to be fulfilled by a Regional Rural
Bank (RRB) to be eligible for opening of
(a) Lines of credit at a reasonable rate of
interest from sponsor banks
(b) Access to inter-RRB term money/

asy
new branches?
(a) It should not have defaulted in
maintenance of SLR and CRR during
borrowings
(c) Access to repo/CBLO markets
(d) All of the above

En
the last 2 years
(b) It should be making operational profits
(e) None of the above
6. Which of the following statements about

gin
(c) Its net worth should show improvement
and its net NPA ratio should not exceed
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are correct?
(a) Sponsor banks travellers cheques can
be issued by RRBs
8%
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) All of the above eer (b) RRBs can enter into arrangements
with the sponsor banks for providing

in
3. Which of the following is not a
recommendation of the Narasimham
Committee, 1991?
(a) Reduction of CRR and SLR
remittance facilities to its customers
(c) Where RRBs can afford the investment,

g.n
they can install lockers also
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Phasing out directed Credit Programme
(c) Reduction of capital adequacy ratio
(d) Establishment of ARF fund
(e) Autonomy to public sector bank
(e) All of the above

opening/maintaining et
7. Reserve Bank has permitted RRBs for
non-residents
(ordinary/external) accounts in rupees and
for acceptance of FCNR (2) deposits subjects
4. With a view to enlarge resources available to the condition that
to RRBs for a variety of purposes, especially (a) the bank should have a positive net
in the context of programme of financial worth and earned net profit during the
inclusion, general credit card etc, Reserve preceding year
Bank advised that (b) the bank should not have defaulted in
(a) sponsor banks should provide them maintenance of CRR/SLR requirements
lines of credit at a reasonable rate of on more than three occasions during
interest the preceding 2 years.
(b) RRBs may borrow from/or place (c) net NPA level of the bank should not
funds with other RRBs, including those exceed 5% of the outstanding advances
sponsored by other banks, subject to as on 31st March of the preceding year
counter party Credit Risk Policy and (d) Both (b) and (c)
limits (e) All of these

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Regional Rural Banks 127

8. Out of total priority sector advances of (c) Central Government 30%, State
RRBs, atleast ...... should be advanced to Government 30% and Sponsor Bank
weaker sections. 40%
(a) 25% (b) 50% (d) Central Government 35%, State
(c) 60% (d) 75% Government 35% and Sponsor Bank
(e) 90% 30%
9. The Regulatory Authority for Regional (e) Central Government 50%, State
Government 25% and Sponsor Bank
Rural Banks is
25%
(a) Sponsor Bank 15. RRBs are permitted to undertake corporate
(b) Central Government agency business, without risk participation,
(c) State Government for distribution of all types of insurance

ww (d) RBI and NABARD

(e) All of these
10. The main resources of RRBs are
products including health and animal
insurance subject to the condition that
(a) the bank should comply with

w.E
(a) share capital
(b) deposit from the public
(c) borrowing from sponsor banks
the Insurance
Development.
Regulatory
Authority
and
(IRDA)
regulations for acting as ‘composite

asy
(d) refinance from NABARD
(e) All of the above
11. The common feature of all the agricultural
corporate agent’
(b) the bank should not adopt any
restrictive practice of forcing its

En
credit societies in the country is that
(a) the persons living in cities and town are
customers to go in only for a particular
insurance company in respect of assets
their members
gin
(b) the agriculturists are their members
financed by the bank
(c) the risks, if any, involved in insurance
agency should, not get transferred to

their members
eer
(c) only small and marginal farmers are

(d) only the farmers having land holding of

the business of the bank
(d) Both (a) and (c)
(e) All of the above

(e) All of the above

12. RRBs were set-up on
(a) 1975
in
8 acre and above are their members

(b) 1985
16. Under which category, will you classify
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)?

g.n
(a) Scheduled commercial banks
(b) Co-operative banks
(c) 1991
(e) 1965
(d) 2001

13. On the recommendations of which of the

following committees Regional Rural Banks 17.
(c) Private sector banks
(d) Development banks
(e) None of the above et
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are managed
by
(RRB) were established?
(a) Reserve Bank of India
(a) Tarpore Committee
(b) a Board of Directors
(b) Narasimham Committee (c) the sponsor bank
(c) Karmakar Committee (d) the State Government
(d) Kelker Committee (e) All of the above
(e) Jha Committee 18. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are
14. At present, the formula for subscription to empowered to transact the business of
RRBs capital has been fixed at banking as defined under
(a) Central Government 50%, State (a) Banking Regulation Act, 1949
Government 35% and Sponsor Bank (b) Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
15% (c) Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976
(b) Central Government 60%, State (d) the Banking Companies (Acquisition
Government 20% and Sponsor Bank and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970
20% (e) None of the above

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128 Regional Rural Banks

19. Which of the following is incorrect about 24. For the purpose of Income Tax Act, 1961,
the recommendations of Narasimham the Regional rural banks (RRBs) are treated
Committee Report, 1998? as
(a) Reduced CRR and SLR (a) scheduled commercial banks
(b) Deregulation of Interest Rate (b) non-scheduled banks
(c) Establishment of the ARF Tribunal (c) nationalised banks
(d) Fixing Prudential Norms (d) co-operative banks
(e) Capital Adequacy Norms (e) None of the above
20. RRBs are refinanced at 25. With a view to increase their resource base,
(a) 2% below the bank rate RRBs have been permitted to
(b) 1% below the bank rate (a) issue of credit/debit cards and setting-

ww (c) 2% below the repo rate

(d) 1% below the repo rate
(e) repo rate
up of ATMs
(b) open currency chests
(c) handle pension and other government

w.E
21. With a view to improving the performance
of RRBs and giving more powers and
flexibility to their boards in decision-
business as sub-agents of those banks
which are authorised to conduct
government business

asy
making, the Reserve Bank had constituted
task force on empowering the RRB Boards
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) All of the above
26. The total authorised capital of RRBs was
was headed by
En
for Operational Efficiency. The task force
originally fixed at ` 1 crore which has since
been raised to
(a) KG Karmakar
(b) SS Tarpore
(c) Rangarajan gin (a) ` 2 crore
(c) ` 5 crore
(b) ` 3 crore
(d) ` 7 crore
(d) M Narasimham
(e) None of the above
eer (e) ` 10 crore
27. Deposits with Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
are insured by

in
22. On the current account, balances maintained
by the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) with
them, the commercial banks may
(a) pay interest up to 9%
(a) Life Insurance Corporation of India

g.n
(b) General Insurance Corporation
(c) Deposit Insurance and Credit Gurantee
Corporation
(b) waive incident charges
(c) pay interest as applicable to savings
accounts
(d) pay interest as such rates as may be
(d) None of the above
(e) All of the above et
28. Which nationalised bank was the first to
sponsor a Regional Rural Bank (RRB) in
mutually agreed to
India?
(e) All of the above
(a) Syndicate Bank
23. Paid-up share capital of Regional Rural
(b) Bank of India
Bank (RRB) is contributed by (c) Union Bank of India
(a) Central Government (d) Central Bank of India’
(b) State Government (e) None of the above
(c) Central Government, State Government 29. Regional Rural Banks fall within
and the Sponsor Commercial Bank in supervisory purview of
the ratio of 50 : 15 : 35 respectively (a) SBI (b) RBI
(d) NABARD, the concerned State (c) SEBI (d) IRDA
Government and the Sponsor (e) None of these
Commercial Bank in the ratio of 60 : 20 : 30. RRBs are owned by
20 respectively (a) Central Government
(e) All of the above (b) State Government

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Regional Rural Banks 129

(c) Sponsor Bank 32. The issued/paid-up capital of a Regional
(d) All of the above Rural Bank (RRB) should be
(e) None of the above (a) ` 60 lakh
31. The number of directors on the Boards of (b) minimum ` 25 lakh and maximum `
RRBs has been raised to 100 lakh
(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) ` 80 lakh
(c) 16 (d) 17 (d) ` 90 lakh
(e) 18 (e) None of the above

ww
1. (c) 2. (e)
ANSWER KEY
3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (d)
6.
11.
16.
w.E
(e)
(b)
(a)
7.
12.
17.
(e)
(a)
(b)
8.
13.
18.
(a)
(b)
(a)
9.
14.
19.
(d)
(b)
(c)
10.
15.
20.
(e)
(e)
(a)
21.
26.
(e)
(b) asy 22.
27.
(a)
(a)
23.
28.
(b)
(a)
24.
29.
(c)
(a)
25.
30.
(d)
(b)
31. (d)
En 32. (b)

gin
eer
in g.n
et

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CHAPTER
Co-operative Banks
8 in India

COOPERATIVE BANKING IN INDIA – EVOLUTION, STRUCTURE & OPERATIONS

Co-operative Credit Sector

ww• Co-operatives as important form of doing business through mutual understanding and
is said to have found mention in Indian history of third century B. C.
•
• w.E
The modern day co-operative movement in India is about 125 years old.
Indian Co-operative Movement is perhaps the largest in the world in terms of membership
with over 220 million members, representing one fifth of the Indian population and

• asy
covering over 1,00,000 villages.
Co-operatives have all along been playing very significant role in the rural economy.
•

En
The rural co-operative credit sector that accounted for over 50% of the credit disbursed
a few years back, now has less than 20% share.
•

gin
Co-operative Credit consists of Co-operative Credit Societies and Co-operative banks.

Objectives of Co-operative
• Not for profit
eer
• Common good of the members and the society at large.

• Non-political
in
• No single ownership but ownership is spread over members.

• Cooperative Terms Defined g.n

system in India. One should understand the meaning of:
(i) What is the meaning of co-operative?
et
Normally there are three words commonly encountered by any reader regarding cooperative

(ii) What is a cooperative society? And

(iii) What is cooperative movement?
Following paragraphs explain the meaning of these words.
Working together for common goal through cooperation is called cooperative. While working
together all goods and bad of the results are shared by a group. Cooperative or cooperation is
based on principle of oneness, selflessness, democratic values, self help, understanding ones
responsibility, equality among members and democratic way of working. Every member
understands his/her responsibilities towards members and society.
Cooperative Society is a body or an association, formed by group of likeminded people,
having common cause, and common purpose. All the members formulate the policies and rules
that they themselves follow.
Cooperative Movement means a movement that is based on the socio-economic aspect of
the society. Such movement touches the lives of large number of people.

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Co-operative Banks in India 131

Principles of Cooperative Working
• Cooperatives are voluntary organizations having membership open to all. There is a
common purpose behind their actions.
• Second principle is democratic way of working and control system. All members work
as a team and those elected in the executive body in various capacities are responsible
and answering to the members.
• There is equality among all members irrespective of status, richness, caste and creed.
Money or capital does not come in the way of working for common goal.
• Cooperatives work on the principle of one person one vote.

ww•
•
Managing Committee is responsible and accountable to members of the society.
Cooperative principle is also based on value of self help and autonomy.

• w.E
Salient Features of Cooperative Banking in India
The first Co-operative Societies Act was enacted as a Federal Act in 1904. However, later

• asy
‘co-operation’ subject was transferred to provincial Governments. After the enactment
of this Act, many Cooperative Credit Societies were established in India.
In India ‘Co-operation’ or ‘cooperatives’ is now a provincial subject and the Constitution

• En
provides that every state to have its own Cooperative Act.
Co-operatives operating in more than one state - governed by a Federal Act.
•
gin
States known to enact highly restrictive cooperative laws to retain control, resulting in
politicization and bureaucratization of cooperatives.
•
• eer
Anyonya Cooperative Bank is considered as the first cooperative bank in India.
Except for Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, cooperative societies have unlimited liabilities in all

•
•
in
other parts of the country.
There are 31 State Cooperative Banks in our country as on 31.03.2012.
Cooperative Banks in India run on three tier level system
g.n
Co-operatives – significant players are in following sectors
•
•
Fertilizer production,
Sugar production,
et
• Dairy sector,
• Agriculture Marketing, & Handlooms
• Banking & Finance

Rural Cooperative Banks for Short Term Loans

As shown in the chart above, three main cooperative organizations provide short term credit
to rural sector. These are:
1. State Cooperative Banks (SCB)
2. District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCB)
3. Primary Agriculture Credit Societies (PACS)
Main features of these cooperative banks are:

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132 Co-operative Banks in India

Long Term Credit by Cooperative Societies

• All Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (PCARDB) and
State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (SCARDB) provide long
term credit to members of the cooperative bank. These banks are also named as Land
Development Banks in many States.
• These banks provide short term, medium term and long term financial support to needed
members.
• Mostly these loans are given against the security of immovable property, mainly land.

ww•

•
Common activities for which loans are given are reclamation of saline and alkaline lands,
sinking of wells, other development works etc.
The repayment period is long, varying from 5 to 10 years or more in deserving cases.
•
w.E
The main purpose of such banks was to avoid farmers etc. to go to private money lenders
who used to charge exorbitant rate of interest.

asy
URBAN CO-OPERATIVE BANKS (UCBS)

• En
Important Features of UCBs
The only self–reliant segment of Cooperative Credit Sector.
•
gin
Evolved organically over a century as self-help institutions for people of small means
without any state support.
•
eer
Brought under the control of the Reserve Bank
in 1966 through Banking Regulation Act (AACS), section 5 (ccv), 1949.
of India

•
ƒ
ƒ
in
Urban banks contribute substantially to the growth of informal sector
60% of loans to the ‘priority sector’ of the economy.
200 urban banks out of 1850 account for 80% of the resources. g.n
•
ƒ 85% of the banks concentrated in 5 states.
et
Concentrated in Western & Southern parts of the Country - 85% of the banks being in
these regions.
ƒ Maharashtra State leading with 30% of total banks.
• Subjected to accounting & prudential exposure norms, just as commercial banks.
• Integral part of payment system of the Country.
• Recognized as better suited institutions to operate as credit delivery system for small
scale business and entrepreneurs.
• Abide by the co-operative principles like self help, equality, philanthropist, common
good of members and public at large,
• Follow principles of sound business for their sustainability.

Definition of Urban Cooperative Bank

Banking Regulation Act, section 5 (ccv), 1949 defines a urban cooperative bank as one:

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Co-operative Banks in India 133

ƒ Which is not a primary agriculture cooperative society
ƒ Is a primary cooperative bank doing the business of banking,
ƒ Having paid up capital at that point of time Rupees 1 lakh, amended from time to time.
ƒ Lending is done to members only who are shareholders.
• All Urban Cooperative Banks are dual controlled organizations. Reserve bank of India
controls UCBs from the point of view of licensing, opening of branches, area of operations,
all banking business norms like SLR, CRR, exposure norms, interest rate norms, business
development norms etc. Another control is of State Registrar of Cooperatives which looks
into the audit aspect, management aspect, dispute settlement, liquidation etc.

ww•
•
All Urban Cooperative Banks are also called Primary Urban Cooperative Banks (PUCB).
UCBs do all business as done by commercial banks except the ones that are restricted by

• w.E
RBI from time to time and to the extent directed.
Urban Cooperative Banks are classified as scheduled cooperative urban banks and non-

asy
scheduled urban cooperative banks. Non- scheduled cooperative banks are normally
weak banks unable to meet capital requirements of the RBI and are not included in the
schedule of RBI.
•
En
Non-scheduled Cooperative Banks (NSCB) are permitted to deposit money in scheduled

gin
cooperative banks (SCB) subject to the conditions that such SCB fulfill CRAR requirements
as well as net NPAs are less than 5 per cent. Also the SLR and CRR limits have been
achieved.
•
eer
ACB (Audit Committee at Board level) provide direction to the business

bank.
in
operations of the bank and handle total audit related functions of the

Multi-state Cooperative Act, 2002 g.n

•
et
Multi State Cooperative Act is a Central Act passed in 2002. It covers whole of India as
related to cooperative societies. This Act was enacted after amending the Act of 1984 in
2002
• As defined in the section 2 (p) of the Multi State Cooperative Act, 2002, a society means
the one registered as per the provisions of the Act.
• In the Multi State Cooperative Act, it is laid down that disputes arising in the society
shall be heard, arbitrated and decided by the Dispute Settlement Authority and NOT by
the Registrar of Societies. RBI has the powers to decide for winding up of a multi state
cooperative society and the Central Registrar has to follow the orders to wind up the
society.

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134 Co-operative Banks in India

PAST EXERCISE
1. Money Laundering normally involves
(2) The cooperative banks are mostly
[BOB 2008]
under the supervisory control of
(a) placement of funds
the Panchayats, which are not
(b) layering of funds
professionally qualified to control such
(c) integration of funds
institutions.
(d) All of (a), (b) and (c)
(3) Cooperative Banks do not get any relief

ww (e) None of (a), (b) and (c)

2. One of the major challenges banking
industry is facing these days is money
package from the Govt. Hence they
have to manage their affairs on their

w.E
laundering. Which of the following acts/
norms are launched by the banks to prevent
money laundering in general? [BOB 2008]
own resources only.
(a) Only (2)
(c) Only (3)
(b) Only (1)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

asy
(a) Know Your Customer Norms
(b) Banking Regulation Act
(e) None of these
5. The working group set up by the RBI has
suggested the launch of an Emergency Fund

En
(c) Negotiable Instrument Act
(d) Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance
Facility Scheme for banks. This scheme will
help which of the following types of banks ?
Act
(e) None of these
gin
3. Which of the following schemes was
[Allahabad Bank 2010]
(a) Public Sector Banks

eer
launched a few years back to provide wage
employment to the rural people in India
(b) Small Banks
(c) Urban Cooperative Banks

in addition to NREGA)?
(a) Indira Awas Yojana
in
(The programme is being run successfully
[BOM 2009]
(d) Private Banks
(e) Foreign Banks

g.n
6. As per the reports published in various
journals and newspapers, the “small

et
(b) Accelerated Rural Water Supply
borrowers” in rural areas still prefer to take
Programme
informal route for their credit needs. Which
(c) Total Sanitation Campaign
of the following is the “informal route” of
(d) Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
credit in the financial sector ?
(e) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
[Punjab & Sindh 2011]
4. As we all know, the cooperative banks in
(a) Credit cards
India are passing through a difficult phase
(b) Loan against gold from financial
and their performance is NOT as glamorous
institute
as that of the commercial banks today. What
(c) Debit cards
went wrong with cooperative banks?
(d) Money lender
[RBI 2009]
(e) None of these
(1) The cooperative banks disbursed credit
7. Micro credit or micro finance is a novel
on the loans on demand mostly without
approach to banking with the poor. In this
proper guarantees and documents.
approach, bank credit is extended to the
Hence repayments were always at the
pooor through [Corporation Bank 2011]
mercy of the borrowers and up to some
(a) Self Help Groups
extent on good crops.

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Co-operative Banks in India 135

(b) Anganwadi (b) Identifying people who do not pay
(c) Cooperative Credit Societies income tax
(d) RBI (c) To ensure that the money deposited in
(e) None of these banks has come from genuine sources
8. Which of the following is the purpose of (d) To ensure whether the money deposited
introducing 'Know Your Customer' norms in the bank is of an India or a foreign
by the banks? national
(a) To bring more and more people under (e) None of the above
the banking net

ww
w.E
(d)
asy (a)
ANSWER KEY
(d) (b) (c)

En
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c)

gin
eer
in g.n
et

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136 Co-operative Banks in India

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following is not an organised Select the correct answer using the codes
sector in India? given below
(a) Nationalised Banks (a) Only I (b) I and II
(b) Regional Rural Banks (c) II and III (d) I and III
(c) Cooperative Banks (e) All of these
(d) Chits and Money Lenders 7. Under the scheme of Co-operative
(e) Industrial Bank Agricultural Credit developed in India,

ww
2. Banks recover term loan from the parties in
EMIs. What the letter ‘E’ represents in the
term?
the state Co-operative Bank has been
considered such a vital link that
(a) it has been given a status comparable to
(a) Easy
w.E
(c) Equated
(e) Economical
(b) Effective
(d) Essential
that of a scheduled bank
(b) for certain purposes, the central
financing agencies have been treated as

asy
3. Banks are required to provide loans to the
priority sector upto a specified limit. What
is the limit for public sector bank?
its branches
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) 40%
(c) 45%
En (b) 32%
(d) 35%
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
8. Central Co-operative Banks
(e) 60%

gin
4. The central co-operative banks are in direct
touch with
(a) occupy a crucial importance in the co-
operative credit structure
(a) farmers
eer
(b) state co-operative banks
(b) form an important link between the
State co-operative bank at the apex and
the primary agricultural credit societies
(d) Central Government
(e) None of the above in
(c) land development banks

5. The general approach to the loaning policies

at the base

g.n
(c) are closer to the primary societies than
an Apex Bank could be one
(d) None of the above
and procedures of co-operative banks has
been to
(a) implement the crop loan system in all
its aspects
(e) All of the above
et
9. The State Co-operative Bank, being the
Apex Bank at the state level
(b) allow only long-term loans to the (a) operates as a balancing centre for the
farmers extending beyond 20 years for movement of the resources in the entire
development on land state
(c) finance for research and upgradation of (b) acts as the custodian of the surplus
agricultural inputs like seeds, manure, resources and the reserves of the central
implements etc. co-operative banks and supplements
(d) provide a window for marketing of them by attracting sizeable deposits
agricultural produce and by obtaining loans from RBI.
(e) All of the above (c) provides the link between the RBI and
6. Co-operative banks in India are registered the money market on one hand and the
under entire co-operative credit structure, on
I. Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) the other
Act, 1965. (d) All of the above
II. Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
(e) None of the above
III. Companies Act, 1956.

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Co-operative Banks in India 137

10. Which of the following year marked the 14. What are the co-operative banks at the
beginning of the history of agricultural co- village level known as
operative banks in India? (a) Central co-operative banks
(a) 1904 (b) 1905 (b) Primary agricultural co-operative
(c) 1906 (d) 1907 societies
(e) 1908 (c) Village co-operative banks
11. Which of the following Co-operative Banks (d) State co-operative banks
is considered as the first Co-operative Bank (e) None of the above
in India? 15. What was the objective of starting co-
(a) Greater Bombay Co-operative Bank operative banking in India?
Limited (a) To act as competitors to commercial

ww (b) Abhyudaya Co-operative Bank Limited

(c) Ahmedabad Mercantile Co-operative
Bank Limited
banks
(b) To be solely for the agriculture sector
(c) To start self help groups

w.E
(d) Amanath Co-operative Bank Limited
(e) Anyonya Co-operative Bank
12. According to the guidelines, the Reserve
(d) To replace
indigenous bankers
(e) None of the above
moneylenders

16. Many Co-operative Banks has their licenses

and

asy
Bank of India will consider proposals for
merger and amalgamation of urban co-
operative banks when
cancelled by RBI. Why?
(a) Because of financial indiscipline

En
(a) the net worth of the acquired bank is
positive and the acquirer bank assures
(b) Because of staff and management rift
(c) As a result of labour unrest
(d) Owing to voluntary surrender by the

gin
to protect entire deposits of all the
depositors of the acquired bank
(b) the net worth of acquired bank is
co-operative
(e) All of the above

eer
negative, but the acquirer bank on its
own assures to protect deposits of all
17. Which of the following is true about Co-
operative Banks?
(a) They are established under the Co-

in
the depositors of the acquired bank
(c) the net worth of the acquired bank
is negative and the acquirer bank
assures to protect the deposits of all the
operative Societies Act
(b) They have profit as their main motive
(c) All are scheduled banks
(d) All of the above g.n
depositors with financial support from
the State Government extended up
front as part of the process of merger
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above

et
18. National Federation of Sate Co-operative
Banks
(a) provides a common forum to the
(e) None of these member banks
13. The earliest efforts in the direction of setting (b) promotes and protects the interests of
up special land mortgage banks were made the member banks
in (c) co-ordinate and liaison with
(a) West Bengal when the first Co-operative Government of India and RBI
Land Mortgage Bank was organised in (d) provide research and consultancy
24 Parganas in 1884 inputs to the member banks
(b) In Punjab when the first Co-operative (e) All of the above
Land Mortgage Bank was organised in 19. The RBI has prescribed that all SGBs should
Jhang in 1920 maintain their SLRs in
(c) Orissa when the first Co-operative (a) dated securities notified by RBI
Land Mortgage Bank was organised in (b) T-bills of Government of India
Jhang in 1834 (c) state development loans
(d) All of these (d) All of the above
(e) None of these (e) None of the above

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138 Co-operative Banks in India

20. Which of the following does not come under (d) All of the above
the category of development banks? (e) None of the above
(a) Industrial Development Bank of India 22. A Central Co-operative Bank is generally
(b) Small Industries Development Bank of headquartered at
India (a) an important town of the district
(c) Industrial Investment Bank of India (b) state capital
(d) State Finance Corporation (c) same place which is the headquarter of
(e) Export–Import Bank the district
21. Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (d) the place where from the Central
(UCBs) have been permitted to close Government is run
unremunerative branches/extension (e) All of the above

ww counters without the Reserve Bank’s prior

permission provided
(a) the bank has not been placed under
23. The weakest link in the co-operative credit
system is
(a) non-availability of published data on

w.E
any directions under Section 35A of the
Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
(b) the bank’s board should take the
their functioning
(b) the non-viability of a large number of
primary agricultural credit societies

asy
decision of closing down the extension
counter/branch and the decision
should be properly minuted in the
(c) presence of multiple structure and
diverse nature of various types of
primary societies

En
official record of proceedings of the
Board Meeting.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) All of the above

gin
(c) the bank should give proper notice to
all existing depositors/clients of the
24. The central co-operative banks are in direct
touch with

eer
branch through a press release in local
leading newspapers as also through
a circular to each constituent of the
(a) farmers
(b) state co-operative banks
(c) land development banks

of the branch. in
branch, well in advance of the closure (d) central government
(e) None of these

g.n
et

ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (e) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (e) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b)

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CHAPTER
Priority Sector Advances :
9 Origin

• Organized financial sector had very little share in the total rural credit despite government’s
repeated emphasis on lending to needy sectors of the economy.

ww
• During the meeting of National Credit Council (established by RBI) held in July 1968
emphasis was laid on role of commercial banks in increasing their involvement in the
financing of priority sectors, viz., agriculture and small scale industries (till then not

• w.E
clearly defined).
Priority sector was later formalized in 1972 (based on the report of the Informal Study
Group on Statistics relating to advances to the Priority Sectors constituted by the Reserve

• asy
Bank in May 1971.
Based on the report, the Reserve Bank prescribed a modified return for reporting priority

En
sector advances and certain guidelines were issued in this connection indicating the scope
of the items to be included under the various categories of priority sector.
•
• gin
No specific target was fixed in respect of priority sector lending till 1974.
First time in November 1974, the banks were advised a target of 33.33 per cent to be

• eer
achieved by March 1979.
In order to boost the rural economy whose share in the economy was over 70 per cent at

in
that point of time, government introduced certain scheme (s) to improve flow of credit
to these sectors. One of them was Lead Bank Scheme.

LEAD BANK SCHEME (LBS) g.n

•
•
•
Lead Bank Scheme is an intensive approach to rural development.
LBS was introduced in 1969 (12th December) with a concept of area approach.
In 1967, a Study Group (Gadgil Study Group) established by National Credit Council,
formed by the RBI suggested that commercial banks should be made responsible for
et
development of particular district.
• RBI appointed Committee of Bankers (FKF Nariman) in 1969 to study the feasibility of
bankers being asked to take responsibility of area development, recommended that all
financial institutions be made responsible for developing an area, i.e. district by involving
all other banks etc. in the area.
• Such banks which lead other banks in the area development were called Lead Banks.

OBJECTIVES OF LEAD BANK

Important objectives of LBS are:
• To pinpoint places which may be suitable for opening of branches and prepare a phased
programme for opening of branches.
• Increase credit facilities in the neglected area and sectors of economy.

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140 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

• Finding out constraints coming in the way of development and propose remedial actions.
• Take up schemes, which can help mobilization of deposits and promote investment by
local people.
• Prepare projects / schemes to be financed by banks in the area (district).
• Help in implementation of schemes by coordinating with concerned agencies (government
or private).
• Monitor progress and evaluate impact of schemes.

CRITERIA FOR ALLOTMENT OF AREA

ww
•
•
•
Bank’s Resources and track record
Regional Orientation of banks
Contiguity or cluster approach
•
w.E
Number of districts in the State and eligible Banks.

ROLE & FUNCTIONS OF LEAD BANKS

•
• asy
Conduct impressionistic survey of the area.
Locate Growth Potential Areas.
•
• En
Ascertain sectors or pockets that are poorly banked and poorly developed.
Ascertain credit gaps in the area of operation.
•
• gin
Liaison with different organizations.
Formulate feasible, bankable and profitable schemes.
•
• eer
Prepare District Credit Plan (DCP).
Ensure that DCP is developed to remove unemployment as well as underemployment

in
in the area of operation and also improve standard of living of people. Element of
consumption credit need is also required to be made.

BROAD TARGET FIXATION g.n

•
et
In March, 1980, it was agreed between Union Finance Minister and the Chief Executive
Officers of public sector banks to increase limit of priority sector advances to 40% by
March, 1985.
• Subsequently, on the basis of the recommendations of the Working Group on
implementation of Priority Sector Lending and the Twenty Point Economic Programme
by Banks (Krishnaswamy Committee Report: Chairman: Dr. K. S. Krishnaswamy), all
commercial banks were advised to achieve the target of priority sector lending at 40
percent of aggregate bank advances by 1985.
• Sub-targets were also specified for lending to agriculture and the weaker sections within
the priority sector.
• Since then, there have been several changes in the scope of priority sector lending and
the targets and sub-targets applicable to various bank groups.
• During all these years many changes have been made in the priority sector advances
scheme. Further Reserve Bank of India in August 2011 set up a Committee to re-examine
the existing classification and suggested revised guidelines with regard to Priority Sector
lending, its classification and related issues (Nair Committee Report) (Chairman: M V
Nair).

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CLASSIFICATION OF PRIORITY SECTORS
• The revised guidelines are operational with effect from July 20, 2012.
Various categories included under priority sector are:
(i) Agriculture - Direct Agriculture and Indirect Agriculture
(ii) Micro and Small Enterprises: manufacturing and service sector
(iii) Education
(iv) Housing
(v) Export Credit

ww (vi) Others

AGRICULTURE ADVANCES

w.E
Direct Agriculture Advances: Production Credit and Investment Credit
Loans to individual farmers, including Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs),

asy
i.e. groups of individual farmers, provided banks maintain disaggregated data on such loans],
directly engaged in Agriculture and Allied Activities, viz., dairy, fishery, animal husbandry,
poultry, bee-keeping and sericulture (up to cocoon stage) are advances covered under direct

En
agriculture. In simple words loans given directly to farmers for productive and investment
purposes are called direct agriculture finance.

gin
INDIRECT AGRICULTURE FINANCE
•

eer
Loans given to corporate, farmers’ cooperative societies or firms or State Corporations
like State Electricity Board/Corporations, State Rural Development Corporations etc.
for onward lending to individual farmers come under the category of indirect finance

•
to agriculture.
in g.n
Bank loans to Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), Farmers’ Service Societies
(FSS) and Large-sized Adivasi Multi Purpose Societies (LAMPS) for onward lending to
member farmers come under this category.

MICRO AND SMALL INDUSTRIAL/SERVICE ENTERPRISES et

In case of micro and small enterprises, the categorization has been done on the basis of: (i)
manufacturing sector, and (ii) service sector. These sectors of the economy have also been
divided further into two categories, i.e.
(i) Direct Financing
(ii) Indirect Financing

DIRECT FINANCE TO MICRO/SMALL ENTERPRISES

Manufacturing Enterprises
• The Micro and Small enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production of goods to
any industry specified in the first schedule to the Industries (Development and regulation)
Act, 1951 and as notified by the Government from time to time. The manufacturing
enterprises are defined in terms of investment in plant and machinery.
Loans for food and agro processing

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142 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

• Loans for food and agro processing will be classified under Micro and Small Enterprises,
provided the units satisfy investments criteria prescribed for Micro and Small Enterprises,
as provided in MSMED Act, 2006.

SERVICE ENTERPRISES
• Bank loans up to 5 crore per unit to Micro and Small Enterprises engaged in providing
or rendering of services and defined in terms of investment in equipment under MSMED
Act, 2006.

Indirect Finance

ww•
•
(i) Suppliers of inputs and marketing of outputs of artisans, village and cottage industries.
(ii) Loans to cooperatives of producers in the decentralized sector viz. village artisans

•
•
w.E
and cottage industries.
(iii) Loans sanctioned by banks to MFIs for on-lending to MSE sector .
The limits for investment in plant and machinery/equipment for manufacturing / service

asy
enterprise is the basis of classification and inclusion of such advances under priority sector
category. The investment limit is given below as per Government of India notification.

En
(as notified by Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises, vide, S.O.1642(E) dated
September 9, 2006)
•
gin
Manufacturing Sector:
Investment in Plant & machinery
Micro Enterprises
Small Enterprises eer Rupees < 25 lakh
Rupees 25 lakh to 5 crore
• Service Sector
in
Investment in Equipment
Micro Enterprises Rupees <10 lakh g.n
Small Enterprises

EDUCATION
•
Rupees 10 lakh to 2 crore
et
Loans to individuals for educational purposes including vocational courses up to Rupees
10 lakh for studies in India and Rupees 20 lakh for studies abroad are included in priority
sector advances.

Housing
(i) Loans to individuals up to 25 lakh in metropolitan centres with population above ten
lakh and 15 lakh in other centres for purchase/construction of a dwelling unit per
family.
(ii) Loans for repairs to the damaged dwelling units of families up to 2 lakh in rural and
semi- urban areas and up to 5 lakh in urban and metropolitan areas.
(iii) Bank loans to any governmental agency for construction of dwelling units or for
slum clearance and rehabilitation of slum dwellers subject to a ceiling of 10 lakh per
dwelling unit.

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 143

(iv) The loans sanctioned by banks for housing projects exclusively for the purpose of
construction of houses only to economically weaker sections and low income groups,
the total cost of which does not exceed 10 lakh per dwelling unit. For the purpose
of identifying the economically weaker sections and low income groups, the family
income limit of 1,20,000 per annum, irrespective of the location, is prescribed.
• Bank loans to Housing Finance Companies (HFCs), approved by NHB (National Housing
Bank) for their refinance, for on-lending for the purposes of purchase/construction/
reconstruction of individual dwelling units, subject to an aggregate loan limit of 10 lakh
per borrower.
• The eligibility under priority sector loans to HFCs is restricted to five percent of the

ww individual bank’s total priority sector lending, on an ongoing basis.

w.E
EXPORT CREDIT
• Export Credit extended by foreign banks with less than 20 branches will be reckoned for
priority sector target achievement.
•
asy
As regards the domestic banks and foreign banks with 20 and above branches, export
credit is not a separate category under priority sector.

CERTAIN DEFINITIONS
En
Definitions
gin
1. On-lending: Loans sanctioned by banks to eligible intermediaries for onward lending

eer
only for creation of priority sector assets. The average maturity of priority sector assets
thus created should be coterminous with maturity of the bank loan.

in
2. Small and Marginal Farmers: Farmers with landholding of up to 1 hectare are considered
as Marginal Farmers. Farmers with a landholding of more than 1 hectare but less than 2

g.n
hectares are considered as Small Farmers. For the purpose of priority sector loans ‘small
and marginal farmers’ include landless agricultural labourers, tenant farmers, oral lessees

“Small and Marginal Farmer”.

CALCULATION OF ANBC
et
and share-croppers, whose share of landholding is within above limits prescribed for

Bank Credit in India (As prescribed in item No. VI of Form ‘A’ (Special Return as on March
31st) under Section 42 (2) of the RBI Act, 1934. I
Bills Rediscounted with RBI and other approved Financial Institutions II
Net Bank Credit (NBC)* III
(I – II)
* For the purpose of priority sector only. Banks should not deduct / net any amount like
provisions, accrued interest, etc. from NBC.
Bonds/debentures in Non-SLR categories under HTM category + other investments eligible
to be treated as priority sector. IV
ANBC (Adjusted Net Bank Credit) III+IV

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144 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

Non-convertible Debentures (or NCDs):

The debentures which can't be converted into shares or equities are called non-convertible
debentures (or NCDs). Debentures are long-term financial instruments which acknowledge
a debt obligation towards the issuer. Some debentures have a feature of convertibility into
shares after a certain point of time at the discretion of the owner. The debentures which can't
be converted into shares or equities are called non-convertible debentures (or NCDs).

COMMON GUIDELINES ON PRIORITY SECTORS

Banks are required to comply with the following common guidelines for all categories of advances
under the priority sector.

ww 1. Rate of interest
The rates of interest on various categories of priority sector loans will be as per RBI

w.E
directives issued from time to time.
2. Service charges

asy
No loan related and adhoc service charges/inspection charges should be levied on priority
sector loans up to 25,000.

En
3. Receipt, Sanction/Rejection/Disbursement Register
A register/ electronic record should be maintained by the bank, wherein the date of

gin
receipt, sanction/rejection/disbursement with reasons thereof, etc., should be recorded.
The register/electronic record should be made available to all inspecting agencies.

eer
4. Issue of Acknowledgement of Loan Applications
Banks should provide acknowledgement for loan applications received under priority
sector loans.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION
Financial Inclusion
in g.n
et
The concept of Financial Inclusion has come up in 2008 when a Committee set up by Reserve
Bank of India on Financial Inclusion (Dr.C Rangarajan Committee, 2008) put forth the need
to include in the ambit of banking facilities/services those people who did not have or could
not afford to have access to the financial services. The Committee defined Financial Inclusion
as “The process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit when
needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable
cost”.

Causes of Poor Financial Inclusion

There are many factors / causes that hindered the inclusion of poor into the ambit of financial
services. Among many two very important are:
1. General mindset of the people that poor are non-bankable and are loss making
business activity.
2. In general the systems and procedures of the financial sector were not people friendly.
Banks were considered out of reach for poor people and considered an organization
of rich, by rich and for rich.

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 145

Financial Exclusion
Financial exclusion has been defined as the inability to access necessary financial services in an
appropriate form by a section of the population. This includes lack of access to Bank accounts
like Credit, Savings, Protection against risk (insurance, pension), Debt assistance, Access to
advice or financial literacy, etc.
• Financially excluded persons are landless workers, marginal farmers, oral lessees, slum
dwellers mostly in urban areas, migrants, etc.

Reasons for Financial Exclusion

ww •

•
Lack of Regular or substantial income, which makes many people not qualifying for
bank loan.
Financially excluded people are mostly daily wagers. Going to bank means losing a day’s

•
•
w.E
wage, in case loan is not given or asked to come again.
Hassel - free financial assistance from local money lenders is simpler and easier.
Most banks needed collateral which discourages poor people to take bank loan.

asy
Innovative Steps taken for Financial Inclusion
•
En
Public Private Partnership initiative for providing access of banking services to people
Below Poverty Line (BPL) in India.
•
gin
Encouraging and allowing poor people to open at least savings bank account with any
balance, called as no frill account.
•
• eer
In reality it includes loans, insurance services and much more
Formation of Joint Liability Groups
•

•
banking services. in
Involving NGOs, MFI, Civil Society Organizations etc. as intermediaries for onward

g.n
These intermediaries are being used as Business Facilitators (BF) or Business
Correspondents (BC) by Commercial Banks.

Financial Inclusion – Business Correspondents (BC)

Eligible individuals/entities
et
The banks may engage the following individuals/entities as BC.
(i) Individuals like:
ƒ retired bank employees, teachers, government employees & ex-servicemen
ƒ individual owners of kirana / medical /Fair Price shops, individual Public Call Office
(PCO) operators,
ƒ agents of Small Savings schemes of Government of India/Insurance Companies,
ƒ individuals who own Petrol Pumps,
ƒ authorized functionaries of well run Self Help Groups (SHGs) which are linked to
banks, any other individual including those operating Common Service Centres
(CSCs);
(ii) NGOs/ MFIs set up under Societies/ Trust Acts and Section 25 Companies

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146 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

(iii) Cooperative Societies registered under Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Acts/
Cooperative Societies Acts of States/Multi State Cooperative Societies Act;
(iv) Post Offices; and
(v) Companies registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 with large and
widespread retail outlets, excluding Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs).

What Business Correspondents can do?

The BC can help the bank in any one more of the following ways. Scope of activities may include:
(i) identification of borrowers;

ww (ii) collection and preliminary processing of loan applications including verification

of primary information/data;
(iii) creating awareness about savings and other products and education and advice

w.E
on managing money and debt counselling;
(iv) processing and submission of applications to banks;
(v) promoting, nurturing and monitoring of Self Help Groups/ Joint Liability Groups/

asy
Credit Groups etc;
(vi) post-sanction monitoring;

En
(vii) follow-up for recovery,
(viii) disbursal of small value credit,

gin
(ix) recovery of principal / collection of interest
(x) collection of small value deposits

eer
(xi) sale of micro insurance/ mutual fund products/ pension products/ other third
party products and

in
(xii) receipt and delivery of small value remittances/ other payment instruments.

g.n
• The activities to be undertaken by the BCs would be within the normal course of the
bank’s banking business, but conducted through the BCs at places other than the bank
premises/ATMs.

Business Facilitators
• Banks may use intermediaries, such as:
et
(i) Non-Government Organizations
(ii) Micro Finance Institutions set up under Societies/Trust Acts
(iii) Farmers’ Club
(iv) Cooperative Societies other than Credit Cooperatives
(v) Community based organizations
(vi) IT enabled rural outlets of Corporate entities (Information & Communication
Technology (ICT) Solutions)
(vii) Post Office
(viii) Insurance Agents
(ix) Well established and functioned Panchayats
(x) Village Knowledge Centers

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 147

(xi) Agri-Clinics /Agri-business centers
(xii) Krishi Vigyan Kendras
(xiii) KVIC (Khadi Village Industries Commission)
(xiv) Individuals
Where individuals are engaged as Business Facilitators, adequate precautions need to be
taken and proper due diligence conducted.

What Business Facilitator can do?

• The facilitation services may include:

ww (i) I dentification of borrowers and fitment of activities;

(ii) collection and preliminary processing of loan applications including verification of
primary information/data

w.E
(iii) creating awareness about savings and other products and education and advice on
managing money and debt counselling

asy
(iv) processing and submission of applications to UCBs
(v) promotion and nurturing Self Help Groups / Joint Liability Groups;

En
(vi) post-sanction monitoring
(vii) monitoring and handholding of Self Help Groups / Joint Liability Groups / Credit

gin
Groups / others; and
(viii) follow-up for recovery.
•

eer
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BC AND BF IS THAT LATTER (BF) DOES NOT HANDLE
CASH.

KISAN CREDIT CARDS (KCC)

• in g.n
The Kisan Credit Card has emerged as an innovative credit delivery mechanism to meet
the production credit requirements of the farmers in a timely and hassle-free manner.
•
et
The KCC scheme was started in 1998 and during the last over 13 years of implementation,
many impediments were encountered by policy makers, implementing banks and the
farmers in the implementation of the scheme.

RBI has issued the following guidelines

• From July 2012, KCC Scheme is being implemented by Commercial Banks, RRBs (Regional
Rural Banks), and Cooperatives.
• Implementing banks will have the discretion to adopt the same to suit institution/location
specific requirements.

Objectives of KCC
• Kisan Credit Card Scheme aims at providing adequate and timely credit support from
the banking system under a single window to the farmers.
• Purposes covered under the scheme are for cultivation and other investment needs as
indicated below:
(a) To meet the short term credit requirements for cultivation of crops

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148 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

(b) Post-harvest expenses

(c) Produce Marketing loan
(d) Consumption requirements of farmer household
(e) Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture, like
dairy animals, inland fishery etc.
(f) Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities like pump sets, sprayers,
dairy animals etc.
Note: The aggregate of components a. to e. above will form the short term credit limit portion and
the aggregate of components under f will form the medium / long term credit limit portion.

ww
Who are Eligible Persons ?
(i) All Farmers – Individuals / Joint borrowers who are owner cultivators

w.E
(ii) Tenant Farmers, Oral Lessees & Share Croppers
(iii) SHGs or Joint Liability Groups of Farmers including tenant farmers, share croppers etc.

asy
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF LENDING
Rate of Interest (ROI)
•
En
Rate of Interest will be linked to Base Rate and is left to the discretion of the banks.

