Speed droop characteristics in synchronous generators ensure stable sharing of load between generators while maintaining dynamic grid stability. It helps in equally distributing load changes among parallel-running generators, preventing one generator from taking on all the load variations which could lead to overload. In the discussed system, the generated frequency is maintained through a 3 Hz droop from no-load to full-load conditions, ensuring stable frequency regulation .

Connecting a synchronous generator to an infinite bus fixes the terminal voltage to match the bus voltage, typically resulting in a change in the torque angle and a recalibrated internal voltage depending on the synchronous reactance. In this case, for a generator with an internal voltage of 16.59 kV supplying 10 MW to an infinite bus with 13.6 kV, the angle between these voltages as well as the output current and terminal voltage need to be recalculated considering the fixed voltage of the infinite bus .

The torque angle in a synchronous generator is determined by the power it delivers, the internal voltage, the terminal voltage, and the per-phase reactance. In this specific setup, it can be calculated using the power equation and knowing the internal and terminal voltages are the same as the rated voltage. For instance, with a power of 10 MW, internal and terminal voltage as the rated voltage, and reactances X_d = 9.864Ω and X_q = 8.014Ω, the torque angle can be derived from these parameters using the power angle equation .

Adjusting generator frequency impacts system voltage and load balance by directly influencing the power sharing among generators. Frequency changes help in redistributing the load among generators, thus maintaining system stability. For example, adjusting the no-load frequency of the fourth generator in response to a system load change to restore a 60 Hz frequency involves recalculating its output to rebalance the load distribution without changing other settings .

Counter-acting frequency deviations after a generator disconnection requires immediate adjustments in the operational output of remaining generators, deploying automated control systems like under-frequency relays, and possibly shedding load to prevent further instability. Additionally, increasing the spinning reserve or dispatching fast-responding generators can provide the necessary support to absorb the deficit and maintain frequency stability, especially when a generator managing incremental loads is suddenly offline .

The power factor indicates the efficiency of a generator's power usage, with a high power factor implying less apparent power is needed for the same real power. For a three-phase hydro generator, it is calculated based on the real and apparent power outputs. In a setup delivering 10 MW real power with the internal and terminal voltages matching rated values, the power factor can be derived from the known real power and calculated apparent power .

An increase in system load results in frequency drooping unless mitigated by adjusting no-load frequency settings. With fixed droop characteristics, the load increase from 260 MW to 290 MW without changing governor set points would result in a frequency lower than 60 Hz. The no-load frequency setting of the generator handling incremental load changes would need adjustment to restore the frequency back to 60 Hz under the new load conditions .

If a generator responsible for managing load changes is disconnected, the remaining generators must quickly adjust their output to maintain system frequency and voltage. This can cause disturbances, potential overloads, or frequency deviations. In the case of the fourth generator being tripped off while managing incremental load changes at a balanced 60 Hz frequency, the other generators must increase output to cover the lost capacity and stabilize the grid .

Reactance in the connecting link between a generator and an infinite bus influences voltage drop, stability margins, and power transmission efficiency. It directly affects the angle between the internal generator voltage and bus voltage, as well as working currents. In this case, with a reactance of 1.356Ω on the connecting link, it impacts how power is stably delivered from the generator to the infinite bus with specific voltage and current calculations necessary to maintain system stability .

Incremental load shifts in multi-generator power systems are primarily managed by adjusting the output of certain generators with droop control. The fourth generator in the provided setup manages all incremental load shifts, allowing frequency regulation by adjusting its output as the system load fluctuates. For instance, with a load increase to 290 MW without adjusting governor set points, this generator modifies its output to stabilize the frequency .