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Sets Notes

Sets part of discrete mathematics explained here clearly and concisely.

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Wafi Bin Hassan The Inevitable
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18 views51 pages

Sets Notes

Sets part of discrete mathematics explained here clearly and concisely.

Uploaded by

Wafi Bin Hassan The Inevitable
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ie] SET we set is a well defined — collection cpeiements , the ddjecks d, tre sek ose ‘ne elements om members of wnat Set. r €q: ® he owes Gse,i,0/4) ore he memioers of Whe Engin adpinatoeh fet A be the sek of voasls eet Laersiay ras 08 t 4 P Note. and is dendled bythe he element ™“ [<¢8] . pelongs 10 q ot the element of AL and iS denoted ky the symbol : does not belong * . oper Of A SENS D she cardinal punter 5 —~—~ vy mernbes, oF set Al Wis of a set, . © the Number the. cordainal number & elem ane toc = a [nw 25 Ro. inned with CamScanner v Equal Set: uo sets ore soidto be equal if they hovg,. nN by number of Clements. Be order in Ghidh He the same yigied does not matter elements are & Ae {rasa} B= farivry AaB empty, set oneZero sett DP Nariser & bis a seh which has no elements and is denoted by tre. syprio! {y or DL Leni) DB Some important setss_” TO wd She set ty mace numbess N- Ne (Uaa'e- " “} e numbers ?) She we 314), > {0,1,23-- -j ; ' 3) he set dy prime numbers, (05/80 ith «es ‘y Scanned with CamScan ner hh ‘) Te serot integers: : Ze fore -3,-21,0/1,23 7 S 8) the ser dy negatlve “integprss Ze (eee Beale J ) The sete positite Megers Z*: {42,36 eee), | % We si 4, 907 positive integers {or =3,-8,1 05 3) core cer nor negetre MEEss {01-28 pene il gp odd numbers (neural numbers) ~ {1,8,5,74M- += even numbers (whole number s)~ 2) She set 10) hhe sek fy fesse J dered 46 [ note: (0) is consider - even number ] PTo, Scanned with CamScanner '@ She set square number +. rf ty 4,9 \G,25,36,49 ves y ace Se oD Perfect bon [Rove : Yr 2,34 7D eee Squore Form ® She set 4 cubic number = {1/8,27/b4 05/26, 23 a a) * % [ Notes BP, PAO O.- a 13) dye set qs prime Factors 4 GO:m “53 ® Je ser ef Factors sO .~ = {1127914560101 18,20,20/60 } © the Seactors oh A626 = { 12,454, 6 ,%,12,24,32, 49, aby © the set dy ~ divisors ’ bin CH2,31 677 14,9 42° @) he ser multi ples dp 42 a~ {42 84,126,168 a0. “y Scanned with CamScanner A ® Tre ser ay tiangular nambers: C36, 10,15,21,28 36-997" iy Rosiona\ number’. Any number which can We coritten’ wnere “Ce, 4 ee) ord (4#0) is called roticnal numboer: denoted by the symdol Q@. TF Sq = ID o ratonal number, safraction 2. , Tris usualy then evevy iwieger is eo. 5 =S Tet! Uo a ant > 13 7 ig) (Rational Num@er a ene b the number eshich is hot tahonl, ty which Canrotbe or pres, C\ a Sraudion wnere p ond 462 ) 40 5 denoted > Tr 15 Sy ae P10 Scanned with CamScanner ® the serdy rewonal numb ers. — =z gh sp and g€2 an + ® tre gE2 and y at ; suck hat - 1 “fs 1 75/7,2,37,1.902,-£, ... 