Repayment Period
• gin
Each withdrawal under the KCC is 12 months without the need to bring the debit balance

eer
in the account to zero at any point of time. No withdrawal in the account should remain
outstanding for more than 12 months.
• The term loan component is normally repayable within a period of 5 years depending on

credit. in
the type of activity / investment as per the existing guidelines applicable for investment

g.n
• Financing banks at their discretion may provide longer repayment period for term loan
depending on the type of investment.
Margin: To be decided by banks.
et
Security: Security will be applicable as per RBI guidelines prescribed from time to time.
Loan waiver Scheme:
Under the scheme, small and marginal farmers with landholdings of less than two hectares
can have their entire outstanding loans, till March 2007, waived. Farmers with holdings of over
two hectares will be eligible for a one-time settlement rebate of 25% of their outstanding loans,
subject to the condition that the remaining 75% will be paid in three instalments by June 30,
2009. No interest will be charged on the outstanding amount.
India’s ambitious loan waiver scheme for small farmers has been extended by nearly 20%,
to more than Rs 71,000 crore from the Rs 60,000 crore. Over 40 million indebted Indian farmers
have begun to get some financial relief since the massive loan waiver scheme for small and
marginal farmers officially came into effect.
POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES
What is Poverty?
Many people have defined poverty differently. Some say poverty is hunger, Poverty is lack of
shelter, poverty is poor health due to unhealthy conditions clinic facilities and lack of health

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 149

clinics etc. Some people are of the view that having not enough money to meet his/her minimum
living needs etc.
Causes of Poverty
Among the many causes forwarded by many experts, most common causes are:
1. Unemployment & underemployment
2. Population pressure
3. Unequal distribution of National Income
4. Selfish motives of some individuals
Various Programmes/Schemes to eradicate Poverty

ww • National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

• Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

w.E
• Self Employment Scheme For Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS)
• Sampoorna Gram Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)

asy
• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)
• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
• Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)

En
Village Grain Bank Scheme
Village Grain Bank scheme is being implemented since November 2004 by the Department of

gin
Food & Public Distribution. The scheme aims to help marginalised food insecure households
who do not have sufficient resources to purchase rations during lean season or natural calamities.

eer
Such households in need of foodgrains can borrow them from the village grain banks set up
within their villages to be subsequently returned to the bank. Such banks can be set up in food
scarce areas like drought prone areas, hot and cold desert areas, tribal areas and the inaccessible

in
hilly areas which remain cut off because of natural calamities like flood etc. About 30—40 below

g.n
Poverty Line/Antyodaya Anna Yojna families may form a grain bank. These villages are to
be identified/notified by the concerned State Government/Union Territories. Food grains are
loaned to BPL families at the rate of one quintal per family under village grain bank scheme.

et
So far (January 2013), the government has sanctioned 21,751 village grain banks in 20 states to
provide safeguard against starvation during the period of lean season or natural calamities.

MICRO CREDIT AND MICRO FINANCE

Two words are normally used are micro credit and micro finance. Micro Credit is distribution
of small amounts of credit (loans and advances) to poor people for their self and family
development. Micro Finance, on the other hand means allowing poor to the basic financial
services like opening savings account, access to insurance products, credit etc. where amount
deposited or credit taken are for very small amounts.
Micro credit, in simple words, can be described as providing small dose of credit along
with other financial services and developing thrift among poor people located in different place
like rural, semi-urban, and urban centers for raising their income levels and standard of living.
Grameen Bank of Bangladesh:
Dr. Muhammad Yunus is known throughout the world as a pioneer of the microcredit concept
that uses small loans made at affordable interest rates to transform the lives of impoverished
people, mostly women. The founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Yunus and Grameen
were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.

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150 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

The YH Malegam Committee:

Since Reserve Bank of India (RBI) does not regulate the interest rates charged by Micro Finance
Institutions, the central bank has issued instructions on a Fair Practice Code to be adhered to
by all Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in terms of which the NBFCs should not
charge exorbitant rates of interest and resort to undue harassment viz., persistently bothering
the borrowers at odd hours, use of muscle power for recovery of loans, etc. In this context,
the RBI had constituted a Sub-Committee Shri Y.H. Malegam which is currently working on
various issued of the Microfinance sector in the country. It will submit its report in 3 months.
Apart from this, the Department of Financial Services is also mulling over to introduce the Micro
Finance (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2010 after taking into account the views of RBI and
the Malegam Committee recommendations.

ww
Pre-requisites of Micro Credit/Financed

w.E
1. Hassel-free system of delivery of financial services, like loans , insurance products etc.
along with least documentation and security (ies).
2. Expeditious sanctions of loans and quick disbursement of sanctioned funds should be

asy
most important prerequisite of micro credit/finance activity.
Why Micro Credit /Finance
•
En
Micro credit is supposed to help people seeking it in many ways. For instance, it helps poor
to get financial services at his doorstep, get rid of money lenders, develop habit of banking

gin
and thrift among members of Self Help Groups etc.

Self Help Groups (SHG)

eer
Simple definition of a Self Help Group is a Group of small to very small poor likeminded people

in
who come together to help themselves together in achieving their dreams of subsistence living
with proper living conditions. Breaking this definition into small unit points we find:
• Self Help Groups (SHGs) are small groups of poor people.
• The members of an SHG face similar problems. g.n
• They help each other to solve their problems.
• SHGs promote small saving among their members. The savings are kept with the bank.
This is the common fund in the name of the SHG.
et
• The SHG gives small loans to its members from its common fund.
• After six months, if the SHG satisfies the bank as per the checklist for quality, bank
can give loans to the SHG.

Self Help Group and Joint Liability Group (JLG)- Differences

SHG JLG
Minimum15-20 members - Minimum 3-5 members
Meetings compulsory - Not necessary
Banks Loans available - Get loans from only MFI
Gets the benefits of - There is no such benefit
govt. scheme
Individual responsibility - Share responsibility and stand as guarantor for each other.

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 151

Relevance to Bankers
• Very poor people can save small amounts. But slowly this amount may swell and can
be a big amount.
• Looking to the need and importance of banking with SHGs, even RBI and NABARD
have approved banks’ dealing with such groups.
• RBI has classified loans to SHGs as priority sector lending.
• NABARD gives cent percent refinance to banks for loans to SHGs.
• All commercial banks, RRBs and cooperative banks have realised that SHGs are good
business.

ww • Lending to SHGs fulfil social commitment of banks also.

FUNCTIONS OF SHG

•
w.E
Size of the SHG
The ideal size of an SHG is 10 to 20 members.
•
asy
The group need not be registered.

Membership
• En
From one family, only one person can become a member of a SHG. (More families can

• gin
join SHGs this way.)
The group normally consists of either only men or of only women. Mixed groups are

•
eer
generally not preferred.
Women’s groups are generally found to perform better. (They are better in savings and

•
in
they usually ensure proper use of loans.)
Members should have the same social and financial background.

Common Living Conditions g.n

Members chosen for SHGs should have following living/working conditions
•
•
Living in Kucha houses
Having no access to safe drinking water
et
• Having no sanitary latrine
• Those who have only one or no one employed in the family
• Presence of illiterate adults in the family
• Presence of an alcoholic or drug addict in the family or a member suffering permanently
from prolonged illness
• Presence of children below five years in the family
• Family eating with difficulty two meals or less a day
• Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe families
• If a family has at least four of the above 9 common living conditions, it can be considered
poor, and one member of that family can be encouraged to become a member of an SHG
• Also use locally important conditions to decide whether a family is poor.

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152 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

• Women / men from very poor households.

• Those who depend on moneylenders even for daily necessities.
• Those with a per capita income not exceeding Rs.250 per month.
• Those having dry land holding not exceeding 2.5 acres.

Classification of Advances to SHG

• Advances made to SHGs are classified under different categories (Direct Agriculture/
MSE) of Priority Sector Credit on the basis of main/predominant activity undertaken
by the group members out of the Bank loan.

ww• In all other cases, loans not exceeding Rs.50000/- per borrower provided through SHG
will be classified under Micro Credit within Priority Sector.

w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
in g.n
et

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 153

PAST EXERCISE
1. The Govt of India in general and the Banks (3) Providing insurance cover to each and
in particular are very much after ‘Financial every citizen so that he/she can live a
Inclusion’. a goal which both of them wish healthy and long life.
to achieve as early as possible. What is the (a) Only (1)
actual meaning of “Financial Inclusion”? (b) Only (2)
[OBC 2008]
(c) Only (3)
(1) Each and every individual above the age

ww of 21 years should have an employment

and/or independent source of income
enough for him/her to sustain.
(d) Both (1) & (2)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
4. The World Bank sanctioned ` 18,000 crores

w.E
(2) It is a concept which envisages that
maximum people in India should have
access to banking services.
to which of the following states for its
Poverty Alleviation Programme?
[Vijaya Bank 2008]

asy
(3) Banking services should be provided
only to those who have a valid and
legal source of income as Govt of India
(a) Karnataka
(b) Gujarat
(c) Maharashtra

En
wants each and every person in the
income tax net irrespective of the level
(d) Uttar Pradesh
(e) None of these
(a) Only (1) is true
(b) Only (2) is truegin
of their income.
5. Which of the following is true about the
National Rural Employment Guarantee
(c) Only (3) is true
eer
(d) All (1), (2) & (3) are true
(e) None of these
Act? [BOI 2008]
(1) It is applicable only in 100 rural districts.
(2) It gives a guaranteed employment of

in
2. Which of the following organisations/
banks has done a commendable work in
the field of micro-finance and was awarded
Nobel Prize also in the past?
100 days to all those who are eligible for

g.n
the same and are also willing to take it.
(3) This act is applicable only for men
between the age of 21-65. Women do

(b) CRY
(c) ASHA
[Vijaya Bank 2008]
(a) Gramin Bank of Bangladesh (a) Only (1)
(b) Only (2)
(c) Only (3)
et
not get the benefit of the same.

(d) NABARD
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) None of these
3. Many a time we read in newspapers about (e) None of these
‘Financial Inclusion’. What does it really 6. Which of the following will be considered
mean? [(Pick up the correct statement(s))] as an advance to Priority Sector by the
[Vijaya Bank 2008] banks? [BOB 2008]
(1) Allow the merger and acquisition of (a) Credit to farmers for agricultural
banks so that only few big banks exist purposes
and continue to cater to the need of (b) Loan to a group of doctors to establish a
corporrate sector. hospital in a city
(2) Expanding the network of banks in (c) Loan to a sick mill owner
such a way that people from lower (d) Loans given to purchase houses in posh
strata of society also get the benefit of colonies
services provided by banks.
(e) None of these

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154 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

7. In economics it is generally believed that the (a) NABARD
main objective of a Public sector financial (b) Asian Development Bank
company like Bank is to ................. (c) World Bank
[IOB 2008] (d) State Bank of India
(a) Employ more and more people. (e) None of these
(b) Maximize total profits. 13. Which of the following is not true about the
(c) Maximize total production. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(d) Provide financial service to the people (NREGA)?
of the nation of its origin across the [Nabard Bank 2009]
country. (1) NREGA was enacted first to provide
(e) Sell the goods at subsidized cost. job to rural people only but now people

ww
8. Which of the following committees has
given its recommendations on “Financial
Inclusion”? [IOB 2008]
in urban areas can also avail the jobs
under it.
(2) NREGA is applicable in all districts of

w.E
(a) Rakesh Mohan Committee
(b) Rangarajan Committee
(c) Sinha Committee
the country now.
(3) NREGA initially provided 100 days job
but now the number of days has been
increased to 150.

asy
(d) Kelkar Committee
(e) None of these
9. Which of the following products launched
(a) Only (1)
(b) Only (2)
(c) Only (3)

En
by most of the banks helps farmers in getting
instant credit for various agricultural
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) None of these
purposes?

gin
(a) Kissan Credit Card
[IOB 2008]
14. Which of the following schemes is/are now
the part of the National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (NREGA)? [Nabard Bank
(b) Personal Loan
(c) Business loan eer 2009]
(1) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(d) ATM Card
(e) None of these
in
10. Which of the following products of a bank
is specifically designed to provide financial
(2) National Food For Work Programme
(3) Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
(a) Only (1)
(b) Only (2) g.n
help to children in their higher studies in
India or in a foreign nation?
(a) Personal Loan
(b) Corporate Loan
[IOB 2008]

15.
(c) Both (2) & (3)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) None of these et
Micro credit or micro finance is a novel
approach to banking with the poor. In this
(c) Educational Loan
(d) Mortgage Loan approach bank credit is extended to the
(e) None of these poor through
11. Many times we see in newspapers that [Nabard Bank 2009]
some projects are launched by the Govt (a) Self Help Groups
authorities on ‘PPP’ basis. What is the full (b) Anganwadis
form of ‘PPP’? [IOB 2008] (c) Cooperative Credit Societies
(d) Reserve Bank of India
(a) Preferential Payment Plan
(e) Small Industries Development Bank
(b) Public Private Partnership
(c) Partial Payment Project 16. The concept of micro finance was launched
(d) Popular Private Project in which of the following countries initially?
(e) Public Private Plan (Nabard Bank 2009)
12. Which amongst the following organizations (a) Bangladesh (b) India
make major credit policies for the Regional (c) Egypt (d) Israel
Rural Banks (RRBs)? [Nabard Bank 2009] (e) Sri Lanka

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 155

17. The National Bank for Agriculture and (1) NABARD has a dual role to play as
Rural Development (NABARD) gets some it is an apex body and a refinance
amount of its funds from which of the institution.
following organizations for its various (2) NABARD services as a refinance
schemes? institution for all kinds of production
[Nabard Bank 2009] and investment credit to agriculture
(1) World Bank and cottage and village industries.
(2) Bank of America (3) NABARD accepts short-term deposits
(3) IDA from the public like any other bank to
(a) Only (1) improve its capital base.
(b) Only (2) (a) Only (1)

ww (c) Only (3)

(d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) Only (1) & (3) both
(b) Only (2)
(c) Only (3)
(d) Only (1) & (2)

w.E
18. The National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD) was
established in the year
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
22. The Head Office of the National Bank
for Agriculture & Rural Development

(a) 1970 asy [Nabard Bank 2009]

(b) 1982
(NABARD) is located in
[Nabard Bank 2009]
(c) 1977
(e) 1975
En (d) 1980

19. Which of the following statements is/are

(a) New Delhi (b) Hyderabad
(c) Mumbai
(e) None of these
(d) Lucknow

gin
TRUE about the activities of the NABARD?
[Nabard Bank 2009]
23. Which of the following is an easy way of
providing credit to the farmer community?

eer
(1) NABARD has the responsibility to
inspect RRBs and Cooperative Banks.
(2) NABARD maintains Research and
(a) Kisan Credit Card
(b) Indira Vikas Patra
[Nabard Bank 2009]

in
Development Fund to promote research
in agriculture and rural development.
(3) NABARD is a wing of the Planning
Commission of India.
(c) National Saving Certificates
(d) Loan against gold
(e) None of these
g.n
24. Which of the following is true about the
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(c) Both (1) & (2)(d) Only (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
20. The Union Budget for 1995-96 proposed
“Village Grain Bank Scheme”?
et
[Andhara Bank 2009]
(1) The Scheme was launched to provide
safeguards against starvation during
the creation of RIDF in NABARD, with a the period of natural calamities or lean
corpus of ` 2,000 cr. What is the full form of season.
RIDF ? [Nabard Bank 2009] (2) The grain banks are set up in food-
(a) Rural India Decoration Forum scarce areas like drought-prone areas,
(b) Research and Industrial Development hot and cold desert areas, tribal areas
Forum and inaccessible hilly areas.
(c) Rural Infrastructure Development (3) Village Panchayats, who were running
Fund village grain banks earlier, are now not
(d) Research and Industrial Development authorised to run the same. Instead, the
Fund authority is now given to NGOs and
(e) None of these SHGs in the village.
21. Which of the following statements about (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
the NABARD is/are TRUE? (c) Only (3) (d) Only (1) & (2)
[Nabard Bank 2009] (e) All (1), (2) & (3)

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156 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

25. Which of the following is/are the reasons (1) The Act is now known as Indira Gandhi
owing to which about 105 million new National Rural Employment Guarantee
people are added to the list of hungry Act.
people and the total number of the same (2) The Act is now applicable to all the
has reached about 1 billion? [RBI 2009] districts of the country.
(1) Unprecedented increase in food prices, (3) Minimum wage fixed under this Act is
particularly in poor nations now ` 250 per day.
(2) Cut in the supply of foodgrains to poor (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
nations by many European countries (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(3) Sudden increase in population of the (e) None of ‘these
countries like Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan 29. The Workers under the National Rural

ww and Nabibia as many refugees have

taken shelter there.
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
Employment Guarantee Act are encouraged
to take their wages through bank and post
office accounts. This step of the Govt. is

w.E
(c) Only (3)
(e) None of these
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

26. Which of the following is/are true about

to obtain which of the following goal(s)?

(1) Promote Banks business.

[Syndicate 2010]

asy
the Loan Waiver Scheme for the farmers
launched by the Govt of India recently?
(2) To minimise corrupt practices.
(3) To encourage more and more people to
join NREGA.

En [RBI 2009]
(1) The Govt has taken over the debt of the
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (2)
(b) Only (2) & (3)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

to the banks.
gin
farmers and has made reimbursement

(2) The Govt has identified 237 low-

30.
(e) Only (2) & (1)
Amongst the currency quotes USD/JPY,
USD/Euro and USD/CAD, which one of

eer
productivity districts where farmers
would be eligible for a minimum loan
the following is referred as the base currency
for quotes ? [Punjab & Sindh 2011]

in
relief of ` 20,000 even if their land
holdings were above two hectares.
(3) Andhra Pradesh has the highest
number of beneficiaries of the scheme. 31.
(a) USD
(c) Euro
(e) None of these
(b) JPY
(d) CAD

g.n
The approach of ‘Micro-Credit’ or ‘Banking
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(e) None of these
(b) Only (2)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

27. The National Rural Employment Guarantee

et
with the poor’ is comparatively a new
concept in the field of rural credit. This
approach has been tried very successfully in
which of the following countries ?
Act is now known by which of the following [Punjab & Sindh 2011]
names? [SBI 2010] (a) Bangladesh (b) India
(a) Indira Gandhi Rural Employment (c) China (d) Japan
Guarantee Act (e) None of these
(b) Rajiv Gandhi Rural Employment 32. Many a time we read about the priority
Guarantee Act sector in newspapers. Which of the
following is/are considered segment(s) of
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru Rural Employment
Priority Sector in India?
Guarantee Act
[Punjab & Sindh 2011]
(d) Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment
(1) Agriculture
Guarantee Act
(2) Small Scale Industry
(e) None of these (3) Textile Industry
28. Which of the following is/are true about (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
the National Rural Employment Guarantee (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)
Act? [Punjab & Sindh 2010] (e) None of these

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 157

33. The Government of India has launched a 38. For which of the following reasons,
number of poverty alleviation programmes. NABARD has set up joint liability groups
This is done with the view that poverty is the (JLG) of farmers? [Allahabad Bank 2011]
root cause of social insecurity. In addition (a) To facilitate delivery of credit to farmers
to that UNO has also launched Millennium (b) To facilitate better delivery of credit to
Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. farmers through informal sources
Which of the following is NOT one of those (c) To facilitate better delivery of credit to
goals ? [Punjab & Sindh 2011] share croppers and those who do not
(a) Improve mental health have their own land
(d) To facilitate better delivery of credit to
(b) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria
farmers through Panchayats

ww (c) Reduce marriageable age for males to

18 years
(d) Promote gender equality and empower
(e) None of these
39. Loans of small or very small amounts given to

women
w.E
(e) Achieve universal primary education
34. As per the decision taken by the
low-income-group people are known as

(a) Investment Loans

[Allahabad Bank 2011]

asy
Government of India, now the National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act is
(b) Micro Credit
(c) Saving loans
(d) Secured loans

En
extended to all the districts of India. This
means it will now be applicable to about
(e) Cash credit loans
40. Which of the following is the full form of

gin
[Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) 200 districts (b) 300 districts
(c) 400 districts (d) 500 districts
KCC as used in the agriculture sector?

(a) Kisan Credit Card

[Andhra Bank 2011]

(e) 600 districts

eer
35. Which one of the following is a Self-
(b) Kisan Credit Company
(c) Knowledge Credit Corporation

Unemployed Youth ? in
Employment Programme for Educated

[Corporation Bank 2011]

(a) Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana
(d) Konkan Credit Corporation
(e) None of these

g.n
41. Which of the following is an employment-
creating programme of the Govt of India?
(b) Swarn Jayanti Sahakari Rozgar Yojana
(c) National Social Assistance Programme
(d) Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
(a) MNREGA (b) Bharat Nirman
(c) Kalpana-I
(e) Swajaldhara
(d) ASHA
et
[Andhra Bank 2011]

(e) None of these

42. Which of the following schemes is related
36. Nobel laureate Muhammed Yunus belongs
exclusively to Financial Inclusion?
to which of the following countries? [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
[Allahabad Bank 2011] (a) Swawalamban
(a) Sri Lanka (b) Pakistan (b) Swadeshi
(c) Maldives (d) Bangladesh (c) Swabhiman
(e) None of these (d) SGSY
37. Which of the following will set up core (e) None of these
banking infrastructure for rural banks? 43. Dr Muhammad Yunus is a resident of
[Allahabad Bank 2011] [Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) SIDBI (b) IBA (a) India (b) Pakistan
(c) RBI (d) SBI (c) Bangladesh (d) USA
(e) NABARD (e) UK

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158 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

44. Financial inclusion means provision of of which of the following concepts in the
[IBPS 2011] field of banking? [SBI Bank 2013]
(a) financial services, namely, payments, (a) Core Banking
remittances, savings, loans and (b) Micro Credit
insurence at affordable cost to persons (c) Retail Banking
not yet given the same. (d) Real Time Gross Settlement
(b) ration at affordable cost to persons not (e) Internet Banking
yet given the same. 48. RBI has released its guidelines for entry of
(c) house at affordable cost to persons not new banks in the private sector in the month
yet given the same. of February 2013. One of the norms is at

ww (d) food at affordable cost to persons not

yet given the same.
least a prescribed percentage of branches of
new bank should be set in unbanked rural

w.E
(e) education at affordable cost to persons
not yet given the same.
45. The concept of'Micro Credit' essentially
centres with a population of upto 9,999
people. What is the percentage of such
branches prescribed in the norms?

asy
concentrates on [IBPS 2013]
(a) consumption smoothening as and (a) 10% (b) 15%
[SBI Bank 2013]

when needed
En
(b) providing safe place to hold savings
(c) 18% (d) 25%
(e) Other than those given as options

gin
(c) accepting deposits
(d) provision of credit to the poor
49. Which of the following is/are the major
reforms the Govt has introduced in the

eer
(e) facility to transfer money
46. A worldwide financial messaging network
banking sector?

interest rate controls

[BOM 2009]
(1) Dismantling the complex system of

__________
(a) CHAPS
in
which exchanges messages between banks
and financial institutions is known as

(b) SWIFT
[IBPS 2012]
(2) Eliminating prior approval of the RBI
for large loans
g.n
(3) Introduction of capital adequancy
(c) NEFT
(e) CHIPS
(d) SFMS

47. Prof. Muhammad Yunus, the receipient of

norms and a few other prudential
norms
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(b) Only (2) et
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)
the Nobel Peace Prize 2006 is the exponent (e) None of these

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a)
7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (e) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (e) 33. (c) 34. (e) 35. (a) 36. (d)
37. (e) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (d)
43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (d)
49. (c)

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 159

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Refinance facility is provided by NABARD. 7. Which of the following is not a
Which institutions can avail this facility? recommendation of the Narsimham
(a) State cooperative banks Committee, 1991?
(b) Regional rural banks (a) Reduction of CRR and SLR
(c) Commercial bank (b) Phasing out directed credit programme
(d) All of the above (c) Reduction of Capital Adequacy Ratio
(e) None of the above (d) Establishment of ARF Fund

ww
2. RBI has sold its entire stake except 1% in
which of the following organisations?
(a) DICGC
(e) Autonomy of Public Sector Bank
8. Which of the following banks have entered
capital market in the wake of Narasimham
(b) NABARD
(c) SIDBI
w.E
(d) National Housing Bank
Committee recommendations?
(a) State Bank of India
(b) Oriental Bank of Commerce

asy
(e) None of the above
3. What are the cooperative banks at the
village level known as?
(c) Bank of India
(d) All of the above

En
(a) Central Cooperative Banks
(b) Primary Agricultural Cooperative
(e) None of the above
9. The Narsimham Committee-II was set-up
Societies

gin
(c) Village Cooperative Banks
(d) State Cooperative Banks
to suggest some recommendations for im-
provement in the
(a) efficiency and productivity of the
(e) None of the above
eer
4. The financial assistance of loans of ` 10000
financial institution
(b) banking reform process

(a) Business finance

(b) Government finance
in
by a bank to very a small borrower will be
called
(c) export of IT sector
(d) fiscal reform process
(e) None of the above
g.n
10. Which of the following organisations/
(c) Micro finance
(d) Small finance
(e) KYC finance
5. The Narasimham Committee-I was set-up
(a) NABARD
(c) RBI
(b) SIDBI
(d) SEBI
et
agencies works solely to monitor and
arrange flow of agriculture credit in India?

to suggest some recommendations for im- (e) None of these

provement in the 11. Which of the following is not a scheduled
(a) efficiency and productivity of the Commercial Bank?
financial institution (a) IDBI Bank (b) Axis Bank
(b) banking reform process (c) HDFC Bank (d) NABARD
(c) export of IT sector
(e) Kodak Mahindra Bank
(d) fiscal reform process
12. Which programme was instituted to help
(e) None of the above
the farmers across timely and adequently
6. Narsimham Committee recommended to
credit?
reduce SLR and CLR to
(a) Kissan Credit Card Yojna
(a) 25% and 3.5% respectively
(b) 24% and 3.5% respectively (b) MNREGA
(c) 25% and 3% respectively (c) RSBY
(d) 20% and 5% respectively (d) Aam Admi Bima Yojna
(e) 25% and 5% respectively (e) All of the above

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160 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

13. The majority stake of subsidiaries of 20. Which of the following statements is
NABARD is held by incorrect about NBFCs?
(a) SBI (a) An NBFC cannot accept demand
(b) RRB deposits.
(c) RBI (b) These institutions trade in the capital
(d) Co-operative Bank market in a variety of assets and
(e) PNB liabilities.
14. Regional Rural Banks were set-up with (c) An NBFC can issue cheques drawn on
(a) Reserve Bank of India Act itself.
(b) Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976 (d) Deposit insurance facility of Deposit
(c) NABARD Act Insurance and Credit Guarantee

ww (d) HDFC Bank Act

(e) None of the above
15. Regional Rural Banks carry on normal
Corporation is not available for NBFC
depositors.
(e) NBFIs act as brokers of loanable funds

w.E
banking business as defined in
(a) Reserve Bank of India Act
(b) Banking Regulation Act, 1949
and in this capacity they, intermediate
between the ultimate saver and the
ultimate investor.

asy
(c) Regional Rural Bank Act, 1949
(d) Companies Act, 1956
(e) None of the above
21. The working and operations of NBFCs are
regulated by
(a) SEBI

En
16. Regional Rural Banks are classified under
(a) Land Developments Banks
(b) RBI
(c) Finance Ministry, GoI

gin
(b) Co-operative Banks
(c) Commercial Banks
(d) IRDA
(e) None of the above

(e) None of the above

eer
(d) Public Sector Banks

17. NABARD provides refinance to

22. The Narasimham Committee, 1991 has
given which of the following major
recommendations?

(b) Co-operative banks

(c) Regional rural banks
(d) All of the above
in
(a) Scheduled commercial banks I. Reduction in the SLR and CRR.

g.n
II. Phasing out Directed Credit
Programme.
III. The determination of the interest rate
(e) None of the above
18. NABARD provides refinance assistance for
(a) promotion of agriculture
(b) promotion of small scale industries
et
should be on the grounds of market
forces such as the demand for and the
supply of fund.
IV. The actual numbers of public sector
(c) cottage and village industries banks need to be reduced.
(d) All of the above V. Narrow banking concept where weak
(e) None of the above banks will be allowed to place their
19. The basic aim of Lead Bank Scheme is that funds only in short-term and risk free
(a) big banks should try to open offices in as.
each district Select the correct answer using the codes
(b) there should be stiff competition among given below:
the various nationalised banks (a) I, II and V (b) I, III, IV and V
(c) individuals banks should adopt (c) I, II, III and V(d) II, III, IV and V
particular districts for intensive (e) I, II, III and IV
development 23. An anna was equal to
(d) all the banks should make intensive (a) 4 paise (b) 16 paise
efforts to mobilise deposits (c) 50 paise (d) 100 paise
(e) None of the above (e) None of these

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 161

24. All Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are interest rates
required to maintain their entire Statutory (d) Starting repayments before investments
Liquidity Ratio (SLR) in are likely to have borne fruit
(a) government and other approved (e) None of the above
securities 30. SHG Bank Linkage Programme, initially
(b) current accounts with sponsor banks
launched by
(c) time deposits with sponsor banks
(a) RBI (b) NABARD
(d) gold holdings only
(e) All of the above (c) SBI (d) RRBs
25. How many types of primary agricultural (e) Finance Ministry
credit societies are there in our country? 31. Recent initiatives for financial inclusion in

ww (a) Large-size societies which include

Rural Banks, Agricultural Banks and
credit unions
India include
I. ‘no frill’ account for retail purpose.
II. simplified KYC (Know Your

w.E
(b) Service co-operative
(c) Other small size societies
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
Customer).
III. Credit Counselling Credit (CCC)
facilities.

asy
26. Which of the following could be considered
as an initiative towards promotion of
IV. extension of smart cards.
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:

En
financial inclusion?
(a) Opening of no frills accounts
(b) Appointing business correspondents
(a) I and II
(c) III and IV
(b) II and III
(d) I and IV

gin
for servicing rural customers
(c) Opening of bank branches in unbanked 32.
(e) All of these
Narasimham Committee recommended to
districts
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above eer reduce SLR and CRR to
(a) 25% and 3.5% respectively
(b) 24% and 3.5% respectively

(b) access credit markets

in
27. Financial inclusion makes people to
(a) access financial markets

(c) learn financial matters

(c) 25% and 3% respectively
(d) 20% and 5% respectively
(e) 25% and 5% respectively
g.n
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
28. The most prominent national level micro
finance apex organisation providing micro
33.
Non-banking
(NBFCs)?
Financial
et
Which of the following is incorrect about
Companies

(a) NBFC cannot accept demand deposits

credit services for women in India is (b) NBFC is not a part of the payment and
(a) National Credit Fund for women settlement system
(b) Mahila Samridhi Kosh (c) NBFC can issue cheques drawn on itself
(c) Rural Women Self Help Group (d) NBFCS are fast emerging segment of
(d) All of these Indian financial system
(e) None of these (e) None of the above
29. What is not an innovation likely to explain 34. What is the full form of ‘NBFC’ as used in
the high repayment rates of Micro Credit the financial sector?
Programmes? (a) New Banking Finance Company
(a) Promising larger and larger loans for (b) National Banking and Finance
borrowers in good standing Corporation
(b) Public repayments (c) New Business Finance and Credit
(c) Strong competition between numerous (d) New-Business Fund Company
Micro Credit Programmes to reduce
(e) None of the above

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162 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

35. Base rate is the rate below which no bank (c) Creation of an elaborate framework of
can allow their lending to anyone. Who priority sector lending with mandated
sets-up this ‘Base rate’ for banks? targets as part of a strategy to meet
(a) Individual Banks’ Board the savings and credit needs of large
(b) Ministry of Commerce sections of the Indian population, who
(c) Ministry of Finance had no access to institutional finance
(d) RBI (d) All of the above
(e) Interest Rate Commission of India (e) None of these
36. Why are interest rates charged by Micro 40. The financial assistance of loans of ` 10000
Finance Institutions (MFIs) higher than by bank to a small borrower will be called
lending rates of banks? (a) business finance

ww (a) MFIs are not allowed to source deposits

from public
(b) government finance
(c) micro finance(d) small finance
(e) KYC finance

w.E
(b) Banks have the benefit of cheaper funds
(c) MFIs borrow bulk of their funds from
banks
(d) MFIs borrow funds from banks at
41. Co-operative development bank was set-up
by
(a) NABARD

asy
high cost and also their administrative
expenses are more
(b) RBI
(c) SBI
(d) Central Government
(e) None of these
En
37. Which of the following is true?
42.
(e) None of these
Kisan Credit Cards are an effective way of
public
gin
(a) NBFCs can accept deposits from the

(b) NBFCs cannot offer deposit schemes to

reaching out to the farmers by the banks.
What assistance does the farmer receive in
the public
eer
(c) Deposits of NBFCs are insured with
this way?
(a) Credit facility for crops etc against an
approved limit
DICGC

in
(d) NBFCs can accept deposits from public
if they are registered and permitted by
RBI
(b) Short-term credit facility against value
of his crops

g.n
(c) Long-term credit is provided against
his land holdings
(e) None of these
38. The Narasimham Committee II was set-
up to suggest some recommendations for
improvement in the
et
(d) Loan is permissible against crops sold,
but payment yet to be received by the
farmer
(e) None of these
(a) efficiency and productivity of the 43. Which of the following will set-up core
financial institution bank infrastructure for rural banks?
(b) banking reform process (a) SIDBI (b) IBA
(c) export of IT sector (c) RBI (d) SBI
(d) fiscal reform process (e) NABARD
(e) None of these 44. The Securitisation And Reconstruc-tion
39. Which of the following steps is taken for of Financial Assets and Enforce-ment of
financial inclusion in India? Security Interests Act (SARFAESI Act) at
(a) The expansion of network of co- present is not applicable to
operative banks to provide credit to (a) public sector banks
agriculture and saving facilities in rural (b) financial institutes of the government
areas (c) private banks
(b) Nationalisation of banks in 1969 and (d) non-banking financial companies
expansion of branches (e) small and co-operative banks

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Priority Sector Advances : Origin 163

45. Which of the following is an effort in the (c) Regular repayment schedules
direction of financial inclusion? (d) Collaterals
(a) Internet banking (e) All of these
(b) Anywhere banking 50. The index of financial inclusion has been
(c) Foreign currency accounts launched for the first time in 2008 by
(d) All of these (a) CII (b) FICCI
(e) None of these (c) NCAER (d) ICRIER
46. Which of the following is incorrect about (e) IIFI
the acceptance of deposits by the NBFCs? 51. The lead bank scheme for public sector
(a) They are allowed to accept/renew banks does not cover

ww public deposits for a minimum period

of 12 months and maximum period of
(a) metropolitan cities
(b) all states and union territories

w.E
60 months
(b) They cannot accept deposits repayable
on demand
(c) backward distance
(d) rural areas only
(e) None of these

asy
(c) They should have minimum investment
grade credit rating
(d) Their deposits are not insured
52. Financial inclusion is a programme of
the government to cover the maximum
population with bank accounts. What is the

En
(e) The repayment of deposits by NBFCs is
guaranteed by RBI
current coverage?
(a) 25% (b) 15%

of foreign banks? gin

47. Which of the following is/are the functions (c) 40%
(e) 70%
(d) 65%

another country.
eer
I. Remitting money from one country to 53. Till what amount are deposits of public in
NBFCs insured?

in
II. Discounting of foreign bills.
III. Buying and selling gold and silver.
IV. Helping import and export trade.
Select the correct answer using the codes
(a) ` 1 lakh
(b) ` 50000
(c) Not insured
(d) None of these g.n
given below:
(a) I and II
(c) III and IV
(d) All of these
(b) II and III
(d) I, II and III
54.
(e) All of these
et
Which one of the following will set up core
banking infrastructure for rural banks?
(a) RBI (b) NABARD
48. Which of the following is introduced (c) SIDBI (d) IBA
by banks to increase financial (e) None of these
inclusion? 55. On July 12, 1982, the ARDC was merged
(a) Stimulus package into
(b) Internet banking (a) RBI
(c) Business correspondent (b) NABARD
(d) Corporate banking (c) EXIM Bank
(e) None of the above (d) HDFC Bank
49. What is not a mechanisms that contributes (e) None of these
to the success of micro credits? 56. In pursuance of the recommendations of
(a) Dynamic incentives Narsimhan Committee, the RBI has framed
(b) Peer monitoring new guidelines

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164 Priority Sector Advances : Origin

(a) to govern entry of new private sector 57. Regional rural banks
banks to make the banking sector more I. have limited area of operation
competitive II. have free access to liberal refinance
(b) to reduce the freedom given to banks facilities from NABARD
to rationalize their existing branch III. are required to lend only to weaker
network sections
(c) to set up more foreign exchange banks (a) I, III
(d) to lend more easily for industrial (b) II, III
development (c) I, II, III
(e) None of these (d) I, II

ww (e) None of these

(d)
w.E (b)
ANSWER KEY
(b) (c) (a) (a)

asy
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (a)
13. (c) 14. (e) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d)
19. (c)
(e)
20.
En(c)
(d)
21. (b)
(d)
22. (e)
(a)
23. (a)
(c)
24. (a)
(b)

gin
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
31. (e) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (e) 35. (a) 36. (d)
(d) (b) (d) (c) (a) (a)

eer
37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.
43. (e) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (e) 47. (e) 48. (c)
(d) (d) (a) (c) (c) (b)

in
49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.
55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (d)

g.n
et

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CHAPTER
Non-performing Assets :
10 Important Points

Commercial banks and other Financial Institutions in India lend money to entrepreneurs and
others for generating interest income for itself as well as return of the principal amount lent.

ww
However, such lending is for future income generation which depends of uncertainties in
performance, market demand and supply, and sometimes adverse economic conditions. This

w.E
leads, sometimes, to a serious risk for lending institutions.
Since 1992 when reforms started, Banks have been classifying these loan assets into
various categories as per Reserve Bank of India’s guidelines from time to time. The definition

asy
of performing and non-performing assets have been going around in the banking circles in
different ways, till RBI standardized its definition as follows.

DEFINITION
En
gin
A performing asset is one which yields regular income in terms of repayment of principal and
interest. However, non-performing asset is one which has stopped yielding principal and/or
interest and is not paid by the borrower for a period of 90 days.

• eer
In simple words NPA is one in which following features occur.
Installment of principal has remained “past due” for a specified period of time.
•
ƒ
ƒ
in
On balance sheet date, account which shows following additional features is an NPA.
Interest on a term loan account is past due.
Cash credit/overdraft account remains “out of order”. g.n
ƒ
ƒ
Bill purchased/discounted is unpaid or overdue.
et
Any amount to be received in respect of any other account remains ‘past due’ for a
period of more than 90 days.

Related Definition of Terms

(a) Out of Order Accounts
Account is treated as “out of order” if outstanding balance remains continuously in excess
of the sanctioned limit or drawing power.
Also where outstanding balance in principal operating account is less than the sanctioned
limit/drawing power, and the credits in the account continuously for 90 days are not enough
to cover interest debited during the same period, such accounts are also treated as “Out of
Order Accounts”.

(b) Overdue Amount

Any amount due to the bank on any credit facility is “overdue” if it is not paid on due date
fixed by the bank.

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166 Non-performing Assets: Important Points

NARASIMHAM COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS ON NPAS

• Purpose: The Committee recommended that banks should have greater consistency and
transparency in their published accounts (balance sheet, profit & loss account). Norms
have to be fixed for such transparency. RBI thus, initially fixed over 1 year (four quarters
in case of Cooperative banks) as period of NPA to be defined. However, this period has
been reduced in stages and at present it is 90 days.
• In the early stages of reforms and early guidelines of RBI, an asset was considered as NPA
on the basis of “past due” concept. Asset becomes past due if it remains outstanding
for 1 month (30 days) from the date it has become due. But in 31.3.2001 this concept was

ww•
discarded and new concept was introduced based on period.
Policy of income recognition: The Committee recommended that there should be
objective and record based recovery classification. Simple accrual of interest posted as

w.E
income in the books of accounts does not give transparency to the bank’s performance.
There, RBI directed banks from time to time to ensure that recovery should be considered
on actual receipt basis and not on accrual basis.
•
asy
RBI, based on the recommendations of the Committee, directed banks to classify assets
in different forms and for risks providing provisions. The basis for the provisioning are
as follows:
ƒ En
On the basis of the classification of assets.
ƒ
ƒ gin
Based on the period for which the asset has remained NPA.
Availability of security and the realizable value thereof.
•
eer
From 31.3.2004, RBI introduced a concept of “out of order” where an asset will be called
an NPA, if principal and interest remain overdue or outstanding for a period of 90 days

overdraft accounts.

Reasons of Slippages
in
or more from the sanctioned limit or calculated drawing power in case of cash credit /

g.n
•

•
large amounts sanctioned, say over Rupees 10 lakh.
Non-adherence to terms & conditions laid down in sanction letter, etc.
et
Most important slippage is poor / ineffective monitoring especially in big accounts having

• Providing unjustified and continuous excesses / adhoc sanctions without proper appraisal
of needs etc.
• Securities have become obsolete and have never or rarely been inspected.
• Bank fails to identify early warning signals at the right time and take remedial measures.
• Failure in due diligence (especially new / taken over accounts).
• Sometimes external factors lead to account becoming NPA like poor economic growth,
demand and supply factors of the market, business failures, etc.

Asset Classification
As per Reserve Bank of India’s guidelines banks classify their loan assets in FOUR groups. It has
dispensed with the earlier classification based on eight “Health Codes”. The new classification is:

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Non-performing Assets: Important Points 167

1. Standard Asset: Standard asset is one which does not show or indicate any sign of
distress or problem with regard to recovery/repayment of dues. Normal banking risk (s) is/
are acceptable. Such assets are called Standard Assets.
2. Substandard Assets: With effect from March 31, 2001, a substandard asset was one, which
has remained NPA for a period not exceeding 18 months. However this was reduced further in
31.3.2005 to 12 months by RBI. Now this period is 90 days from the due date.
Characteristic critical features of such accounts are:
ƒ Sub-standard asset has general credit weaknesses.
ƒ It jeoparise the liquidation of debt.

ww ƒ
ƒ
Bank may incur some
In such cases, current net-worth of the borrower/guarantor or the current market

w.E
value of the security charged to bank is not enough to ensure recovery.
3. Doubtful Assets: Starting from March 31, 2005, an asset would be classified as doubtful
if it has remained in the substandard category for a period of 12 months.

ƒ asy
Other important features of such assets are:
Asset becomes NPA for more than 12 months ( which was 18 months before

ƒ
En
31.05.2005).
Liquidation of dues is highly doubtful or improbable or highly questionable.
ƒ
gin
Security erosion at 50% or more over the previous year’s value.
4. Loss Assets: A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or

eer
external auditors or the RBI inspection but the amount has not been written off wholly. Though
there may be some salvage. Other main features are:
ƒ
ƒ in
Loss identified by bank or by the internal auditor/ RBI or statutory auditors

g.n
Amount not fully written off since there might be some salvage / recovery value,
may be very small / negligible (less than even 10 % of outstanding)

Some special aspects of NPA

•
•
Security does not include net worth of the borrower or guarantor. et
If arrears of interest and principal are paid by the borrower in the case of loan accounts
classified as NPAs, account may be classified as ‘standard’ accounts.

Gross and Net Non-performing Assets

Simply speaking, Gross NPAs are the ones that show total figures of amount unrecovered
without any adjustment of provisions etc.
• Net NPA = Gross NPA – Provisions

Provisioning Norms
As per RBI guidelines, banks are required to provide provisions in their NPA accounts.
Loss making Asset
ƒ In case of loss making accounts, the provisioning shall be 100 per cent of the balance
outstanding.

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168 Non-performing Assets: Important Points

Doubtful Asset
ƒ In case of doubtful assets, banks are required to provide with 100 per cent for the
portion of loan asset which is unsecured. However for secured portion of loan asset
under doubtful category, if an asset remains in doubtful category up to 1 year, then
provision shall be 20% of the balance outstanding and for 1 to 3 years, the provision
shall be 30%. Slowly the amount of provision in doubtful category is increased to 100
per cent, increasing every year.
Sub-Standard
ƒ In case of sub-standard category of assets, a general provision of 10 per cent on the

ww principal outstanding amount in the books is required. However, this 10% does not
include guarantee receivable from Deposit Insurance & Credit Guarantee Corporation
and Export Credit Guarantee Corporation.

ƒ w.E
Provision for Standard Assets
A general standard provision of 0.25% or as revised by RBI from time to time is
applicable on all standard assets.

asy
LEGAL MEASURES OF LOAN RECOVERY
Lok Adalats
ƒ En
Lok adalat –deals cases up to Rs.20.00 lacs
ƒ
ƒ gin
Civil suits – It is like a civil suit where attachment before Judgment takes place.
It is suitable for cases as Summary suits where there is no security other than Demand

ƒ
Promissory Note
eer
Recovery through Revenue Recovery Acts as arrears of land revenue.
ƒ

ƒ
in
Debt recovery Tribunal (DRT) – Loans where outstanding of for more than Rs.10.00
lacs, DRT can be approached.

g.n
Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security
Interest Act 2002 (SARFAESI) through attachment and sale of assets by Banks without
intervention of court. This chapter has been discussed elsewhere in details.

DEBT RECOVERY TRIBUNALS- IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE ACT

et
(Recovery of Debts due to banks and Financial Institutions Act- RDDB&FI Act)
ƒ The establishment of Debt Recovery Tribunals for recovery of bank and financial
institution dues was recommended by initially by Narasimham Committee followed
by Tiwari Committee.
ƒ The Act got the approval (assent) of the President of India on 27.8.1993.
ƒ This Act was amended many times over the past 15 years. The period of amendments
are given below:
(i) The Recovery of Debts Due to banks and Financial Institutions (Amendment)
Act, 1995 (28 of 1995).
(ii) The Recovery of Debts Due to banks and Financial Institutions (Amendment)
Act, 2000 (1 of 2000)

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Non-performing Assets: Important Points 169

• DRTs have been established mainly for providing a simple and summary procedure to
banks for recovery of their dues in accordance with the principle of natural justice. It acts as
a court of appeal for recovering of shortfall in dues which remain unpaid after exercising
banks right under other laws like SARFAESI, 2002. Third advantage of establishing DRTs
is to help banks seek recourse in it to recover unsecured dues of Rupees 10 lakh and above.
• Government of India has the powers to establish DRTs. It has the powers to establish one
or more Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRAT) by notification.
• Composition of DRT: DRTs are having a small organizational structure with one
Presiding Officer (PO), and one or more Recovery Officers beside by lean secretarial staff.
• Tenure of PO: The period for which Presiding Officer is appointed in DRT is for 5 years

ww•
from the date on which he starts his office.
Normally the Presiding Officer should be a person who qualifies to be District Judge.

w.E
In case of DRAT, the Chairperson should qualify to be member of Indian Legal Service
(experience minimum1-3 years),or Judge of High Court or Presiding Officer of DRT for
3 years.
•
asy
The Proceeding of DRT and DRAT are governed by (i) principle of natural justice, (ii)
rules of civil procedure code (section 22 (2) of CPC, 1908).
•
En
The jurisdiction of DRTs is not dependent on the location of charged property – movable
or immoveable, of defendant. Section 19(1) of RDDB & FI Act, 1993 provide that bank

gin
may file an application to the Tribunal where defendant resides at the time of making
application or carry on business or where the cause of action, wholly or partly arise.
•

eer
Fees: Rule 7(1) and 7(2) of the RDDB & FI Act, 1993 lays down the procedure of filing
application and fees to be deposited. The fee can be sent through crossed DD on a

in
nationalized bank or through Indian Postal Order favouring Registrar.
• The fee structure is:
ƒ If debt due is Rupees 10 lakh, fee is Rs.12,000/=.
g.n
ƒ If debt is above Rs.10 lakh, fee is Rs.12,000/= plus Rs.1000/= for every Rs.1 lakh of
debt or part thereof subject to maximum of Rs.1,50,000/=
ƒ For review application, fee is 50% of fee paid. et

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170 Non-performing Assets: Important Points

PAST EXERCISE
1. The Banking Industry a few years back was set aside in a separate account to create a
badly in the grip of Non-Performing Assets cushion for the loans which may go bad.
(bad loans) for which the RBI and banks This is called ............. .
took special measures. As per the latest [Punjab & Sindh 2010]
financial reports of the industry, what is the (a) CRR (b) SLR
status of NPAs at present? [OBC 2008] (c) Provisioning (d) PLR
(1) There are no NPAs now as not a single (e) None of these

ww loan of `5 lakhs and above is given by

the bank without proper paperwork.
5. Which of the following is NOT a Public
Sector Unit? [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]

w.E
(2) As reported in the first half of 2007 the
NPAs have again risen.
(3) As the interest rates are very high banks
(a) HPCL
(c) HAL
(e) IDBI Bank
(b) Yes Bank
(d) SAIL

asy
are not providing loans to middle class 6. As per the rarget for the 11th Five Year Plan,
and poor general borrowers. Hence educated unemployment is to be reduced to
NPAs in private and personal banking which of the following levels?

En
area are 'zero' where as in industrial
credit sector NPAs are still at the level (a) 9%
[Corporation Bank 2011]
(b) 6%
of 22 percent.
gin
(a) Only (1) is correct
7.
(c) 7%
(e) 5%
(d) 8%

In Banking terminology, NPA means

eer
(b) Only (2) is correct
(c) Both (1) & (2) are correct (a) No-Promise Account
[Corporation Bank 2011]

(d) Only (3) is correct

(e) None of these
in
2. As per the decision taken by the Govt of
India, all the Public Sector Banks (PSBs) will
(b) Non-Personal Account
(c) Non-Performing Asset
(d) Net Performing Asset
(e) New Promising Ambience g.n
be recapitalised over the next two years so
that they can maintain a capital Adequacy
Ratio (CAR) of ...............
(a) 9% (b) 12%
[UBI 2009]
8.
et
When there is a difference between all
receipts and expenditure of the Govt. of
India, both capital and revenue, it is called
__________ . [IBPS 2012]
(c) 11% (d) 22% (a) Revenue Deficit
(b) Budgetary Deficit
(e) None of these
(c) Zero Budgeting
3. What is the full form of the term ‘NPA’ as
(d) Trade Gap
used in banking environment?
(e) Balance of payment problem
[SBI 2010]
9. A non-performing asset is _____________.
(a) Not Profitable Assets
[SBI Bank 2013]
(b) New Potential Accounts
(a) Money at call and short notice.
(c) Non Performing Assets
(b) An asset that ceases to generate income
(d) Net Performing Assets
(c) Cash balance in till
(e) None of these
4. As a practice, all banks now deduct some (d) Cash balance with RBI
amount from their pre-tax income and (e) Balance with other banks

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Non-performing Assets: Important Points 171

10. Banks and other financial institutions in 11. In a Poverty Pyramid index, which of the
India are required to maintain a certain following segments of population faces the
amount of liquid assets like cash, precious highest poverty risk ?
metals and other short-term securities as a [Corporation Bank 2011]
reserve all the time. In Banking World this (a) Formal Wage Employment
is known as [SBI Bank 2011] (b) Informal Self-Employment : Employers
(a) CRR (c) Regular Informal Wage Employment
(b) Fixed Asset (d) Informal Self Emloyment : Own
(c) SLR Account
(d) PLR (e) Casual Informal Wage Employment

ww (e) None of these and Domestic Work

1.
w.E
(d) 2. (a)
ANSWER KEY
3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6.
11.
(e)
(e) asy 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

En
gin
eer
in g.n
et

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172 Non-performing Assets: Important Points

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following acts is specially the problem of non-performing assets in
launched to facilitate banks in recovery of banking system?
bad loans? (a) Companies Act
(a) RBI Act (b) Banking Regulation Act
(b) Banking Regulation Act (c) Foreign Exchange Management act
(c) Companies Act (d) Industrial Dispute Act
(d) Income Tax Act (e) SARFASESI Act

ww (e) SARF AESI Act

2. Non-performing assets are cause for serious
concerns for banks. Why are these loans
6. Where is the headquarter of SIDBI?
(a) Varanasi (b) Lucknow
(c) New Delhi (d) Kolkata

w.E
known as non-performing?
(a) Recovery of bank’s funds are difficult
(b) Interest on these accounts are not
7.
(e) Mumbai
Banking and financial services all over
the world are regulated usually by the
charged

asy
(c) Banks have to make provision for these
loans in their balance sheet
Monetary Authority of the land. Who
controls this function in India?
(a) Ministry of Finance

En
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
(b) SEBI
(c) RBI

gin
3. The objectives of forming SHG is/are
I. to build mutual trust and confidence
between the bankers and the rural poor
(d) IRDA
(e) FEDAI

people.
eer
II. to encourage banking activities, both
8. Which bank in India has introduced vertical
credit cards?
(a) Kotak Bank (b) Yes Bank

in
on the thrift as well as credit sides, in
a segment of the population that the
formal financial institutions usually
find difficult to cover.
9.
(c) HDFC Bank (d) ICICI Bank
(e) SBI

g.n
BEF is the statement which banks submit to
RBI relating to :
III. to meet the needs of the poor by
combining the flexibility, sensitivity and
responsiveness of the Informal Credit
System with the strength of technical
(a) Transactions in US Dollars
et
(b) Importers who have not submitted
documentary evidence for import
within stipulated time period
and administrative capabilities and
(c) Over due export bills
financial resources of the formal credit
(d) Non performing assets
institutions.
(e) Excess overnight limit position of the
Select the correct answer using the codes
bank
given below:
10 Which of the following is true about RBI's
(a) Only I (b) I and II
(c) I and III (d) II and III decision regarding sick micro and small
(e) All of the above enterprises?
4. Which among the following is related to (a) These guide lines made on
bank risks? recommendations of the working
(a) Deposits (b) Bank funds group chaired by Deputy Governor K.
(c) NPA (d) All of these C. Chakrabarty
(e) None of these (b) RBI has suggested that an MSE is
5. Which of the following acts was framed considered 'sick' when: any of the
specially to deal more effectively with borrowed amount of the enterprise

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Non-performing Assets: Important Points 173

remains a non-performing asset (NPA) (b) doubtful assets
for three months or more (c) loss assets
(c) RBI also suggested if there is erosion in (d) all the above
the net worth due to accumulated losses (e) standard assets
to the extent of 50 percent of its net 13. Which among the following defines a non
worth during the previous accounting performing asset?
year (a) In a loan account, the principal due has
(d) The stipulation that the unit should not been paid for more than ninety days
have been in commercial production (b) In a loan account, the interest due has
for at least two years has been removed. not been paid for more than ninety days
(e) All the above true (c) Both (a) and (b) as mentioned above

ww
11. Which among the following is called as non
performing assets?
(a) Assets that can exchange income;
(d) Assets that have not been commented
upon by the bank auditors
(e) None of the above

w.E
(b) Assets that eases to earn interest income
(c) assets that have not been commented
upon by the auditors
14. Which among the following committees
had recommended Income Recognition and
assets classification norms?

asy
(d) all the above
(e) none of the above
12. Which of the following does not pertain to
(a) Rangarajan committee
(b) Goiporia committee
(c) Narasimhan committee;

En
non performance assets?
(a) Sub standard assets
(d) Jankiraman committee
(e) none of the above

gin
eer ANSWER KEY
1.
6.
11.
(e)
(b)
(b)
2.
7.
12.
in(d)
(d)
(e)
3.
8.
13.
(e)
(a)
(c)
4.
9.
14.
(c)
(b)
(c)
5.
10.

g.n
(e)
(b)

et

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CHAPTER
Modern Aspects of Banking
11
IT BASED BANKING SERVICES

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REAL TIME GROSS SETTLEMENT (RTGS)
The system of Real Time Gross Settlement started on 26 March 2004. The advantages of RTGS are:

w.E
• It is faster, real time on line settlement system of fund transfer.
• Helps all scheduled banks to settle inter-bank on-line fund transfer transactions of any
amount.

asy
• Banks can provide additional product / service to its customers for faster fund transfer.
• It is safe and secure electronic fund transfer.

En
• Money transfer takes place from one Bank to another on a real time and on gross basis

gin
• Real time payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period
• There is no bunching with any other transaction.

eer
• Minimum value of transaction should be Rs. 2,00,000/=
• Customer can access the RTGS facility between 9am to 4:00 pm on week days and 9am

in
to 12 noon on Saturday.
• Charges may vary with banks. However, commonly charged fee is:
ƒ Inward (Local/Outstation) Remittance Charges : NIL
ƒ Local Outward : NIL g.n
ƒ Outstation Outward Remittance Charges
ƒ 2 lakh to 5 lakh:
ƒ Above 5 lakh : `
=
=
25/- per transaction
50/- per transaction
et
• RTGS system requires participating banks to hold a specific ‘settlement’ with RBI. All
transaction movements have to be done electronically using fund in special account with
RBI. Settlement of transaction is final and irrevocable.
• Banks which participate in RTGS guarantee the same day settlement, positions in clearing
system will increase viability of payment movement and funds ownership.

NATIONAL ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER (NEFT): IMPORTANT FEATURES

This scheme was launched in 2005, October. NEFT is the nationwide electronic fund transfer
system.
• NEFT is a system of funds transfer to enable account to account funds transfer without
involving physical movement of paper instruments, like cheques etc.
• This system was first recommended by Shere Committee set-up by RBI.

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Modern Aspects of Banking 175

• National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) is electronic funds transfer system, which
facilitates transfer of funds to other bank accounts in over 63000 bank branches across
the country. This is a simple, secure, safe, fastest and cost effective way to transfer funds
especially for Retail remittances.
• The objective of RBI’s NEFT system are (i) to facilitate an efficient, secure and economical
system of fund transfer, (ii) to make system reliable and expeditious for funds transfer
in banking sector, and (iii) to relieve the stress on existing paper based fund transfer and
cheque clearing system.
• NEFT is useful to banks in following ways:
ƒ Funds are transferred on the same day across presently 4 metro cities and latest
transferred on next day in other cities.

ww ƒ Helps transfer funds rather than only information.

ƒ In all metros, settlement is thrice in a day.
ƒ Banks can help customers to get inter-bank TT services.

•
w.E
PROCESSING INFORMATION BY RBI: SOME STEPS
RBI centers process the files received from all centers and upload to respective branches

•
asy
of destination banks.
Service branches process the file and print branch level report containing beneficiary
details.
•
En
Destination branches credit the amounts to the beneficiary’s account.

gin
NEFT FEE CHARGED BY BANKS
Normally banks vary in their charges. Following charges are a sample charges which some

eer
banks charge.
(a) Inter Bank Fund Transfer on deferred net settlement which settles transactions in batches.
(b) Inward Remittance Charges : NIL

(i) Up to 1 Lac : in
(c) Outward Remittance Charges

(ii) Above 1 Lac to 2 Lac :

NIL
15/- per Transaction
g.n
(iii) Above 2 Lac :

E- BANKING
25/- per Transaction

Common services available to customers in e-banking are:

et
1. Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
2. Debit Cards
3. Net Banking
4. Mobile Banking
5. Phone Banking
6. Interbank Mobile Payment Service (IMPS)
7. Bill Payment
8. ECS Service
9. NEFT / RTGS
10. Indo Nepal Remittance System
11. e Payment of Taxes
12. Merchant Acquiring Business (POS)
13. Cash Management Service

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176 Modern Aspects of Banking

AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINES (ATMS)

ƒ ATMs are virtual banking system without human interaction.
ƒ ATM machines can be installed at any suitable location for deposited and withdrawing
money.
ƒ ATMs operate by a system of checking account holder authenticity and run on menu.
ATMs use Iris or other advanced scan system. PIN numbers (confidential) given to
customers are fed in ATMs. Advanced ATMs have finger print analysis system also.
ƒ ATM use is customer-friendly and is very simple. Customer inserts the ATM card in
the ATM machine. ATM asks for customers PIN which he feeds, then he feeds the
amount needed and then presses the button for either deposit or withdrawal.

ww ƒ Customers can get their balance in the account through ATM also any time of the
day, all 7 days, 24 hours. Besides customer can get a brief account statement from the

• w.E
ATM system. For customers, this is convenient, anywhere any time banking facility,
without additional cost.
ATM card holders of say ‘A’ bank can also withdraw cash up to a certain limit from other

• asy
banks’ ATMs provided ‘A’ bank has that arrangement with other banks including the
specific amount that can be withdrawn.
Further advancements have been seen for banking usability for disabilities like the low

En
vision, illiterate and aged people. Such system came up for use in some banks from 2012
(June).

Limitations of ATMs
gin
1. Security: Unlike bank tellers, ATMs do not require the person performing the transaction

eer
to present their picture identification. Rather, the person must only insert a bank card
and enter a personal identification number. If the bank card is stolen and the number

in
ascertained, an unauthorized person can easily access the account.

g.n
2. Inability to Perform Complex Transactions: ATMs can only perform relatively basic
transactions. This means that people who need to complete these longer transactions will
be forced to use the teller.

et
3. Fees: Not only do banks of which you are not a member charge fees for the use of their
ATMs, but users are often charged surreptitious fees by their own banks for using other
banks' ATMs.
4. Privacy: Unlike banks, in which security guards and tellers are present to ensure the
person performing a transaction receives privacy, there is no such guarantee when using
an ATM.
5. There is also limited withdrawal of cash.

Biometric ATMs
The Biometric ATM has been introduced to safeguard customers from all the frauds and
unauthorized access to bank [Link] introduction of Biometric ATMs is latest entrant in
the banking services. We all have seen and used traditional ATMs which accept our debit or
credit cards and we enter our PIN code and use banking services to deposit money, withdraw
cash, check balance, request for check books etc.
As the technology evolves, it also brings some sort of risk with it. You might have read or
know about ATM frauds, duplication of ATM cards, ATM skimming, unauthorized withdrawal

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Modern Aspects of Banking 177

of money. You also might have seen people and groups of thieves involved in such crimes.
Banks and Bank regulator always try to bring and adopt technology which brings safety and
security to the customers.

How a Biometric ATM works

It works similar to traditional banks ATMs but it does not ask for a numeric password. Biometrics
ATMs have attached scanner or sensor where you put your finger or palm. Your finger print
acts like a password. Your finger print is then matched with the finger print stored in the bank
centralized database. If it matches you are authorized to get access to ATM and your account.

ww
ALTERNATIVE CHANNELS OF BANKING
Internet Banking
•

•
w.E
Customers can carry out banking activities from the comfort of their home /office with
only click of a mouse.
Using Internet Banking ID and password, customers can access their Bank accounts /

• asy
do transactions on-line 24x7 without any hassle.
Access your Bank Account from anywhere i.e. home, office or on the move through PC/

•
En
Laptop/I Pad with Internet connection.
For Individual Savings & Current Account holders. For Corporate Cash Credit /Over

•
gin
Draft /Current Account holders.
Easy and secure way of Banking and banking can be done 24 × 7 days.

MOBILE BANKING
•
eer
A milestone in banking field- provides the customers a secure and convenient means of

in
banking and commerce from anywhere anytime.

g.n
• Banks wishing to provide mobile banking services shall seek prior one time approval
from Reserve Bank of India by furnishing full details of the proposal.
• Customer can do following banking business on mobile phones:
ƒ Give instructions to debit his account to issue demand draft. et
ƒ Enquire balance in the account and transaction details (history of last few transactions).
ƒ Can issue stop payment instructions and enquire for bills and outward clearing.
ƒ Ask for on demand account statement, and
ƒ Request for a cheque book etc.
ƒ Balance Enquiry.
ƒ Revoke Cheque
ƒ Funds Transfer
ƒ Loan account information
ƒ ATM locator.
Use of mobile phone is simple: customer applies for mobile phone banking facility. After
approval data is fed in the system; customer is given a PIN; customer connects to telephone
number, system will play a voice menu and the list of number of services offered are voiced;
customer to only follow voice menu to avail the required services.

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178 Modern Aspects of Banking

SMS BANKING
• Provides instant notification about the transactions as and when it happens. It helps to
keep a watch on account round the clock.
• Every debit or credit in your account over a limit desired by you is intimated by SMS.
• Helps to detect unauthorized access to the account.

CORE BANKING SOLUTIONS (CBS)

• Core banking Solution is the centralized banking platform where total bank’s operations
are controlled and run from a centralized hub. CBS means application of computer

ww
•
technology to various banking functions.
CBS introduction has proved advantageous to banks in various ways, viz. (i) banking has
become single window in nearly all banks having CBS system, (ii) it is an answer to many

•
w.E
MIS problems of banks from audits and controls., (iii) whole operations of bank can be
run from centralized hub, and (iv) new products and services can be formed quickly, etc.
CBS system works through centralized customer database; proper business plan and

• asy
customer information all over the country can be kept in one server.
Through CBS system customers are equally benefitted in different ways. Customer is no

En
more bound at one place where account exists. He/she can bank with CBS to access his/
her account from any station/city. Customer has simple and hassel free, accurate and
quick banking in place. Biggest advantage to customer is that he/she can do banking 24

gin
hours by any e-banking services available with the bank.

•
eer
CREDIT CARDS- SALIENT FEATURES
It is a plastic card with microprocessor chip embedded on one side and magnetic stripe

•
on the other.

in
In simple words it is a plastic which contains the name of account holder along with
validity and account number.
g.n
Credit cards are normally made valid for 5 to 10 years, varying from bank to bank.
•
et
Basic features of credit card are: credit card offers lot of information, along with many
built-in security features; normal credit card is made of three distinct layers of PVC core
stock (white plastic) sandwiched between two clear laminate layers; modern credit card
also carries photograph of the holder; and on the front of the card is the optical character
recognition line (OCR), valid date line and name of the bank. On the backside, features
contain service and lost/stolen directions as well as magnetic stripe and signature panel
for card holder.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEBIT CARD AND CREDIT CARD

• Debit of personal account in debit card is instantaneous, the moment card holder enters
into transaction.
• Debit card is introduced for Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS) system.
• In credit card, a delay between the time of purchase and the time that funds are debited to
the account is large and varies.
• Credit cards are being used by people by paying the whole balance at the end of the
month either through internet banking transfer, mobile banking transfer or through
cheque payment.

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Modern Aspects of Banking 179

What's Plastic money ?
Plastic money is a term that is used predominantly in reference to the hard plastic cards we use
everyday in place of actual bank notes. They can come in many different forms such as cash
cards, credit cards, debit cards, pre-paid cash cards and store cards.

RBINET
• RBINET helps commercial banks in following ways:
ƒ Commercial banks can have access to format messaging and file transfers available
on BANK NET network.

ww ƒ Information sharing among banks and within different offices of banks is possible
through it.
ƒ Communication of important instructions / directions contained in RBI circulars,

BANKNET
w.E
policy guidelines etc. can be simultaneously made available to all banks.

•
asy
Banknet is a sophisticated packet (switching systems handling) where electronic
authorization of national and international transactions are handled.
•
En
Clearing and settlement between cardholders, merchants, and their respective issuers
and acquirers is handled.
•
• gin
Local currency settlements in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, USA etc. could be handled easily.
Telecommunication network is carried out over BANKNET to clear and settle all

• eer
international and local Master Card transactions that are not on us.
Transfer of information at any given destination.
•
in
BANKNET has advantage of speed, flexibility, member-to-member processing capability

g.n
in electronic imaging system, and enabling members to transmit electronically images
of sales slips for retrieval requests, thus avoiding exchange of papers.

Automated interactive voice ressponse system (AIVR)

et
Automated Interactive voice response systemis a technology that allows a computer to interact
with humans through the use of voice and DTMF tones input via keypad. In telecommunications,
IVR allows customers to interact with a company’s host system via a telephone keypad or
by speech recognition, after which they can service their own inquiries by following the IVR
dialogue. IVR systems can respond with pre-recorded or dynamically generated audio to further
direct users on how to proceed. IVR applications can be used to control almost any function
where the interface can be broken down into a series of simple interactions. IVR systems
deployed in the network are sized to handle large call volumes.

What is SWIFT' ?
SWIFT the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication is a member-owned
cooperative that provides safe and secure financial transactions for its members. Established
in 1973, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) uses a
standardized proprietary communications platform to facilitate the transmission of information
about financial transactions. This information, including payment instructions, is securely
exchanged between financial institutions.

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180 Modern Aspects of Banking

PAST EXERCISE
1. Many a time we read in newspaper about 5. A lot of Banks in India these days are
the benefits of National Electronic Funds offering M-Banking Facility to their
Transfer (NEFT), a dlivery service launched customers. What is the full form of` ‘M’ in
by the bank. Why do banks advocate for ‘M-Banking’? [BOB 2008]
such delivery channels? [OBC 2008] (a) Money (b) Marginal
(1) It is a system in which no physical (c) Message (d) Mutual Fund
transfer takes place, hence risk is very (e) Mobile Phone
low. 6. Which of the following is the limitation

ww (2) In this system banks are not required

to transfer any money actually to the
account of the customer. Only book
of the ATMs owing to which people are
required to visit branches of the bank?
[IOB 2008]

w.E
adjustment is done. Hence actual fund
is not needed.
(3) This facility is available to anybody at
any place. Even having a bank account
(1) It does not accept deposits.
(2) It has a limited cash disbursement
capacity.

asy
is not at all necessary.
(a) Only (1) is correct
(b) Only (2) is correct
(3) Lack of human interface.
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(b) Only (2)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

En
(c) Only (3) is correct
(d) Both (1) & (2) are correct
(e) All (1), (2) & (3) are correct
(e) None of these are limitations
7. As we all know, more and more countries/
organisations are now going for Non-Cash

gin
2. Many times we see banks advertise -"
anywhere Banking: Anytime Banking".
Transactions and accordingly Banks have
launched many new products in the market
for the same. Which of the following

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Which of the following product/facilities
launched by banks make it possible for products is a non-cash transaction
the customers to avail banking services 24 product? [UBI 2009]
[OBC 2008]

in
hours all seven days? (a) Only ATM Card
(1) ATM (b) Only Credit Card
(2) Internet Banking
(3) Universal cheque book facility
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(c) Only Prepaid Card
(d) Only Debit Card
g.n
(e) All are non-cash transaction products.
(c) Both (1) & (2) (d) Only (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
3. As reported in some newspapers/
magazines, some banks have decided to
install Biometric ATMs so that fraudulent
8. As per the news published in major

et
newspapers journals hence forth the Credit
Card holders will be able to access their
credit card information though automated
interactive voice response system over
withdrawals can be prevented. Biometric the phone instead of speaking to the staff.
ATMs will be able to do so as it also checks This decision of the banks/credit card
[OBC 2008] companies will provide
(1) signatures of the card holders. [Corporation Bank 2009]
(2) fingerprints of the card holders.
(1) an additional hurdle to the customers
(3) skin colour of the card holders.
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) as people feel comfortable in talking to
(c) Only (3) (d) Both (2) & (3) the staff instead of talking to a machine.
(e) All (1), (2) & (3) (2) an additional security to the customers
4. Which of the following is known as Plastic as this does not allow any staff to
money? [Vijaya Bank 2008] handle any transaction directly.
(1) Demand Draft (2) Credit Card (3) Some comfort to the banks as they will
(3) Debit Card be able to reduce their staff strength.
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(c) Only (3) (d) Both (2) & (3) (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3) (e) Only (1) & (3)

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Modern Aspects of Banking 181

9. As per the notification issued by the banks, 12. Many times we read a term CBS used
the “third party ATM usage” will now be in banking operation. What is the full
restricted to certain withdrawals and limits form of the letter ‘C’ in the term ‘CBS’?
only. What does it really mean? [Corporation Bank 2011]
[Indian Bank 2010] (a) Core (b) Credit
(1) The ATM cardholders will not be able (c) Continuous (d) Complete
to withdraw from other banks’ ATMs (e) None of these
under any circumstances. 13. Which of the following terms is NOT used
(2) Customers of one bank may be able to in banking?
withdraw only a limited amount from [Allahabad Bank 2011]
other banks’ ATMs.

ww (3) ATM card holders will have to pay a

fee if they withdraw money from other
(a) Debit Card (b) Credit Card
(c) Kisan Card (d) ELISA Test
(e) None of these

w.E
banks’ ATMs frequently.
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(b) Only (2)
(d) Only (2) & (3)
14. Expand the term SWIFT.
[Allahabad Bank 2011]
(a) Society for Worldwide International Fi-

asy
(e) Only (1) & (3)
10. Which of the following is an innovative
mechanism adopted by banks to meet the
nancial Telecommunications
(b) Society for Worldwide Interbank Fi-

En
nancial Telecommunication
targets fixed for lending to priority sector
(c) Society for Worldwide International Fi-
by the Banks? [Corporation Bank 2010]
nancial Transfers

gin
(a) Buying & Selling of Priority Sector
Lending Certification
(b) Sale of Kisan Vikas Patra
(d) Society for Worldwide Interbank Fiscal
(e) None of these

eer
(c) Inter Bank Participation Certificates
(d) Adoption of Core Banking Solution
15. Which of the following is known as Plastic
Money?
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
(e) None of These
in
11. As we all have notices, banks these days
are giving more emphasis on “Branchless
Banking”. What does this really mean?
(1) Demand Draft
(2) Credit Card
(3) Debit Card
g.n
et
[Syndicate 2010] (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(1) Banks will not have many branches (c) Only (3) (d) Both (2) and (3)
as used to be in the good old days. (e) All (1), (2) and (3)
Instead, the number of branches will 16. Many times we read a term CBS used is
be restricted and will conduct only a banking operations. What is the full form of
specified core business. the letter C in the term ‘CBS’?
(2) Banks will launch/operate many [Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
delivery channels like ATMs, Mobile (a) Complete (b) Credit
Banking/Internet Banking etc so that (c) Continuous (d) Core
people are not required to visit a branch (e) None of these
for their usual banking needs. 17. The full form of PIN in the parlance of an
(3) This means banks will issue only debit ATM card is
or credit cards for all types of day-to- [Corporation Bank 2011]
day financial transactions. Cheques/ (a) Permanent Information Number
cash payments will not be allowed. (b) Personal Identification Number
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) (c) Professional Identification Number
(c) Only (1) & (2) (d) Only (2) & (3) (d) Permanent Identification Number
(e) All (1), (2) & (3) (e) Personal Index Number

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182 Modern Aspects of Banking

18. NEFT means [IBPS 2011] 21. A centralised database with online
(a) National Electronic Funds Transfer connectivity to branches, Internet as well
system as ATM network which has been adopted
(b) Negotiated Efficient Fund Transfer by almost all major banks of our country is
System known as? [IBPS 2011]
(c) National Efficient Fund Transfer (a) Investment banking
Solution (b) Core banking
(d) Non Effective Fund Transfer System (c) Mobile banking
(e) Negotiated Electronic Foreign Transfer (d) National banking
system (e) Specialised banking
19. A centralized database with online 22. In which of the following fund transfer

ww connectivity to branches, Internet as well mechanisms, can funds be moved from one
as ATM network which has been adopted bank to another and where the transaction
by almost all major banks of our country is is settled instantly without being bunched
[IBPS 2011] [IBPS 2012]

w.E
known as with any other transaction?
(a) investment banking (a) RTGS (b) NEFT
(b) core banking (c) TT (d) EFT
(c) mobile banking (e) MT

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(d) national banking
(e) specialised banking
20. A lot of Banks in India these days are
23. A bank's 'fixed deposit' is also referred to as
a [IBPS 2013]

En
(a) term deposit
offering M-Banking Facility to their (b) savings bank deposit
customers. What is the full form of ‘M’ in (c) current deposit
‘M-Banking’?
(a) Money
(c) Message gin
(b) Marginal
[BOB 2008]

(d) Mutual Fund

(d) demand deposit
(e) home savings deposit
(e) Mobile Phone
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in g.n
ANSWER KEY
et
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (e)
6. (d) 7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (e) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (e)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a)

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Modern Aspects of Banking 183

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. A ‘Debit Card’ is issued by a bank to 6. As we have noticed, banks these days
(a) all customers of a bank are giving more emphasis on ‘Branchless
(b) all customers having savings bank Banking’. What does this really mean?
account with a bank I. Banks will not have many branches
(c) all customers having loan account with as used to be in the good old days.
a bank Instead, the number of branches will
(d) a bank customer who is income tax

ww
be restricted and will conduct only a
assesee
specified” core business.
(e) all corporate salary account holder
II. Banks will launch/operate many
2. Which of the following is the limitation

w.E
of the ATMs owing to which people are
required to visit branches of the bank?
I. It does not accept deposits.
delivery channels like ATMs, Mobile
Banking/Internet Banking, etc, so that
people are not required to visit a branch

asy
II. It has a limited cash disbursement for their usual banking needs.
capacity. III. This means banks will issue only debit
III. Lack of human interface. or credit cards for all types of day-to-

En
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
day financial transactions. Cheques/
cash payments will not be allowed.

gin
(a) Only I (b) Only II Select the correct answer using the codes
(c) Only III (d) III, II and I given below:
(e) None of these (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) the customers
(b) the banks eer
3. Real time gross settlement benefits (c) I and II
(e) All of these
(d) II and III

(c) Reserve Bank of India

(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) None of these
in
4. Which of the following banks has opened the
7. A–card stores and provides indentification
authentication, data storage and application
processing applications
(a) Debit Card (b) Smart Cardg.n
country’s first, ‘Cash Factory’ in Lucknow
which will issue currency notes to all its
branches and ATM in that area?
(a) Bank of India
(c) Credit Card (d) ATM Card
(e) None of these
et
8. Which of the following is known as Plastic
Money?
(b) Bank of Baroda I. Demand Draft
(c) State Bank of India II. Credit Card
(d) Union Bank of India III. Debit Card
(e) None of these Select the correct answer using the codes
5. As we all know, more and more countries/ given below
organisations are now going for non- (a) Only I (b) Only II
cash transactions and accordingly banks
(c) Only III (d) Both II and III
have launched many new products in the
(e) All of the above
market for the same. Which of the following
products is a non-cash transaction product? 9. Many times we read a term CBS used in
(a) Only ATM Card banking operations. What is the full form of
(b) Only Credit Card the letter C in the term ‘CBS’?
(c) Only Prepaid Card (a) Complete (b) Credit
(d) Only Debit Card (c) Continuous (d) Core
(e) All are non-cash transaction products (e) None of these

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184 Modern Aspects of Banking

10. Which of the following is a leading electronic to withdrew from other banks’ ATMs
payment technology firm? (The logo of the under any circumstances.
firm can be seen printed on credit cards/ II. Customers of one bank may be able to
ATM centres etc. withdraw only a limited amount from
(a) Visa (b) Max other banks’ ATMs.
(c) BSE (d) Sensex III. ATM card holders will have to pay a
(e) SWAP fee if they withdraw money from other
11. To use smart cards/debit cards/credit banks’ ATMs frequently.
cards for the purchase of an item or for Select the correct answer under the codes
payment of a service at a merchant’s store, given below:
the card has to be swiped in a terminal (a) Only I (b) Only II
known as (c) Only III (d) II and III

ww (a) point of sale terminal

(b) real time terminal
(c) shopping terminal
17.
(e) I and III
Opening of maximum number of ATMs is
an example of

w.E
(d) All of the above (a) indirect marketing
(e) None of the above (b) direct marketing
12. Lot of banks in India these days, are offering (c) social marketing
M-Banking facility to their customers. What
(d) All of these
(a) Money
(c) Messageasy
is the full form of M in M-Banking?
(b) Marginal
(d) Mutual Fund
18.
(e) None of these
Telebanking service is based on
(a) virtual banking
(e) Mobile

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13. All Inter-Bank Funds Transfer System,
where funds are transferred as and when
(b) online banking
(c) voice banking

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the transactions are triggered, is called
(a) internet banking
(b) mobile banking 19.
(d) core banking
(e) None of these
The best alternative banking service to

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(c) bill payment service
(d) real time gross settlement
branch banking to be the part of financial
inclusion?
(a) Establishment of small branches

in
(e) None of the above
14. The money market in India consists of (b) Set-up ATMs
(c) Issuing of ATM cards
two sectors namely the organised and the
unorganised sector. Which of the following
do not fall under unorganised sector?
(d) Giving credit cards
(e) Mobile banking
g.n
et
(a) RBI, commercial banks and SBI 20. Which of the following is/are the major
(b) LIC and GIC concepts visible in today’s banking industry
(c) Unit Trust of India in India?
(d) Indigenous banks I. Risk-based management
(e) None of the above II. Growing competition
15. Currently, banks claim that they have III. IT initiatives
achieved 100% CBS. What are they referring Select the correct answer using the codes
to? given below:
(a) It means all their branches are (a) Only I (b) Only II
technology driven with core banking (c) Only III (d) I and III
solutions (e) All of these
(b) It suggests complete banking services 21. E-commerce is increasingly becoming a
(c) It is an indication of customised popular mode of doing business. What is
banking services this way of operating?
(d) All of the above (a) Buying goods and services online from
(e) None of the above vendors
16. As per the notification issued by the banks, (b) Placing orders on the phones
(c) Getting 30 days credit period for
the ‘third party ATM usage’ will now be payment
restricted to certain withdrawals and limits (d) Payment has to be made in advance
only. What does it really mean? before goods/ services are delivered
I. The ATM card holders will not be able (e) None of the above

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Modern Aspects of Banking 185

22. Which is the card that looks like any other 26. Which of following is necessary to transfer
plastic card or an ATM card with Integrated funds through the RTGS facility?
Circuit (IC chip)? (a) Beneficiary’s bank account number
(a) Member card
(b) The IFSC number of the beneficiary’s
(b) Charge card
(c) Credit card bank branch
(d) Smart card (c) There is a minimum amount specified
(e) None of the above for transfer
23. ‘National Financial Switch’ has been set- (d) All of the above
up to facilitate connectivity between the (e) None of the above
bank’s switches and their ATMs and inter-
27. In E-commerce what is meant by B2B?

ww bank payment gateway for authentication

and routing the payment details of
various e-commerce transactions. Which
(a) It means trade between business to
business

(a) IBRD
(c) SBI w.E
organisation has set-up this switch?

(e) None of these

(b) IDRBT
(d) SIDBI
(b) The deals between business to banks
(c) It suggests transactions between banks
and capitalists

asy
24. Banks and other institutions have issued
debt and credit cards, the purpose of both
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above

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are 28. What is the name given to the online
(a) the same, to make paperless payments payment services that all internet banking
(b) different, since in credit card, the

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customers can use?
account is credited with the amount
(a) E pay (b) E-commerce
while in debit card the account is
(c) ECS (d) All of these

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debited
(c) the same, there is risk weight-age of (e) None of these
125% in both the cards. 29. ‘Smart Money’ is a term used for

in
(d) different, since in debit cards interest
for delayed period is charged while in
credit cards no such interest is charged
by banks
(a) internet banking
(b) FDRs in banks
(c) credit cards
(d) demand drafts of banks g.n
(e) None of the above
25. When we talk of smart money what are we
referring to?
(a) Foreign currency
(e) bank rate
30. RTGS stands for
(a) Real Time Gross Settlements
et
(b) Internet banking (b) Reduced Time Gross Settlements
(c) Credit cards (c) Relative Time Gross Settlements
(d) Treasury bills (d) Real Total Gross Securities
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (e)
6. (e) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (e) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (e) 20. (e)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a)

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CHAPTER
Foreign Trade and Banking
12
FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION ACT (FERA), 1973

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Introduction and Genesis
• Exchange control system was initially introduced in India in 1939 under the Defence of
India Regulations to conserve foreign exchange. Such savings were mainly to buy defence

• w.E
equipment and other war materials.
Since it was felt then that such control over reserves was necessary throughout, with
only change in its intensity.
•
• asy
As such first FERA was enacted in 1947, which came into force on 25th March 1947.
With many changes brought into the system after independence, and many amendments

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done during Five Year Plans, it was felt to further make FERA comprehensive and as
such new form of FERA encompassing the amendments made from time to time was

•
brought in 1973.

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Government of India and Reserve bank of India were made through this Act to control
and regulate foreign exchange dealings in India.
•
eer
With the enactment of FERA all transactions having direct or indirect dealings in foreign
exchange required the general or special consent of Reserve Bank of India.
•

•
in
The main objective at that point of time was to ensure proper control over foreign exchange

g.n
transactions and secondly to avoid misuse of foreign exchange of the country.
The FERA, 1973 contained very strict rules of forex dealing which most industrial houses
found it containing draconian provisions which act retardants to the foreign exchange

•
business growth.
et
With the reforms coming up after 1991, and lot of liberalization and deregulation being
promoted, the FERA became obsolete in terms of its impact on regulating foreign exchange
business in India and the Act became outdated.
• During late nineties, say 1997 onwards developments that took place through reforms
in the field of foreign exchange include:
(i) Increase in foreign exchange reserves,
(ii) Growth in foreign trade
(iii) Rationalization of tariffs,
(iv) Current account convertibility,
(v) Liberalization of Indian Investment Abroad,
(vi) Relaxation and Increase in external borrowing by Indian corporate,
(vii) Participation of foreign institutional investors in Indian stock markets, etc.
• With all the above reasons in mind and also the feeling that there is no need to strictly
hold on to the legislation to control foreign exchange business and balance of payments
transactions, gave way to the foreign exchange management.

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Foreign Trade and Banking 187

Foreign Exchange Management Act
• GENESIS
• Bill on FEMA passed in Lok Sabha on 2nd December, 1999.
• Rajya passed the FEMA Bill on 8th December, 1999,
• Bill got the assent of the President of India on 29th December, 1999.
• Gazette Notification from the Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs came
on May 1, 2000. The Act came into force from June 1, 2000. The same day the Foreign
Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) was repealed, i.e. on 1.6.2000.

ww
Objective of enacting FEMA
• Some of clauses and regulations under FERA were considered harsh and anti-business,
particularly foreign trade. The industrial sector raised these concerns frequently before

• w.E
Central Government and desired the Government to review the FERA.
Keeping in line with the policy of liberalization and globalization, Government modified
FERA in the form of FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) in 1999.
•
asy
FEMA is applicable to whole of India, and all offices abroad but controlled by resident
Indian.
•
En
Another objective is to facilitate external trade and payment system and promote
systematic development of forex market in India.

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Important Features of FEMA
•
•
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FEMA has in all 49 sections that deal with various aspects of foreign exchange business.
Section 46 and 47 provide powers to Government of India and Reserve Bank of India

•
in
to make rules and regulations the way forex business is to be managed in the country.
Another important feature of the Act is that it divides Forex business into two major
parts, viz.
ƒ Capital Account Transactions g.n
ƒ Current Account Transactions

Terminology and Definition of words as given in FEMA

et
• Currency: As per section 2 (h) of FEMA, 1999, word “currency” means and includes all
currency notes, postal orders, money orders, drafts, cheques, Travellers cheques, letters
of credit, bills of exchange, promissory notes, credit cards including debit cards, ATM
cards or any other instrument which will create a financial liability.
• Authorized Person: He is a person who is authorized dealer, money changer or off-
shore banking unit or any other person authorized by RBI from time to time to deal in
foreign exchange or in foreign securities. (section10 (1) of FEMA, 1999.
• Person of Indian Origin (PIO): PIO means a citizen of any country other than Bangladesh
or Pakistan if:
ƒ He at any time held Indian Passport, OR
ƒ He or either of his parents or any of his grand-parents was a citizen of India by virtue
of the Constitution of India or Citizenship Act of 1955 (57 of 1955, OR
ƒ The person is a spouse of an Indian citizen.

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188 Foreign Trade and Banking

• Foreign Currency: means any currency other than Indian currency.
• Capital Account Transactions: Section 2 (e) of FEMA, 1999 explains the capital account
transactions as “transaction that alters the assets or liabilities, including contingent
liabilities, outside India of person (s) resident in India or assets or liabilities in India
of person (s) resident outside India i.e. abroad would all amount to Capital Account
Transaction. RBI has the power under the Act to impose any restrictions on drawal of
foreign exchange for the purpose of capital account transaction.
• Current Account Transaction: Section 20 of FEMA, 1999 explains current account
transaction as one which is not a capital account transaction. It includes the following:
(a) all payments due in connection with foreign trade, other current business services,

ww short term banking and credit services

(b) Interest payments due on loans and net income on investment,

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(c) Expenses connected with travel, education, medical care etc.
(d) Maintenance expenses of dependents residing abroad.
In this regard Government of India has been empowered under the FEMA, 1999 to make

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rules and regulation to restrict drawal of foreign exchange for the purpose of any current account
transaction. As such Government of India has made certain rules called Foreign Exchange

En
Management (current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000. These rules prohibit certain transactions
involving foreign exchange and prescribe the limit upto which foreign exchange can be remitted.
These limits can be revised by Central Government / RBI from time to time.

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Nostro Account: It means our account with you. In this case a bank in India maintains an
account with bank abroad. Say, an ICICI bank having an account in Hongkong bank in London.

eer
This account shall be in pound sterling.
Vostro Account: It means your account with us. This is reverse of Nostro account. In this case

in
a bank in London opens an account with an ICICI bank in India. Such account shall be in rupee.
Bank in India would call such accounts as “Vostro” account.

g.n
LORO Account: It means their account with you. Here a bank in India if wants to refer
to any account abroad (opened by a Indian Bank), it refers to such account as Loro Account.

et
For instance, if an ICICI Bank has an account with Hong kong Bank in London. Now if State
bank of India corresponds with Hongkong Bank in London it can refer ICICI bank’s account
as Loro Account.
Mirror Account: Mirror account is also called a Shadow Account. For instance, an account
of a foreign bank maintained in India with a bank in India, is called Mirror Account. Here all
types of entries – both in foreign exchange as well as in Indian rupee are recorded.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND BALANCE OF TRADE

• Between the countries there are different natures of transactions for which they have
to make payments to each other. Such transactions may relate to countries imports or
countries exports.
• Transaction statement showing the level of imports and exports is called Balance of Trade
of that country.
• The statement of all debits and credits on account of payments to be made to different
countries is called ‘balance of payment’. These payments may relate to capital goods
exchange, tourists, other expenditures like interest payable etc.

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Foreign Trade and Banking 189

• Balance of Payments is classified into two parts, viz.
ƒ Balance of payments on current account, and
ƒ Balance of payment on capital account.
• Balance of payment on current account relates to imports and exports whereas balance
of payment on capital account relates to countries international financial position.
Imbalance in Trade:
India's trade deficit with its top trading partner China continued to mount, touching a whopping
$ 31.42 billion as the bilateral trade declined by 1.5 per cent in 2013, registering a downward
trend for the second consecutive year.
India's trade deficit increased by $ 2.5 billion compared to 2012, bringing into sharp focus

ww
the failure of Indian exports to make headway into China despite repeated promises by Beijing
to address India's concerns.

w.E
Currency Swap:
A currency swap is a contract which commits two counter parties to an exchange, over an agreed
period, two streams of payments in different currencies, each calculated using a different interest

asy
rate, and an exchange, at the end of the period, of the corresponding principal amounts, at an
exchange rate agreed at the start of the contract.
Currency swaps involve an exchange of cash flows in two different currencies. It is generally

En
used to raise funds in a market where the corporate has a comparative advantage and to achieve
a portfolio in a different currency of his choice, at a cost lower than if he accessed the market

gin
of the second currency directly.