5 She set cb irrational numbers: 1248, a8 Be [Notes “he umber eohidh iG not petted Square, Square toot dy this corner | 1 rrational Number — dy ‘Real Numbers: Bhe sek d- Numbers which Adude redional and ir ott onal » Numbvers is mailed real aumb ers, —~. Scanned with CamScanner a N Pami ERY chart oF Rest number sin. 1! Real numbers @®) + Rotiona Nornbers Lrrakoral Numbers: Radon (F) Tnteqers i N. Positive Cae Trroctonoty rrodional N. oe Cr - Negative Zero Positive. Negative hegers (0) Untegers: ostive, Fraction UF *) Fraction F () ay @ ) ra “Triersection 4 AWE Sets eee he iniersectio” 4 Awe sels, A ond Bj, is tne Sed chy all Clements both, Nh and B and is deroladiy the gmbol, tarien arecommon +0 Fane | eg. A: {2.3,5,7,8,95 Be {38,42 ¥ 0 1G 430083 P-To. — ci Scanned with CamScanner [Nete: fo Find the intersextion date onlythe common elements on Common Area. “Venn Diagrare’/ 2) The @ovesets an be represented by we A B ane Unierol two sets: Th Setok all the — elements obian eitrer 19 A ond amd 5 denoted by tresym [aoe] 0 A {313/5,6.7,8,4% { = £2,9,4,0, xy j 7 ENS £23, 5, 7,84 \LY I. The venn diagram fe AUB @s shawn “ele! e union d; Huo s8S,'Aand f) is he A or Byorboh tn be) A R brcommen el Uncommon, ement element commen, elewmey) Scanned with CamScanner have 7° aqemers % “hoo sets are caid toe ditointy iF they, mae as venn diag" in eh this can be represomed a 13,5,7,4% B-f2441619/10Y Visveit sers:, 2 ® hence ANB= g set whidr contains and is al\ the Elements Unwersal e+ iS He! aenoied lay thesymbe i ol gets under consideration asual eral Set ceqvepresented by a rec! le. tn ave” dagen the ani cannot be Tlore: Natl set represented by venn diogy om Scanned with CamScanner y Tr is a pictorial representa Cin the am of picture) of Sets, dire, reclangle square yrange ore usually ued +o represent cet my ver diagram. Th ave 4 ariverssl et Pecan ge are used , 4 ' Set Sa 4 xt A! yo the set & elemewts in the the complement . in A’ and is denoted by the symbg| Universal sek, tonic are not! e.9,. & = Leande ourarery = {03,486,783 .F A= {oda number} + £13,5,%I Wee S 4. A= (2146 1910p Scanned with CamScanner “Sused et fy we shite, ey A ond & tuo sets and anetement G A then Wwe, call ond 6 sereted by the symbol , Clore in “BY is also bs s Bs a saber GM Proper sabdgers Le} ‘pk Qbe tuo ses ond are such that every element > Q iv alse on cement § ‘Pp? and tere ome element in ~P% jhatis notin & hen er suse P* emd is denoted 19 at lea: we cal) Mo 19-007 by swe synbsl Oce ‘ Scanned with CamScanner 0 —— ! Hence, AC ®CC BCA CoA ACC DNlole:sla eeteq sist, RCS ,n(@) en (§) Tr case cf preper sutact, OCP n(Q) en ) Y Eeryset is O& Quvset 4; elf “AN proper subsel. are subset. but alll subsets are not proper Subs . | De- morgan’s dau: sae @) a = (ou6) "> s re Nye ome Oarve'= (oni LS y oe ae } : (nuny’ 2 RHs LHS += AY UB" = ANG) So = Ryo Scanned with CamScanner 0 Some Examples -~ Q= tye {2:1 skg30 and ezy Sud Abst A= fax ig a multiple 4; ay { Be Lee \s amaliple % 3¥ © aa the elements 4 seta Al @®) tra @aArwe Ores © Avs Find none”) and nA uv) . 