A. LETTER OF CREDIT
Import Letter of Credit
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in
Most of the payment systems in India like cash payment, cheque, draft payments, etc. are all

g.n
those mode of payments where parties to contract to buying and selling are known or seen face
to face. However there could be situation (s) wherein the parties to business deal of buying and
selling are not known to each other nor have ever seen each other like one party is in India and

et
other is in USA. Also the nature of doing business with unknown persons is risky. Merchants
in international trade are domiciled in different countries having conflicting issues. Whereas
seller (exporter) wants to ensure receiving payments of goods sold, on the other hand buyer
wants to ensure receipt of goods ordered within the terms and conditions agreed.
As such another mode of transacting this type business has been developed and that is to
deal through their respective banks. This mode of payment and executing transaction is called
Commercial Letter of Credit or Documentary Credit.
• Technically speaking Letter of Credit has been defined under Article 2 of Uniform Customs
& Practices as “Documentary Credit” and “Standby Letter of Credit”.
• UCP also states that any arrangement whereby a issuing bank on behalf of his customer
(applicant) or on its own, make a payment to or to his order to third party (beneficiary)
or accept and pay bills of exchange drawn by beneficiary against agreed documents and
agreed terms and conditions is Letter of Credit. This is also called DOCUMENTARY
CREDIT.
• It also means under UCP authorizing another bank to make agreed sum of money or
authorizes another bank to negotiate against stipulated document (s).

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190 Foreign Trade and Banking

• In international business, a typical situation is that merchants to transaction are residing in

different place or countries. Each has his own interests which at times may be conflicting
to seal the deal.
• In simple words Letter of Credit means a letter issued by importer’s bank favouring
exporter, wherein bank (importer’s bank) undertakes to make payment against fulfilment
of agreed terms and conditions, documents, specified period and specified sum of money.
• A letter of credit is normally issued at the request of bank’s customer, who happens to
be buyer of goods (called applicant) for payment of sum of money mentioned therein to
exporter of goods.
• A letter of credit can only be amended by the issuing bank and none else.

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Definition of Various Players to Letter of Credit

w.E
Applicant: He is a person who requests his bank to open a letter of credit in favour
of other party (beneficiary / exporter). He is also called by the name
buyer, or importer.

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Issuing Bank: The buyer’s bank which opens LC and creates documentary credit. It
also undertakes to make payment. It is the bank which operates letter
of credit. It is sometimes called as importer’s bank also.
Beneficiary:
En(a) He is seller or exporter of goods.
(b) He is one in whose favour letter of credit has been opened.

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(c) He is entitled to receive the benefits under letter of credit or
documentary credit.
Advising Bank:
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It is the bank which acts as a correspondent (agent) to the issuing bank
and is located in exporter or sellers country. Advising Bank in turn

in
advises the establishment of credit to the beneficiary so as to ensure
genuineness of the credit. Sometimes bankers use the word ‘Notifying

g.n
Bank’ for advising bank. Advising Bank is not liable to pay under the
documentary credit or letter of credit.

Paying Bank:
the letter of credit arrangement.
Bank which is authorized to make payment under letter of credit
et
Confirming Bank: Advising Bank that confirms the credit on behalf of the issuing bank. By
adding confirmation, it undertakes the responsibility of payment under

established by the issuing bank is called paying bank. For making

payment, issuing bank has to confirm payment.
Negotiating Bank: It is a bank in the sellers / exporters country whose name is specified or
nominated to negotiate the documents / bills drawn by seller. If letter
of credit mentions the name of any bank to negotiate the documents,
then such bank is called “negotiating bank”. Sometimes negotiating
bank can be paying bank, and as such is also called “paying bank”.
Reimbursing Bank: It is the bank that has been authorized by the issuing bank to honour
the reimbursement claims in relation to settlement of negotiation /
acceptance / or payment lodged with negotiating bank. It is normally
the bank with which the issuing bank maintains account from which
the payment is to be made.

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Foreign Trade and Banking 191

FORMS OF LETTERS OF CREDIT / DOCUMENTARY CREDIT
In practice, there are two major types of letters of credit forms. These are based on four
parameters:
A. Based on degrees of security
B. Based on payment methods
C. Special types of Credit
D. Credit with Advance Payment
First two types are discussed below:

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According to degree of security
There are three forms of documentary credit or letter of credit.

w.E
(a) Revocable Letter of Credit
(b) Irrevocable Letter of Credit
(c) Irrevocable Confirmed Credit

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Revocable Letter of Credit: This type of letter of credit provides maximum flexibility to
the issuing bank or buyer for any amendment or cancellation without notice to the beneficiary

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up to the moment of payment by the bank at which the issuing bank has made credit available.
This form of letter of credit runs the risk for beneficiary since it can be cancelled or amended
without information. Hence this form is less common.

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When a letter of credit does not mention the form LC then it is considered irrevocable.

• eer
Irrevocable Letter of Credit
This type of credit is considered beneficial for the seller since the contents of the credit

•
in
cannot be modified, cancelled or revoked by any one party without the consent of the
other. No party to the agreement has the right to change the terms and conditions credit.

g.n
The seller remains dependent on the undertaking of foreign Issuing Bank. The Issuing
Bank irrevocably commits itself to honour the exporter’s documents prescribed in the
Documentary Credit and are in order.

Irrevocable Conformed Credit

et
• When an advising bank advises credit to the beneficiary and also confirms the credit, then
it is called conformed credit provided the credit arrangement is irrevocable.
• It gives beneficiary a double assurance of payment, since it represents the undertaking of
the Issuing Bank and the confirmation of the Confirming Bank. Confirmation is usually
given by a bank in the exporter’s country.
• In confirmed irrevocable credit, the political and transfer risks are eliminated.

Credit With or Without Recourse

• Bills drawn under the credit (Letter of Credit) by the beneficiary, he is liable to make
payment if the drawee fails to do so. In other words, he is relieved of his liability only
when drawee makes payment. Such LC are called “LC With Recourse”. Where beneficiary
excludes his name from the liability by adding the word “Without Recourse”, then such
letter of credit is called “LC Without Recourse”.

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192 Foreign Trade and Banking

B. ACCORDING TO PAYMENT METHODS

Based on the payment modes, the documentary credit is divided into three methods:
1. Sight Credit
2. Acceptance Credit
3. Deferred Payment Credit
Sight Credit: In this method the beneficiary receives the payment of credit when he
presents the documents and those documents are properly examined.
Acceptance Credit: In this method importer gets time to make payment. Depending upon
the credit terms, exporter draws a document or time draft either on Issuing Bank, or Conforming

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Bank or another bank. Period of payment could be 60 days or more or less as agreed upon
between the parties.
Deferred Payment: The main difference between the Acceptance Credit and Deferred

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Credit is the lack of an accepted draft/document. Deferred payment is possible under both
confirmed as well as unconfirmed credits.

(a) asy
C. SPECIAL TYPES OF CREDIT
Revolving Credit
(b)
(c) En
Back to back Credits
Standby Credit
(d)
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Transferable Credit

Revolving Credit
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Revolving credit means that the sanctioned limit when gets exhausted and the bills are paid,

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the same credit can be reused again from the original level by the beneficiary. The same credit

g.n
is revolved many times without entering into new contract and documentation. Two basic
conditions must be fulfilled. One terms and conditions of LC must be abided by and secondly,
amount can revolve in terms of money and time.

Back-to-Back Credit et
The beneficiary in whose name the LC has been issued earlier, uses the same to obtain another
LC in favour of supplier
For instance, suppose a company XYZ in Delhi gets a project in Bhutan, for
which they have got a Letter of Credit opened in their favour (XYZ). However in
order to complete the project, XYZ company wants some machines from China for
which they ask their bank to open an LC in favour of Chinese firm based on the
strength of LC opened by Bhutan firm in favour of XYZ. Such LC when opened on
the strength of earlier LC of Bhutan is called Back-to-Back Letter of Credit.

D. CREDIT WITH ADVANCE PAYMENT

There are two types of credit with advance payment terms. These are:
Red Clause Credit
Green Clause Credit

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Foreign Trade and Banking 193

Red Clause Credit: It contains a clause for providing for payment of advance
(like working capital) for purchase of inputs like raw material, packaging material
etc.
Green Clause Credit: In addition to the credit given in Red Clause above,
here in Green Clause, credit is also given for insurance and warehousing at the port
where goods are stored pending shipment.

OPENING OF LETTER OF CREDIT- OPERATIONAL ASPECTS

Important points to be considered are

ww• While opening the Letter of Credit, Issuing bank should ensure the creditworthiness and
capacity of the importer or buyer or applicant.

w.E
• Does the applicant has experience in line of business?
• Purpose of Import should be recorded: it may be personal use, for business or for onward
sale.

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• Marketability of goods and landed cost.
• Payment terms
• Mode of Import
En
• Letter of Credit number, name of bank on Bills of lading, Airways bill or Invoice Bills
of Exchange.
gin
• It is important to note that in case goods supplied are unacceptable to oversea buyer due

eer
to inferior quality etc., the Issuing bank is bound to pay the negotiating bank.
• When a Letter of Credit clearly mentions that payment shall be made by bank at sight,
or on demand or on presentation, then such LC’s are called Sight Credit Lc’s.

in
• Similarly, when LC make a reference for full value of shipment of goods but with a clause

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that dispatch of goods may be done in batches or in particular quantity at a time, then
such Letters of Credit are called “Deferred Credit or Deferred LCs”.

et
• When LC mentions that drafts may be drawn after a particular period or usance which
require acceptance or payment as the case may be by the drawee at the close of usance
period, then such LC is called Usance Credit.
• Note that LC is just like bank guarantee. Just like bank guarantee, the liability to pay money
under LC on behalf of the beneficiary is primary and cannot be avoided if everything is
in order.
• Under the “restricted letter of credit” negotiation of documents is limited to a specific
bank mentioned in the document of LC.
• Unless mentioned specifically about the form of LC, all LCs where no form is mentioned,
are irrevocable.
Benefits of Letters of Credit: Letter of credit provides many benefits to both purchaser
(buyer, applicant) and seller (beneficiary, exporter). These benefits are:
To Buyer/Applicant:
• Major benefit to the buyer or purchaser is that he can avail credit from his bank till the
documents reach his bank. Normally this facility is not available from seller.
• Buyer or purchaser need not pay any money to seller in advance as it is being done by
the Bank. This is the time when he can use this money for productive purposes.

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194 Foreign Trade and Banking

• Since most of the LC documents have an agreement that goods have to be of quality
specified. For which he needs independent certificate from independent body in this
regard. In case of default, bank does not pay the money to the seller. Thus purchaser is
assured of the quality goods.
• Since most of the bills are usance in nature, the buyer/purchaser gets additional credit.
To Seller
• Seller gets assured of payment.
• Seller can get payment by negotiating the bills immediately after shipment of goods.
• Import regulations of buyer’s country are no issue for the seller.

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DOMESTIC LETTERS OF CREDIT
Important features of Domestic Letters of Credit are:
•
• w.E
Like in the case of import LCs, domestic LC can also be opened for domestic purchaser.
In domestic LCs the bank of purchaser agrees to pay money to seller subject to submission
of documents and completion of terms and conditions of LC.

asy
• Domestic LCs are normally of two types:
ƒ Sight LCs, which means payment is made at sight.

En
ƒ Usance LCs, which means payment is made at maturity of bills.
• The procedure of opening domestic LC is that applicant purchaser applies for opening

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an LC in favour of Seller (beneficiary).
• Bank after verification of financial background of the purchaser applicant and ensuring

eer
business need, opens an LC and advises the seller (beneficiary). After dispatching the
goods, the seller submits the documents through the nominated bank in the LC and seller

in
than gets his payment through the bank.
• Bank is required to open LCs only for genuine trade transactions.
Benefits to Buyer and Seller
g.n
• Both gets confidence. Buyer for receiving the goods and seller for receiving the payment.

terms of the LC.

Benefit to Bank
et
• Further advantage to the buyer is that he pays only when goods are received as per the

• It earns commission on opening of such LCs-whether import or domestic. LCs.

GUARANTEE / BANK GUARANTEE /INDEMNITIES

Important features of Guarantee, Bank Guarantee and Indemnity are given below.
• General meaning of guarantee is a contract to perform the promise or discharge the
liabilities of third person in case of his default.
• For a contract of guarantee to be lawful, it must have certain pre-requisites like:
ƒ Free consent of parties to contract.
ƒ Legally competent person to contract
ƒ Contract to be backed by consideration.
ƒ Contract should not be void.

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Foreign Trade and Banking 195

• Contract of Guarantee is covered by Indian Contract Act and defined in section 126.
• There are three parties to Guarantee, namely, surety, principal debtor, and creditor.
• Guarantee can be either oral or written.
• When Guarantee is taken, a contract is established between creditor (banker) and borrower
(principal debtor); creditor and surety; surety and principal debtor.
• Continuing guarantee is one which extends to series of transactions; which is revoked on
the reconstitution of partnership firm; and where surety is liable for the ultimate balance
in the account except where limit is imposed on liability.

Indemnity

ww
Indemnity means under section 124 of Indian Contract Act, 1972 to perform the promise or
discharge the liability of a third person in case of his default.

w.E
• In case of indemnity, there are two contracts.
• In contract of Indemnity, the promise is entitled to recover from the promisor, under
section 125 of Indian Contract Act, 1872, all damages in which the promise to indemnify

asy
applies besides getting all costs and sums that promise have paid under a compromise.

BANK GUARANTEES
En
Important features of Bank Guarantee are:
•
gin
Definition of Bank Guarantee: In its simplest form Bank Guarantee means an assurance
by one party to the other to pay the money in case of the default by the third party. For

eer
instance, if Z wants to obtain a contract from Y but Y is not sure about Z’s credentials,
then Y asks Z to give a bank guarantee for ensuring the completion of the work of Y in
time. When Z’s bank gives such guarantee in favour of Y, then it is called Bank Guarantee.

•
in
submits the documents through the nominated bank in the LC and seller then gets his
payment through the bank

g.n
In other words it means a guarantee given by a bank to a third person, to pay him
certain sum on behalf of the bank’s customer, in the event the customer fails to fulfil any

•
contractual or legal obligation towards third person.
et
There are three parties to the bank Guarantee. The person giving the guaranty is called
“Surety”, whereas the person in respect of whose default the guarantee is given is
called “principal debtor”. The third person to whom the guarantee is given is called the
“creditor”.
• Need for issuing financial guarantee arises because:
ƒ Government departments insist on an Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) or in lieu Bank
Guarantee.
ƒ Customer does not have cash to that extent and hence as of Bank Guarantee.
ƒ It binds the customer to perform and fulfil his/her contractual obligations for the
performance of a job assigned to him/her by the government department.
• Important terms of agreement of guarantee are:
(i) Security, (ii) Maturity Date, (iii) and purpose of the guarantee.
• While issuing guarantees on behalf of the customer, bank should ensure following
important safeguards:

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196 Foreign Trade and Banking

ƒ Bank should satisfy itself before issuing financial guarantee that customer would be
able to reimburse the bank in case guarantee is invoked by third party.
ƒ In case of performance guarantee, bank should exercise due caution and have sufficient
knowledge and experience about customer, his capacity and means to perform his
promise under contract.
ƒ Avoid issuing guarantee as far as possible to customers who are not having dealings
with the bank, i.e. credit facility from bank, deposits with bank etc.
• When the payment is invoked under the bank guarantee, bank has following major
obligations to fulfil:
ƒ Payment should be made to the beneficiary without delay and demur since delay

ww erodes the value of the bank guarantee as well as affecting negatively the image of
the bank.

w.E
ƒ When the beneficiary invokes the bank guarantee and a letter invoking the guarantee
is sent to the bank in terms of bank guarantee, bank is under obligation to make
payment after verifying the facts.

• asy
Classification of Bank Guarantees
Though there is no legal classification of bank guarantees, yet in practice three important

En
types of bank guarantees are recognized. These are:
ƒ Financial Guarantee

gin
ƒ Performance Guarantee
ƒ Deferred Payment Guarantee, and

eer
ƒ Statutory Guarantee.

Financial Guarantee
• in g.n
Financial guarantee is issued in lieu of cash deposit by customer as Earnest Money
Deposit as security.
• Need for “Financial Guarantee” also arises:
ƒ In lieu of cash credit facility to a customer.
ƒ To make Customer under pressure to complete the agreed obligations.
ƒ It makes the third party assured that their work will be completed in time.
et
Performance Guarantee
• These are guarantee issued in respect of performance of a task contracted.
• Performance guarantee is issued by bank on behalf of its customer in favour of third party
assuring him that customer will perform as per contractual obligations stipulated in the
contract, failing which bank will compensate third party up to an amount specified in
guarantee.

Deferred Payment Guarantee

• Deferred Payment Guarantee (DPG) means an unconditional and irrevocable bank
guarantee to seller/exporter where the payment is deferred / postponed and paid in
instalments on due date.

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Foreign Trade and Banking 197

Statutory Guarantee
• Statutory Guarantees are those guarantees that are issued by banks in favour of courts, IT
departments or other statutory authorities like customs and Central Excise, under Ports Act,
Sales Tax, Provident Fund departments etc.

What is Forex?
The market in which currencies are traded is called ‘forex’.There is no central marketplace for
currency exchange; trade is conducted over the counter. The forex market is open 24 hours a
day, five days a week and currencies are traded worldwide among the major financial centres
of London, New York, Tokyo, Zürich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris and Sydney.

ww The forex is the largest market in the world in terms of the total cash value traded, and
any person, firm or country may participate in this market.

w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
in g.n
et

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198 Foreign Trade and Banking

PAST EXERCISE
1. As per the reports in the major financial (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
newspapers, India has urged China to (c) Only (3) (d) Both (1) & (2)
redress imbalance in trade. What does it (e) All (1), (2) & (3)
really mean ? It means [OBC 2008] 3. Currency Swap is an instrument to manage
(a) India exports more items to China [BOB 2008]
whereas China does not export much (a) currency risk

ww to India.
(b) India is not able to export much to
China whereas its import from China is
(b) interest rate risk
(c) currency and interest rate risk
(d) cash flows in different currencies

w.E
of higher value.
(c) China and India are not at all trade 4.
(e) All of the above
The investments done by “those financial

asy
partners. Hence there is no transaction
between the two countries.
(d) As per WTO laws, India is supposed to
entities which were launched or incorpo-
rated in a foreign country but are investing
in an indian venture in India” are generally

En
export food -grains to China. But China
has not placed any order for the same
known as
(a) Patent Money
[RBI 2009]

gin
in 2006-07. It has also refused to accept
200 lakh tonnes of wheat exported to it
(b) Private Equity
(c) Foreign Institutional Investment
by India.
(e) None of these
eer (d) Current Account Money
(e) None of these

in
2. As reported in some financial newspapers,
some banks in India (including major
banks) these days are not accepted US
dollar transactions from Iranian buyers.
5. At present the trade between India and
China is in a state of “Payment imbalance”.

g.n
What does this mean in real terms ?
[Allahabad Bank 2010]
Which of the following is the major reason
of banks not accepting such transactions
from Iran? [OBC 2008]
(1) USA has put a ban on major Iranian
from China.
et
(1) China does not import many items
from India whereas India imports more

(2) China does not pay India in time and a

Banks, hence Indian banks are also not lot of delay is reported by the exporters
accepting transaction from Iran as they (3) India wants all payments to be made in
do not get return of the same from it. US Dollars whereas China pays in its
(2) Iran is facing a major Recession, own currency.
hence all Banks have stopped major (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
transactions with Iranian banks. (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(3) Iran has declared itself as an Islamic (e) None of these
country and hence its banking is also 6. Many times we read about ‘Hawala’
Islamic Banking. This is the reason transactions in newspapers. Hawala, in
owing to which most of the countries India, is prohibited under the provision of
are not able to develop financial ties which of the following Acts?
with it. [Corporation Bank 2011]

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Foreign Trade and Banking 199

(a) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget which of the following Acts?
Management Act [Corporation Bank 2011]
(b) Banking Regulation Act (a) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
(c) Financial Action Task Force Act Management Act
(d) Foreign Exchange Management Act (b) Banking Regulation Act
(e) None of these (c) Financial Action Task Force Act
7. Many times we read about ‘Hawala’ (d) Foreign Exchange Management Act
transactions in newspapers. Hawala, in (e) None of the above
India, is prohibited under the provision of

ww ANSWER KEY
1.
6.
w.E
(b)
(d)
2.
7.
(a)
(d)
3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)

asy
En
gin
eer
in g.n
et

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200 Foreign Trade and Banking

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which one of the following factors is taken Which of the statements given above is/are
into account to calculate the Balance of correct?
Payment (BoP) of a country? (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) Current account (c) Only III (d) All of the above
(b) Changes in the foreign exchange (e) None of the above
(c) Errors and omissions 6. Balance of trade of a country is equivalent
(d) All of these to

ww (e) None of these

2. BoP (Balance of Payment) refers to
(a) transactions in the flow of capital
(a) difference between the inward and
outward remittances made in foreign
exchange.

w.E
(b) transactions relating to receipts and
payment of invisible
(c) transactions relating only to exports
(b) surplus generated shown in a trading
account.
(c) difference between exports and

asy
and imports
(d) systematic record of all its economic
transaction with the rest of the world
imports.
(d) All of the above

En
(e) All of the above
3. Which of the following is the component of
7.
(e) None of the above
With regard to the Export Policy of

gin
India’s Foreign Exchange Reserve?
(a) Special drawing rights
the Government of India, which of the
following statements is correct?
(a) All commodities can be exported
IMF
eer
(b) Reserve tranche position of India in

(c) Indian currency held by foreign

without licence
(b) Export licenses are required for only a
countries
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) Neither (a) nor (b)
in
4. All of the following are useful options for
few items
(c) Export licenses are required for all items
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above g.n
the government to pursue to bolster foreign
exchange reserves, except to
(a) impose exchange controls
(b) impose export controls
8.

Trade Policy?
(a) RBI
et
In India, which of the following agencies
is responsible for announcing the Foreign

(c) adjust the exchange rate (b) EXIM Bank

(d) borrow foreign currencies (c) Foreign Ministry
(e) permit a free floating exchange rate (d) Industry and Commerce Ministry
5. At present, the trade between India and (e) None of the above
China is in a state of ‘payment imbalance’, 9. The balance of trade is given by
what does this mean in real terms? (a) income receipts minus income
I. China does not import many items payments on investments
from India whereas India imports more (b) the balance of unilateral transfers
from China. (c) merchandise exports plus service
II. China does not pay India in time and a exports minus the sum of merchandise
lot of delay is reported by the exporters. and service imports
(d) merchandise exports minus
III. India wants all payments to be made in
merchandise imports
US dollars areas China pays in its own
(e) the balance on current account
currency.

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Foreign Trade and Banking 201

10. The difference between visible exports and (c) Demand and supply forces
visible imports is defined as (d) Foreign exchange reserves
(a) Balance of trade (e) None of these
(b) Balance of payments 16. Which of the following is a nostro account?
(c) Balanced terms of trade
(a) Account of a foreign bank in India
(d) Gains from trade
(b) Account of an Indian bank within
(e) All of these
another bank overseas
11. In which year was World Bank formed?
(a) 1945 (b) 1956 (c) Account of a non-resident Indian
(c) 1960 (d) 1988 (d) All of the above
(e) 1978 (e) None of the above

ww
12. The investments done by “those
financial entities which were launched or
17. Which of the following schemes is not
meant for investment purposes?

w.E
incorporated in a foreign country, but are
investing in an Indian venture in India” are
generally known as
(a) patent money
(a) National savings certificates
(b) Infrastructure bonds
(c) Mutual funds

asy
(b) private equity
(c) foreign institutional investment
(d) Letter of credit
(e) None of these

En
(d) current account money 18. What is Forex?
(e) None of the above (a) It is buying of foreign currency

gin
13. Which one of the following may be the
consequence of buying forex in the market
by the RBI?
(b) It is selling of foreign currency
(c) It is buying of one currency and selling
of another currency

eer
(a) It leads to inflation
(b) It leads to control over inflation
(d) It is simultaneous buying of one
currency and selling of another

in
(c) It does not affect inflation
(d) It results into deflation
(e) None of the above
14. In which one of the following states, India’s
19.
currency
(e) None of the above

g.n
The term ‘Currency of India’ refers to
(a) one rupee notes and coins
first Islamic Bank is proposed to be set-up?
(a) Kerala
(c) Odisha
(b) Tamil Nadu
(d) Bihar
(b) bank notes issued by Reserve
et
Bank of India viz., ` 2, ` 5, ` 10,
` 20, ` 50, ` 100 and for other higher
denominations
(e) None of these
15. The foreign exchange rate is dependent on (c) one rupee notes and coins and bank
which of the following? notes issued by Reserve Bank of India
(a) Government policies (d) one rupee notes only
(b) Monetary policy directives (e) None of the above

ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (e) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a)

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CHAPTER
Credit Function of Banks
13
• There are various reasons why banks should lend money. Firstly, Bank lends money to
earn income and fulfil the legal requirement of Banking Regulation Act, 1949, second,

ww in order to meet its liabilities arising out of interest and non-interest paid expenses, and
third, as a partner to economic development process, e.g. lending to trade, commerce,
industry, agriculture etc.
•
w.E
Bankers have liability on them as a part of Fair Practices Code set by IBA/RBI. These are:
ƒ Develop simplified and comprehensive loan application forms containing all
important information like interest rate, manner of charging interest, etc.

asy
ƒ Develop system of giving acknowledgement for receipt of all applications indicating
any fee taken for processing fee, etc.

En
ƒ As a lender to ensure that there is proper assessment of credit requirement of
borrowers.

•
gin
ƒ Keep the record of duly signed sanctioned letter containing amount, interest charged
and installment amount to be paid at specified intervals.
As a part of Fair Practices Code, banks are further required to:

eer
ƒ Apprise the borrower of the state of their accounts from time to time.
ƒ Ensure that any change in interest rate, charges, etc. should be brought to the notice
of the borrower.
in g.n
ƒ Give reasonable notice to borrowers before taking decision to recall / accelerate
payment as agreed.
• Sources of funds (liability) available to lending banker for making advances are:
ƒ Paid-up capital
ƒ Reserve funds retained by bank out of profits
ƒ Deposits mobilized from public in various deposit accounts.
et
ƒ Borrowing from other banks / market etc.
• Uses of funds by banks (assets) is either in the form of Fund based lending and / or
Non-fund based lending

What is Lending?
• Lending by banks means giving credit to borrowers for a particular purpose at a rate of
interest pre-agreed rate of interest and repayable within specified period of time, as per
terms and conditions agreed by both parties.

Principles of Lending
• While lending to other parties bank has to ensure that the money lent will come back in
the form of principal and interest. For this bank has to follow certain principles of lending

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Credit Function of Banks 203

that are based on the guidelines from the RBI and also practical experience of bankers
over years. These principles of lending are given below:
1. While considering application for any loan or advance, bank must look into the following
aspects:
ƒ That the lending is going to be profitable.
ƒ Borrower is acceptable to the bank in terms of his honesty, integrity, skills, business
acumen etc.
ƒ Safety and liquidity aspects of Lending.
ƒ Purpose for which loans and advances are being given is productive and desirable.
Purpose should be legitimate and as per law of the land.

ww 2.
ƒ Borrower has good repaying capacity, etc.
Profitable lending is a function of many aspects. All loans and advances must yield profit

w.E
to bank. Principles to be followed will cover the following aspects:
ƒ Borrower must be trustworthy and of good character.
ƒ Borrower should have intention and willingness to repay loan.

asy
ƒ Borrower’s goods and services have market demand.
ƒ Bank should diversify the credit portfolio and choose the most profitable venture to

3.
En
lend money.
Business Acumen of Borrower: Since business is promoted and managed by borrower, it
is necessary that bank must as a principle look into the following aspects of management:

gin
ƒ Borrower has trade knowledge
ƒ Borrower has business acumen like organizational capacity, labour management,

eer
environment management, market management etc.
ƒ Borrower shows strong financial soundness. He has ability to repay the loan.

4.
and capital). in
ƒ The most common aspect that bank looks into is its borrower's 3’C (character, capacity

g.n
Safety of loan is another important principle. It depends upon factors like right purpose,
right use, honest and sensible borrower, taking adequate security to cover risks, productive

level appraisal, viz.

ƒ Pre-sanction appraisal
et
business etc. Safety of loan is critical to bank lending system. For this banks follow two

ƒ Post-sanction appraisal
5. Pre-sanction Appraisal: While doing pre-sanction appraisal important aspect is
preparation of credit report to ascertain risk factor(s), identification of strong and weak
areas of loan proposal, credit need identification, etc. As a principle bank has to ensure
that there is neither underfinancing nor overfinancing, since both are damaging to the
bank and the borrower.
6. Post-sanction Appraisal: This aspect of banking principle covers proper documentation,
post sanction supervision and follow-up, inspection of securities etc. besides upgrading
the credit report and renewals and reviewals.

Distinction between Loans and Advances

• In loans no frequent debits are allowed. There is one debit entry of the principal amount
in the loan account. Subsequent debits relate to bank charges, if any, interest charged, etc.

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204 Credit Function of Banks

• Withdrawal of amount in loan may be in stages as per the need of the borrower.
• In case of advances, the amount sanctioned is placed at the disposal of the borrower with
a condition that he cannot draw beyond the limit sanctioned.
• In case of advances, account is running account and borrower can draw money as and
when required for genuine sanctioned trade / business transaction.
• However in common usage, both these words are being used as interchangeable.

TYPES OF CREDIT FACILITIES

Banks extend Credit facilities in mainly two forms. These are:

ww(a) Fund Based, and

(b) Non-fund based facilities.
•

w.E
Fund based: In this form of credit delivery, funds are made available to the borrower
immediately for his use for the purpose for which sanctioned. Fund based lending is
further given in the form of either:

asy
1. Term Loan, and / or
2. Working Capital
ƒ

En
In case of Term loan, the loan amount is given to the borrower for the purchase of fixed
assets like plant and machinery, construction of building, purchase of commercial

ƒ
vehicle etc.

gin
In case of working capital funds are used for day-to-day expenses of the business like
purchase of raw material, processing of raw material to get finished goods, salaries

• eer
and wages of the employees etc.
Non-fund Based: in this form, release of funds is deferred for period temporarily till the

• in
happening of an event. It is also classified as contingent liability by banks.

g.n
Banks may also sanction working capital in the form of non-fund based facility. Many a
time in business, sellers may sell the goods on credit basis (say 1 month credit) to the buyer

et
(borrower). As a security, sellers insist for Bank Guarantee or ask the buyers (borrower’s)
bank to open a irrevocable letter of credit. In other words, instead of disbursing loan for
buying goods, bank will issue a guarantee or open a Letter of Credit.

Most common and preferred fund based facilities

• Term Loans
• Overdraft
• Cash credit
• Bill finance

Similarly, following non-fund based facilities are common with banker and
borrowers
• Letter of Credit
• Bank Guarantee
• Deferred Payment Guarantee
(Note: Discussed elsewhere in the book)

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Credit Function of Banks 205

TERM LOANS
Term Loans are sanctioned mainly for two major purposes, viz.
(i) Business purposes for productive use, like Capital investments for purchase of Plant and
Machinery, Vehicles, Furniture & fixtures, etc.
(ii) The term loans sanctioned for productive purposes are for Capital investments like
purchase of Plant and Machinery, Vehicles, Furniture & fixtures, etc.

Special Features of Term Loans

• Bank disburses the entire sanctioned loan amount to the borrower in one go.

ww• As far as rate of interest is concerned, banks and borrowers have two options.
(i) One Fixed Rate of Interest, and
(ii) Floating Rate of Interest.

w.E
• In the fixed interest basis, the same rate of interest is charged throughout the period of
loan. However, in case of Floating rate of interest which means, as and when there is
change in the link rate (say Base Rate, Prime Lending Rate (PLR) of a bank), the rate of

asy
interest will change.
• Charging of Interest: Banks charge Interest on the balance outstanding (i.e., daily reducing

En
balance method or balance outstanding at the beginning of the month/ quarter, as per
the terms and conditions agreed upon between bank and borrower.

gin
• Repayment Period: Term loans normally have a period of repayment ranging between
say 3 years to 5 or even 7 years.

eer
• Security of Loans: Loans are secured by some tangible assets purchased and charged to
banks (Hypothecation / Mortgage, etc). Additional or Collateral securities can be obtained
where necessary which can be in the form of Pledge/mortgage or by 3rd parties Guarantees.
Moratorium of Term Loan
in g.n
In terms of loans, a moratorium period refers to a period of time that is agreed on between the
lender and the borrower in which the loan and the interest is to be [Link] main principle

et
of having a moratorium is so an individual who has taken out a loan has some extra time to
pay it back to the lender. However, each moratorium period is different depending on each
individual circumstance. Some people may be awarded a longer period of time than others
depending on the amount they have borrowed or the reasons why they are not available to pay
it back straight away. This is usually the process that is agreed on before the creditor makes
official demands for the repayment.
Debt Moratorium
This method is used quite a lot when it comes to debt repayment. In this case, the creditor gives
the debtor a later date to begin paying back the required amount; however there is no specific
date used in these circumstances either. It is simply judged depending on the situation and
how much debt needs to be repaid. If the debt is not paid back within this time period then the
creditor will take additional measures to claim back the debt from you.
What is reverse mortgage Loan Scheme?
In simple terms, a reverse mortgage is the "opposite" of a conventional home loan. A reverse
mortgage enables a senior citizen to receive a regular stream of income from a lender (a bank
or a financial institution) against the mortgage of his home. The borrower (i.e. the individual
pledging the property), continues to reside in the property till the end of his life and receives

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206 Credit Function of Banks

a periodic payment on it.

How does a reverse mortgage work?
When the home is pledged, its monetary value is arrived at by the bank, on the basis of the
demand for the property, current property prices, and the condition of the house. The bank then
disburses a loan amount to the borrower in the form of periodic payments, after considering a
margin for interest costs and price fluctuations. The periodic payments also known as reverse
EMI are received by the borrower over fixed loan tenure. With each payment, whether monthly
or quarterly, the equity or the individual's interest in the house decreases.
A reverse mortgage is an ideal option for senior citizens who require regular income, or if
the property is of illiquid nature for some reason.

ww
WORKING CAPITAL–Important Features
•

w.E
Working capital is granted to borrower either as cash credit, overdraft or bill finance.
Important features of working capital are given below along with features of mode of
financing.
•

•
asy
It is finance granted for meeting borrower’s day-to-day expenditure required to produce/
manufacture the goods or sale of goods (in case of traders).
Commonly working capital finance is based on operating cycle of the business. Operating

En
cycle is defined as the time taken for conversion of cash into cash. For instance, with
sanctioned cash borrower purchases raw material and convert raw material into finished

gin
goods. While converting raw material into finished goods borrower spends many
overheads etc. as expenses. The finished goods are then sold in the market on cash basis

eer
or finished goods are converted directly into cash. If sold on credit basis, the finished
goods are replaced by debtors and conversion into cash is only on realization as per the
terms of settlement between seller and buyer. This process is called Operating cycle. It

• in
is also called “working capital cycle”. In simple words, operating cycle is:

g.n
Cash ---Raw Material---Stock-in-Process---Finished goods---sales ---Cash (Receivables).
Duration of operating cycle is equal to the sum of the holding periods of all current assets
forming part of the operating process.
• Duration of operating cycle normally depends upon order period for raw material,
time taken during processing, time period for packing etc. and demand, supply and
technology use.
et
• Current assets are those that can be converted into cash within 1 year and these include
finished goods, cash, claims receivables in one year, etc.
• Current liabilities include liabilities that are payable within 1 year from the date of balance
sheet, liabilities representing sources of funds etc.
• Gross Working Capital (GWC) means funds required to finance total current assets.
• Net Working Capital (NWC) means difference between current assets and current
liabilities.

OVERDRAFT
• The main purpose of overdraft is to meet immediate needs or shortfall of funds with the
borrower.
• Overdraft is a mode of finance where a borrower is

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Credit Function of Banks 207

• Sanctioned a limit in his, say, current account, to draw as many times as required in a
day but up to the limit sanctioned.
• It is a fluctuating account wherein the balance sometimes may be in credit or sometimes
in debit.
• Normally drawings are permitted through cheques only except under very special
circumstances where cash drawing is needed and allowed by bank.
• The security in an Overdraft account may be either personal or other tangible like
insurance policies, fixed deposit receipts, shares and debentures, book debts etc.
• Overdrafts allowed are normally for short periods. Banks have the discretion either to
allow or refuse overdraft facility.

ww• Banks go by past record of the borrower and only when satisfied about the need, repayment
aspects and intention where money will be used etc. banks may allow overdraft facility.

CASH CREDIT
w.E
A cash credit is a drawing account against credit guaranteed by the bank and is operated in the

asy
same as overdraft account. The bank will sanction limit based on the working capital cycle of the
business and the borrower has to operate within the limit so fixed. The balance outstanding in
the account should be within the limit or drawing power. The drawing power means the value

En
of securities less margin stipulated by the bank. The borrower can save interest by reducing
the debit balance whenever he is in a position to do so. The borrower will provide securities as

gin
stipulated from time to time. Cash credits are generally allowed against pledge or hypothecation
of goods or sometimes against book debts and / or bill purchase and discounting.

eer
Cash credit as working capital is provided by the banks either on operating cycle basis,
turnover method (recommended by Nayak Committee), or cash budget method.

BILL FINANCE
•
in
First (operating cycle) and second (turnover method) methods are mostly used in India.

g.n
An entrepreneur may finance his trade through (a) long term loans, (b) cash credit, (c)

• Bill finance through bill discounting system as compared to other modes has some et
bill discounting. Bill finance involves (i) purchase of bills, and (ii) discounting of bills.

advantages like (i) certainty of payment on due date, (ii) liquid assets can be easily
discounted with banks, (iii) better control and better resource planning is possible, and
(iv) easily identifiable transactions.
• Bill discounting system comprises of (i) clean bills, (ii) Documentary bills, (iii) bills drawn
under credit.
• Bills basically means ‘Bills of Exchange’ as defined and governed by negotiable Instruments
Act, 1881, section 5 which provides that bill is an instrument in writing containing an
unconditional order signed by maker, directing a certain person to pay certain sum of
money only to or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.
• Bill of exchange in International Trade acts as a means of collecting payments as well as
receipt of payment, demanding payment, acts as a promise of payment like bills drawn
on acceptance basis. It is means of extending credit, e.g. sight bill or tenor bills.
• Bill finance comes into play when sale is done on credit basis by the seller to borrowers.
Otherwise borrowers i.e., sellers of the goods, who supply the goods on credit basis
will have to wait for a specified period – say 3 months. This would help the borrower

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208 Credit Function of Banks

to increase his business, as his working capital cycle is reduced. As the bank directly
recovers the money advanced from the buyer of goods, bill finance is also known as
self-liquidating finance.
• Bills are further classified as Sight bills and usance bills. Sight bills have to be paid by the
purchaser of goods immediately sight bills are purchased.
• Usance bills are payable by the purchaser of goods after a specified period of time (say
3 months, etc). Usance bills are discounted. In the case of usance bills, bank will deduct
the discount amount (say 20 or 25%) and pay the balance to the borrower and pay the
discount amount on realization of the bill.
ƒ Essential feature of a bill that a banker normally sees when bill is presented to him are:

ww ƒ Essential details like date of instrument, place of payment, principal amount payable
and interest payable as well as maturity of bill.
ƒ Dishonour of bill if unpaid on maturity.

w.E
ƒ Rate of interest applicable at the material time and payment of bill.
ƒ Validity, authentication of material alteration, if any and stamp duty payable has
been properly paid.
•
asy
In bill purchased bank negotiates bills payable on demand, whether clean or documentary;
bank pays the face value of the bill to the holder; bank after purchasing acts as a holder

• En
in due course of the bill and inherits all rights of the ownership.
Crocka Bill: It is a bill of lading covering goods carried by road issued by sea carrier.

gin
Crocka bill of lading cannot be deemed as Ocean Bill of Lading.

LETTER OF CREDIT (L/CS)

eer
LCs are the guarantee given by a bank to the seller of goods that on the due date he will receive

in
the sale amount (LC amount). In this case, LC opening bank (i.e., buyer’s bank) will not provide
any fund based facility to the buyer. LCs are issued for trade both within the country and for
trade internationally. This chapter has been discussed earlier in detail.
g.n
BANK GUARANTEE
et
Banks issue guarantee on behalf of customers in favour of third parties undertaking to pay the
guaranteed sum of money to the third parties (beneficiary) in the event of the (his) customer
failing to perform the agreed obligations. Guarantees are classified as financial guarantee and
performance guarantee. Performance guarantee is an undertaking by a bank that in the event
of a failure by the applicant, the guarantor bank will complete the original contract. In India,
however, performance guarantee (as also financial guarantee) will obligate the guaranteeing bank
to pay the fixed amount only. Similar to LC, there is no fund based credit facility sanctioned.

DEFERRED PAYMENT GUARANTEE (DPG)

Deferred Payment Guarantee is a financial guarantee issued by banks that have a currency
period in excess of twelve months. This type of guarantee is generally issued by banks in
favour of importers who import raw materials and other store inventories, or plant and
machinery from a foreign country. The payments to be made by the importers are made in
installments. If any installment is defaulted or any terms of guarantee is violated, the guarantee is
invoked.

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Credit Function of Banks 209

BANK ADVANCES WHICH ARE SELF LIQUIDATING
Banks lend money against certain documents / securities in which case the loans are liquidated
easily by the primary security at the time of maturity of the document or security or just after
repayment period is over. These loans are provided against liquid securities or maturity period
of the primary security whichever is earlier.
Some of the common self-liquidating loan schemes of banks are:
• Loan against Bank’s own Deposits- FDR.
• Loan against KVP/ NSC.
• Loan against LIC Policy.

ww
Loans against Bank’s own FDR
• Bank can provide loan up to 90% of present value of its own deposits like FDR etc. for

w.E
the period not exceeding the maturity date of the deposit. The facility can be provided
in the form of Term Loan and Overdraft limit.
•
•
asy
Bank’s lien marked on the FDR.
Interest rate charged by banks varies from bank to bank but normally it is 1-2% above
the FDR rate. In some banks, lending against/ for third party deposit, ROI is 3% over

En
the deposit rate.

Loans against NSC/KVP

• gin
Banks provide loans against NSC and KVP as personal loans against deposit certificates.

eer
Bank can provide loan varying from 75% to 90% of face value of NSC/ KVP depending
upon the age and maturity period of the security. The facility can be provided in the form
of Term Loan and Overdraft limit.

in
• For security banks ask borrower to pledge the certificate in favour of the Bank.

g.n
• Rate of interest normally varies from bank to bank but usually is at bank’s PLR.
Personal Loans

et
A personal loan is a kind of unsecured loan which can be used for any purpose that the borrower
deems necessary. An unsecured loan is an umbrella term used for loans which do not require
collateral. Banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions offer personal loans on an
ongoing basis.
There are two kinds of personal loans:
1. A secured loan sometimes called personal bad credit loans, which are typically offered to
a person that has a lower credit score or a credit history that has a record of delinquent
or missed payments. A secured personal loan needs some collateral, (like house or car),
to recover some of the money lent in case of default in payments.
2. An unsecured loan is generally offered to people that the lender considers a low credit
risk, meaning that they have a higher credit score, a long record of on time payments in
their credit history, and make enough money to be able to pay the loan off easily.

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
Loan Proposal: It means a written request made by the prospective borrower to the bank
for a credit facility. It is done on the bank’s application form. This request application is also
called loan proposal or loan application.

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210 Credit Function of Banks

Limit: The dictionary meaning of the word ‘limit’ is boundary or last line or point, which
a person is required not to cross. In banking the word limit is used in case of Cash Credit /
overdraft accounts and means the amount sanctioned by the bank. Limit before sanction can
be of different types. These can be:
• Proposed limit
• Recommended limit
• Authorized limit or sanctioned limit or overall limit
• Sub-limit
• Drawing Limit

ww • All these words are used mainly in case of working capital advances (cc a/c or OD a/c)
ƒ Proposed limit: This is the amount which the borrower has requested the bank to
sanction.

w.E
ƒ Recommended limit: This is the amount which the manager or bank recommends
to the sanctioning authority for sanctioning.
ƒ Authorized limit: This is the amount that the sanctioning authority sanctions after

asy
going through the complete proposal. This amount is also called sanctioned limit.
ƒ Sub-limit: Sometimes borrower wants credit facility sanctioned as per his specific

En
needs against bills, hypothecation, pledge etc. The overall (authorized limit) is then
sub-divided into need based requirements of the borrower.

gin
For example, a borrower requests for a credit facility for Rupees 3 lakh (proposed limit). The
branch manager after calculating the needs recommends to the sanctioning authority an amount
of Rupees 2.50 lakh (recommended limit). The sanctioning of the bank after critical appraisal

eer
sanctions 2.00 lakh rupees. (sanctioned or authorized limit). After sanctioning the overall limit
(authorized limit), it is sub-divided into sub-limit based on borrower’s requirement. He may
be allowed, say
Against pledge
Against hypothecation
Against bills
in Rupees 60,000
Rupees 75,000
Rupees 40,000, and g.n
Against book debts Rupees 25,000
et
This shows that despite sub-limits being sanctioned against various activities, overall
amount drawn does not exceed Rupees 2 lakh. The interpretation of this is that borrower can
draw money against pledge only up to Rs.60,000 and against hypothecation up to Rs.75,000
only. Drawings against bills and book debts is only up to 40,000 and 25,000 rupees respectively.
Total debit balance should not exceed Rupees 2 lakh.
Drawing Power (DP): It means residual value of current assets minus margin. In other
words it is value of security minus amount of margin.
Margin: It is the amount contributed by the borrower to run his business. It represents
borrower’s risk involvement in the business.
Loan Syndication: Loan syndication means multiple banking, i.e. banking with more
than one bank for meeting his business financial requirements. Here each bank makes its own
independent evaluation of the borrower, project and offer credit. It is flexible and convenient
approach for banks and borrower.
J.V. Shetty committee to review system of consortium lending, had suggested following
methods alternative to consortium loans and advances.

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Credit Function of Banks 211

ƒ Inter-bank participation
ƒ Commercial Paper
ƒ Debentures and securitization of debts
ƒ Syndication of Credit

RETAIL LENDING BY BANKS

Why Retail Lending by banks?
Banks are opting for more retail lending activities due to following various reasons:
• Increase in purchasing powers and desire to improve standard of living has led retail

ww lending activities to grow.

• Consumer needs are ever changing resulting in more buying of consumer goods.
• Convenience of obtaining bank loans and easy operation of accounts due to technological

w.E
improvements.
• Slow growth of Industrial sector has led banks see their slow credit off take thus, affecting
its profit. Retail sector is a growing sector and hence bank's natural option shall be retail
sector.
asy
• Loans to retail sector are safe and lending rates are competitive.

En
Need of Retail Lending

gin
Further need of retail lending by banks arose because of the following factors:
• Retail is a developing market,

eer
• It is assumed that retail market is assured market for doing business.
• Easy to handle and overhead costs being very less, it becomes a profitable venture.

in
• Competitive products are available off the shelf for consumers to choose from hence, no
delays in decision making.

g.n
• Since it is a compact loan, supervision and monitoring is nominal. Loan is safe and NPAs
level is less.

channel of lending.

Drivers of Retail Lending

et
• It also adds to the diversification of bank’s credit portfolio thus providing a new growing

• More Income Tax Rebate in various categories of citizens has led to rising savings and
thus giving higher disposable income in hand.
• Couples earning has led to more flow of income and double income.
• Young generation makes a lot of change in the consumer behaviour. An estimate shows
that 65% population in India is less than 35 yrs. of age.
• Government of India has taken many steps to allow people to buy homes through bank
loans. For incentive purpose, government has allowed interest rebate up to Rupees 1.50
lakhs from 2015-16 financial year increasing the level from Rupees 1.00 lakh during
2014-15 F.Y.
• Alternate investment opportunity offering good return
• With increasing urbanization, consumerism concept is growing and hence providing a
positive boost to retail sector.

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212 Credit Function of Banks

Various Retail Lending Products

• Home Loans
• Vehicle Loans
• Consumer product loans
• Repair & maintenance of home loan
• Education loans
The RBI guidelines for Rocovery Agents:
Banks and other financial institutions hire recovery agents in order to recover debts from clients
on their behalf. These recovery agents are responsible for collecting outstanding payments from

ww
the bank’s customers. Recovery agents have been accused of using inappropriate measures to
collect money from people. Their recovery practices have recently come under the scrutiny of
the law and justice keepers in the country.

w.E
Arm-twisting tactics
The common notion is that recovery agents use threat or ‘goonda-gardi’ practices and harass
clients to collect debts due. The RBI has recently issued draft guidelines that recovery agents

asy
and banks will have to abide by when collecting debts from their customers. The idea is to
streamline the practices used by recovery agents and keep a tab on them.

En
The gist of the guidelines
• Banks should approach Lok Adalats for small cases of outstanding consumer debts less

gin
than around $25,000 in the form of personal loans, credit card debts or other loans.
• Banks are responsible for the actions of the recovery agents. Hence banks have to ensure
that the recovery agents they hire follow RBI guidelines and the rules of the Banking

eer
Codes and Standards Board of India throughout the recovery process.
• In cases where customers default on payments, banks are obligated to inform them about

in
the details of recovery agents hired by the bank.

g.n
• The Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) and the Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (IIBF)
should conduct training courses for recovery agents in order to educate them about the
preferred recovery practices.

et
• Customers should not be harassed or abused during the recovery process. For example,
customers may be contacted only on telephone numbers provided by them and not on
any other number.
RBI will take strict action against banks not complying with these guidelines.

MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

What is the meaning of Enterprises?
An “enterprises” means an Industrial undertaking or a business concern or any other
establishment, by whatever name called, engaged in the manufacture or production of goods
pertaining to any industry specified in the First Schedule to the Industries (Development and
Regulation) Act 1951 or employing plant and machinery in the process of value addition to the
final product having a distinct name or character or use or engaged in providing or rendering
of any service or services.

Importance of MSME
• Most significant sector after Agriculture. Employs 60 million persons spread over 30
million enterprises. Creates one million jobs every year.

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Credit Function of Banks 213

• Accounts for about 45% of the total industrial output.
• Contributes 40% of the total exports.
• 94.9% are Micro enterprises, 4.9% are small and only o.2% are medium enterprises.

Micro enterprises (Manufacturing)

• Enterprises engaged in the manufacture/ production, processing or preservation of
goods and whose investment in Plant and Machinery (Original cost excluding Land
and Building and the items specified by the Ministry of Small Scale Industries (vide
its notification no. S.O.1722 (E) dated October 5, 2006) does not exceed Rs. 25 lakhs.

ww
Micro Enterprises (Service)
(i) Enterprises engaged in the providing / rendering of services and whose investment in

w.E
Equipment (Original cost excluding Land and building and furniture, fittings and other
not directly related to the service rendered or as may be under the Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises Development, Act 2006) does not exceed Rs.10 lakhs.

asy
(ii) The Micro Enterprises (Service) shall include Small Road & Water Transport Operator
(SRWTO), Professional and Self Employed (PSEP), Small Business, Retail Trade and all
other service enterprises whose investment in equipment does not exceed Rs.10 lakhs.

En
Small Enterprises (manufacturing)
•
gin
Enterprises engaged in the manufacture/ production, processing or preservation of
goods and whose investment in Plant and Machinery (Original cost excluding Land

eer
and building and the items specified by the Ministry of Small Scale Industries vide its
notification no. S.O.1722 (E) dated October 5, 2006) is above Rs.25 lakhs to Rs.5 crore.

Small Enterprises (Service)

• in g.n
Enterprises engaged in providing / rendering of services and whose investment in
Equipment (Original cost excluding Land and building and furniture, fittings and such

•
items as per 1.2.2.) is above Rs.10 lakhs to Rs.2 crore.
et
The Small Enterprises (Service) shall include Small Road & Water Transport Operator
(SRWTO), Professional and Self Employed (PSEP), Small Business, Retail Trade and all
other service enterprises, whose investment in equipment is above Rs.10 lakhs to Rs.2
crore.

Medium enterprises (Manufacturing)

Enterprises engaged in the manufacture/ production, processing or preservation of goods
and whose investment in Plant and Machinery Original cost excluding Land and building and
the items specified by the Ministry of Small Scale Industries vide its notification no. S.O.1722
(E) dated October 5, 2006) is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs.10 crore.

Medium Enterprises (Service)

• Enterprises engaged in providing/rendering of services and whose investment in
Equipment (Original cost excluding Land and building and furniture, fittings and such
items as per 1.2.2.) is more than Rs.2 crore but does not exceed Rs.5 crore.

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214 Credit Function of Banks

• The Medium Enterprises (Service) shall include Small Road and Water Transport
Operator (SRWTO), Professional and Self Employed (PSEP), Business and all other service
enterprises, whose investment in equipment is above Rs.2 crore to Rs.5 crore.

Classification of MSME
• The Micro and Small Enterprises (manufacturing and service) will be classified under
Priority Sector irrespective of whether the borrowing entity is engaged in export or
otherwise.

Acknowledgement

ww• Each branch will issue an acknowledgement for loan applications received from the
borrowers towards financing under this sector and maintain the record of the same.

w.E
Disposal of Applications
• In case of Loans up to Rs.25000/- : Within 2 weeks

asy
• In case of Loans above Rs.25000/- : Within 4 Weeks
(Provided the loan applications are complete in all respects and accompanied by a ‘check

En
list’ enclosed to the application form).

gin
CREDIT GUARANTEE TRUST FOR MSME (CGTMSE)
The Government of India and SIDBI created CGTMSE for helping banks to help small enterprises

eer
which are unable to give security to the Banks and are denied loans. The Trust guarantees certain
amount of loan if given as per the terms laid down by the Trust. Banks also need not take any
security as per the CGTMSE scheme.

in
• Main contributors to the capital corpus of CGTMSE are Government of India and Small
Industrial Development Bank of India (SIDBI).

Eligible Borrowers g.n

•

•
New and existing Micro and Small Enterprises engaged in manufacturing or service
activity excluding ‘Retail Trade’. et
As of now, all activities that come under service sector as per RBI’s guidelines on ‘Lending
to Priority Sector’ and MSMED Act, 2006 except retail trade are eligible for coverage
under the scheme.
Whether loans given to Small Road Transport Operators are eligible for coverage under the
Scheme?
• Yes. Small road and water transport loans are eligible for guarantee cover.
• Under the Guarantee Scheme, a borrower is required to obtain IT PAN number prior
to availing of credit facility from the eligible lending institution. Also it is a mandatory
requirement under section 139A(5) read with section 272(C) of the I.T Act 1961 to indicate
IT PAN on all tax documents which include returns, challans, appeals, etc.
• However, in respect of loans up to Rs. 10 lakh, CGTMSE is presently not insisting that
the IT PAN be obtained at the time of availing of the guarantee cover. IT Pan No. is to be
indicated in respect of credit facility above Rs.10 lakh.

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Credit Function of Banks 215

What Guarantee Fee required to be paid
• 1.50% of the total limit sanctioned, maximum to Rs 100 lakhs (0.75% in case of North
Eastern Region including state of Sikkim & Jammu and Kashmir )

Annual Fee
• 0.75% of the total amount outstanding as on 31st of March of the preceding financial year.
Whether the rates of guarantee fee and annual service fee can be varied after the
commencement of guarantee cover?
• Guarantee fee will not be changed with retrospective effect.

ww• Since the guarantee fee is payable only once at the time of seeking guarantee cover, so
any change in rate will have only prospective effect on the future proposals to be covered

•
w.E
under the Scheme.
As regards Annual Service Fee, it is payable on the guaranteed credit facilities as on
March 31, the prevailing rate at that time will apply.

asy
THIRD PARTY PRODUCTS (TPP)

Why TPP?
En
gin
It is non-fund business for banks and is very lucrative business without lending any funds.
Bank’s profit normally is based on net interest margin. Due to squeezing of interest rates
and higher cost of products, manpower, infrastructure and competitive scenario, burden on

eer
banks has increased and spread reduced. Net Interest Margin has been reduced considerably.
This factor worried the banks and they looked for non-fund based business in TPP.

Advantages of TPP to Banks

• Immediate Return
in g.n
• No risk of N P A or loss due to frauds
• Bulk business
• Good publicity
et
• Cross selling of bank's products
• Access to new market potential
• Reach to new business
Therefore the banks have targeted their focus on sell of Third Party Products with following
points in their minds.
• Hassle free
• Low cost
• High profit (comm./brokerages)
• Easy marketing
• No follow up
• No Risk Involved

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216 Credit Function of Banks

BANC ASSURANCE
What is Banc Assurance?
Fully exploiting the synergies between banking and insurance, so as to manufacture and
distribute cost effective banking and insurance products to a common customer base. In
simple words banc assurance is a linkage of insurance and bank products and distribution
channel.

Why Banc Assurance?

Major reasons why banks should go for banc assurance are:

ww ƒ Falling interest rates, reducing spreads and stiff competition.

ƒ Alternative avenues of fee-based income for banks.

w.E
ƒ Insurance business in India accounts for a mere around 3% of GDP and as such bright
chance of expansion of business of insurance through alternative channels like banks.
ƒ Provides under one roof all banking and insurance product / services and promotes

asy
insurance linked banking products / services.
• Banks act as Corporate agents of Insurance Companies under the Amended Corporate
Agents Act.

En
To promote banc assurance business, banks may look into the following promotional
aspects:

gin
ƒ Banc assurance should play proactive role in properity of Insurance industry.
ƒ Bank should promote more product / services linked with insurance.

eer
ƒ Banc assurance should develop brand image to stand tall.
Banc assurance model available in the market are:
ƒ Referral Model
in
ƒ Deposit linked Insurance Schemes
ƒ Corporate Agency Model g.n
Referral Model of banc assurance means:
et
ƒ Bank will identify customers interested in insurance products whose names will be
referred to Insurance company.
ƒ Insurance company sends its representative to customers for sales.
Deposit linked Insurance Schemes Models means:
ƒ Deposit schemes are insurance linked through group insurance.
ƒ Special deposit schemes are promoted.
ƒ Nominal premium is charged from customers on special deposits-insurance linked
schemes.
Salient features of Corporate Agency Model are:
ƒ Popular model having more involvement of banks.
ƒ Banks appoint specially licensed insurance trained executives/managers to meet
customers and sell banc assurance products / services.
ƒ Licensed executives / managers provide single window service for all the insurance
requirements.

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Credit Function of Banks 217

Following are the benefits of banc assurance to the banks:
ƒ It offers fee based non-interest income to banks which does not require banks to
maintain capital adequacy ratio on commission business. Bank's comfort level is
improved.
ƒ Banc assurance increases non-interest income which helps to increase total income
without necessitating increase in capital or total assets. Thus balance sheet of banks
improves by improved returns on assets and return on equity.
ƒ Surplus manpower can be used for marketing of bank and banc assurance products
without additional cost and efforts.
ƒ Loan linked assurance products like most priority sector loans and others like home

ww loans, vehicle loans, etc. can be marketed by banks through banc assurance and get
commission.

• w.E
SECURITIES FOR BANK LOANS: MODES
Hypothecation: Banker has right over goods but physical possession of goods is not with

asy
him, e.g. Car Loan, Vehicle loan, CC Limit, Book Debts, Stock / Inventory. Hypothecation
creates a transfer of interest in favour of hypothecate (Bank). It creates a charge in or
upon any movable property, existing or future, created by the borrower in favour of

En
secured creditor (Bank) without delivery of possession. The charge is floating charge
and crystallizes at the time of maturity.
•
gin
Pledge: Banker has right over goods as well as their physical possession. In case of non-
payment, Bank has the right to sell. e.g. marketable securities like shares, Gold. Section

• eer
172 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines pledge as bailment of goods as security for
a debt or performance of a promise.
Mortgage: When an immovable property, the security is created by way of Mortgage;

• in
e.g. for Home Loan, Loan against Property.

g.n
Lien: It is a charge on the specific asset (Specific Lien) or general assets (General Lien) of
the borrower. It is a creation of right in favour of the lender for payment of dues.

PRIME LENDING RATE (PLR)

•
et
After the deregulation of interest rate structure with regards to banking operations by
banks, the concept of creating bank’s own bench mark lending rate arose. There as a
result of this banks started fixing their bench mark rate of interest which was called Prime
Lending Rates. It is a rate at which banks would lend to their prime customers.
• As a general practice, banks mark up (add) 2.5 to 3.5% on the PLR to make it as commercial
rate of lending to the customers of various credit rating.

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218 Credit Function of Banks

PAST EXERCISE
1. As reported in some major financial poor section of the society. News about
newspapers, many times it is said that ill - treatment by agents or suicides due
"Other Income" boosts the profit of a bank to inability to pay back loans create a
to a substantial level. What is this other negative picture. RBI does not want this
income for a bank ? [Pick up the option(s) to happen.
which are the part(s) of this other income. (3) Despite banks' efforts to recover

ww [OBC 2008]
(1) Commission for selling insurance
loans' many people still do not wish
to repay their loans, intentionally.

w.E
policies
(2) Fee for providing various services (like
ATM/Extra cheque etc)
Recovery agents will help banks to
get their money back by all possible
means.

(a) Only (1)asy

(3) Interest on advances and loans
(b) Only (2)
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(c) Both (1) & (2) (d) Only (3)

En
(c) Both (1) & (2) (d) Only (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)
4. Banks these days have launched a new

gin
2. Which of the following schemes has been
launced specifically for helping Senior
scheme product known as "Reverse
Mortgage". The scheme is designed keeping

residential property?
eer
Citizens to avail loan by mrtgage of their
[OBC 2008]
which of the following groups of society in
consideration? [BOM 2008]

in
(a) English Mortgage Scheme
(b) Senior Capital Loan Scheme
(c) Reverse Mortgage Loan Scheme
(d) DEMAT Account Scheme
(a) Youngsters who have just started
earning
g.n
(b) Defence personnel whose life is always

(e) None of these

3. As published in the newspapers, the RBI
has issued certain guidelines to be followed
at high risk
(c) Senior citizens et
(d) Women who do not have independent
source of income
by the Recovery Agents appointed by the
banks. In addition to this, the India Bank (e) None of these
Association (IBA) has to formulate a special 5. When more than one bank is allowing credit
training course for them. Why do RBI and facilities to one party in coordination with
IBA have to come into picture for such each other under a formal arrangement, the
an issue which is the responsibility of the arrangement is generally known as
banks? [OBC 2008] [BOB 2008]
(1) RBI and Govt were getting many (a) Participation
complaints from the public about the (b) Consortium
misbehaviour of Recovery Agents. (c) Syndication
(2) Govt of India is paying much emphasis (d) Multiple banking
on providing banking services to the (e) None of these

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Credit Function of Banks 219

6. Which of the following correctly describes (3) A very large number of people are
what sub-prime lending is? [IOB 2008] employed in this sector and this sector
(1) Lending to the people who cannot is the second largest employer in India,
return the loans. after agriculture.
(2) Lending to the people who are high- (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
value customers of the banks. (c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(3) Lending to those who are not a regular (e) None of these
customer of a bank. 9. As we have notices, many banks are now
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) entering into Insurance business. Why are
(c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3) Banks entering into this sector, particularly

ww (e) None of these

7. The Govt of India recently provided
when many insurance companies are
already there in India? [RBI 2009]

w.E
an amount of `65,300 cr to about 3.6 cr
farmers in India. What was the purpose of
the distribution of this much amount to the
(1) By providing insurance products,
banks are earning additional revenue
in terms of fee/commission.
farmers?
asy [Andhara Bank 2009]
(a) To enable them to purchase tractors
and other hitech agricultural machines
(2) Banks with their huge customer
base are leveraging on their existing
relationship to convert customers into

En
(b) This was given to them as a debt waiver
and relief package.
policyholders.
(3) With increase of health-related

gin
(c) To provide them fertilisers and
advanced high- yielding seeds for the
problems, everybody wants an
insurance cover, no matter how big or

eer
next harvesting season
(d) To help them avail Internet services
small it is. Banks are coming up with
many attractive offers, which are also

in
and update their knowledge about the affordable.
farming techniques and adopt new (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
methods of the same
(e) None of these
(c) Only (3)
g.n
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

8. As we all know, Govt of India is giving much

emphasis these days on the development
of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
Which of the following statements reflects
(e) Only (1) & (2)

et
10. One of the key factors that provide impetus
to strong growth is Interest Rates. How
do interest rates contribute to the growth
the importance of the SME sector in the of economy, particularly when these are
India economy? [RBI 2009] lowered down? [RBI 2009]
(1) The Govt is following a policy of
keeping some items reserved for SMEs (1) It gives corporations the opportunity
only. Hence a good number of items to prepay high-cost debts and replace
for local consumption come from these them with fresh funds raised at lower
alone. rates.
(2) The main advantages of SMEs are (2) Banks use this opportunity to maximize
reduction of regional imbalances,
profits on their treasury operations and
low investment, greater operational
these excess profits are used to clean
flexibility and low production cost.
This helps in good control over prices their Balance Sheets by making higher
of such items in local markets. provisions for NPAs or sticky loans.

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220 Credit Function of Banks

(3) The Govt also gets benefited as it can (d) Accounts which are operated through
borrow funds from open market at internet banking facility
low interest rates and bridge its fiscal (e) None to these
deficit. 15. The arrangement under which banks sell
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) insurance products acting as the agents of
(c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3) the respective companies is called the
(e) None of these
[IBPS 2013]
11. ‘Sub Prime Lending’ is a term applied to the
(a) Insurance joint venture
loans made to [Punjab & Sindh 2011]
(a) those borrowers who do not have a (b) Bancassurance Model
(c) Hybrid Insurance Model

ww good credit history.

(b) those who wish to take loan against the
mortgage of tangible assets.
(d) Insurance Broking
(e) Integrated Model

w.E
(c) those who have a good credit history
and are known to bank since 10 years.
(d) those borrowers who are most preferred
16. Which one of the following is not a 'Money
Market Instrument' ?
(a) Treasury Bills
[IBPS 2012]

12. asy
customers of the Bank.
(e) None of these
Which of the following schemes is launched
(b) Commercial Paper
(c) Certificate of Deposit

En
specifically for helping senior citizens to
avail loan by mortgage of their residential
(d) Equity Shares
(e) None of these
property?
gin
[Indian Overseas Bank 2011]
(a) English Mortgage Scheme
(b) Senior Capital loan Scheme
17. Which one of the following is a retail
banking product ? [IBPS 2012]

eer
(a) Home Loans
(c) Reverse Mortgage Loan scheme (b) Working capital finance
(d) Senior Citizen Personal Loan scheme (c) Corporate term loans

13.
(e) None of these
in
Bancassurance is [Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) an insurance scheme to insure bank
deposits 18.
(d) Infrastructure financing
(e) Export Credit
g.n
Banks in India are required to maintain a
(b) an insurance scheme exclusively for the
employees of banks
(c) a composite finacial service offering
both banking and insurance products
et
portion of their demand and time liabilities
with the Reserve Bank of India. This portion
is called _____________. [SBI Bank 2013]
(a) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
(d) a bank deposit scheme exclusively for (b) Cash Reserve Ratio
employees of insurance companies (c) Bank Deposit
(e) None of these (d) Reserve Repo
14. Which of the following types of accounts are
(e) Government Securities
known as ‘Demat Accounts’? [IBPS 2011]
(a) Accounts which are Zero Balance 19. Interest below which a bank is not
Accounts expected to lend to customers is known as
(b) Accounts which are opened to facilitate _____________. [SBI Bank 2013]
repayment of a loan taken from (a) Deposit Rate
the bank. No other business can be (b) Base Rate
conducted from there. (c) Prime Lending Rate
(c) Accounts in which shares of various (d) Bank Rate
companies are traded in electronic form
(e) Discount Rate

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Credit Function of Banks 221

20. In banking business, when the borrowers (1) Commission for selling insurance
avail a Term Loan, initially they are given policies
a repayment holiday and this is referred as (2) Fee for providing various services (like
_____________. [SBI Bank 2013] ATM/Extra cheque etc)
(a) Subsidy (b) Interest Waiver (3) Interest on advances and loans
(c) Re-phasing (d) Interest concession (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(e) Moratorium (c) Both (1) & (2) (d) Only (3)
21. The arrangement under which banks sell (e) All (1), (2) & (3)
insurance products acting as the agents of 23. As per the reports published in the
the respective companies is called the newspapers, the banks, particularly public

ww [IBPS Bank 2013]

(a) Insurance joint venture
(b) Bancassurance Model
sector banks, are typing up with various
rating agencies for providing a qualitative
assessment of the credit nees of the

w.E
(c) Hybrid Insurance Model
(d) Insurance Broking
(e) Integrated Model
borrowers. Which amongst the following
is/are such credit rating agencies in India?

asy
22. As reported in some major financial
newspapers, many times it is said that
(1) CARE
(2) CRISIL
[Punjab & Sindh 2011]

En
"Other Income" boosts the profit of a bank
to a substantial level. What is this other
(3) ULIP
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)

gin
income for a bank ? [Pick up the option(s)
which are the part(s) of this other income.
[OBC 2008]
(c) (1) & (2) only (d) Only (3)
(e) All (1), (2) & (3)

eer
1.
6.
(c)
(c)
2.
7.
in
(c)
(b)
ANSWER KEY
3.
8.
(c)
(d)
4.
9.
(c)
(e)
5.
10. g.n(b)
(e)
11.
16.
21.
(a)
(d)
(b)
12.
17.
22.
(c)
(b)
(c)
13.
18.
23.
(e)
(b)
(c)
14.
19.
(c)
(b)
15.
20. et
(b)
(e)

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222 Credit Function of Banks

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following correctly describes (d) lending done by banks/FIs to customers
what sub-prime lending is? not meeting with normally required
I. Lending to the people with less than credit appraisal standards
ideal credit status. (e) None of the above
II. Lending to the people who are high 5. Which of the following aspects are outlined
value customers of the banks. by the loan policy of a bank?

ww III. Lending to those who are not a regular

customer of a bank.
Select the correct answer using the codes
(a) Rating standards
(b) Lending procedures
(c) Financial covenants

w.E
given below:
(a) Only I
(c) Only III
(b) Only II
(d) All of these 6.
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
An unsecured loan extended by one

asy
(e) None of these
2. Sub-prime refers to
corporate to another is called
(a) commercial papers

PLR
En
(a) lending done by banks at rates below (b) treasury bill
(c) inter-corporate deposits

rates
gin
(b) funds raised by the banks at sub libor

(c) group of banks which are not rate as

(d) certificates of deposits
(e) All of the above

eer
prime banks as per banker’s almanac
(d) lending done by financing institutions
7. Since, acceptance of deposits and granting
of loans are the two general functions of a

in
including banks to customers not
meeting with normally required credit
appraisal standards
bank, the relationship arising out of these
two main activities is known as

g.n
(a) principal and agent relationship
(b) financer and financee relationship
(e) None of the above
3. ‘Sub prime lending’ is a term applied to the
loans made to
(a) these borrowers who do not have a
(d) general relationship
(e) specific relationship
et
(c) bailor and bailee relationship

8. Which of the following lendings qualifies as

good credit history
a priority sector loan?
(b) those who wish to take loan against the
(a) Loan for purchase of gold for marriage
mortgage of tangible assets
of daughter
(c) those who have a good credit history (b) Loan for consumer durables
and are known to bank since 10 years (c) Housing loan
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) Loan for purchase of tractor
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
4. In banking parlance, ‘Sub-prime’ refers to 9. Which one of the following does not qualify
(a) landing by banks at rates below PLR as priority sector lending by commercial
(b) funds raised by banks at sub-libor rates banks?
(a) Software exports
(c) group of banks which are not rated as
(b) Small business loans
prime banks as per bankers almanac (c) Education loans

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Credit Function of Banks 223

(d) Small industries loan (c) Corporate term loans
(e) None of the above (d) Infrastructure financing
10. As reported in various newspapers, many (e) Export credit
banks have revised their interest rates 14. Life insurance in its modern form came to
on home loans, car loans and other such India from England in the year
loans. Which of the following phenomenon (a) 1818 (b) 1896
prompted these banks to make such an
(c) 1905 (d) 1907
upward revision in their interest rates?
I. RBI has revised the CRR and other (e) 1919
such rates upward, which has created a 15. In case of a debt taken by a married woman,
liquidity crunch in the market. her husband will be liable for debt only if

ww II. Stock markets in the country are

showing very high fluctuations as
visible through their indexes. As a
the debt is taken
(a) with his consent or authority
(b) for the supply of necessaries of life to

w.E
result, banks have lost a huge amount
of money in trading. Banks now want
to recover that money by increasing
the wife, in case the husband defaults
in supplying the same to her
(c) Both (a) and (b)

asy
their interest rates.
III. Banks are in need of a huge amount of
money, as they have to give revised pay
(d) Either (a) or (b)
(e) None of these

En
to all its employees.
Select the correct answer using the codes
16. Banks have the lowest lending levels in the
...... part of India.
given below
(a) Only I
(c) Only III gin (b) Only II
(d) All of these
(a) Central
(c) Southern
(e) Northern
(b) North-Eastern
(d) Western

11.
(e) None of these
Bancassurance is eer 17. Bank loan against property requires the
asset to be free from encumbrances. What

deposits
in
(a) an insurance scheme to insure bank

(b) an insurance scheme exclusively for the

employees of banks
does it mean?

g.n
(a) The asset to be free from liability
(b) The asset to be properly registered
(c) The property to be fully constructed
(c) a composite financial service offering
both banking and insurance products
(d) a bank deposit scheme exclusively for
employees for insurance companies
owners
(e) None of these
et
(d) The asset should not have multiple

(e) None of the above 18. In bank’s parlance, credit risk in lending is
12. Which of the following schemes is launched (a) default of the banker to maintain CRR
specifically for helping senior citizens to (b) default of the banker to maintain SLR
avail loan by mortgage of their residential (c) default of the banker to release credit to
property? the customer
(a) English Mortgage Scheme (d) default of the customer to repay the
(b) Senior Capital Loan Scheme loan
(c) Reverse Mortgage Loan Scheme (e) None of these
(d) Senior Citizen Personal Loan Scheme 19. Loans and advances a bank, provides come
(e) None of the above under which of the following category?
13. Which of the following is a retail banking
(a) Assets (b) Liabilities
product?
(c) Costs (d) All of these
(a) Home loans
(e) None of these
(b) Working capital finance

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224 Credit Function of Banks

20. Which of the following products of a bank (d) Both (a) and (b)
is specifically designed to provide financial (e) All of these
help to children in their higher studies in 25. When more than one bank is allowing credit
India or in a foreign nation? facilities to one party in co-ordination with
(a) Personal loan each other under a formal arrangement the
(b) Corporate loan arrangement is generally known as
(c) Educational loan (a) participation (b) consortium
(d) Mortgage loan (c) syndication (d) multiple banking
(e) None of these (e) None of these
21. Which of the following is a payment and 26. A Bill of Exchange in which a bank orders

ww settlement system used by the banks in

India?
(a) Liquidity adjustment facility
its branch or another bank, as the case may
be, to pay a specified amount to a specified
person or to the order of the specified

w.E
(b) Real time gross settlement
(c) Forward rate agreements
(d) Central depository service
person is called
(a) cheque
(b) bankdraft

(a) loans asy

(e) Negotiated dealing system
22. Bridge loans refer to
granted to construction
(c) promissory note
(d) insurance
(e) None of the above

En
companies for construction of bridges
(b) loan granted to PWD for construction
27. Which of the following is not considered as
negotiable instrument under the Negotiable

gin
of bridges over rivers
(c) interim finance allowed by banks to
Instruments Act, 1881?
(a) Bill of Exchange

eer
their customers, pending disbursement
of term loans by financial institutions
(d) loan granted to railway for construction
(b) Promissory Note
(c) Share Certificate
(d) Cheque Payable to Bearer
of bridges
(e) None of these in
23. The right to retain possession only of those
goods in respect of which the dues have
28.
(e) Cheque with ‘Not Negotiable’ crossing

g.n
As per guidelines of Reserve Bank of India,
a new private sector bank
(a) shall be subject to prudential norms
arisen is called
(a) particular lien (b) general lien
(c) right of set off (d) All of these
(e) None of these
et
in regard to income recognition, asset
classification and provisioning, capital
adequacy, etc.
(b) shall have to observe priority sector
24. Land development banks provide long- lending targets as applicable to other
term credit for schemes of basic importance domestic banks
to agriculture as (c) will be required to open rural and semi-
(a) minor irrigation purposes like wells, urban branches
dug-cum-bore wells, tubewells, pump (d) All of these
sets and irrigation tanks (e) None of these
(b) mechanisation of agriculture i.e., loans 29. Initial repayment holiday given to a
for purposes of tractors, power tillers, borrower for repayment of loan is called is
threshers, etc (a) subvention
(c) land reclamation, soil conservation, (b) moratorium
plantation of fruit orchards, dairy (c) re-schedulement
development schemes etc involving (d) amortisation
heavy expenditure (e) EMI

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Credit Function of Banks 225

30. In case where the loan is sanctioned by the Select the correct answer using the codes
bank against the borrower submitting the given below:
fake/forged documents and thus, playing (a) Only I (b) Only II
fraud on the bank, such a loan is to be (c) Only III (d) Both I and II
treated in the bank’s books as a ........ asset, (e) All of these
even when there is recovery in the account 35. Which of the following means of lending is
as per the repayment schedule approved by considered as a priority sector loan?
the bank at the time of sanctioning the loan. (a) Loan for purchase of gold for marriage
(a) standard (b) sub-standard of daughter
(c) doubtful (d) loss (b) Car loan

ww (e) None of these

31. A loan granted for short-term crops will
(c) Housing loan
(d) Loan for purchase of tractor
(e) Education loan

w.E
be treated as NPA, if the instalment of
principal or interest thereon or both
remain overdue for ..... crop season(s).
36. Which of the following does not qualify as
priority sector lending?
(a) Agricultural lending
(a) one
(c) three
asy
(e) None of these
(b) two
(d) four (b) Education loans
(c) Auto loans

En
32. Which of the following is not considered
one among the loans under Retail Banking?
(d) Loans to small scale sector
(e) Housing loan
(a) Car loan
(b) Housing loan gin 37. Which of the following would be treated as
an unsecured loan?
(c) Personal loan
(d) Education loan
eer (a) Agricultural loan
(b) Personal loan
(c) Educational loan
(e) Infrastructure loan

in
33. When banks make advances to limited
companies against their assets, the required
forms are to be presented to the Registrar
38.
(d) Vehicle loan
(e) Housing loan
g.n
The rate of interest banks charge its main/
companies within .............. from the date of
execution.
(a) 21 days
(c) 1 month
(b) 30 days
(d) 2 months
called as
(a) Risk Premium
(b) Prime Lending Rate
et
major and prime customers is popularly

(c) Repo Rate

(e) None of these
(d) Reverse Repo Rate
34. Which of the following is the correct
(e) Cost of Fund
definition of the term commercial papers?
39. Which of the following is not an activity of
I. It is nothing but the popular name
merchant banking in India?
of the judicial stamp papers used to
(a) The management of the customers
register financial transactions.
securities
II. It is one of the instruments through
(b) The management of the portfolio
which corporates raise debt from the
(c) The management of projects and
market.
counselling as well as appraisal
III. It is the name of the ‘Certificate of
(d) The management of underwriting of
Deposits’ (CD) provided by the bank to
shares and debentures
its retail customers.
(e) None of the above

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226 Credit Function of Banks

40. The industrial Finance Corporation of India societies engaged in the manufacturing
provides loans to and processing of goods
(a) government companies only which are (e) None of the above
in core sector (i.e., power generation, 41. When a loan is granted by a bank for
steel, coal and cement, etc) purchase of white goods it is called
(b) newly established industries in (a) Consumption loan
backward districts (b) White goods loan
(c) industries in private sector (c) Consumer durable loan
(d) joint stock companies and cooperative (d) All of these
(e) None of these

ww
1. w.E
(a) 2. (d)
ANSWER KEY
3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6.
11.
16.
(c)
(c)
(b) asy 7.
12.
17.
(d)
(c)
(a)
8.
13.
18.
(d)
(a)
(d)
9.
14.
19.
(a)
(a)
(a)
10.
15.
20.
(a)
(c)
(c)
21.
26.
(b)
(c) En
22.
27.
(c)
(d)
23.
28.
(a)
(d)
24.
29.
(e)
(b)
25.
30.
(b)
(d)
31.
36.
(b)
(c) gin
32.
37.
(e)
(b)
33.
38.
(b)
(b)
34.
39.
(b)
(e)
35.
40.
(d)
(d)
41. (c)
eer
in g.n
et

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CHAPTER
Para Banking Services
14
LOCKER FACILITIES

ww•
•
Banks provide safe custody of valuables of the customers.
There are two ways to ensure safety of customer's valuables:
(i) by hiring out safe deposit vaults (lockers).

• w.E
(ii) by accepting the valuables e.g. jewellery, documents etc. (Custodial service)
Locker is a subsidiary activity offered by bank.
•
• asy
It is a non-fund based activity that bank offers to the customers.
The relationship between the Banker and the users of safe deposit locker is that of a
lesser and lessee.
•
En
Locker can be issued to an individual or two or more persons jointly. Locker can also be
issued to Partnership Firms, Limited Companies, Societies, Associations, and Clubs etc.
•
gin
The Bank provides various sizes of lockers against payment of duly contracted/agreed
yearly rent payable in advance to its customers on execution of standard application

• eer
form specially designed, depending upon the status of the hirer of lockers.
The intending hirer of locker is expected to maintain a duly introduced account with the

• in
branch for establishing identity of the hirer.

g.n
The duly filled and stamped standard application form is required to be signed by both
the hirer and the branch official at branch premises for the purpose of entering into an
agreement to establish the lesser/lessee relationship.

Nominations facility
• Nomination is available in lockers as per section 45 Z of the N.I. Act, 1881.
et
• Hirer can nominate a nominee in the locker account.
• Nomination can be modified as per the need of the hirer but not before all the
hirers have signed a letter of change.
• Signature of all the hirers must be verified with the one on record.
• On the death of the hirer, contents of the lockers can be handed over to the nominee
safely unless any legal heir raises a contra issue or gets a stay on the disbursement of
the contents to nominee.

Custodial Services by banks

• Customers may deposit his/her valuables / documents etc. with the bank for safety
purposes.
• Property / valuables handed over to the bank are not subject to the general lien of the
banker.

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228 Para Banking Services

MUTUAL FUND
• Mutual Fund is a pool of investors fund to be held, managed, traded or disposed of for
higher income for the investors with minimum risk. In simple words mutual fund is also
called as ‘Fund’.The money is invested in a wide range of assets. The assets in which the
fund will be invested are clearly stated in the fund Prospectus.
• Mutual fund is a mechanism for pooling resources by issuing units to investors. The
resources so mobilized are invested as per objectives of the Fund. Investments are
diversified and well spread over a spectrum of instruments.
• For selling of Mutual Fund Schemes, AMFI Certification is required.

ww Important Features of Mutual Fund

ƒ MF is a link between savings investors and capital market.
ƒ Capital market participants in promoting good corporate governance and investor

w.E
protection.
ƒ A player who brings liquidity into the financial system.
•

asy
Mutual Fund is organized as a Trust.

Advantages to Investors
•
• En
Reduction in Risk
Professional Management
•
•
gin
Reduced cost to the Investor
Liquidity
•
•
Better Yields
eer
Portfolio Diversification
•
•
•
Economies of scale
Tax benefits
Investment Comfort
in g.n
Advantages to banks
• Fee Based Income.
et
• Diverse Client base
• Intimate Customer Needs Knowledge
• Customer faith in Bank
• Leverage Branch net work to Mutual Fund distribution.
• Customer Retention.
• Reverse flow of funds
Based on the period of the unit and the amount raised, Funds are categorized as:
ƒ Open ended funds
ƒ Close ended funds
ƒ Income oriented funds
ƒ Trust oriented funds

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Para Banking Services 229

• Open ended fund is one in which no fixed quantum of amount to be raised nor the number
of investors and where the investors can buy the unit whenever they want and sell the
unit to the Fund at a price (net asset value-NAV) announced by Fund from time to time.
• Close ended fund is characterized by a maximum amount to be pooled by the Fund, fixed
period, quick liquidity and having unit price normally less than the NAV.
Mis-selling:
Mis-selling is an ethically questionable practice of a salesperson misrepresenting or misleading
an investor about the characteristics of a product or service. In an effort to make a sale to a
potential customer, a financial products salesperson could leave out certain information or
describe a financial product as something the investor urgently needs, even though sound

ww
financial judgment would come to the opposite conclusion.

BASEL ACCORD

w.E
Genesis: Bank for International Settlement (BIS) has been the oldest international bank,
having its headquarters in Basel in Switzerland. The Central banks of G-10 nations came together
in 1974 for the first time to establish broad supervisory standards and best practices for banks

asy
and form a Committee called Basel Committee.
Purpose of Basel accord was facilitating and enhancing information sharing and cooperation
among bank regulators.

En
In 1988, the committee introduced the capital measurement system, commonly known as
Basel Capital Accord-I. It fixed that banks should have minimum capital standard of 8% by 1992.

gin
Then came the Basel accord –II by overcoming limitations of Basel-I accord. Basel –II accord
suggested the concept of capital ratio. In capital ratio numerator represents the required capital

eer
by bank and the denominator shows risk weighted assets.
Banks were required to maintain capital of not less than 8 percent of their risk-weighted
assets. This capital ratio is referred to as risk-based capital (RBC).

in
New capital framework under Basel-II accord consists of three pillars for risk mitigation.
• First pillar indicates minimum capital requirements
• Second pillar indicates supervisory review system, and g.n
• Third pillar forwards the market discipline concept.
All these pillars address to the risk reduction processes. Risks are related to:
ƒ Credit Risk, and
ƒ Operational risk.
et
Commercial banks in India started implementing Basel-II w.e.f March, 31 2007. RBI was
associated with Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) from 1997.
Basis of emphasis of Basel-II guidelines are:
• Banks to assess their own risks to which they are exposed i.e. credit risk and operational
risks
Important regulatory initiatives taken by RBI relevant to adoption of Basel-II are:
• Ensuring banks to have suitable risk management framework as per respective bank’s
needs.
• Risk based supervision (RBS) was introduced in banks on pilot basis.
• Encouraging banks to formalize their capital adequacy assessment process (CAAP) in
alignment with their business plan.
• Developing areas of greater disclosure and transparency.

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Capital structure of banks has now been developed into three categories. These are:
A. Tier-I capital comprising of:
ƒ Paid up capital and disclosed reserves
ƒ Retained profit and general reserves
ƒ Legal Reserves
B. Tier-II capital comprises of:
ƒ Undisclosed reserves
ƒ Asset revelation Reserves
ƒ General Loan Loss Reserves

ww ƒ Hybrid (Debt/Equity) capital

ƒ Subordinated Debt capital
RBI has now discontinued the implementation of Basel -II vis-à-vis Basel -I norms and have

w.E
started concentrating achieving Basel-III norms for which it has issued guidelines. Important
points of guidelines are:

asy
BASEL-III NORMS (BASED ON RBI GUIDELINES)
Objectives: Basel III reforms are the response of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

En
(BCBS) to improve the banking sector’s ability: (i) to absorb shocks arising from financial and
(ii) economic stress, whatever the source.

gin
Consequently, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) released comprehensive
reform package entitled “Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking
systems” (known as Basel III capital regulations) in December 2010.

eer
• Based on RBI Guidelines, banks in India have begun applying Basel-III norms on
capital regulation from April 1, 2013 in phases and they will be fully implemented by
March 31, 2018.

in
CREDIT RATING AGENCIES: Main Features
There are many important credit rating companies in India, of which few important are:g.n
1. Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. (CRISIL)
2. Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd. (ICRA)
3. CARE
et
4. India Ratings & Research Pvt. Ltd.
5. SME Rating Agency of India Ltd (SMERA)
6. Briskwork

(a) Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. (CRISIL)

• CRISIL provides to its customers an analyzed data on companie's financial health, insights
and opinion along with its advice to enable the investor, issuers, policy makers etc. to
take investment decision.
• CRISIL helps mainly in the field of credit risk, financial risk, price risk, market risk,
liquidity risk and exchange risks.
• CRISIL covers only corporate sector for its analysis.
• CRISIL provides consultancy services to public or private sector enterprises and also
State Governments.

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(b) Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd. (ICRA)
• ICRA was jointly promoted in 1991 by banking and industrial houses like IFCI, LIC, SBI,
some public sector commercial banks, and some financial services companies.
• This was established with the objective of providing guidance to investor and creditors
in determining risk associated with investment.
• ICRA in general provides services in the area of crating rating, credit assessment and
general assessment about issuers of debt instruments like debentures, bonds, preference
shares, fixed deposits, commercial papers etc. It shows that ICRA provides professional
services for short term, medium term as well as long term debt instruments.

ww
FINANCIAL INSITUTIONS IN INDIA
After independence, Government / RBI opened many specialized financial and development

w.E
institution to bridge the gap in the capital market and provide various facilities like loans,
underwriting of issues, guaranteeing deferred payment of entrepreneurs, training and skill
development of entrepreneurs and help in promotional aspects of business. These financial
institutions are broadly categorized into (i) All India institutions, and (ii) State level institutions,

asy
depending upon the geographical coverage of their operations. At the national level, Financial
Institutions provide long and medium term loans at reasonable rates of interest. Their activities

En
include subscribing to the debenture issues of companies, underwrite public issue of shares,
guarantee loans and provide deferred payments facilities, etc. On the other hand, the State level
institutions help in the development of medium and small scale enterprises, but the activities

gin
are by and large the same as for the national level institutions.
Important national and State level financial institutions are:

eer
• Industrial development bank of India established in 1964 (IDBI)
• Industrial Finance Corporation of India established in 1948. (IFCI)

in
• Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India started in 1955 (ICICI)
• Technology Development & Information Co. of India Ltd (TDIC)
• Life Insurance Corporation of India established in 1956 (LIC) g.n
• Unit Trust of India started in 1964 (UTI)
• State Financial Corporations (SFC)
• State Industrial Development Corporation (SIDC)
• NABARD established in 1982
et
• EXIM bank in 1982
• National Housing Bank in 1988, (NHB)
• Infrastructure Development Finance Company Ltd (IDFC) in 1997 etc.

1. Industrial Finance Corporation of India

• This corporation was set up as first development financial institution in 1948 under
the IFCI Act, with the main objective of providing medium and long term finance to
industries starved for funds at that time for new projects, diversification, expansion and
modernization.
• Initially IFCI was established under the act of Parliament but later in 1993, July,1 it became
a company under Indian Companies Act, 1956 with, however, Government holding
maximum shares.

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232 Para Banking Services

• IFCI has over all these years diversified its activities in the field of merchant banking,
syndication of loans, formulation of rehabilitation programmes for sick industrial units,
activities relating to amalgamations and mergers, etc.

2. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

• IDBI came into existence in July 1964 in the form of apex financial institution.
• Main objective of its setting up was to help medium and large industrial units financially
to usher industrial development in the country.
• IDBI provides financial assistance in two ways: (i) Direct assistance, and (ii) Indirect
assistance.

ww•

•
Direct assistance is provided by way of project loans, underwriting of and direct
subscription to industrial securities, soft loans, technical refund loans, etc.
Indirect assistance is in the form of refinance facilities to industrial concerns.

w.E
3. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
•

• asy
SIDBI was established by the Government of India in April 1990, as a wholly owned
subsidiary of IDBI.
It is the principal financial institution for promotion, financing and development of small

• En
scale industries in the economy.
It aims to empower the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector with a

gin
view to contributing to the process of economic growth, employment generation and
balanced regional development.

• eer
4. Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India Ltd. (ICICI)
ICICI Ltd. is originally known as Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India

• in
was established as a joint stock company under the Indian Companies Act, 1955.

g.n
The objective of its opening was to help industrial sector with permanent financial solution
provider. It started its functions as a handling organization as well as helping with long
term funding source.
• At present ICICI provides following support to industries:
ƒ Project finance
ƒ Leasing activities
et
ƒ Supplier credit
ƒ Merchant Banking activities.
• ICICI started as a company free from the Government controls. It found its own place in
the market with its policies and management.
• ICICI has also floated its own bank by the name ICICI Bank.
• ICICI’s funding has been through market borrowings and overseas capital markets,
besides other local sources.

5. Unit Trust of India (UTI)

• Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established under the UTI Act, in 1963
• The purpose of its establishment was to encourage savings and investment among savers
at all levels.

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• Its main function is to mobilize savings of public and channelize in productive channels
for economic development of the country.
• Main objective of such mobilization of savings was to help and motivate middle and low
income groups to invest in schemes and enable them to share the benefits of the rapidly
growing industrialization in the country.
• In December 2002, the UTI Act, 1963 was repealed with the passage of Unit Trust of India
(Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002, paving the way for the bifurcation of
UTI into 2 entities, UTI-I and UTI-II with effect from 1st February 2003.

6. National Housing Bank (NHB)

ww•

•
National Housing Bank is wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India established
under the National Housing Bank Act, 1987.
NHB is national level apex financial institution having a primary role of providing

• w.E
refinance to housing companies and banks doing the business of housing.
NHB’s main functions include: (i) extending financial assistance to housing finance
institutions, (ii) formulate schemes of mobilization of resources and extension of credit

asy
for housing projects, (iii) formulate schemes for weaker sections of society at subsidized
rates of interest etc., and (iv) providing guidelines to the housing financing institutions
•
En
Share capital of NHB is largely contributed by RBI. However, NHB is empowered to
raise line of credit from foreign sources like USAID Housing Guarantee Programme,

gin
Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) of Japan etc. NHB also raises funds from
debt market by offering bonds.

eer
Some State level financial Institutions are:
1. Andhra Pradesh State Financial Corporation (APSFC)

in
2. Himachal Pradesh Financial Corporation (HPFC)
3. Madhya Pradesh Financial Corporation (MPFC)
4. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation (NEDFI)
g.n
5. Rajasthan Finance Corporation (RFC)
6. Tamil Nadu Industrial Investment Corporation Limited
7. Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC)
8. Delhi Financial Corporation (DFC)
et
9. Gujarat State Financial Corporation (GSFC)
10. The Economic Development Corporation of Goa ( EDC)
11. Haryana Financial Corporation ( HFC )
12. Jammu & Kashmir State Financial Corporation ( JKSFC)
13. Karnataka State Financial Corporation (KSFC)
14. Kerala Financial Corporation ( KFC )
15. Maharashtra State Financial Corporation (MSFC )
16. Odisha State Financial Corporation (OSFC)
17. Punjab Financial Corporation (PFC)
18. West Bengal Financial Corporation (WBFC)
19. Assam Industrial Development Corporation Ltd (AIDC)

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234 Para Banking Services

REFORMS IN BANKING SECTOR

Salient Features
Banking sector reforms were required because of the following reasons:
ƒ To create and enable environment for banks to overcome external constraints like
interest rates, high levels of preemptions in the form of reserves, credit allocation to
certain sectors etc.
ƒ To create policy environment of public ownership and reduce the equity of government
in banks and enhancing the transparency and disclosure standards.
ƒ To enhance efficiency and productivity through competition.

ww• The reforms introduced in the banking and financial sector are:
ƒ Introduction of legal reforms by establishing Board for Financial Supervision (BFS)
in 1994.

w.E
ƒ Passing of credit information companies (regulations) bill, 2004
ƒ Establishing best regulatory framework and supervisory practices matching with

asy
best in the world through introduction of CRAR and investment fluctuation reserve
(IFR) out of profits towards interest rate risk, investment etc.
ƒ Prescribing prudential guidelines and encouraging market discipline.

En
• The special features of reforms are: (i) financial sector reforms were undertaken early in
reform cycle, (ii) financial sector was not driven by any crisis and reforms have not been

gin
an outcome of multilateral aid, (iii) reforms were designed with the country in mind, (iv)
government preferred that public sector banks manage the overhang problems of past

eer
rather than clean up the balance sheet with government aid.
• The banking/financial sector reforms have been the outcome of

Committee) in
(a) Report of the committee on financial system (M. Narasimham Committee-I) in 1991
(b) Report of the High Level Committee on Balance of Payments, 1992 (Dr. C. Rangarajan

g.n
(c) Report of the committee on banking sector reforms, 1998 ( M. Narasimham Committee-
II)
Important impact of reforms on the banking system is:
ƒ Overall efficiency and stability improved through manpower management, cost
reduction and business per employee
et
ƒ Capital adequacy matches with international levels.
ƒ Gross NPAs have come down from whopping around 15% to around 3% in 2012.
ƒ Improvement in profitability in banks
Narasimham Committee Report-II recommended the handling of critical issues like:
ƒ Required action to strengthen the foundation of banking system.
ƒ Procedural, and technological aspects
ƒ Structural changes in the system
ƒ Reorientation of human resource development.
Actions taken by Reserve Bank of India on reforms are:
ƒ Portfolio of government securities of banks is marked to market and adjustment, if
any, announced.

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Para Banking Services 235

ƒ Government and other approved securities have been assigned a risk weight against
‘Nil’ earlier.
ƒ Capital adequacy ratio raised from 8% to 10% in 2002 and to 12% in 2006 and further
16 % by 2018 as per Basel-III norms.
ƒ Setting up of an Asset Reconstruction Fund (ARF) to enable banks to issue bonds
which form part of the Tier-II capital.
RBI has further taken steps to tighten the implementation of reforms:
ƒ By tightening of definition of a loan account declared as NPA
ƒ By reducing gross NPA to 3% and Net NPA to 0%.

ww•
ƒ Accrual of interest for income recognition is reduced to 90 days.
ƒ Introduction of minimum 1% provision for even standard assets.
On the structural reforms as recommended by the Narasimham Committee Report-II,

w.E
RBI and Government of India have taken certain important steps, like:
ƒ Voluntary merger of banks for promoting consolidation of banking industry
ƒ Foreign banks allowed to set up subsidiaries or joint ventures in India

asy
ƒ Minimum share holding by government/RBI in equities of nationalized banks to be
brought down, preferably to 33%.

En
ƒ Entry of private sector banks permitted subject to approval of RBI and initial capital
requirement of Rs.500crores

gin
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (AS AMENDED): SALIENT FEATURES
•
eer
In India, Law of Evidence till year 2000 required evidence which was paper based.
However, commerce and trade, including banking found huge paper work leading to
piling of papers to ensure that in case of need paper evidence could be produced in the

•
court of law.
in g.n
Need was felt for legal changes for better and efficient e-commerce. The Government
of India took the call of time and introduced a suitable Bill in 1999 called Information

•
Technology Bill, 1999.

et
Purpose of this Bill was to reduce paper work and provide a legal recognition to electronic
records and digital signatures. It was felt that such law will recognize electronic records
and digital signatures that will in turn improve electronic communication through
internet etc.
• The Bill was passed by both houses of the Parliament and got the assent of the President
of India in August, 2000. This Bill came to be called then as Information Technology Act,
2000.

Advantages
• This has brought dramatic changes in e-commerce. People of all walks of life are
increasingly using this technology instead of paper documents. It is cheaper, easier to
store and retrieve speedily huge data at a fast speed.
• It helps to provide legal sanctity to electronic records and other activities carried through
electronic means.
• This Act states that unless otherwise agreed, same shall have legal validity and
enforceability.

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• The Act was amended by Information Technology Amendment Bill 2006, passed in Lok
Sabha on Dec 22nd and in Rajya Sabha on Dec 23rd of 2008 .
• Through this Act the provisions to provide growth of electronic based transactions, to
provide legal recognition for e-commerce and e-transactions, to facilitate e-governance,
to prevent computer based crimes and ensure security practices and procedures in the
context of widest possible use of information technology worldwide have been fulfilled.

OBJECTIVES OF IT ACT, 2000

Objectives of the Act are:

ww• To grant legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic data
interchange and other means of electronic communication commonly referred to as
“electronic commerce” in place of paper based methods of communication;
•
w.E
To give legal recognition to Digital signatures for authentication of any information or
matter which requires authentication under any law. To facilitate electronic filing of

•
asy
documents with Government departments.
To facilitate electronic storage of data
•

En
To facilitate and give legal sanction to electronic fund transfers between banks and
financial institutions
•
gin
To give legal recognition for keeping of books of accounts by banker’s in electronic form.

Digital Signatures
•
eer
Digital signatures help the receiver of information to verify correctness and authenticity

•
in
of origin of information. Receiver can also verify that the information is safe. In simple
words digital signature

g.n
A digital signature also prevents the sender of information to latter deny having not
sent the information.
•
•
•
A digital signature serves the same purpose as a handwritten signature.
Handwritten signature is easy to counterfeit but digital not.
A digital signature provide authentication and data integrity.
et
• Digital signature also identity of the signer and is better than handwritten signatures
since former are more secured.

MERCHANT BANKING
• Merchant banking is a consultancy service provided to corporate bodies for project
development and fund raising.
• Merchant banking activities include providing advice to corporate for promoting a new
body and managing public issues for raising capital. In other words major functions
undertaken by merchant bankers include issue management, market maker and capital
restructuring or structuring.
• To become a merchant banker, approval of SEBI is required and a minimum net worth
is required.

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Para Banking Services 237

FACTORING
• Factoring is mainly a receivable management function undertaken by a ‘Factor’.
• It relates to company’s book debts which are held up due to some reasons and company
is not able to en-cash own its own.
• Many a time, suppliers of goods and services in small scale sector face working capital
shortage due to non-receipt of payments from buyers. Such trade credit gets locked up
in the form of receivables.
• Timely collection of receivable help improve the cost of funds and efficiency.
• Such small and medium enterprises sometimes are forced (circumstantially) to

ww• Such receivables at discount to a company, called “Factoring Company” so that remaining
funds can be can be used productively. Such people who takeover the receivable at
discount are called “Factor”.

w.E
Types of factoring
•

asy
Six types of factoring services are available:
ƒ Full Service Factoring (without Recourse)
ƒ Full Service factoring with Recourse

En
ƒ Credit factoring i.e. Invoice Discounting

gin
ƒ Debt Administration (or maturity factoring)
ƒ Bulk factoring

•
ƒ Agency Factoring

eer
Benefits of Factoring

in
ƒ Elimination of trade discount paid to customers
ƒ Incentive discount for early payment not required
ƒ Prompt payments and credit
g.n
ƒ Savings in cost and time
ƒ Increased return to client
ƒ Improve in liquidity
et

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238 Para Banking Services

PAST EXERCISE
1. As per the reports in the leading newspapers organisation can be classified under which
the Securities & Exchange Board of India one of the following categories of measures
(SEBI) has asked the Mutual Fund industry for a business? [IOB 2008]
to stop “Misselling” their schemes to (a) Preventive (b) Compliance
investors. What is “Misselling” of products? (c) Corrective (d) Detective
[BOM 2008] (e) None of these

ww (1) Misselling takes place when mutual

funds are sold without telling the likely
returns.
5. Very often we see in the advertisements
published by Financing Institutes/Agen-
cies stating the their products are given high

w.E
(2) When agents sell the products without
telling investors what are the risks
involved in investing in mutual funds
or average Ratings. These Rating Agencies
classify bonds/investments into how many
categories?

asy
(3) When agents invest somebody's [UBI 2009]
money in mutual funds without their (1) Low Risk
knowledge, it is called misselling. (2) Average Risk
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
En (b) Only (2)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)
(3) High Risk
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
(e) None of these

gin
2. Which of the following is/are correct about
the “Operational Risk’ as used in the field of
(c) Only (3)
(e) None of these
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

6. Which of the following is/was NOT

banking?
eer [UBOI 2008]
(1) Risk of loss due to inadequate or failed
included in the agenda set for the Banking
Reforms in India? [RBI 2009]
internal process.

in
(2) Risk of loss due to natural calamities.
(3) Loss occurred due to non-compliance
of legal procedures.
(a) Dismantling of administered interest
rates

g.n
(b) Measures to strengthen risk
management
(a) Only (1)
(c) Only (3)
(e) None of these
(b) Only (2)
(d) All (1), (2) & (3)

3. The actual return of an investor is reduced

(c) Promulgation of SARFAESI Act
et
(d) Promotion of the concept of easy credit
to all with a guaranteed subsidy from
the Govt
sometimes as the prices of the commodities
go up all of a sudden. In financial sector (e) Granting of operational autonomy to
this type of phenomenon is known as public sector banks and allowing them
................. [IOB 2008] to raise capital from the open market.
(a) Probability risk 7. One of the major emphasis of Basel II is that
(b) Market risk banks should have –––– .
(c) Inflation risk [Allahabad Bank 2010]
(d) Credit risk (a) adequate Capital Adequacy Ratio
(e) None of these
(b) only few branches in urban centres
4. A/Bank/Finaical Organisation these
(c) more and more branches in rural areas
days relies heavily on e-commerce for its
transaction. As a part of system security, it (d) core banking mode of operation
has introduced the organisation's security (e) all the above to comply with Basel II
awareness manual. This step of the norms

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Para Banking Services 239

8. Which of the following is NOT a Government 12. What is meant by “Underwriting”, the
of India undertaking ? term frequently used in financial sector ?
[Allahabad Bank 2010] [Punjab & Sindh 2011]
(a) Oil India Ltd. (a) Undervaluation of the assets
(b) Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (b) The act of taking on a risk for a fee
(c) ICICI Bank (c) Giving a Guarantee that a loan will not
(d) National Thermal Power Corporation become a bad loan
Ltd. (d) The act of permission to float an IPO
(e) Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. (e) None of these
9. Which of the following is NOT associated 13. Expand the term BCBS.

ww with climate change and/or global warming ?

[Allahabad Bank 2010]
[Corporation Bank 2011]
(a) Bank’s Committee on Banking
Supervision

w.E
(a) Basel norms
(b) Bali Meet 2007
(c) Copenhagen Conference
(b) Basel Committee on Banking
Supervision

asy
(d) Kyoto Protocol
(e) Bangkok Meet in 2009
10. Many times we read in newspapers that a
(c) Bank’s Commission on Banking
Supervision
(d) Basel Commission on Banking

En
company is planning to bring a public issue.
What does it mean?
Supervision
(e) None of these

gin [Syndicate 2010]

(1) Shares of the company will be issued
14. What do you understand by 'Para Banking'
services? [Allahabad Bank 2011]

eer
only through public sector organisations
like banks/Central financial institutions
(a) Eligible financial services rendered by
banks
etc.
in
(2) Shares of the company will be issued
to general public only through primary
market.
(b) Utility services provided by banks
(c) Services provided through business
correspondents
g.n
(d) Services provided to armed force

(3) This means some stakeholders/

promoters are willing to leave the
company. Hence they wish to sell their
personnel
(e) None of these
et
15. Which of the following is/was NOT
included in the agenda set for the Banking
stock to the general public.
Reforms in India? [Andhra Bank 2011]
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) (a) Dismantling of administered interest
(c) Only (3) (d) All (1), (2) & (3) rates
(e) None of these (b) Measures to strengthen risk
11. Basel-II norms are associated with which management
of the following aspects of the banking (c) Promulgation of SARFAESI Act
industry ? [Punjab & Sindh 2011] (d) Promotion of the concept of easy credit
(a) Risk management to all with a guaranteed subsidy from
(b) Manpower planning the Govt
(c) Retirement benefits for the employees (e) Granting of operational autonomy to
(d) Corporate Governance public sector banks and allowing them
(e) None of these to raise capital from the open market

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240 Para Banking Services

16. Structure of Basel II is based on how many (a) adequate Capital Adequacy Ratio
pillars? [Indian Overseas Bank 2011] (b) only few branches in urban centres
(a) Two (b) Ten (c) more and more branches in rural areas
(c) Four (d) Five (d) core banking mode of operation
(e) Three (e) All of the above
17. Credit Rating [Corporation Bank 2011] 21. Structure of Basel II is based on how many
(a) is used to rate the borrowers while pillars?
giving advances. (a) Two (b) Ten
(b) is used to work out performance of the (c) Four (d) Five
employees. (e) Three

ww (c) is used to calculate the number of

excellent auditrated branches.
22. Which of the following cannot be called as
a debt instrument as referred in financial

w.E
(d) is not used in any bank.
(e) is necessary before giving promotion to
employees.
transactions? [Indian Overseas Bank 2009]
(a) Certificate of deposits
(b) Bonds

asy
18. Which of the following is not considered a
money market instrument? [IBPS 2011]
(c) Stocks
(d) Commercial papers
(e) Loans

En
(a) Treasury bills
(b) Repurchase Agreement
23. Banks' mandatory lending to farmers for
agriculture, micro and small enterprises

gin
(c) Commercial Paper
(d) Certificate of Deposit
and other weaker sections where in banks
are required to lend up to 40% of the loans
(e) Shares and bonds

eer
19. A Bank/Financial Organisation these
days relies heavily on e-commerce for its
is generally described as
(a) Para banking
[IBPS 2013]

in
transaction. As a part of system security,
it has introduced the organisation’s
security awareness manual. This step of the
(b) Sub-prime lending
(c) Retail lending
(d) Non-priority sector lending
g.n
(e) Priority sector lending
organisation can be classified under, which
one of the following categories of measures
for a business?
[Indian Overseas Bank 2009]
24.
et
Which of the following organization is made
specifically responsible for empowering
Micro, Small and Medium enterprises in
(a) Preventive (b) Compliance India?
(c) Corrective (d) Detective [SBI Bank 2013]
(e) None of these (a) NABARD (b) RBI
20. One of the major emphases of Basel II is that (c) SIDBI (d) E C G C
banks should have [Allhabad Bank 2010] (e) SEBI

ANSWER KEY
1. (e) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (e) 17. (a) 18. (e) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (e) 22. (e) 23. (e) 24. (c)

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Para Banking Services 241

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Board for Financial Supervision (BFS) 5. Which financial institution established by
constituted in 1994 by RBI to undertake IBRD-American Mission, in 1955?
consolidated supervision of (a) IDBI (b) ICICI
(a) commercial banks (c) SBI (d) RRB
(b) financial institutions (e) PNB
(c) non-banking finance companies 6. Bank of Rajasthan was merged with

ww (d) None of the above

(e) All of the above
(a) HDFC Bank (b) ICICI Bank
(c) AXIS Bank (d) Citi Bank
(e) None of these
meant for
w.E
2. SMERA is an SME Rating Agency in India

(a) rating on credit worthiness of MSME

7. ICICI provides financial assistance to
(a) small-scale industries
(b) medium-scale industries

asy
(b) rating on quality management
(c) rating on training system
(d) rating on technology usage in (the
(c) large-scale industries
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above

En
organisation)
(e) None of the above
8. ICICI provides assistance by way of
(a) long and medium-term loans and

gin
3. Which of the following is not an objective of
financial sector reform in India?
(a) Creating an efficient, productive and
equity participation
(b) guaranteeing rupee and foreign
currency loans raised from other

eer
profitable financial sector industry
(b) Preparing the financial system for in-
sources
(c) underwriting issues of shares and

calibrated fashion
in
creasing international competition
(c) Opening the external sector in a

(d) Reducing the fiscal deficit

debentures
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
g.n
9. The most significant feature of ICICI’s
(e) Promote the maintenance of financial
stability even in the face of domestic
and external environment
4. Which of the following is/was not included
operations is

by it et
(a) the foreign currency loans sanctioned

(b) to channelise World Bank Funds to

industry in India and to build capital
in the agenda set for the Banking Reforms market in India
in India? (c) the refinance facilities extended by it
(a) Dismantling of administrated interest (d) Both (a) and (b)
rated (e) None of the above
(b) Measures to strengthen risk 10. In the State of India, the State Financial
management Corporation have given assistance mainly
(c) Promulgation of SARFAESI Act to develop
(d) Promotion of the concept of easy credit (a) agricultural farms
to all with a guaranteed subsidy from (b) cottage industry
the government (c) large-scale industries
(e) Granting of operational autonomy to (d) medium and small-scale indus-
public sector banks and allowing them tries
to raise capital from the open market (e) None of the above

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242 Para Banking Services

11. The services provided by merchant bankers 18. Expand the term BCBS.
includes (a) Bank’s Committee on Banking
I. management of mutual funds. Supervision
II. public issues. (b) Basel Committee on Banking
III. dealing with the corporate clients and Supervision
advising them on various issues. (c) Bank’s Commission on Banking
Select the correct answer using the codes Supervision
given below
(d) Basel Commission on Banking
(a) Only I (b) I and II
Supervision
(c) II and III (d) All of these
(e) None of these (e) None of these

ww
12. Which was the first mutual fund started in
India?
(a) SBI Mutual Fund
19. Net balance maintained in current account
by co-operative banks with .......... are not
treated as cash for the purpose of CRR/

w.E
(b) Indian Bank Mutual Fund
(c) Kotak Pioneer Mutual Fund
(d) Unit Trust of India
SLR.
(a) State Bank of India
(b) State Bank of Hyderabad

asy
(e) None of the above
13. Which of the following mobilise (s) the
savings of the public to specifically invest
(c) IDBI Bank Limited
(d) Canara Bank
(e) All of these

(a) U T I
En
in the industrial securities?
(b) L I C
20. Basel I, which was issued in 1988, focuses
on the
(c) G I C
(e) None of these
gin
(d) All of these

14. Banks are authorised to sell third party

(a) capital adequacy of financial institutions
(b) improvement of the banking sector’s

eer
products. Which are these products?
(a) Mutual funds(b) Term deposits
ability to deal with financial and
economic stress
(c) technology upgradation
(e) None of these
15. Axis Bank is a
(a) Public Sector Bank
(b) Private Sector Bank
in
(c) Credit cards (d) Gift cheques
(d) training of banking staff

g.n
(e) professionalism in banking
21. The formal beginning of the merchant
banking services in India began in 1967,
(c) Co-operative Bank
(d) Foreign Bank
(e) Gramin Bank
16. The UTI was established in
licence to the
(a) State Bank of India
(b) Oriental Bank of Commerce
et
when the Reserve Bank of India provident

(a) 1956 (b) 1964 (c) Grindlays Bank

(c) 1972 (d) 1976 (d) Federal Bank
(e) None of these (e) None of the above
17. What do you understand by ‘Para Banking 22. Banks in their daily business, face various
services? kinds of risks. Which of the following is one
(a) Eligible financial services rendered by such major risk?
banks (a) Customer risk (b) Reputation
(b) Utility services provided by banks (c) Goodwill risk (d) Protection risk
(c) Services provided through business (e) Operational risk
correspondents 23. All merchant banks must be worth atleast
(d) Services provided to armed force (a) ` 1 crore (b) ` 2 crore
personnel (c) ` 3 crore (d) ` 4 crore
(e) None of these (e) ` 5 crore

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Para Banking Services 243

24. The merchant banking activity in India is 30. Which of the following constitute the
governed by code of conduct for merchant bankers as
(a) SEBI (b) RBI stipulated by SEBI?
(c) IRDA (d) All of these (a) Maintenance of high degree of
(e) None of these standards of integrity and fairness in
25. Basel norms are important international dealings
regulatory stipulations. It is meant for (b) Providing true and adequate
which sector? information to investors and abide by
(a) Insurance (b) Banking the provisions of various acts, rules and
regulation etc
(c) Micro Finance (d) Pension funds

ww (e) None of the above

26. Mutual funds fall within supervisory
(c) Ethical conduct of business and
provision of information to customers
in respect of code
purview of
(a) SBI
(c) SEBI w.E (b) RBI
(d) IRDA
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
31. The main function(s) of SIDBI is/are

asy
(e) None of the above
27. What are major functions undertaken by
merchant bankers?
(a) to provide refinance for loans and
advances extended by the primary
lending institutions to SSI units and

En
(a) Issue management also to provide resources support to
them

gin
(b) Capital structuring / restructuring
(c) Market maker in capital market (b) it discounts and rediscounts bill
(d) All of the above arising from sale of machinery to or
(e) None of the above
eer
28. Basel -II norms are associated with which
manufactured by industrial units in the
SSI sector
(c) it extends seed capital/soft loan
industry?
(a) Risk management
(b) Manpower planning
in
of the following aspects of the banking
assistance under National Equity

g.n
Fund, Mahila Udyan Nidhi and Mahila
Vikas Nidhi and Seed Capital Schemes

(c) Retirement benefits for the employees

(d) Corporate governance
(e) None of these
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
et
through specified lending agencies

32. Which of the following public sector banks

29. The main objective(s) of National Housing
is regarded as being the first to launch its
Bank is/are
own Mutual Fund Scheme?
(a) to promote and develop specialised
(a) SBI
housing finance institutions for mobi-
(b) PNB
lisation of resources and extending fi-
(c) Bank of India
nance for housing activities
(d) Canara Bank
(b) to extend refinance facilities to housing
(e) ICICI Bank
finance institutions and to scheduled
33. Which is the principal institution for
banks
promotion, financing and development of
(c) to provide guarantee and underwriting small scale industries in the country?
facilities of housing finance institutions (a) RBI (b) SBI
(d) All of the above (c) IDBI (d) SIDBI
(e) None of the above (e) None of these

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244 Para Banking Services

34. Credit rating is 35. ICICI is the name of a
(a) used to rate the borrowers while giving (a) chemical industry
advances (b) bureau
(b) used to work out performance of the (c) corporation
employees (d) financial institution
(c) used to calculate the number of (e) None of these
excellent audit rated branches
(d) not used in any bank
(e) necessary before giving promotion to
employees

ww (e) (a)
ANSWER KEY
(d) (a) (b)

w.E
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16.
21.
(b)
(c) asy 17.
22.
(a)
(e)
18.
23.
(b)
(a)
19.
24.
(c)
(a)
20.
25.
(a)
(c)
26.
31.
(d)
(d)
En
27.
32.
(d)
(a)
28.
33.
(a)
(d)
29.
34.
(d)
(d)
30.
35.
(d)
(d)

gin
eer
in g.n
et

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CHAPTER
Financial Awareness
15
INFLATION- WHAT IS IT?

ww
Inflation in simple words means rise in prices of goods and services. It also means fall in value
of money during a particular period/time. It is in fact a sustained rise in prices accompanied
by fall in value of money.

w.E
It is measured normally in terms of percentage increase or decrease in the price index during
a given period.
What is Hyper-inflation? Hyper-inflation means very high economic inflation during

asy
which period value of the country’s currency nosedives in terms of its value and prices of
commodities rises uncontrollably. Such a situation normally happen when there is uncertain

En
political conditions in the country or there is war or war-like situation.

gin
What is the Impact of Inflation?
(i) It brings heavy profit to business houses like manufacturers, traders, and other middlemen.

eer
(ii) People living at below poverty line or those who are middle class earners remain the
major surfers during the period of inflation.

cover inflation rate.

in
(iii) Nearly all types of consumers are affected by the situation. Those who depend on interest
income which is fixed, are the bigger sufferers since interest rates are not sufficient to

g.n
(iv) Many a time, inflation creates imbalance in the family budget of people leading to hard
days.

What Causes Inflation?

et
(a) Deficit financing leads to increase in aggregate demand against aggregate supply, former
being more than the latter.
(b) Increase in investment or other expenditure may cause inflation.
(c) Any level of speculation leading to hoarding for more profit through low supply of goods
and services may also cause inflation.
(d) When income increases leading to increase in disposable income, it causes inflation.
(e) Increase in salary and wages, leading to more disposable income causes inflation.
(f) Market demand for large exports reduces supply of goods in the domestic market leading
to labeling higher prices of goods and services.
(g) Population pressures also affect inflationary trends.
(h) Government’s policy to supply more credit in the market also creates such situations.

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246 Financial Awareness

NATIONAL INCOME – Important Points

It is total monetary value of goods and services produced in the country during a given period.
In economic terms, national income is defined as the sum of net value added at factor cost
by normal resident in domestic territory of a country and net factor from abroad during an
accounting period. (Hansen)
• Concept of National Income has been presented in different ways. National Income is
represented as Gross National Product (GNP), Net Domestic Product (NDP) at cost, Net
National Product (NNP), Personal Income, Disposable Income, Net National Income
(NNI) at cost, and Real Income.

ww• National Income is a flow concept which means flow of goods and services during a
period. Only final goods and services are included during the period.
•
• w.E
Normally National Income covers an accounting year.
It is expressed in monetary terms.

• asy
Gross National Product (GNP)
It is the total flow of goods and services measured at market value resulting from current

• En
production of the period in consideration. It also includes net income from abroad.
The constituents of GNP are:

gin
(a) Consumer durables or goods that satisfy people needs.
(b) Gross investment in capital goods in domestic market like capital formation,

eer
residential construction, inventories of goods.
(c) Those goods and services that are produced by the Government.

in
(d) Net exports (difference between export and imports) of goods and services. This is
also called net income from abroad.
g.n
Measurement of GNP
Three common methods are:
(i) Income Method
et
(ii) Expenditure Method
(iii) Value Added Method

Income Method:
GNP = Wages & salaries + Rent + Interest + Dividends + Undistributed Corporate Profits +
Mixed Incomes + Direct Taxes + Indirect Taxes + Depreciation + Net Income from Abroad.

Expenditure Method:
Private Consumption Expenditure (C) + Gross Domestic Private Investment (I) + Net Foreign
Investment (X- M) + Government Expenditure on goods & services (G).

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Financial Awareness 247

BRICS – Important Features
• Nations like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa together form the Brics bloc.
The importance of BRICS lies in the fact that 40 per cent of the population of the world
lies in these FIVE nations. They also have the combined GDP of around $24 trillion
which is around 1/5th of the global GDP. Despite such a strong base, these nations are
marginalized by global banks.
• Recent Sixth summit of BRICS was held from 15th July 2014 in Brazil’s Fortaleza city.
• The purpose of BRICS summit is to develop greater economic cooperation among Brics
nations and advance global economic stability and prosperity.

ww
BRICS’s BANK Floated
•

•
w.E
BRICS countries agreed to roll out a new bank with headquarter in Shanghai in China.
It will start functioning in next two years.
The bank aims to counter western dominance on global finances.
•
asy
The subscribed capital of the Bank would be around $50 billion and the total authorized
capital of $100 billion. Each country will have a shareholding of $10 million in the bank,

• En
making it clear that each country will have equal say in the bank.
The President of the Bank for the initial 6 years will be India. After India completes its term,

gin
the Presidency will pass on to Brazil for 5 years, followed by Russia for another 5 years.

eer
UNION BUDGET 2014-15 - SALIENT FEATURES
Important Budgetary Terms

fiscal policy. in
Fiscal Policy: The spending and taxing activities of government constitute its

g.n
Fiscal Deficit: It is the surplus of total expenses (expenditure) over the revenue receipts

et
and capital receipts. Capital receipts included in fiscal deficit are exclusive of borrowings. For
instance, Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure, that includes total of capital expenditure and revenue
expenditure less Receipts that includes capital receipts less borrowings + revenue receipts.
Government Budget: This is a document that central government and all State governments
prepare every fiscal year to show their income and expenses. This is a annual task which
highlights the item-wise details of estimated receipts and expenditure for a fiscal year. This is
also called annual budget of the government.
Government Receipts: The estimated income or money receipts from all sources during a
accounting period is called government receipts.
Nostro Account: Nostro is Italian word meaning ‘our’. In the business of foreign exchange
funds are transferred from one country to another. Such transfers take place at our end involving
particular currency and transferring it to another country in their currency at other centre. In
order to transact such business, the foreign exchange dealers maintain balances, in current
accounts in foreign currencies in overseas branches/correspondents etc. Such a foreign exchange
account by a foreign exchange dealer is called ‘nostro account’.

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248 Financial Awareness

Primary Deficit: Primary deficit means net of fiscal deficit and interest payments. In simple
words, primary deficit is the deficit arising out of the fiscal deficit minus payment of interest.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): It is not new in the economy to involve public as
partner to the growth and development of projects. In India this concept is being taken up
by Government of India as well as State Governments. PPPs is a type of finance by public
for development of projects beneficial to the society in general. Public or large business firms
invest money for a return on investment, may be as interest, and part money is invested by the
government. Management is jointly handled by the parties to the project.
Gross Domestic Product, Deflator: A price index which adjusts the overall value of GDP
according to the average increase in the prices of all output. The GDP deflator equals the ratio

ww
of nominal GDP to real GDP.
Gross Domestic Product, Per Capita: The level of GDP divided by the population of a
country or region. Changes in real GDP per capita over time are often interpreted as a measure

w.E
of changes in the average standard of living of a country, although this is misleading (because
it doesn’t account for differences in the distribution of income across factors of production and
individuals, and it doesn’t consider the value of unpaid labour).

asy
UNION BUDGET- SALIENT FEATURES

• En
Economic Survey-2013-14
Fiscal deficit is in bad shape as announced by the Government.
•
gin
Growth estimated during 2014-15 shall range between 5.4 to 5.9%. Expected growth of
7-8% could be achieved by only 2016-17 subject to good monsoon.
•
• eer
Import restrictions led to improvement in Balance of Payment (BoP) during 2013-14.
The Economic survey has projected that current account deficit (CAD) shall be contained

•
•
in
around 2.1% of the GDP in 2014-15.

g.n
The current account and the capital account balances together form the country’s BoP.
CAD is the gap between inflows and outflows of a foreign currency. CAD which was
$21.8 billion (Rupees 1.3 lakh crore) during April-June, 2013, moderated to around $1.3

et
billion (Rupees 7.765 crore) in January-March, 2014. This was possible due to the ban on
import of gold because of rupee depreciation. Lower CAD will make Indian industries less
susceptible to global economic changes and reduced volatility in foreign exchange rates.
• Food Procurement: Food grain stocks are to the tune of 69.84 million tones as on June
1. 2014. This is due to higher procurement. Irony of this situation is that despite higher
procurement and stocks, inflation rate is still high.
• FDI: Government in its budget has announced allowing higher foreign direct investment
(FDI) in selected sectors. FDI may be allowed in defence, insurance sector, infrastructure
sector, technology etc.
• GST: Goods and Services Tax (GST) will be important step towards economic reforms
as well as taxation reforms. Adoption of GST will help raising resources for states and
central government. Replacing existing indirect taxes by GST, the later will help create
national market as well as align taxation of imports and exports correctly. It is also hoped
that when GST is adopted, it will improve competitiveness of production and exports
from India. Direct Tax Code (DTC) is also seen as a step towards replacement of existing
income tax laws.

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Financial Awareness 249

• Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) of Public Sector Bank (Government owned banks): It
shows a major concern in terms of rising NPAs of public sector banks as per the economic
survey. This may be because of slowdown in the important industries and infrastructure,
like textile industry, chemical industries, iron and steel industries, food processing,
construction, telecommunication etc. Overall NPAs increased from 2.36% of total credit
portfolio of banks in March 2011 to 3.90% in March 2014 as shown in the economic survey.
Some factual information on NPAs of public sector banks (PSB) is given below:
ƒ NPAs of PSBs stood at 4.4% in 2013-2014 against 2.09% in 2008-09.
ƒ Gross NPAs increased to Rupees 2,04,249 crore in March 2014 from Rupees 59,972
crore in March, 2010.

ww ƒ Overall NPAs of banks, including private sector banks, rose from 2.36% in 2011 to
3.90% in March 2014.
• Ganga Development Programme Project for the proper development, cleaning, and

w.E
maintenance of river ganga has been allocated a total sum of Rupees 20,000 crore as
announced by the Government. However yearly budget allocations is given in following
sector-wise allocations.

asy
• Main focus of the budget was on nursing public finances, tame inflation, simplify tax
regime etc. It is believed by the government that above actions will lead to growth,

En
investment and employment.
• On the front of direct taxes, salaried/wagers have been given a benefit in the income

gin
tax. The income tax slab has been increased to Rs.3.0lakh up to which no tax is payable.
This is an increase of Rs.50,000 than last year. Also Rs.50,000 increase has been given in
80CC as savings incentive. From Rs.1lakh, now a person can save up to Rs.1.50 lakh and

eer
take income tax benefit.
• As per budget 2014-15, the government has extended tax holiday benefit for another

in
3 years to power companies which otherwise expires on 31.3.2014. Now it expires on
31.3.2017. Benefit of this extension is that power sector projects can avail tax benefit

g.n
under section 81-IA of Income Tax Act. The law permits power companies to claim tax
exemption for up to 10 years within first 15 years of a project’s operation.

for cigarettes of other length.

Deficit and Inflation

et
• Duty on cigarettes has been hiked to 72% on cigarettes with 65 mm length and 11-21%

• Decline in fiscal deficit from 5.7% in 2011-12 to 4.5% in 2013-14 mainly achieved by
reduction in expenditure rather than by way of realization of higher revenue.
• Improvement in current account deficit from 4.7 % in 2012-13 to year end level of 1.7%
mainly achieved through restriction on non-essential import and slow-down in overall
aggregate demand. Need to keep watch on CAD.
• 4.1 per cent fiscal deficit a daunting task in the backdrop of two years of low GDP growth,
static industrial growth, moderate increase in indirect taxes, subsidy burden and not so
encouraging tax buoyancy.

OTHER KEY FEATURES OF BUDGET 2014-2015 (SPECIFIC SECTORS)

• Road map for fiscal consolidation outlines fiscal deficit of 3.6 % for 2015-16 and 3 % for
2016-17.

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250 Financial Awareness

Administrative Initiatives
• Legislative and administrative changes to sort out pending tax demands of more than
Rs.4 lakh crore under dispute and litigation.
• Resident tax payers enabled to obtain on advance ruling in respect of their income-tax
liability above a defined threshold.
• Income-tax Settlement Commission scope to be enlarged.
• National Academy for Customs & Excise at Hindupur in Andhra Pradesh.
• The subsidy regime to be made more targeted for full protection to the marginalized,
poor and SC/ST.

ww• Convergence with International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) by Adoption of the
new Indian Accounting Standards (2nd AS) by Indian Companies.
•
• w.E
Setting up of Expenditure Management Commission to look into expenditure reforms.
Employment exchanges to be transformed into career centers. A sum of Rs. 100 crore
provided.

asy
ECONOMIC INITIATIVES

• En
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Government to promote FDI selectively in sectors.
•
gin
The composite cap of foreign investment to be raised to 49 per cent with full Indian
management and control through the FIPB route.
•
eer
The composite cap in the insurance sector to be increased up to 49 per cent from 26 per
cent with full Indian management and control through the FIPB route.
•
in
Requirement of the built up area and capital conditions for FDI to be reduced from

g.n
50,000 square metres to 20,000 square metres and from USD 10 million to USD 5 million
respectively for development of smart cities.
•

et
The manufacturing units to be allowed to sell its products through retail including
E-commerce platforms.

Bank Capitalization
• Requirement to infuse Rs.2,40,000 crore as equity by 2018 in our banks to be in line with
Basel-III norms
• Capital of banks to be raised by increasing the shareholding of the people in a phased
manner.

Public Sector Undertaking’s Capital Expenditure

• PSUs will invest through capital investment a total sum of Rs. 2,47,941 crores in the
current financial year.

Irrigation
• 1000 crore provided for “Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna” for assured irrigation.

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Financial Awareness 251

Rural Development
• Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission for integrated project based infrastructure in
the rural areas.
• Rs. 500 crore for “Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana” for feeder separation to
augment power supply to the rural areas.
• Rs. 14,389 crore provided for Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna(PMGSY).
• More productive, asset creating and with linkages to agriculture and allied activities
wage employment would to be provided under MGNREGA.
• Under Ajeevika, the provision of bank loan for women SHGs at 4% to be extended to

ww•
another 100 districts.
Initial sum of Rs.100 crore for “Start Up Village Entrepreneurship Programme” for

•
•
w.E
encouraging rural youth to take up local entrepreneurship programs.
Allocation for National Housing Bank increased to Rs. 8000 crore to support Rural housing.
New programme “Neeranchal” to give impetus to watershed development in the country

• asy
with an initial outlay of Rs. 2142 crores.
Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) to be restructured to address intra-district
inequalities.
En
Agriculture Credit
• gin
To provide institutional finance to landless farmers, it is proposed to provide finance to

• eer
5 lakh joint farming groups of “Bhoomi Heen Kisan” through NABARD .
A target of Rs.8 lakh crore has been set for agriculture credit during 2014-15.
•

•
in
Corpus of Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) raised by an additional Rs.

g.n
5000 crores from the target given in the Interim Budget to Rs.25000 crores .
Allocation of Rs.5,000 crore provided for the Warehouse Infrastructure Fund.
•

• et
“Long Term Rural Credit Fund” to set up for the purpose of providing refinance support
to Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks with an initial corpus of Rs.5,000 crore.
Amount of Rs.50,000 crore allocated for Short Term Cooperative Rural Credit . Sum of
Rs.200 crore for NABARD’s Producers Development and Upliftment Corpus (PRODUCE)
for building 2,000 producers organizations over the next two years.

Food Security
• Restructuring FCI, reducing transportation and distribution losses and efficacy of PDS
to be taken up on priority.
• Government committed to provide wheat and rice at reasonable prices to the weaker
sections of the society.
• Government when required will undertake open market sales to keep prices under control.

INFRASTRUCTURE
• An institution to provide support to mainstreaming PPPPs called 4P India to be set up
with a corpus of Rs. 500 crores.

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252 Financial Awareness

FINANCIAL SECTOR
Capital Market
• Ongoing process of consultations with all the stakeholders on the enactment of the Indian
Financial Code and reports of the Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission
(FSLRC) to be completed.
• Government in close consultation with the RBI to put in place a modern monetary policy
framework.
• Following measures will be taken to energize Capital markets:

ww ƒ

ƒ
Introduction of uniform KYC norms and inter-usability of the KYC records across
the entire financial sector.
Introduce one single operating demat account
ƒ
w.E
Uniform tax treatment for pension fund and mutual fund linked retirement plan

BANKING AND INSURANCE SECTOR

Banking
asy
•

En
Time bound programme as Financial Inclusion Mission to be launched on 15 August this
year with focus on the weaker sections of the society.
•
gin
Banks to be encouraged to extend long term loans to infrastructure sector with flexible
structuring.
•

eer
Banks to be permitted to raise long term funds for lending to infrastructure sector with
minimum regulatory pre-emption such as CRR, SLR and Priority Sector Lending (PSL).
•
•
in
RBI to create a framework for licensing small banks and other differentiated banks.
Differentiated banks serving niche interests, local area banks, payment banks etc. are

g.n
contemplated to meet credit and remittance needs of small businesses, unorganized
sector, low income households, farmers and migrant work force.
•
•
Six new Debt Recovery Tribunals to be set up.
et
For venture capital in the MSME sector, a Rs.10,000 crore fund to act as a catalyst to
attract private Capital by way of providing equity , quasi equity, soft loans and other
risk capital for start-up companies with suitable tax incentives to participating private
funds to be established.

Insurance Sector
• The pending insurance laws (amendment) Bill to be immediately brought for consideration
of the Parliament.
• The regulatory gap under the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banking) Act,
1978 will be bridged.

Water Resources and cleaning of Ganga

• Rs.100 crore provided for Detailed Project Reports for linking of rivers.
• Rs.2037 crores provided for Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission “NAMAMI GANGE”.

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Financial Awareness 253

• Rs.100 crore provided for Ghat development and beautification at Kedarnath, Haridwar,
Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Patna and Delhi.
• NRI Fund for Ganga will be set up as per budget provisions.

BUDGET ESTIMATES
• Mandate to be fulfilled without compromising fiscal consolidation.
• Non-plan Expenditure of Rs. 12,19,892 crore with additional provision for fertilizer
subsidy and Capital expenditure for Armed forces.
• Rs.5,75,000 crore Plan expenditure – increase of 26.9 per cent over actuals of 2013-14.

ww•
•
•
Special allocation of Rs.53,706 crore for North East Regions.
Total expenditure of Rs.17,94,892 crore estimated.
Gross Tax receipts of Rs.13,64,524 crore estimated.
•
• w.E
Net to centre of Rs.9,77,258 crore estimated.
Fiscal deficit of 4.1% of GDP and Revenue deficit of 2.9% estimated.

asy
OBJECTIVES OF TAX PROPOSALS
•

En
Ambitious Revenue Collection Targets in Interim Budget. Proposed tax changes factored
in the Budget Estimates 2014-15
•

gin
Measures to revive the economy, promote investment in manufacturing, rationalize tax
provisions to reduce litigation, address the problem of inverted duty structure in certain
areas. Tax reliefs to individual tax payers.

DIRECT TAXES PROPOSALS eer

•
in
Personal Income-tax exemption limit raised by Rs.50,000/- that is, from Rs.2 lakh to Rs.2.5

g.n
lakh in the case of individual taxpayers, below the age of 60 years. Exemption limit raised
from Rs. 2.5 lakh to Rs. 3 lakh in the case of senior citizens.
•

•
•
The education cess to continue at 3 percent.
et
No change in the rate of surcharge either for the corporates or the individuals, HUFs,
firms etc.

Investment limit under section 80C of the Income-tax Act raised from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs.
1.5 lakh.
• Deduction limit on account of interest on loan in respect of self occupied house property
raised from Rs.1.5 lakh to Rs.2 lakh.
• Conducive tax regime to Infrastructure Investment Trusts and Real Estate Investment
Trusts to be set up in accordance with regulations of the Securities and Exchange Board
of India.
• Investment allowance at the rate of 15 percent to a manufacturing company that invests
more than Rs. 25 crore in any year in new plant and machinery. The benefit to be available
for three years i.e. for investments up to 31.03.2017.
• Investment linked deduction extended to two new sectors, namely, slurry pipelines for
the transportation of iron ore, and semi-conductor wafer fabrication manufacturing units.

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254 Financial Awareness

• 10 year tax holiday extended to the undertakings which begin generation, distribution
and transmission of power by 31.03.2017.
• Net Effect of the direct tax proposals to result in revenue loss of Rs.22,200 crore.

INDIRECT TAXES PROPOSALS

• To boost domestic manufacture and to address the issue of inverted duties, basic customs
duty (BCD) reduced on certain items.
• Colour picture tubes exempted from basic customs duty to make cathode ray TVs cheaper
and more affordable to weaker sections.

ww• To encourage production of LCD and LED TVs below 19 inches in India, basic customs
duty on LCD and LED TV panels of below 19 inches reduced from 10 percent to Nil.
•

•
w.E
To give an impetus to the stainless steel industry, increase in basic customs duty on
imported flat-rolled products of stainless steel from 5 percent to 7.5 percent.
Concessional basic customs duty of 5 percent extended to machinery and equipment

• asy
required for setting up of a project for solar energy production.
To develop renewable energy, various items exempted from excise duty.
•
En
Likewise there are many other sectors where either tax/duty exemptions have been given
or taxes/duty increased.

gin
APPRECIATION AND DEPRECIATION OF RUPEE

eer
Appreciation and depreciation are two words that are commonly linked increase and decrease
of any value. In case of monetary terms, when we say that value of rupees vis-à-vis dollar has

in
increased from 58 to 60 per dollar, it means that rupee has depreciated. In other words, we have
to shell out rupees 60 now to get a dollar i.e. more rupee money is to be parted with to get one

g.n
dollar. On the other hand, if value of rupee comes down from 60 to 55 per dollar, we say that
rupee has appreciated, i.e. less of rupees have to be shelled out for a dollar.

foreign exchange market. As seen above dollar and rupee currency’s upward or downward et
Such up and down movement of one currency vis-à-vis other currency continues in the

movement indicated that one is in more demand than the other. In other words when dollar is
moving up it means more demand of dollar.

Effect of Changes in Currency Prices

When rupee gets depreciated then import items gets costlier. For instance, on importing an
item from USA, we pay rupees 5500 if rupee is appreciated (1 $ =Rs.55). But same import costs
Rs.6000 if rupee is depreciated (1 $ = 60 Rs.). This shows that on depreciation import items are
affected the most since more money is paid.
Similarly with appreciating rupee importers will gain.
Mostly the changes in the4 currency value vis-à-vis other currencies are due to demand
and supply. As per the economic theory if demand of a product is higher but supply is poor,
the prices tend to rise. The vice versa is also true, i.e. more the supply and less the demands
reduces the prices. The same principle applies to currencies.

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Financial Awareness 255

Factors affecting rupee value

1. Employment
Higher unemployment causes low spending since there is no money with unemployed for
spending. Sometimes employed are cautious and spend less to save for future. Unemployment
indicates poor economic growth. When such situation arises demand for currency declines. So
there is depreciation

2. Economic Growth
Higher economic growth leads to increase in prices of commodities. Workers earn more, but

ww
are unable to spend due to higher prices. Central banks of the countries may increase interest
rates. A change in interest rates may signal a change in currency rates.

w.E
3. Interest Rates
During poor economic conditions, money supply is low. And so is the spending power of
people. It means supply is low and demand is more. This increases the prices and value of

asy
rupee increases. RBI in India or Central Bank of any country can lower the interest rates to
make borrowing cheaper. Higher inflow increases available cash in hand and increase spending.

4. Balance of Trade
En
Balance of Trade means = Total value of exports – Total value of imports

gin
If above trade balance is positive it means the country’s economy is good. If it is negative
then there is trade gap or trade deficit.

eer
Trade balance affects the supply and demand for a currency. During positive economy
(positive trade balance) currency demand is higher. A trade deficit, on the other hand, increases
the supply of a country’s currency and could lead to devaluation if supply greatly exceeds
demand.
in g.n
In short we see that when currency depreciates corporate importing goods and services are
most losers and exporters are gainers. However the situation is reverse when rupee currency
appreciates.

et

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256 Financial Awareness

PAST EXERCISE
1. When the rate of inflation increases (c) interest on borrowings
[IBPS 2011] (d) dividends
(a) purchasing power of money increases (e) penal interest
(b) purchasing power of money decreases 4. The term 'Smart Money" refers to
(c) value of money increases __________ . [IBPS 2012]
(d) purchasing power of money remains (a) Foreign Currency

ww unaffected
(e) amount of money in circulation
decrease
(b) Internet Banking
(c) US Dollars
(d) Travelers' cheques

w.E
2. A type of fraud wherein criminals use an
innocent person's details to open or use an
account to carry out financial transactions is
(e) Credit Cards
5. In recent years it has been recognized

known as
asy
(a) identity theft
[IBPS 2013]
increasingly that a large segment of the
rural population is out of the reach of the
formal banking services. Which of the
(b) hacking
En
(c) money laundering
following is the name of the concept floated
to bring most of these rural persons in hte
(d) espionage
(e) phishing gin net of financial and banking services?
[Nabard Bank 2009]

eer
3. The part of a company's earnings or profits
which are paid out to shareholders is
(a) Corporate Governance
(b) Financial Inclusion
known as

(a) capital gains

(b) taxes
in [IBPS 2013]
(c) Wealth Creation
(d) Credit Management
(e) Risk Management
g.n
ANSWER KEY
et
1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (b)

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Financial Awareness 257

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. When the growth of GDP in a country 6. Which of the following is one of the
slows down suddenly, people start losing measures of economic growth of a country?
their jobs and the situation continues for (a) Volume of direct investment made by
several weeks, what name is given to this foreign countries
state of economy (A big country was in this (b) Number of companies listed on the
state recently)? stock exchange

ww (a) Inflation
(b) Recession
(c) Deflation
(c) Gross domestic product of the nation
(d) Number of foreign nationals working
in a country

w.E
(d) Economic boom
(e) None of these
2. What is Gross Domestic Product?
(e) All of the above
7. Consider the following statements:
I. The first attempt to calculate National

asy
(a) It is the cost of production of all final
goods and services made in the country
(b) It is the cost of services made within the
Income of India was made by Dadabhai
Naoroji.
II. The first scientific method to calculate

En
borders of a country in a year
(c) It is the market value of all final goods
national income of India was made by
Professor VKRV Rao.

gin
and services made in the country
(d) It is the market value of all final goods
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?

eer
and services made within the borders
of a country in a year
(e) None of the above
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(e) Either I or II

in
3. In economic terms, the total market value
of all final goods and services produced in a
country in a given year is known as
8. Consider the following statements:

g.n
I. GDP is a better measure of National
Income than GNP.
(a) GNI
(c) inflation
(b) GDP
(d) PPP
(e) wealth of a nation
4. GNP stands for
et
II. GNP is always higher than GDP.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) Gross National Product (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(b) Group Net Product (e) Either I or II
(c) Grand Nuclear Process 9. Real national income growth refers to
(d) Group Network Process (a) national income growth adjusted for
(e) None of the above inflation
5. In India, the National Income is measured (b) national income growth adjusted for
on the basis of population growth
(a) flow of goods only (c) national income growth adjusted for
(b) number of employed youth only depreciation rate
(c) volume of tax collected per annum (d) national income growth adjusted for
(d) earning of people working in PSUs and saving growth
government jobs (e) national income growth adjust for
(e) All of the above saving

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258 Financial Awareness

10. Consider the following statements: (d) GDP minus subsidies plus indirect
I. Net national product is most taxes
appropriate method to measure the (e) None of the above
economic growth of a country. 16. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined
II. Max O Lorenz firstly introduced Gross as the value of all
domestic product to measure the (a) goods produced in an economy in a
economic growth of a country. year
Which of the statements given above is/are (b) goods and services in an economy in a
correct? year
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) final goods produced in economy in a
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II year

ww (e) Either I or II
11. Which one of the following is the correct
sequence of contribution to gross domestic
(d) final goods and services produced in an
economy in a year
(e) None of the above

w.E
product in India by the various sectors of
the economy in last 10 years?
(a) Agriculture-Industry-Service
17. Per capita income is obtained by dividing
National Income by
(a) total population of the country

asy
(b) Agriculture-Service-Industry
(c) Service-Agriculture-Industry
(b) total working population
(c) area of the country

En
(d) Service-Industry-Agriculture
(e) None of the above
12. Which of the following is not included in 18.
(d) volume of the capital used
(e) None of the above
Which sectors of Indian Economy

gin
the estimates of National Income?
(a) Sale of collector’s items
contributes largest to the gross national
product?

eer
(b) Addition to inventory, but not sale of
the company’s products
(c) Market rent of self owned house
(a) Primary sector
(b) Secondary sector
(c) Tertiary sector

(e) None of the above in

(d) Cost of government services

13. The term ‘Gross National Happiness’ was

coined by
19.
(d) Public sector
(e) None of these
g.n
The main source of National Income of
India is
(a) Amartya Sen
(b) Bhutan’s King
(c) Maqbool Haq
(d) European Union
(a) service sector
(b) agriculture
(c) industrial sector
(d) trade sector
et
(e) Economists of Sweden (e) None of these
14. The largest share of Gross Domestic Product 20. Intermediate goods are excluded from GDP
(GDP), in India comes from because
(a) agriculture and allied sector (a) they represent goods that have never
(b) manufacturing and construction been purchased so they cannot be
(c) service sector counted
(d) defence and public administration (b) their inclusion would understate GDP
(e) defence and allied sector (c) their inclusion would involve double
15. GDP at factor cost is counting
(a) GDP minus indirect taxes plus (d) the premise of the question is incorrect
subsidies because intermediate goods are directly
(b) GNP minus depreciation allowance included in calculating GDP
(c) NNP plus depreciation allowance (e) value of intermediate goods is unknown

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Financial Awareness 259

21. Gross domestic product is a measure of the 25. According to the World Bank, which of the
total value of all following attributes of an economy are that
(a) consumer income in an economy over a of a ‘high income’ economy?
period of time I. GDP per capita of $15000.
(b) capital accumulation in an economy II. Adult literacy of more than 95%.
over a period of time III. Top 5 countries of the World GDP wise.
(c) sales in an economy over a period of
Select the correct answer using the codes
time
given below
(d) final goods and services produced in an
(a) Only I (b) Only III
economy over a period of time
(e) final as well as intermediate goods and (c) I and II (d) I and III

ww services produced in an economy over

a period of time
(e) II and III
26. Consider the following statements:

w.E
22. The base year method of calculating real I. The base year for measuring GDP in
GDP compared India is 2004-05.
(a) quantities produced in different years II. The CSO functions under the
using prices from a year chosen as a

asy
reference period
(b) quantities produced in different years
Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation.
III. NSSO is a part of Central Statistical

En
with the prices that prevailed during
the year in which the output was
Organisation (CSO).
Which of the statements given above is/are
produced

gin
(c) the quantities of goods produced in
consecutive years using prices in both
correct?
(a) II and III (b) Only I

eer
years and averaging the percentage
changes in the value of output
(c) I and II
(e) All of these
(d) I and III

in
(d) prices at different points in time using
a sample of goods that is representative
of goods purchased by households
(e) None of the above
27. Which of the following is not included in
National Income Accounts?
(a) Second hand goods
g.n
(b) Transaction in stock markets
23. The GDP is the value of all final goods and
services produced
(a) within the nations boundaries
(b) by domestically owned companies
(c) Transfer payments
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
et
28. Which of the following is the standard
(c) by citizens of the country definition of recession?
(d) by domestically controlled companies
(a) Negative GDP growth for the year as a
(e) None of the above
whole
24. In any year, real GDP
(b) Negative GDP growth for two
(a) might be greater or less than potential
GDP consecutive quarters
(b) will always be greater than potential (c) Negative GDP growth for three
GDP because of the tendency of consecutive quarters
nations to incur inflamation (d) Negative GDP growth with increased
(c) always equals potential GDP rate of inflation compared to the
(d) must always be less than potential previous years
GDP (e) Positive GDP growth for two
(e) cannot be determined consecutive quarters

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260 Financial Awareness

29. Which of the following are signs of an open (d) increase in value of money
economy? (e) decrease in money
I. Share of trade in GDP is high. 34. Reason for cost push inflation is
II. GDP and GNP are almost the same. (a) increase in wage rate
III. Exchange rate is determined by (b) increase in interest rate
markets. (c) increase in the price of raw
Select the correct answer using the codes
material
given below
(d) increase in indirect tax
(a) I and III (b) Only II
(e) decrease in cost of production
(c) I and II (d) II and III

ww (e) All of these

30. Which of the following are included,
when calculating GDP by the expenditure
35. Which of the following is not a reason for
demand pull inflation?
(a) Shortage of consumer goods
method?
w.E
I. Value of tyres sold by a tyre
manufacturer to a car manufacture.
(b) More exports
(c) Economic growth
(d) Less import

asy
II. Amount of imports.
III. Amount spent on education by a 36.
(e) More exports and less imports
During inflation,
household.
En
Select the correct answer using the codes
(a) exports becomes more expensive
(b) exports becomes more cheap
given below:
(a) Only II
(c) II and III
gin
(b) I and II
(d) Only III
(c) imports becomes more expensive
(d) surplus balance of payment

(e) All of the above

eer
31. GDP growth as a measure of development
37.
(e) All of the above
Union budget is always presented first in
is unreliable because
in
I. it does not include environmental
degradation.
II. it does not measure growth in incomes.
(a) the Lok Sabha
(b) the Rajya Sabha

g.n
(c) joint session of the Parliament
(d) meeting of the Union Cabinet
III. it does not measure increase in jobs.
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
38.
(e) the State Assemblies
et
As we all know, the Ministry of Finance
every year prepares the Union Budget and
(a) II and III (b) I and II presents it to the Parliament. Which of the
(c) I and III (d) Only III following is/are the elements of the Union
(e) All of these Budget?
32. Which of the following sectors makes I. Estimates of revenue and capital
maximum contribution to the national receipts.
income of India? II. Ways and means to raise the revenue.
(a) Services (b) Agriculture
III. Estimates of expenditure.
(c) Industry (d) Both (b) and (c)
Select the correct answer using the codes
(e) None of these
given below:
33. Inflation can defined as
(a) a persistent rise in general price level (a) Only I (b) Only II
(b) a persistent fall in general price level (c) Only III (d) All of these
(c) an increase purchasing power (e) None of these

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Financial Awareness 261

39. Which of the following is not a tax/duty 44. As we all know, Government of India pays
levied by the Government of India? special emphasis on the management of
(a) Income Tax (b) Education Cess Fiscal Deficit. What is Fiscal Deficit?
(c) Service Tax (d) Customs Duty (a) The gap between projected of estimated
(e) Toll Tax GDP and actual GDP
40. Fiscal deficit is (b) The gap between the total number and
value of the currency notes issued by
(a) total income less government
the RBI uptill now over the number
borrowing
and value of those which are in actual
(b) total payments less total receipts
circulation
(c) total payments less capital receipts

ww (d) total expenditure less total receipts

excluding borrowing
(c) The gap between the actual borrowings
of the Government of India and the
expected expenditure for which

w.E
(e) None of the above
41. The amount of which of the following
reflects the overall budgetary position of
provision is made in the budget
(d) Excess of government’s disbursement
comprising current and capital

asy
the Government of India at a given time?
(a) Revenue deficit
expenditures over its current receipts
(tax/non-tax receipts)
(e) None of the above

En
(b) Total amount of income tax collected
(c) Capital deficit 45. Which of the following is/are the Non-tax
Revenue components of the Union Budget
(d) Fiscal deficit
(e) None of these
gin
42. Which of the following is/are the
of India?
I. Custom Duties

eer
components of the Fiscal Deficit?
I. Budgetary Deficit
II. Interest Receipts
III. Dividend and Profits

II. Market Borrowing

in
III. Expenditure made from Pradhan
Mantri Rahat Kosh
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
(a) I and II
(c) II and III g.n
(b) Only II
(d) Only III
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
(a) Only I
(c) Only III
(b) Only II
(d) All of these
(e) All of these

et
46. Which of the following organisations/
agencies is actively involved in drafting the
Union Budget of India?
(e) None of these (a) The Planning Commission
43. Which of the following is/are the Non-tax (b) The Comptroller and Auditor General
Revenue components of the Union Budget (c) Administrative Staff of the Lok Sabha
of India? (d) Ministry of Finance
(e) Ministry of Rural Development
I. Customs Duties
47. Which of the following is the target fixed
II. Interest Receipts
for maintaining fiscal deficit in the Union
III. Dividends and Profits
Budget of India?
Select the correct answer using the codes (a) 4.6% of total budget
given below: (b) 4.6% of GDP
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) 3.6% of total budget
(c) II and III (d) Only IV (d) 3.6% of GDP
(e) All of these (e) None of these

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262 Financial Awareness

48. Which of the following is/are different 53. Special Drawing Rights are the rights of
categories of inflation? countries provided by
I. Open and suppressed (a) World Bank
II. Cost push (b) IMF
III. Deman pull (c) ADB
Select the correct answer using the codes (d) Federal Reserve
given below: (e) None of these
(a) Only I (b) I and II 54. The main function of the IMF is
(c) II and III (d) All of these (a) to help solve balance of payments
(e) None of these problems of member countries

ww
49. Fiscal deficit is
(a) total
borrowing
income less government
(b) to arrange international deposits from
banks
(c) to act as private sector lending arm of

w.E
(b) total payments less total receipts
(c) total payments less capital receipts total
expenditure less
the World Bank
(d) to finance investment loans to
developing countries

asy
(d) total receipts excluding borrowing
(e) None of the above
50. Inflation is caused by
(e) None of the above
55. On which one of the following issues has
IMF supported monetary policy of India?

En
(a) increase in supply of goods
(b) increase in cash with the government
(a) Introduction of GST
(b) Stimulus for agriculture sector

gin
(c) decrease in money supply
(d) increase in money supply
(c) Concessions for foreign investment
(d) Tightening of monetary policy
(e) All of the above

eer
51. Where is the head office of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF)?
(e) None of the above
56. Which of the following organisations has
given a warning to the nations of the world
(a) Paris
(b) New York
(c) Washington DC
in that there may be increased risk to global

g.n
financial stability in the world?
(a) World Bank
(d) Dhaka
(e) Beirut
52. Which of the following statements is true
about International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
(b) World Trade Organisation
(c) Asian Development Bank
(d) International Monetary Fund
(e) United Nation Organisation
et
(a) It provides ways and means funds to 57. Consider the following statements:
member countries. I. IMF and World Bank both are Bretton
(b) It is an agency of the World Bank and is Wood heir.
situated in Prague. II. World Bank provides long-term loan
(c) It makes all the rules and regulations in for promoting balanced economic
relation to the world trade between the development.
nations. III. IMF provides loans to eliminate BoP
(d) On becoming its member, countries disequilibrium.
get finance as temporary balance of Which of the statements given above are
payment needs. correct?
(e) It is an organisation floated by the (a) I and II (b) II and III
members of NATO and caters to the (c) I and III (d) All of these
need of those countries only. (e) None of these

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Financial Awareness 263

58. The IMF and the World Bank were (c) Canada
conceived as institutions to (d) All of these
(a) strengthen international economic co- (e) None of these
operation and to help create a more 63. Where is the Headquarters of World Trade
stable and prosperous global economy Organisation?
(b) IMF promotes international monetary (a) New Delhi (b) New York
cooperation (c) Geneva (d) Rome
(c) The World Bank promotes long-term (e) None of these
economic development and poverty 64. Inflation in India is measured on which of
reduction the follow indexes/indicators?

ww (d) All of the above

(e) None of the above
59. As per the news published in the
(a) Cost of Living Index (COLI)
(b) Consumer Price Index (CPI)
(c) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

w.E
newspapers, the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) praised India’s, performance on
its economic front. Which of the following 65.
(d) Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
(e) None of these
Which of the following organisation

asy
is not true in this respect?
I. IMF favoured the cuts in fuel subsidies
as part of expenditure measures to
agencies are involved in drafting the Union
Budge of India?

En
create space for spending on priority
sectors.
(a) The Planning Commission
(b) The Comptroller and Auditor General

gin
II. IMF was not in favour of huge foreign
fund flow to India as it has created an
(c) Administrative Ministries
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) All of the above

eer
imbalance at regional level.
III. IMF wants some more structural reforms
to be implemented quickly.
66. Inflation is measured in India on the basis
of which index?

given below
(a) Only I
in
Select the correct answer using the codes

(b) Only II
(a) Consumer price index
(b) Wholesale price index
(c) Retail price index
(d) Market forces g.n
(c) Only III
(e) All of these
(d) I and II

60. As per the reports published by the World

Bank, what percentage of Indian population
67.
(e) None of these
et
Financial inclusion is meant for?
(a) Less provilged persons
(b) Senior citizens
lives below the new International Poverty
(c) Micro finance institutions
Line?
(d) All of the above
(a) 30% (b) 62%
(e) None of the above
(c) 52% (d) 42%
68. As per reports in the newspapers the Indian
(e) 68%
Rupee is appreciated these days. What does
61. What is the number of member states in the
it really mean?
World Trade Organisation?
I. The value of the Rupee has gone up. It
(a) 144 (b) 148
(c) 150 (d) 146 is now 110 paise and not 100 paise.
(e) 170 II. The exchange rate of Rupee has gone
62. Who have the largest share of world trade? up.
(a) European Union, USA III. Now we can purchase more in one
(b) Japan Rupee.

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264 Financial Awareness

Which was not possible earlier? 73. ‘Sub-prime Lending is a term applied to the
(a) Only I (b) Only II loans made
(c) Only III (d) Both I and II (a) those borrowers who do not have a
(e) None of these good credit history
69. What is a fiscal deficit? (b) those who wish to take loan against the
(a) It is a gap between the values of exports mortgage of tangible assets
and imports (c) those who have a good credit history
(b) It is a gap between exports and imports and are known to bank since 10 years
minus external borrowings (d) those borrowers who are most
(c) It is a gap between total expenditure preferred customers of the bank

ww and total receipts of the government

(d) It is a gap between total receipts minus
(e) None of these
74. Which of the following schemes available
in the financial markets is not meant for

70. w.E
external borrowings
(e) None of the above
Which one of the following deficits
investment purposes?
(a) National savings certificates
(b) Infrastructure bonds

asy
deducted the interest payments to internal
and external debt from the fiscal deficit to
calculate the deficit of an economy?
(c) Mutual funds
(c) Letter of credit

En
(a) Revenue deficit
(b) Twin deficit
(e) all of these
75. The term national income represents

gin
(c) Primary deficit
(d) Budgetary deficit
(a) Gross national product at market prices
minus depreciation
(b) Gross national product at markets

71.
(e) None of the these
eer
Consider the following statements in the
prices minus depreciation plus net
factor income from abroad
context of governance.

inflows
in
I. Encouraging foreign direct investment

II. Privatisation of higher educational

(c) Gross national product at market prices

g.n
minus depreciation and indirect taxes
plus subsides
(d) Gross national product at market prices
institutions
III. Down-sizing of bureaucracy
Which of the above can be used as measures
to control the fiscal deficit in India?
(e) None of the above
76. Credit cards are known as
et
minus net factor income from abroad

(a) hard money (b) easy money

(a) Only I (c) soft money (d) plastic money
(b) Only II (e) real money
(c) Only III 77. Financial inclusion is being emphasised by
(d) All of the above RBI for
(e) None of the above (a) providing basic banking services to the
72. When did World Trade Organisation come unbanked areas
into force? (b) providing loans to the unbanked
(a) 2nd January, 1948 population
(b) 1st January, 1995 (c) opening accounts for the poor
(c) 12th January, 1948 (d) bringing branches of all banks under
(d) 15th January, 1946 one authority
(e) 13th January, 1947 (e) None of these

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Financial Awareness 265

78. Insurance service provided by various 81. Which is the monetary measure to control
banks is commonly known as .... inflation ?
(a) Investment Banking (a) Increase in taxation
(b) Portfolio Management (b) Decrease in taxation
(c) Merchant Banking (c) Soft credit policy
(d) Bancassurance (d) Hard credit policy
(e) Micro Finance (e) None of these
79. As we all know Ministry of Finance every 82. Selling of securities in the open market by
year prepares Union Budget and presents it the central bank creates—
to the Parliament . Which of the following is (a) Inflation

ww / are the elements of the Union Budget ?

(1) Estimates of revenue and capital
receipts.
(b) Deflation
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above

(a) Only 1
w.E
(2) Ways and Means to raise the revenue.
(3) Estimates of expenditure.
(b) Only 2
(e) None of these
83. To control inflation the central bank should
—
(c) Only 3
asy
(e) None of these
(d) All 1, 2 & 3 (a) Sell government securities and decrease
bank rate

inflation ?
En
80. Which is not a monetary measure to control (b) Sell government securities and increase
bank rate
(a) Soft loan policy

gin
(b) Hard credit policy
(c) Tighten the regulations of money issue
(c) Purchase government securities and
increase bank rate
(d) Purchase government securities and to

(e) None of these eer

(d) To reduce the quantity of money decrease bank rate
(e) None of these

in ANSWER KEY
g.n
1.
7.
13.
19.
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
2.
8.
14.
20.
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c)
3.
9.
15.
21.
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
4.
10.
16.
22.
(a)
(d)
(d)
(a)
5.
11.
17.
23.
(e)
(d)
(a)
(a)
6.
12.
18.
24.
et (c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (e) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (a)
37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (e) 40. (d) 41. (d) 42. (d)
43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (c)
49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a)
55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (c) 66. (b)
67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (e) 70. (c) 71. (d) 72. (b)
73. (a) 74. (d) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (d)
79. (d) 80. (a) 81. (d) 82. (b) 83. (b)

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CHAPTER
Current Development
16 in Banking

APPOINTMENTS

ww
R. Chandrashekhar takes over as Nasscom president
Former telecom secretary R. Chandrashekhar, under whom a government information
technology (IT) department was set up for the first time, took over as president of Nasscom—a

w.E
body representing the $108 billion Indian IT-BPM (business process management) industry. He
succeeds Som Mittal, who served as the president of Nasscom from 2007-13.

asy
MCX-SX appoints Saurabh Sarkar as CEO and MD
MCX Stock Exchange Ltd (MCX-SX), the country’s newest full-fledged bourse, announced the

En
appointment of Saurabh Sarkar as its new chief executive officer (CEO) and managing director
(M(d), after approval from market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi).

gin
Sarkar, previously MD and CEO of United Stock Exchange of India Ltd, has also worked with
global financial servicesfirms like Credit Agricole, Standard Chartered and Calyon, and ANZ
Grindlays Bank.

eer
Arun Jaitley appointed ADB's Board of Governors

in
The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has been appointed as India's Governor on the Board

g.n
of Governors of the Asian Development Bank with effect from May 27. The position was
previously held by former Finance Minister P Chidambaram. The Board of Governors is the
ADB's highest policy-making body and has one representative from each member country. The

lives in Asia and the Pacific.

COMMITTEES FORMED/CONSTITUTED
et
Manila-headquartered multi-lateral funding agency, founded in 1966, aims to improve people's

Nachiket Mor committee

A 13-member panel called Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses
and Low Income Households headed by Nachiket Mor has been formed. The panel proposed
that every adult Indian be granted a Universal Electronic Bank Account (UEB(a) by January
2016. It also proposed that all low-income and small businesses be given access to banking
services by January 2016.

RBI constitutes an Expert Committee to Review Governance of Boards

The Reserve Bank of India has constituted an Expert Committee to Review Governance of Boards
of Banks in India. The Committee would be chaired by Shri P. J. Nayak, former Chairman and
CEO of Axis Bank. The terms of reference of the Committee would be, among other things, to
review the regulatory compliance requirements of banks’ boards in India, to judge what can
be rationalised and where requirements need to be enhanced.

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Current Development in Banking 267

Vijaya Bhaskar Committee
RBI has accepted the P. Vijaya Bhaskar Committee’s recommendations relating to Financial
Benchmarks. RBI has asked for establishing an independent body for recommending benchmark
foreign exchange rate in order to avoid any potential manipulation by the bankers. The Bhaskar
Committee had suggested Indian money and currency markets should move their benchmarks
towards transaction-based from poll-based in an attempt to comb out manipulation.

Urjit R. Patel committee

The expert committee was headed by Urjit R. Patel, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of
India. The committee felt that inflation should be the nominal anchor for the monetary policy

ww
framework. The nominal anchor or the target for inflation should be set at 4 per cent with a band
of +/- 2 per cent around it. The nominal anchor should be communicated without ambiguity,

w.E
so as to ensure a monetary policy regime shift away from the current approach to one that is
centred around the nominal anchor.

NEW ENTRANTS IN 2014

asy
The Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (ICB(c) opens its first branch

En
The ICBC becomes the first lender from mainland China to set up a shop in the country. The
world's largest bank by profit, balance sheet as well as market value, has opened its first branch

gin
in the country in Mumbai. The opening of ICBC's maiden branch here not only shows the bank's
confidence in the prospects of India's economic development and the friendly relationships

eer
between the two countries, but also both countries’ commitment to building a commercial
bridge between the two countries.

in
Doha Bank to open its 1st branch in India

g.n
The second largest Qatari lender Doha Bank will be opening its first branch in India here shortly
and has set a target of USD 5-billion balance-sheet by the third year of operations. The Qatari

Kuwait and Abu Dhabi Bank.

Canara Bank opens branch in New York

et
lender is the third Arab lender to have operations in the country after Bank of Bahrain and

Canara Bank has achieved a milestone by opening its branch in New York. It will be the bank's
seventh overseas branch after London, Leicester (UK), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Bahrain and
Johannesburg. The branch was opened by Consul General of India in New York, Dnyaneshwar
M Mulay. The New York branch will have the staff strength of seven people, four from India
on deputation and three hired locally from United States.

ANNOUNCEMENT/A EYE-OPENER NEWS

Chhattisgarh ranks as the best performing state in most of
the key fiscal parameters
According to a Reserve Bank of India (RBI) study, Chhattisgarh has done reasonably well in
spending its money in developmental sector, one of the key parameters to judge States overall
performance. As per RBI study, Chhattisgarh's development expenditure as per cent of Gross
State Domestic Product (GSDP) is highest in the country.

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268 Current Development in Banking

India to Head BRICS' $100 Billion New Development Bank

Leaders of the BRICS emerging market nations launched a $100 billion development bank
and a currency reserve pool recently in their first concrete step toward reshaping the Western-
dominated international financial system. The bank, aimed at funding infrastructure projects in
developing nations, will be based in Shanghai, China, and India will preside over its operations
for the first six years, followed by five-year terms for Brazil and then Russia.

Hong Kong and Macau included in the sensitive list of countries

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has included Hong Kong and Macau in the sensitive list of

ww
countries — along with Pakistan and China — that will require its prior approval to set up
business or related activities in India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iran and
China are already in the sensitive list.

w.E
The RBI grants bank licences to IDFC and Bandhan Financial Services

asy
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) gave its in-principal nod for new bank licences to IDFC and
Kolkata-based Bandhan Financial Services Pvt Ltd. It was suggested that there was a need of
"a different bank to cater to North East". This description fits perfectly to Bandhan Financial,

En
which was the only one among aspirants presently operating extensively in the North East.

gin
Video Branch by IndusInd Bank

eer
Video Branch, a service offered exclusively for all IndusInd Bank customers, has recently
been launched by the bank. By using this service, you can connect with your Branch Manager,
Relationship Manager or with our centralized Video Branch [Link], convenient

in
and completely secure to use, Video Branch service offers a wide range of information and
transactions to cater to your needs.

Six PSU banks incurred ` 1900 crore loss on crop loan till g.n
Jun 2014: Government
et
Six public sector banks have incurred a loss of around ` 1,900 crore up to June 2014 because of credit
granted towards crop loans. According to the information received from six Public Sector Banks
(PSBs), a loss of around ` 1,900 crore in this regard during the years 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-
15 (up to June, 2014) has been indicated. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley told Lok Sabha in a written
reply.

State Bank of Patiala ready to merge with parent SBI

One of the five associate banks of the country's top lender, the State Bank of India (SBI), is set
to merge with the parent this fiscal. State Bank of Patiala is the most likely suitor. One of these
five associates will be merged with the SBI this financial year. The government-run State Bank
of India has five associates -- State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Travancore, State
Bank of Patiala, State Bank of Mysore and State Bank of Hyderabad. Out of these five, three
of them are listed -- State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Mysore and State Bank of
Travancore. State Bank of Patiala is the first in the queue.

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Current Development in Banking 269

RBI unlocks ` 40,000 crore of bank funds
Committed to keep inflation under check, RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan left key rates
unchanged and unlocked about ` 40,000 crore of funds by reducing the amount of deposits
banks are required to park in government securities. This is the second time in a row that interest
rates have been left unchanged amid demands for moderation to spur growth. The repo rate,
at which the Reserve Bank of India lends to banks, has been retained at 8 per cent, while the
statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) for banks has been cut by 0.5 per cent to 22.5 per cent with effect
from June 14.
The cash reserve ratio for banks has been kept unchanged at 4 per cent.

ww
RBI simplifies KYC norms for opening of bank accounts
A bank account can be opened with just one address proof, permanent or local from now on

w.E
helping migrant workers and employees with transferable jobs who at present face cumbersome
procedure to access banking services.
Henceforth, customers may submit only one documentary proof of address (either current

asy
or permanent) while opening a bank account or while undergoing periodic updation.

Bar 'wilful' defaulters from capital markets: RBI to SEBI

En
The RBI (Reserve Bank of Indi(a) has suggested to SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of
Indi(a) that “wilful” defaulters of bank loans should be prevented from raising funds through

gin
capital markets. At present, the information about wilful defaulters of bank loans are shared
with SEBI and others, including credit information agencies on a quarterly basis. The central

eer
bank is exploring ways to share details of these defaulters with SEBI on real-time basis.

United Bank to 'name and shame' wilful defaulters

in
State-owned United Bank of India (UBI) will soon embark upon a process to 'name and shame'

g.n
its wilful defaulters as part of its effort to recover dues. As part of this effort, the bank will
publish photographs of defaulters and other details in newspapers and at notice boards of bank

lose Director-level positions in companies.

SBI INTOUCH
et
branches. If declared a wilful defaulter, the person would not be able to borrow in future and

In an effort to attract Gen Y, the bank, in association with Accenture, launched six digital
branches across the nation on Tuesday. The bank terms these branches as digital stores, which
will provide the facility for instant in-principal loan approval and an interactive dream wall to
aid customers in conceptualising their journey toward realising their financial dreams. Named
‘SBI INTOUCH,’ the new branches are located in Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Ahmedabad,
and New Delhi.

World Bank Sets Interim Poverty Target at 9 Percent in 2020

Calling for greater urgency to end extreme poverty, World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim
announced that the World Bank has set an interim target to reduce global poverty to 9 percent
in 2020, which, if achieved, would mark the first time the rate has fallen into the single digits.
The milestone was based on a World Bank economic analysis of global poverty trends toward
reaching a goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030. Living in extreme poverty is defined as
below $1.25 a day.

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270 Current Development in Banking

Instant Money Transfer (IMT)

Bank of India, recently launched Instant Money Transfer which allows cardless cash withdrawal
at its IMT-enabled ATMs, a first-of-its-kind initiative by any public sector bank. IMT is an
innovative domestic money remittance facility that allows the customers to send money to a
receiver only by using the receiver’s mobile number through the bank’s ATM and retail internet
banking facility. The receiver can withdraw money from a Bank of India’s ATM without using
a card.

RBI cancels licences of six Delhi-based NBFCs

ww
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cancelled the licences of six Delhi-based non banking
financial companies (NBFCs) following which they would not be able to conduct business. They
include NBFCs: GE Strategic Investments India, Profound Exports, Two Brothers Holding, Swank
Services Private Ltd, Praxis Consulting and Information Services and Credible Microfinance Ltd.

w.E
The Rajasthan Road Sector Modernization Project

asy
The government of India and the World Bank have signed a $160 million credit for the Rajasthan
Road Sector Modernization Project to support the government of Rajasthan improve rural
connectivity, enhance road safety and strengthen the road sector management capacity of the
state.
En
gin
Bilateral Local Currency Swap Agreement
The Reserve Bank of Australia signed a bilateral local currency swap agreement with the Bank

eer
of Korea allowing for the exchange of local currencies between the two central banks of up to
A$5 billion or KRW 5 trillion. The effective period of the facility will be three years, and could

in
be extended by mutual consent of both sides.

Tokyo Inter Bank Offered Rate (TIBOR)

g.n
It is the interest rate at which banks charge each other for loans in Japan. The difference between

et
the TIBOR and LIBOR is often referred to as the "Tokyo premium" or "Japan premium", since
it represents the credit risk of Japanese banks.

'Medium Term Note (MTN)’

Medium term note is a note that usually matures in five to 10 years. A corporate note
continuously offered by a company to investors through a dealer. Investors can choose from
differing maturities, ranging from nine months to 30 years. This type of debt program is used
by a company so it can have constant cash flows coming in from its debt issuance.

‘Depositor Education and Awareness Fund’

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) would establish a fund to be called ‘Depositor Education and
Awareness Fund’, which would comprise unclaimed funds of depositors. The Fund will be
created by taking over inoperative deposit accounts which have not been claimed or operated
for ten years or more or any deposit or any amount remaining unclaimed for more than 10 years
within three months from the expiry of the period of ten years.

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Current Development in Banking 271

SREI Infrastructure Finance Ltd (SREI IFL)
SREI Infrastructure Finance Ltd (SREI IFL) is one of India's leading Non Banking Financial
Institutions (NBFI) and the only private sector infrastructure financing NBFI. The Company
was incorporated on 29th March 1985 and now it has expertise in financing of infrastructure
equipment (for construction, mining, oil & gas, power and others), infrastructure projects,
infrastructure development and advisory in all verticals of infrastructure. The company's
business portfolio was widened to include merchant banking and investment banking.

Trade Receivables and Credit Exchange for Financing MSMEs

ww
The Reserve Bank of India has sought feedback on the Concept Paper on Trade Receivables
and Credit Exchange for Financing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The model
outlined in the paper envisages both, primary market segment (in which invoices first undergo

w.E
a reverse factoring process to enable the first level of financing to the MSMEs) as well as a
secondary market segment (where the financiers of the primary segment get an opportunity
to trade these invoices).

asy
GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS (GEP)

En
Developing countries are headed for a third consecutive year of disappointing growth below 5
percent, as first quarter weakness in 2014 has delayed an expected pick-up in economic activity,
says the World Bank’s latest Global Economic Prospects report, issued on June 10, 2014. The

gin
global economy is expected to pick up speed as the year progresses and is projected to expand
by 2.8 percent this year, strengthening to 3.4 and 3.5 percent in 2015 and 2016, respectively.

eer
An expert committee appointed to examine the current monetary policy framework of
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has suggested that the apex bank should adopt the new CPI

Asian Development Outlook 2014in

(consumer price index) as the measure of the nominal anchor for policy communication.

g.n
The Asian Development Bank (AD(b) published their latest economic outlook for 45 countries

et
in Asia and the Pacific. Similar to 2012, developing Asia’s GDP grew on average by 6.1% in
2013. While the Chinese economy grew by 7.7%, it is predicted to slow down in the next years to
achieve more sustainable and balanced growth in the long run. Although the economic situation
in Asia has become more stable, the ADB recommends the use of adequate fiscal policy tools
to tackle rising inequalities within the population.

Re-promulgation of the SEBI Ordinance 2014

President Pranab Mukherjee cleared the re-promulgation of the SEBI Ordinance that had lapsed
on January 15, since Parliament could not pass the Securities Laws (Amendment) Bill 2013 in the
Winter session. The Ordinance empowers the Securities and Exchanges Board of India (SEBI)
Chairman to order searches and seizures and crack downs on Ponzi schemes.

Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)

Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is an indicator of business activity -- both in the manufacturing
and services sectors. It is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in
their perception of some key business variables from the month before. It is calculated separately
for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a composite index is constructed.

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272 Current Development in Banking

Consumer Finance
The division of retail banking that deals with lending money to consumers. This includes a
wide variety of loans, including credit cards, mortgage loans, and auto loans, and can also be
used to refer to loans taken out at either the prime rate or the subprime rate.

IDBI tops the list of PSBs in terms of the Highest Net Profit Per Employee
IDBI Bank is the youngest, new generation, public sector bank. It offers personalised banking
and financial solutions to its clients. The bank has an aggregate balance sheet size of ` 322769
crore and a total business of ` 423423 crore as on March 31, 2013. IDBI Bank's operations during

ww
the financial year ended March 31, 2013 resulted in a net profit of ` 1882 crore.

India ranks 120th in index of economic freedom for 2014

w.E
India continues to suffer from low, but improving, levels of economic freedom. The latest Index
of Economic Freedom ranks the nation 120th globally and 25th among 43 countries in the Asia-
Pacific region. Although India is rated a "mostly unfree" economy, the country achieved its

asy
highest score ever in the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom. The country's economic freedom
score is 55.7, which is unchanged from last year.

En
Indian Global 500 companies

gin
Eight Indian companies have made the cut in the list of world's 500 largest companies compiled
by Fortune magazine, with Indian Oil and Reliance Industries finding a place in the top 100. Out

eer
of the eight, five are state-run entities. With an annual revenue of USD 86,016 million, Indian Oil
has cornered the 83rd spot up from 98th place last year. Reliance Industries is the first Indian

in
private firm to made into the top 100 list.

RBI sets govt's weekly WMA at ` 35,000 cr for H1

g.n
The Reserve Bank capped the ways and means advances limit for the central government in

et
the first half of the new financial year (FY 2015) at ` 35,000 crore per week. The RBI may trigger
fresh flotation of market loans when the government utilises 75 per cent of the ways and means
advances (WM(a) limit. The second half limit will be fixed in September.

Marginal Standing Facility

MSF rate is the rate at which banks borrow funds overnight from the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) against approved government securities. This came into effect in may 2011. Under the
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), currently banks avail funds from the RBI on overnight basis
against their excess statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) holdings. Additionally, they can also avail
funds on overnight basis below the stipulated SLR up to 2.5% of their respective Net Demand
and Time Liabilities (NDTL) outstanding at the end of second preceding fortnight.

Inflation indexed bonds

RBI launched inflation indexed bonds will be available till 31st December. The rate will be linked
to CPI instead of WPI - the less accurate gauge of inflation. However, the flip side is that early
redemption, even after the lock-in period is over, will entail hefty penalty.

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Current Development in Banking 273

The European Central Bank
The ECB is the central bank for Europe's single currency, the euro. The ECB’s main task is to
maintain the euro's purchasing power and thus price stability in the euro area. The euro area
comprises the 18 European Union countries that have introduced the euro since 1999.

RBI extends validity period of in-principle approvalfor new bank licence

The Reserve Bank of India extended the validity period of the in-principle approval which
it gives a promoter for setting up a bank from one year to 18 months. The central bank has
extended the validity period as applicants wanting to set up new banks, brought out several

ww
complex issues pertaining to re-organisation of the existing corporate structure, restructuring
of businesses and meeting the regulatory requirements.

w.E
RBI releases draft guidelines on payments, small banks
The Reserve Bank of India released the draft guidelines for licensing of both payments banks
and small banks. The central bank has sought views/comments on the draft guidelines from

asy
all interested parties and general public. According to the RBI, both payments banks and small
banks are “niche” or “differentiated” banks; with the common objective of furthering financial
inclusion.

En
gin
eer
in g.n
et

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274 Current Development in Banking

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Recently, The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) branches of two banks in view of the reports
constituted a 15-member inter-regulatory of misappropriation of funds worth ` 436
committee to monitor the growing crore. Which two banks are involved in this
phenomenon of shadow banking. Who has matter?
been appointed as the Chairman of this (a) Allahabad bank and Dena Bank
committee? (b) Dena Bank and Oriental Bank of
(a) P. Vijaya Bhaskar Commerce (OBC)

ww (b) Dindyal Kukreja

(c) N. Sundaresan
(d) Ram Nath
(c) Punjab National Bank and Punjab
Sindh Bank
(d) Union Bank of India and Oriental Bank

w.E
(e) None of these
2. What is the name of the new scheme
announced by the Prime Minister Narendra
of Commerce (OBC)
(e) None of these
6. Which international finance entity launched

asy
Modi on Independence Day to help the
poor in opening bank accounts, which will
a $2.5-billion onshore Indian rupee bond
programme recently so as to strengthen the

En
come with the facility of a debit card and an capital market and support infrastructure
accidental insurance cover of ` 1 lakh? development in India?
(a) Prime Minister Poor Helping Hand
Scheme
gin
(b) Pradhan Mantri Garibi Hatao Yojana
(a) International Union for Housing
Finance (IUHF)
(b) International Finance Corporation (IFC)

eer
(c) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
(d) Prime Minster Poor relief Yojana
(e) None of these
(c) International Finance Organisation (IFO)
(d) Public Finance International (PFI)

in
3. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced
recently that its board has given approval
to create an additional post in the rank
of Deputy Governor. For this RBI has
(e) None of these
7. What is the name of the ambitious

g.n
e-governance project of the Union Govt.,
which was approved by the Union Cabinet
approached the government for required
legislative changes. Which post is this?
(a) Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO
(b) Chief Operating Officer (COO)
citizens electronically?
(a) Digital India Project
et
recently and which aims to ensure that
government services are available to

(c) Chief Visionary Officer (CVO) (b) Adhunik Bharat Project

(d) Chief Business Development Officer (c) Digital Bharat Project
(CBDO) (d) Nav Bharat Nirmaan Project
(e) None of these (e) None of these
4. Who took over as the fourth Deputy 8. India's capital market regulator SEBI
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently ordered which NBFC entity to
during July 2014? refund the money raised from some 58.5
(a) Subhash Sheoratan Mundra million customers through collective
(b) Dr. Subir Gokarn investment schemes (CIS)?
(c) Anand Sinha (a) Unimax Agrotech Ltd
(d) Urjit R. Patel (b) Asia Agrotech Corp. Ltd
(e) None of these (c) Omaxe Agrotech Corp. Ltd
5. On 20 August 2014 the Finance Ministry (d) Pearls Agrotech Corp. Ltd
ordered a forensic audit to be done at the (e) None of these

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Current Development in Banking 275

9. The Reserve Bank of India recently (a) Real Investment Trusts (RITs) and
announced its decision to reduce the Infrastructure Investment Trusts
number of mandated free transactions for (InvITs)
savings bank account holders at other bank (b) Real Estate Trusts (RETs) and
ATMs located in six metro cities from five Infrastructure Investment Trusts
to three per month. This reduction would (InvITs)
come into effect from which date? (c) Real Estate Investment (REI) and
(a) 1 October 2014 Infrastructure Trusts (InvTs)
(b) 25 October 2014 (d) Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
(c) 1 November 2014 and Infrastructure Investment Trusts

ww
(InvITs)
(d) 1 December 2014
(e) None of these
(e) None of these
13. Petroleum Ministry during August 2014
10. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently

w.E
issued guidelines for asset reconstruction
companies (ARCs) to increase their
investments in security receipts (SRs) with
accorded its in-principle approval for
stake-sale in ONGC which may fetch
the government about ` 18,000 crore to

asy
meet disinvestment target for the current
the objective of strengthening the asset fiscal. For this how much stake-sale in the
recovery sector. What is the minimum company is proposed?

En
prescribed percentage of funds that ARCs
would now have to invest in SRs as directed
(a) 1%
(c) 4%
(b) 2%
(d) 5%

(a) 7.5%
(c) 15% gin
in this RBI guideline?
(b) 10%
(d) 18%
14.
(e) None of these
Indian Railways during August 2014
launched a contact-less smart card enabling
(e) None of these
eer
11. Indian Parliament recently has passed the
passengers to pay for reserved as well as
unreserved travelling train tickets as part

in
bill to empower SEBI to act against ponzi
operators and market manipulators more
effectively. What is the name of this bill?
(a) The Securities Law (Amendment) Bill,
of a pilot project. What is the name of this
smart card with lifetime validity?
(a) Go-India
g.n
(b) Go-Bharat
(c) Go-Indian (d) Go-Railway
2014
(b) Judicial Appointments Commission
Bill, 2014
(c) The Constitution Bill,2014
15.
(e) None of these
et
What is the name of the proposed airline of
Tata-SIA Airlines Limited (TSAL), a joint-
venture between Tata Group and Singapore
International Airlines (SI(a)?
(d) The Banking Law,2014 (a) Vistara (b) Margaret
(e) None of these (c) Tata-SIA (d) Legard
12. India's capital market regulator SEBI (e) None of these
cleared final guidelines for creation and 16. What is the definition of affordable housing
listing of business trusts for key sectors of loans as announced by the Reserve Bank of
real estate and infrastructure on 10 August India (RBI) on 15 July 2014?
2014. These guidelines have been cleared to (a) ` 50 lakh in metros and ` 40 lakh in
help attract greater foreign and domestic non-metros, given by banks from
the proceeds of long-term bonds (of
investments into these sectors. What are
minimum seven years maturity)
the names of business trusts associated
(b) ` 30 lakh in metros and ` 20 lakh in
with real estate and infrastructure which non-metros, given by banks from
would be created and listed with these SEBI the proceeds of long-term bonds (of
guidelines? minimum eight years maturity)

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276 Current Development in Banking

(c) ` 50 lakh in metros and ` 25 lakh in 22. The panel headed by C. Rangarajan, former
non-metros, given by banks from Chairman of PMEAC (Prime Minister's
the proceeds of long-term bonds (of Economic Advisory Council), has dismissed
minimum six years maturity) the Suresh Tendulkar Committee report on
(d) ` 60 lakh in metros and ` 35 lakh in
estimating poverty. The report submitted
non-metros, given by banks from
by Rangarajan to Planning Minister Rao
the proceeds of long-term bonds (of
minimum seven years maturity) Inderjit Singh recently stated that the
(e) None of these number of poor in India was much higher
17. The fiscal deficit target for year 2015 (2014- in 2011-12 at 29.5% of the population. What
15) has been retained at the level announced was the poverty figure stated for the same

ww by former Finance Minister [Link]

in his interim budget. What is this level?
(a) 4.1% of GDP (b) 5.7% of GDP
year in the Suresh Tendulkar Committee
report, which was severely criticized for its
findings?

18. w.E
(c) 4.8% of GDP (d) 4.5% of GDP
(e) None of these
In the Union Budget 2014-15, the govt.
(a) 38.2%
(c) 21.9%
(e) None of these
(b) 29.5%
(d) 20.25%

asy
announced setting up of a commission to
bring in reforms related to spending for 23. In Union Budget 2014 -15, in Defence
achieving maximum output. What is the sector FDI cap raised to _____ from 26% at

En
name given to this commission?
(a) Expensable Management Committee
(b) Expenditure Management Commission
present?
(a) 51% (b) 74%

gin
(c) Expedia Management Commission
(d) Expenditure Maximum Commision
(c) 100%
(e) None of these
(d) 49%

24. In Union Budget 2014 -15, Exemption limits

19.
(e) None of these

eer
The revival of the Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP)
was announced in the Union Budget
on income tax raised from _____.
(a) ` 2 lakh to ` 2.5 lakh

in
2014-15 on 10 July 2014. The KVP was
discontinued from November 2011 on the
recommendation of which committee's
recommendations?
(b) ` 2 lakh to ` 3 lakh
(c) ` 3 lakh to ` 3.5 lakh
(d) ` 2 lakh to ` 3.5 lakh
(e) ` 3 lakh to ` 4.5 lakh g.n
(a) Shyamlal Kunde Committee
(b) Shyama Prasad Committee
(c) Shyamala Gopinath Committee
(d) Gopinath Ghokle Committe
et
25. In Union Budget 2014-15, the exemption on
income for senior citizens has been raised to
____.
(a) ` 2 lakh per annum
(e) None of these
20. What GDP growth rate range for 2014- (b) v 2.5 lakh per annum
15 was estimated in the Economic Survey (c) ` 3 lakh per annum
2013-14, which was tabled recently in the (d) ` 3.5 lakh per annum
Lok Sabha? (e) ` 4 lakh per annum
(a) 5.3 to 5.9% (b) 5.2 to 5.7% 26. “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana” a Scheme
(c) 5.4 to 5.9% (d) 5.1 to 5.9% for women safety recently passed in Union
(e) None of these Budget 2014-15. How much money has
21. What was the fiscal deficit for 2013-14, as
been allotted for this scheme?
disclosed in the Economic Survey 2013-14?
(a) ` 500 Crore
(a) 4.1 % of GDP
(b) 4.2 % of GDP (b) ` 100 Crore
(c) 4.3 % of GDP (c) ` 150 Crore
(d) 4.5% of GDP (d) ` 50 Crore
(e) None of these (e) ` 1000 Crore

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Current Development in Banking 277

27. How much amount has been allocated to (a) Haryana & Punjab
for setting up 5 more IIMs and IITs? (b) Uttar Pradesh & Bihar
(a) ` 500 Crore (b) ` 100 Crore (c) Gujarat & Maharashtra
(c) ` 150 Crore (d) ` 50 Crore (d) Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan
(e) ` 1000 Crore (e) None of these
28. What is the name of the scheme proposed 35. The union government has announced
for hygiene and cleanliness in the recent a nationwide scheme “Rashtriya Gokul
Union Budget 2014-15? Mission” which aims to
(a) Bharat Swach Yojna (a) Eliminate diseases of cattle
(b) Bharat Nirmal Yojna (b) Increase milk production

ww (c) Bharat Nirman Yojna

(d) Bharat Sudhhikaran Yojna
(e) None of these
(c) Curb slaughtering of cattle
(d) Protect the indigenous breed of cows
(e) None of these

w.E
29. How much amount has been allocated to
for Statue of Unity, a statue of Sardar Patel
in Gujarat, in the recent Union Budget 2014-
36. The Reserve Bank of India is planning
to launch a new category of banks called
D-SIB. What does D-SIB stands for
15?
asy
(a) ` 500 Crore (b) ` 100 Crore
(a) Domestic Systematically Important
Banks

En
(c) ` 200 Crore (d) ` 150 Crore
(e) None of these
(b) Domestic Saving & Investment Banks
(c) Domestic Synchronised Important

gin
30. How much amount has been allocated to
for irrigation plan named Pradhan mantri
krishi sichayin yojana, in the recent Union
Banks
(d) Domestic Synchronised Improvised
Banks
Budget 2014-15?
eer
(a) ` 500 Crore (b) ` 100 Crore 37.
(e) None of these
Currently (July 2014), which country holds

(e) None of these

in
(c) ` 200 Crore (d) ` 1000 cr

31. How much amount has been allocated to

for Internet connectivity in villages, in the
the chair of the Group of Twenty (G-20)
forum?
(a) Russia
(c) Brazil g.n
(b) Australia
(d) Canada
recent Union Budget 2014-15?
(a) ` 100 Crore (b) ` 200 Crore
(c) ` 500 Crore (d) ` 150 Crore
(e) None of these
38.
(e) None of these
et
Which among the following countries will
become the 19th member of the eurozone as
it is set to adopt the euro on 1 January 2015?
32. Crisis Management Center for women will (a) Portugal (b) Greece
be open at ______? (c) Lithuania (d) Latvia
(a) Delhi (b) Mumbai (e) None of these
(c) Bangalore (d) Kolkata 39. As of 2014, the BRICS nations represent
(e) Gurgaun what per cent of the World economy.
33. Annual PPF ceiling to be enhanced to _____ (a) 12 (b) 15
from Rs 1 lakh (c) 18 (d) 23
(a) ` 1.5 lakh (b) ` 2 lakh (e) None of these
(c) ` 3 lakh (d) ` 3.5 lakh 40. According to the latest available data what
(e) none of these was India’s economic growth in 2013-14 ?
34. In the recent Union Budget 2014-15, (a) 4.5% (b) 4.7%
Agriculture University will be set up in (c) 5.5% (d) 5.7%
_____ ? (e) None of these

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278 Current Development in Banking

41. What is the objective of the government 47. Consider the following Statements:
behind setting up a Minimum Export Price (1) Arun Jaitley is a member of the Board
(MEP) for a particular commodity? of Governors of the Asian Development
(a) To promote import Bank (ADB).
(b) To promote exports (2) Asian Development Bank is based in
(c) To check price rise
Phillippines.
(d) To help exporters
Choose the correct statement/s using the
(e) None of these
42. The Union Govt. recently launched a web following codes:
portal for enabling government-citizen (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
discussions on several issues. What is the (c) Either 1 or 2 (d) Both 1 and 2

ww name of this portal which was inaugurated

by Prime Minister Narendra Modi?
(a) MyGov (b) MineGov
(e) None of these
48. Consider the following statements:

w.E
(1) RBI has lowered Statutory Liquidity
(c) MeriGov (d) MyGovern Rate (SLR) by 0.50% in its June review.
(e) None of these (2) Reduction in SLR helps in increasing
43. Public sector based Central Bank during

asy
credit availability in the market
July 2014 announced its plans to sell 4% of
Which of the above statement(s) is/are
its stake to LIC for ` 581 crore. This stake
correct?
sale is planned to meet bank's capital

En
requirement of ` 2,000 crore this fiscal.
With this proposed sale Union Govt.'s
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Either 1 or 2 (d) Both 1 and 2

gin
holding in Central Bank would come down
to ________.
(e) None of these
49. Which of the following statements
(a) 78%
(c) 84%
(e) None of these eer
(b) 80%
(d) 88%
regarding New Development Bank to be
established by BRICS nations are correct?

in
(1) The headquarter of the bank will be in
44. How many banks were fined by the Reserve Shanghai
Bank of India (RBI) on 25 July 2014 for
violating central bank rules in the case of
Deccan Chronicle Holdings? g.n
(2) It will provide financial assistance to
infrastructure projects of BRICS nations
(a) Ten
(c) Twelve
(e) None of these
(b) Eleven
(d) Thirteen

45. S.K. Jain, who was arrested by the CBI

only

et
(3) The proposal for the bank was first
made in 2012 summit in New Delhi.
Choose the correct code from the options
on charges of allegedly accepting a bribe given below:
of ` 50 lakh to enhance the credit limit of (a) 1 and 2 only
some companies, was the Chairman and (b) 1 and 3 only
Managing Director (CMD) of which public- (c) 2 and 3 only
sector bank? (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) Syndicate Bank (e) None of these
(b) Indian Bank
50. sbiINTOUCH launched by State Bank of
(c) Oriental Bank of Commerce
India relates to
(d) UCO Bank
(e) None of these (a) ATM services
46. The bank to launch 'video branch' is? (b) digital branches
(a) HSBC (b) ICICI (c) infrastructure loans
(c) IndusInd (d) Yes Bank (d) home loans
(e) None of these (e) None of these

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Current Development in Banking 279

51. Name the place where Canara Bank 58. Which among the following companies has
launched its seventh overseas branch in topped the Fortune Global 500 list of the
June 2014 world's biggest companies?
(a) London (b) New York (a) Exxon Mobil
(c) Leicester (d) Shanghai (b) Wal-Mart
(e) Canada (c) Sinopec Group
52. Global Economic Prospects (GEP) report (d) Indian Oil Corp
revised down the economic growth forecast (e) None of these
for developing world in 2014 from 5.3 59. According to Reserve Bank of India's latest
percent to study, which one of the following states

ww (a) 4.5 percent (b) 4.8 percent

(c) 5 percent
(e) 4.9 percent
(d) 4.4 percent
ranks as the best performing state in most
of the key fiscal parameters?
(a) Gujarat

w.E
53. Name the bank that purchased the HSBC
bank's Swiss private banking assets?
(a) Six SIS AG (b) Zurich Cantonal Bank
(b) Kerala
(c) Chhattisgarh
(d) Odisha

asy
(c) LGT Bank (d) WIR Bank
(e) None of these
54. Recently, the BRICS countries firmed up
(e) None of these
60. The Reserve Bank of India has power to

En
plan to set up a New Development Bank
(NDB) with an initial authorised capital of
print currency notes of up to ` ____?
(a) 1,000 (b) 5,000

gin
$100 billion. The NDB will be headquartered
in ___?
(c) 10,000
(e) None of these
(d) 15,000

eer
(a) New Delhi (b) Shanghai 61. The RBI has recently decided to withdraw
(c) Moscow (d) Johanesburg from circulation of currency notes that had
(e) Brasília been issued before___?

blank with correct option?

(a) 10 (b) 15
in
55. As of 2014, the BRICS nations represented
____ per cent of the World economy. Fill the
(a) 2004
(c) 2005
(e) None of these
(b) 2006
(d) 2008

g.n
62. India on 2 January 2014 has signed a credit
(c) 18
(e) 19
(d) 20

56. Which one of the following countries

has launched the "Operation Barkhane"
Bank for the modernization of
(a) Uttar Pradesh Road Sector
et
agreement of 160 million dollar with World

(b) Rajasthan Road Sector

a counter terrorism operation in against (c) Bihar Road Sector
Islamist militant in Northern Africa? (d) West Bengal Road Sector
(a) USA (b) Russia (e) None of these
(c) France (d) Germany
63. Which institution has been recognized by
(e) Portugal
RBI recently to act as local operating unit
57. According to the latest World Development
for issuing globally compatible legal entity
Indicators (WDI) data, public spending on
identifiers (LEI) in India?
health and education in India is ___ per cent
(a) FICCI
of country's GDP. Fill the blank with correct
option? (b) India Inc
(a) 8.5 (b) 4.7 (c) Clearing Corporation of India Ltd.
(c) 7.0 (d) 8.9 (d) Financial Stability Board
(e) 16 (e) None of these

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280 Current Development in Banking

64. A panel of Reserve Bank of India has (d) Israel and Libya
suggested to set-up specialized banks to (e) None of these
cater to the low income households and 69. Reserve Bank of India on 20 January 2014
small businesses. These banks will ensure constituted an Expert Committee to Review
that every citizen have a bank account by Governance of Bank Boards in India. The
2016. The panel was headed by expert committee will be chaired by?
(a) Mukul Mudgal (a) Urjit R. Patel
(b) Nachiket Mor (b) H.R. Khan
(c) Raghuram Rajan (c) K.C. Chakrabarty
(d) Bilal Nazaki (d) P.J. Nayak

ww (e) None of these

65. Who has been appointed as the Managing
Director and Chief Executive Officer of
70.
(e) None of these
Recently, an Expert Panel on Monetary
Framework set up by the RBI recommended

w.E
General India Life Insurance?
(a) Arvind Mayaram
(b) Santosh Hegde
to strengthen and revise the current
monetary policy framework. The Expert
Panel was headed by?

asy
(c) JS Mathur
(d) Munish Sharda
(a) Raghuram G Rajan
(b) Peter J. Montiel

En
(e) None of these
66. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) and the Reserve
(c) Rupa Nitsure
(d) Urjit Patel

gin
Bank of India (RBI) recently agreed to
expand the amount of the Bilateral Swap
Agreement (BSA) to
71.
(e) None of these
Recently RBI issued new guidelines on loan
restructuring of Non-banking Financial
(a) 15 billion dollars
(b) 35 billion dollarseer Companies (NBFCs). The guidelines were
based on the recommendation of which
(c) 50 billion dollars
(d) 75 billion dollars
(e) None of these
in
67. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Committee?
(a) Nachiket Mor Committee
(b) Urijit Patel Committee
(c) Bimal Jalan Committee g.n
Development (NABARD) recently reduced
the refinance rates for the banks and
other lending agencies by 0.20 percent.
The NABARD was established on the
72.
(d) B. Mahapatra Committee
(e) None of these et
In international banking system, what does
the TIBOR stands for ___?
recommendation of which committee? (a) Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate
(a) Narendran Commission (b) Taiwan Interbank Offered Rate
(b) Mukherjee Commission (c) Thailand Interbank Offered Rate
(c) Justice Shah Commission (d) Tongling Interbank Offered Rate
(d) B. Sivaraman Committee (e) None of these
(e) None of these 73. Which one of the following committees was
68. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on 15 January set up by RBI to study the various issues
2014 included two countries in the sensitive relating to financial benchmarks?
list under FEMA Act, 2000. The countries in (a) Umesh Chandra
question are (b) Vijaya Bhaskar
(a) Iran and China (c) Urjit Patel
(b) Hong Kong and Macau (d) Subbu Rao
(c) Syria and Sudan (e) None of these

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Current Development in Banking 281

74. Who among the following has been appointed (3) As per the RBI guidelines Public Sector
new chairman of NABARD? Banks has to give loans to women SHGs
(a) Harsh Kumar Bhanwala at the interest rate of 9%
(b) Chandra Shekar Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) Hemanth Banswal correct?
(d) Amith Mishra (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(e) None of these (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) only 3
75. Which of the following foreign banks has (e) None of these
been granted license to start its banking 80. Consider the following statements
operation in India, recently? regarding medium term note (MTN)
programme :

ww
(a) Doha Bank
(1) Medium term note (MTN) is a debt
(b) Bank of Japan
bond which usually matures in 5 to 10
(c) Barclays Bank
years.

w.E
(d) Kookmin Bank
(e) None of these
76. Consider the following banks:
1. ABN Amro Bank
(2) Recently Union Bank of India has hit the
global debt market to raise around USD
500 million through bond issuance.

asy
2. Barclays Bank
3. Kookmin Bank
(3) Medium term note (MTN) is a debt and
which usually matures in 7 to 12 years
Which of the statements given above is/are

En
Which of the following correctly represents
their countries of origin?
correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only

gin
(a) Dutch, USA, Japan
(b) Japan, USA, China
(c) Dutch, UK, South Korea
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) only 3
(e) None of these
81. Consider the following statements :
(d) Dutch, USA, China
(e) None of these eer (1) Instant Money Transfer (IMT scheme is
launched by Bank of India.

(a) Arundhati Bhattacharya

(b) Naina Lal Kidwai
in
77. Who is the chairperson of State Bank Of
India?
(2) It allows withdrawal of funds to
individuals from its ATMs without an
account in the bank.
g.n
Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) Chanda Kochar
(d) Shikha Sharma
(e) None of these
78. The World Bank has set a new goal of
correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
et
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(e) None of these
reducing extreme poverty to: 82. Consider the following statements:
1. The RBI has announced the 'Depositor
(a) 9 percent by 2020
Education and Awareness Fund
(b) 6 percent by 2015
Scheme, 2014'.
(c) 3 percent by 2025
2. The Depositor Education and
(d) 0 percent by 2015 Awareness Fund Scheme will utilize
(e) None of these unclaimed bank deposits for education
79. Consider the following statements in regard and awareness of depositor.
to inclusive development : 3. The scheme will be funded by centre
(1) As per the RBI guidelines Public Sector for depositor 's education.
Banks has to give loans to women SHGs Which among the above is/ are correct
at the interest rate of 7%. statements?
(2) The initiative is to get benefit of interest (a) 1, 2 & 3 (b) 2 & 3
rate subvention scheme under the (c) 1, & 2 only (d) One of the above
Damini scheme. (e) None of these

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282 Current Development in Banking

83. Consider the following statements : 88. Consider the following statements:
(1) Umesh Chandra committee was set 1. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on
up by RBI to study the various issues 2 April 2014 granted in-principle
relating to financial benchmarks. approvals to IDFC Ltd and Bandhan
(2) The committee has recommended Financial Services Pvt. Ltd to start new
change in determining money market banks in India.
benchmark. 2. These approvals have been granted
(3) Ram Chandra committee was set up by under the guidelines on licensing of
SEBI to study the various issues relating new banks in the public sector.
to financial benchmarks. 3. The two have been granted the

ww Which of the statements given above is/are

correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
permission to set-up banks from a field
of 25 aspirants.
Which of the statements given above is/are

w.E
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) only 3
(e) None of these
84. Which among the following finance
correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only

asy
companies has received RBI approvals
to set up a minimum of 9,000 white label
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(e) None of these
rural India?
En
ATMs (WLAs) in the next three years in
89. The Reserve Bank of India on 1 April 2014
adopted the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as

gin
(a) CMS Finvest Ltd.
(b) SREI Infrastructure Finance Ltd.
(c) Reliance Capital Ltd.
the key measure of Inflation. It was adopted
in the first bi-monthly monetary policy
(d) Tokyo Finance Ltd.
(e) None of these eer statement for 2014-15. It was adopted on
the basis of recommendations of which
Committee report?

in
85. Which of the following is the largest bank in
the world in terms of market capitalization?
(a) China Construction Bank
(b) Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
(a) Urjit R Patel Committee
(b) A Ghosh Committee
(c) C Rao Committee
g.n
et
(d) Bhagwati Committee
(c) Wells Fargo & Co (e) None of these
(d) Bank of America 90. Consider the following statements:
(e) None of these 1. Asian Development Outlook 2014 was
86. Recently, RBI has proposed setting up of released on 1 April 2014 by the Asian
a trade Receivables and credit exchange Development Bank.
(TCE) for financing ____? 2. According to the ADB Outlook 2014,
(a) Regional Rural Banks developing Asia is expected to extend
(b) Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises its steady growth from 6.1 percent
(c) Public Sector Banks in 2013 to 6.2 percent in 2014 and 6.4
(d) Non-banking Financial Corporations percent in 2015.
(e) None of these 3. Asian Development 2014 was released
87. Which among the following is the largest on 1st January 2014 by ADB.
foreign bank operating in India in terms of Which of the statements given above is/are
asset base? correct?
(a) Stanchart (b) HSBC (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
(c) Citibank (d) DBS (c) 2 only (d) only 3
(e) None of these (e) None of these

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Current Development in Banking 283

91. President Pranab Mukherjee on 30 March 95. Which of the following constitutes a
2014 cleared the re-promulgation of the SEBI significant portion of banks' lending
Ordinance Securities Laws (Amendment) portfolios?
Bill 2013. The ordinance aims to give (a) Credit finance
powers to (b) Foreign Exchange
1. Securities and Exchanges Board of India (c) Consumer finance
(SEBI) to act against Ponzi scheme. (d) Money laundering
2. The move was to arm the regulator with (e) None of these
more stringent powers comes in the 96. Consider the following statements:
wake to curb the illegal involvement of 1. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has
chit fund companies. said the investment limit in the inflation

ww 3. Parliament passed the Securities Laws

(Amendment) Bill 2013 in the Winter
session.
indexed bonds for individuals has been
doubled to Rs 10 lakh.
2. Interest rates on the bonds are linked to

w.E
Consider the above statements and choose
the correct option.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?

asy
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(e) None of these
92. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) extended
(a) 1 only
(c) 2 only
(e) None of these
(b) 1 and 2
(d) Either 1 or 2

En
the timeline for full implementation of the
Basel III capital regulations by a year. Now
97. The public sector banks are banks where a
majority state is held by the Government.

gin
the banks are required to comply with the
Basel III norms by 31 March 2019 instead of
(a) 31 March 2016
Which of the following banks is the second
largest public sector bank among the 236
(b) 31 March 2018
(c) 31 March 2017 eer PSBs in India in terms of profit?
(a) Bank of India
(b) Punjab National bank
(d) 31 March 2015
(e) None of these
in
93. The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is a
venture of ___?
(c) bank of baroda
(d) Central Bank of India
(e) None of these
g.n
98. Consider the following statements:
(a) HDFC
(b) HSBC
(c) ICICI
(d) EXIM Bank of India
et
1. RBI in consultation with Union
Government on 1 April 2014 capped
the Ways and Means Advances (WM(a)
limits for the first half of the new
(e) None of these
94. Factors responsible for the widespread financial year 2014-15 (April 2014-Sep
popularity of consumer finance in recent 2014) at 35000 crore rupees.
years: Providing access to purchasing 2. The second half of the limit would be
power to the middle class consumer has fixed in September 2014.
been the most significant achievement of 3. This notification of Reserve Bank of
this product class. India (RBI) is aimed at triggering fresh
A complainant not satisfied with the flotation of market loans when the
decision of the Banking Ombudsman, has government utilises 75 percent of the
the right to appeal to the_______. WMA limit.
(a) Governor SBP Consider the above statements and choose
(b) AVP of the concerned bank the correct option.
(c) High Court (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(d) Supreme Court (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(e) None of these (e) None of these

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284 Current Development in Banking

99. CSO in its advanced estimates for the year 107. The Ministerial Conference of World Trade
2013-14 projected the GDP growth rate at Organisation (WTO) in was held in
constant prices to be (a) Japan (b) Mexico
(a) 4.6% (b) 4.8% (c) Canada (d) Indonesia
(c) 4.9% (d) 5.1%
(e) None of these
(e) None of these
108. Who is the newly appointed Managing
100. At current prices, the GDP growth rate
for the year 2013-14, as projected by CSO Director and CEO of MCX-SX?
stands at (a) Srikant Javlekar
(a) 11.9% (b) 12.3% (b) Saurabh Sarkar
(c) 13.3% (d) 14.5% (c) U.K. Sinha

ww (e) None of these

101. As per the status on January 28, 2014 the
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) stands at-
(d) Prateep Chowdhary
(e) None of these

(a) 8.5%
(c) 9.0% w.E
(e) None of these
(b) 8.75%
(d) 9.25%
109. Which is the latest round of NELP unveiled
by the government for the auction?
(a) NELP-IX (b) NELP-X

asy
102. India’s economic freedom score in 2014
stands at 55.7 and on the basis of it, India has
(c) NELP-XI
(e) None of these
(d) NEP-XIII

110. Which of the following committee is

En
been placed at...rank in the list of Economic
Freedom Index 2014. associated with the review of Insider
(a) 118th (b) 119th Trading Regulations?
(c) 120th
(e) None of these gin
(d) 121th (a) Sodhi Committee
(b) Sinha Committee

eer
103. Which of the following year has registered
the maximum GDP growth rate?
(a) 2005-06 (b) 2006-07
(c) Tarapore Committee
(d) Chandrashekhar Committee
(c) 2007-08
(e) None of these in
(d) 2010-11

104. During the first nine months of the financial

year 2013-14, the trade deficit in India stood
(e) None of these
111. World Economic Situation and Prospects

(a) IMF g.n

Report is associated with :

at
(a) 105 billion dollar
(b) 108 billion dollar
(c) 110 billion dollar
(b) World Bank
(c) United Nations
(d) WTO
et
(e) None of these
(d) 112 billion dollar
(e) None of these 112. Nachiket Mor committee has submitted its
105. During the first nine months of the financial recommendations which are related to:
year 2013-14, India’s exports registered the (a) Insider Trading
growth of (b) Financial Inclusion
(a) + 2.98% (b) + 5.94% (c) Micro Financing
(c) – 4.76% (d) – 5.94% (d) Macro Financing
(e) None of these (e) None of these
106. During the first nine months of the financial
113. RBI has introduced Inflation Indexed Bond
year 2013-14, India’s imports registered the
which have the locking period of :
growth of
(a) – 4.64% (b) – 6.55% (a) 5 years (b) 10 years
(c) + 4.64% (d) + 6.55% (c) 15 years (d) 20 years
(e) None of these (e) None of these

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Current Development in Banking 285

114. Consider the following statements in regard Which of the above statements is/are
to money market in India: correct?
(1) It is a market for short-term and long- (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
term funds with maturity ranging from (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
overnight to one year. (e) None of these
(2) It acts as an instrument of liquidity 118. When the RBI wants to inject liquidity into
adjustment for the Central Bank. economy, it may adopt the following :
(3) It is a market for only long term funds. (1) Buy the government securities from the
Which of the statements given above is/are banks.
correct? (2) Enter into reverse repo operations

ww (a) 1 only (b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) only 3
(e) None of these
(3) Raise cash Reserve Ratio
(4) Reduce SLR.
Select the correct answer using the codes

w.E
115. Which of the following can be the outcomes
of very high inflation in the economy?
(1) Reduction in economic growth.
given below:
(a) 1 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1 and 4 only

asy
(2) Increase in savings.
(3) Reduction in exports.
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(e) None of these
119. Which of the following statements is/are
below :
En
Select the correct answer using the codes
correct in regard to ‘micro-finance’?
(1) Micro-credit extended by banks to
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 gin individual is reckoned as a part of their
priority sector lending.
(d) 1 and 4 only
(e) None of these eer (2) RBI has prescribed a particular model
for banks to provide micro-finance.
(3) RBI has prescribed a particular model

in
116. Which of the following activities can lead to
financial inclusion in India?
(1) Issuing of general purpose credit cards.
(2) Strict know your customer’ (KY(c)
for banks to provide macro-finance.

g.n
Choose the correct answer using the codes
given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
norms
(3) Opening of Bank branches in unbanked
rural areas.
(4) Opening of no-frills account.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) only 3
(e) None of these et
120. Consider the following statements in regard
to ‘marginal standing facility (MSF)’ of RBI :
Select the correct answer using the codes (1) It will help in reducing volatility in the
given below : overnight lending rates in the inter-
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only bank market.
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only (2) The borrowing under the MSF should
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only be over and above the statutory
(d) 2 and 3 only liquidity requirement.
(e) None of these (3) It will not help in reducing lending
117. Consider the following statements : rates.
(1) Fiat money is a term used for Gold Which of the statements given above is/are
coins. correct?
(2) Currency Deposit Ratio is the proportion (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
of the total deposits commercial banks (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) only 3
keep as reserves. (e) None of these

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286 Current Development in Banking

121. ‘Basel III’ norms target at which of the (d) Eighth Five Year Plan
following? (e) None of these
(1) Improve the banking sector’s ability to 125. In India, which of the following have the
absorb shocks arising from financial highest share in the disbursement of credit
and economic stress. to agriculture and allied activities?
(2) Improve risk management and (a) Commercial Banks
governance. (b) Co-operative Banks
(c) Regional Rural Banks
(3) Strengthen banks’ transparency.
(d) Microfinance Institutions
Choose the correct answer using the codes
(e) None of these
given below: 126. Choose the correct statements in the context

ww (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(e) None of these
of Cooperative Banks in India.
1. Cooperative Banks operate on no profit
no loss basis.

matched? w.E
122. Which of the following is not correctly

(a) Chitra Ramkrishna – National Stock

2. Cooperative Banks are allowed to
operate only in the agriculture sector.
3. NABARD is a Cooperative Bank.

asy
Exchange
(b) Chanda Kochar – ICICI Bank
(a) 1 only
(c) 1 and 3
(e) None of these
(b) 1 and 2
(d) Either 1 or 2

En
(c) Naina Lal Kidwai – HSBC
(d) Shikha Sharma – SBI [Link] the following statements :

gin
(e) None of these 1. Regional Rural Banks grant direct loans
123. Which of the following definitions are and advances to marginal farmers and
correct? rural artisans.

percentage [Link]
(1) Basis points: increase in interest rates in 2. NABARD is responsible for laying
down policies and to oversee the
operations of the RRBs.

in
(2) Repo rate: rate at which commercial
banks borrow from the RBI by selling
their securities or financial assets to the
RBI for a long-period of time.
3. RRB is not responsible for laying down
policies.

g.n
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(3) Reverse repo rate: rate of interest at
which the central bank borrows funds
from other banks for a short duration.
(4) Cash reserve ratio: minimum
(a) 1 only

(e) None of these

(b) 2 only
et
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

128. Which one of the following agencies is

percentage of cash deposits that banks not included in the operation of the Kisan
must keep with itself to avoid liquidity Credit Cards?
issues. (a) Scheduled Commercial Banks
(a) (1) & (2) (b) (2), (3) & (4) (b) Co-operative Banks
(c) Regional Rural Banks
(c) (2) & (4) (d) (3) & (4)
(d) NABARD
(e) None of these
(e) None of these
124. During which plan was the National Bank
129. The Reserve Bank of India, released its June
for Agriculture and Rural Development Mid-quarter Monetary Policy.
(NABAR(d) established to facilitate the Consider the following statements:
rural credit and agricultural development? 1. RBI left its key policy, repo rate
(a) Third Five Year Plan unchanged at 7.25% in line.
(b) Fifth Five Year Plan 2. CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio), remained at
(c) Sixth Five Year Plan 4%.

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Current Development in Banking 287

3. Repo is the rate at which banks borrow Select the answer from the codes given
from the central bank. below:
Select the correct answer using codes given Codes:
below: (a) 1 and 2
Codes: (b) 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) All of the above
(e) None of these (e) None of these
130. Consider the following statements about 133. Under which of the following circumstances
Bharitiya Mahila Bank: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) raised the Repo

ww 1. The Proposed Bank

headquartered in Mumbai.
will

2. It will start 6 branches in Mumbai,

be rate under Liquidity Adjustment Facility
(LAF) from 7.75 to 8 per cent in January
2014?

w.E
Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Indore and
Guwahati.
Select the correct answer using codes given
1. Global uncertainty continues to
surround the prospects for some
emerging economies.
below:
Codes:
(a) 1 only asy (b) 2 only
2. Domestic fragilities getting accentuated.
3. Financial market contagion is a clear

En
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Either 1 or 2
(e) None of these
potential risk.
4. The CPI inflation is expected to be on

gin
the upside risk .
131. Match the followings: Select the answer from the codes given
List-I List-II below:
Designation

eer
Chairperson/President
A. ASSOCHAM 1. Krishna
Kumar
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4

B. FICCI in
Natarajan
2. K. R. Kamath
C. NASSCOM 3. Rana Kapoor
D. Indian Bank 4. Naina Lal Kidwai
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(e) None of these
(d) All of the above

g.n
134. The RBI Expert Committee to revise and
strengthen the monetary policy framework
Association
(IBA)
Select the correct answer using codes given
below:
is headed by
(a) Dr. Urjit R. Patel Committee
(b) Suresh Mathur Panel
(c) Vijay Kelkar Committee
et
Codes: (d) Shah Nawaz Committee
A B C D (e) None of these
(a) 4 3 2 1 135. RBI appointed a Committee to Review
(b) 3 4 1 2 Governance of Boards of Banks in India
(c) 2 1 3 4 chaired by P.J. Nayak would
(d) 1 2 4 3 1. review the regulatory compliance
132. Core Banking Solution(CBS) provides: require-ments of banks' boards in India.
1. multiple delivery channels to the 2. judge what can be rationalised and
customers. where requirements need to be
2. better MIS and reporting to external enhanced.
agencies such as government, RBI, etc. 3. examine the working of banks’ boards.
3. better asset liability management and 4. analyse the representation on banks’
risk management by banks. boards.

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288 Current Development in Banking

Select the answer from the codes given 138. Consider the following facts about Bhartiya
below: Mahila Bank :
Codes: 1. BMB was inaugurated on 19th
(a) 1, 2 and 3 November, 2013, the birth anniversary
(b) 2, 3 and 4 of Late Indira Gandhi.
(c) 1, 3 and 4 2. Usha Ananthasubramanian is the
(d) All of the above founder Chairperson of the BMB.
(e) None of these 3. BMB offered 4.5% interest rate on
136. Which of the following are the savings bank deposits upto ` 1 lakh and
recommendations of the RBI Expert
5% on deposits above ` 1 lakh.

ww Committee to revise and strengthen the

monetary policy framework?
1. It recommended that a new Consumer
The correct codes are
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) All of these

w.E
Price Index (CPI) should be adopted by
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to anchor
the monetary policy.
(e) None of these
139. RBI increased the validity period of the

asy
2. The committee has also set an inflation in-principle approval of setting up of new
target at 4 percent with a band of plus/ banks from one year to
minus 2 percent around it. (a) 14 months (b) 16 months

En
3. The monetary policy decision should
be vested in the hands of the Monetary
(c) 18 months (d) 20 months
(e) None of these

gin
Policy Committee (MP(c) that will be
headed by the Governor.
140. Recently the Reserve Bank penalised three
banks for violation of KYC norms and anti-

eer
4. Not to detach Open Market Operations
(OMOs) from the fiscal operations and
instead linked solely to the liquidity
money laundering guidelines. Which one is
not among them?
(a) Axis Bank
management.
in
Select the answer from the codes given
below:
Codes:
(b) HDFC
(c) ICICI
(d) Kotak Mahindra Bank
g.n
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) All of the above
(e) None of these

et
141. RBI constituted an expert committee for
examining its current monetary policy
framework. Who is the chairman of the
committee?
(e) None of these
(a) Dr. Urjit Patel
137. Which of the following organizations is
selected by the RBI for issuing globally (b) H. R. Khan
compatible Legal Entity Identifiers (LEIs)? (c) Dr. Anand Sinha
(a) Industrial Credit and Investment (d) K. C. Chakrabarty
Corporation of India (ICICI ) (e) None of these
(b) Clearing Corporation of India Ltd 142. RBI reduced the Marginal Standing Facility
(CCIL) (MSF) Rate to 9% from
(c) Housing Development Finance (a) 9.5%
Corporation (HDF(c) (b) 9.3%
(d) Security and Exchange Board of India (c) 9.8%
(SEBI) (d) 9.9%
(e) None of these (e) None of these

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Current Development in Banking 289

143. Who is the first chairperson and managing (b) Commercial Banks
director of public sector Bharatiya Mahila (c) Regional Rural Banks
Bank (BMB)? (d) Central Rural Bank
(a) Shilpa Phadnis (e) None of these
(b) Usha Anantha Subramanian 145. In India ‘Report on Currency and Finance’
(c) Reeba Zachariah is the annual publication of
(d) Sudha Misra (a) SEBI
(e) None of these (b) RBI
144. Which is not a source of Agriculture finance (c) Finance Commission
in India? (d) Finance Ministry

ww (a) Co-operative societies (e) None of these

1. w.E
(a) 2. (c)
ANSWER KEY
3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6.
11.
16.
(b)
(a)
(a) asy 7.
12.
17.
(a)
(d)
(a)
8.
13.
18.
(d)
(d)
(b)
9.
14.
19.
(c)
(a)
(c)
10.
15.
20.
(c)
(a)
(c)
21.
26.
(d)
(b) En
22.
27.
(c)
(a)
23.
28.
(d)
(a)
24.
29.
(a)
(c)
25.
30.
(c)
(d)
31.
36.
(c)
(a) gin
32.
37.
(a)
(b)
33.
38.
(a)
(c)
34.
39.
(d)
(c)
35.
40.
(d)
(b)
41.
46.
(c)
(c)
42.
47.
eer (a)
(a)
43.
48.
(c)
(d)
44.
49.
(c)
(b)
45.
50.
(a)
(b)

in
51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (c)
56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61.
66.
(c)
(c)
62.
67.
(b)
(d)
63.
68.
(c)
(b)
64.
69.
(b)
(d)
65.
70. g.n(d)
(d)
71.
76.
81.
86.
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
72.
77.
82.
87.
(a)
(a)
(c)
(c)
73.
78.
83.
88.
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
74.
79.
84.
89.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
75.
80.
85.
90.
et
(a)
(c)
(b)
(b)
91. (b) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (c)
96. (b) 97. (c) 98. (d) 99. (c) 100. (b)
101. (c) 102. (c) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (b)
106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (c) 109. (b) 110. (a)
111. (c) 112. (b) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (d)
116. (c) 117. (d) 118. (b) 119. (a) 120. (a)
121. (d) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125. (a)
126. (a) 127. (c) 128. (d) 129. (d) 130. (b)
131. (b) 132. (d) 133. (c) 134. (a) 135. (d)
136. (a) 137. (b) 138. (a) 139. (c) 140. (d)
141. (a) 142. (a) 143. (b) 144. (d) 145. (b)

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