4 BW Soin :~ “Gs VAG S67 80H On- {418121642024 285 @) Be{3,6,0, 12.25/18, 9624,27, 30) | ee @) ANB: fr,24¥ < rd Ps i. | A ®) Buea ae skeen! ae 10, 1,13 14 ,21/24,98,48,26 27,24 , 30 eB: (264,88, 9,26 - NG ,Is, ig 2 Scanned with CamScanner © G's 42h) By YS, NOM BNET, 190 20, 22¢ Qh / 25,267 28,295 A! upls £128, 4/56 18-23, 28 30} a’ua’= (ned . {! ILD 923,25 4 303 ls) Ser in Geometry Family of “Sriangles y — According According tosides Hoang lex f Scalene Avian ge + No sides equal fs ~ Reale angled Equi lateral sriang !C (all (sosceles triangle angles ccs) triangle 4 J all sides Ls equal, revo sides > Ri re a oe a (oneongit) A IA obtuse angled Ann (one oral obtuse) Scanned with CamScanner ne | iNoes- gos celes STA right angled friangle may be scalene OF | a \ FL ON Mat r a, isosceles o © An euute — angled Ariongle me PA Scalenc, equi lateral I : Ys x "% \ 24 Cy © An obtuse angled jriangle may be scalene or . iwosceles eS > Ores Tq] Exercise 4:- top = fm mores Ae £ Eyilaterad *rergte B+ Llbosceies WOR Y him, Ce f Right angled AriongleY 4, k. = of dbtwed ongted aainiaed - 7. Ps — Drawra Venn Dagan t9 Wavelet ses 1,6 g Ove Scanned with CamScanner rr h c pin f AMILY Oe QuapanaTeRALs Ny t | Cone pain cFoppesite sides paral: tet) LN | Ponatlelagnam: both pair g ope esi te sides \ are pavaliel D> Rectenge, paralelogrem having one angie a0" Ls r \ an Scanned with CamScanner | : Un : ry Gets ‘in Goorelry' 4 + lines: ° Faerily & quedrilaterol ie airai Quadrilateral~ a plane fawe poured bY 4 | \ “ws 2s 4 “popezium- A quosrilaleral hae one pair % sides | peraitel — [OS . 2ivm eadho!s hon pareidle | Arapeziom * A wape: Lsoscetes “WapPT hh aes are equall- ket Scanned with CamScanner “Parattetogram: doth pairs % . A quadrilateral having Opposite sideg Poralle|. L7 Rectangles A paralielogram having one angle qo° NH on Night Onahe- >. Squares A recangle having ad. , See ate 4 4 Necent sideg Sawa. Scanned with CamScanner 0 SJ al. . ; 4 sides e4y Rhombus: A parteiogeam having advacen “e are ate A qvadrilaera) having follaving aract eristics ® 00 pains Shadjacent sides e4,v0). : *w0 of the orgs are opposite and eqral. Diagjonats CPasy perpindicularly . ; ° Oned: the Uiggonals (tre shorter one) is being \oisectea by the other Clonger one) Ae {PR o\ Scanned with CamScanner } ra Notes:~ ANY favatielogroins are Hapeziums but all tropeziuny ere not parallelogram + s Square is a special type fe rectlorgie Phombus on ‘kite. ° Squares, rectangles, and rhombuses are a\\ Porallelograms. A Diagonol property ep parallelogram —Diagonals PrDrolielogram vised each other. * Diagonal properly ¢- rhombys- Diagonals d PhombuS bsectecach cher Perprrdicularly x : Diegenat Property df Square :— Diag onals dy square are equal in length ond J vised each other perpindicukily, Scanned with CamScanner FB Mowe Geanpes~ ex a & =f dwodrilateralsy P= 4p Aratlelogram ¥ R= § rectang le he f rhombus’? T= of Taperivm ¥ | $= J Squore'P Utushrate. oith & tne sels Ey , PRT and S. | Sai" +> ~~ vean diagram therelation between PTo Scanned with CamScanner Dn SA ro B Ss el Bets Safer mag} A= £ equilateral) wiongles ¥ B= Pisoxetes swiangles f C- {right ongled troagles ¥ D> d obtuse angled Hiangles venn diagram to iMustrate Hesels Orow ty BCD. Sol). Scanned with CamScanner ee te Exanpze: * Bethe Scllain degrams sade jhe cegion 8 rep Se¥ indicated Celay he respecte Jagra”” | ese ntS oa | | pu® a pond ®) = (purside @ Dave — Scanned with CamScanner Ca , oF (KG ad Lane ar Tos Scanned with CamScanner Ci ey (pnd) AC ® a 8 (and)u Gna ca pn (BUC) be) Lambie ; “Gy Tate Venn diagram , chade , games 8cv) WH el Scanned with CamScanner ————_—_—_£_{___————— ~~ ® (n the Venn diagram , shade, ® AN\ uc)’ © (avdne' “le| | \em © anc @avr * (ee): 1B] @ Ln the Ven diggrom , shade, © Congr —-»-« ©vs)na © GoWae —— Brbvine > P.O R= p @ R OD OR Scanned with CamScanner © S ded region" tue. shaded req) BO ne in set notation get indicated bY oa : of the ae, aiagrem » wD | nue. Q/N® BRI AUB Z WY "ee Oa ich Oe Scanned with CamScanner ‘ @) &p ') avend) ‘uf) Vy) “wee 8% ey. yom 6 “ Fey ee @ ee | (ane) ugg ued). Scanned with CamScanner Mum i = 80 i ahs : Ce sets P ond Q ase such that n()=35 and 9 (@) =99. Griven that 1 (£) =:00 find she greatestand Least possible vate <6! On (eng) | | fa ® nue) Soi: Since, NP) + 0 (8) = 35 + 20 = 59 Ton (p08) On (aye, RTO Scanned with CamScanner Odeon i GW) » (arag)-'38 16 hi n (A vo’ =48 | @& n (A) 64 oo O)n (ave')= TRAD 34 Oren ae ex ty. Grex is an integer | gexcnky Ae foe:x ie ofacay oF BOY Bo frrx is divelde'y St C= ferris 0 motile ¢ 2} Z)mark the number dy thesesets on ao ven diagram . 2424 DOE = 100 ne WS 16 Scanned with CamScanner ™~ SE A y AC BUS S @) Hence op dtherivig , ise We elements oF A ( ; D G) Bod a(a'ne’) oh: Ep = fg.0.718) 800,012 18,5} A> {5,610,164 B- £5.10, 18% and Cc fio 16) & A2 AU © man(guad= {5 6 1G, ef ® a/pe' = (a8) = Cpe Ti B24 M1213, i n @’08") =7 Vi RTO Scanned with CamScanner UF Ser ly Eaunury Som . AR Sams: ras Eee fu 49x27 SHANG ,% cz A- fur ig. multide of sy i ie xix 1 aul ele 4 uk ; c= free %@ amultiple of éy ath @) ferre eremen's G Mane (*)euBuc} &) fina OP (AnBng) @n [cavd’nd y Sol®: Se eee 19 <9 Qs %+46 ond agg Sith VK BX-% 2°HA) Hao Many etched @r only One progromme? ") How mony a eng ae theee progreanm® So\" :~ da us define Ane’ sets Ss t prose coho Were winnie toctchad ASIA hase grand vO cwodched » Onaghades esh Be anerre chy. programme ) qwotched City Coble name | “ A-¢ taose “one 4+hos! ane -¢ Neneh 8 Scanned with CamScanner OS (ave® en (a8) 24 (e809 Nendo, cael MO” *n (pueud’ = 6 dex n (anBad= “i gor pened ——— n(&)> 50 (A) = "24 n (A) 424% 167% 45474 6= 50 = - G-4)-% > (9-%D FLG-S +H mn -qer FO +7 ” n(B) 222 = 22~ 9-(%) - A@-xy = AWW - 64K -AAY AU T+ HGH FSH MTC SOSO ae + 42 - 970 med UW z= T4% a= We + \G~ %- (5-%)- (onda = VGH - Gan -64 % 4) Bax, e.T9 Scanned with CamScanner Method 2 = der n Carne) at n (AuBUd= NI +04 ® 4nco) +n (eMend’ > »(@n8) - (20) ~ nen) 2 50-6= 244.22 HOt 4-¢-5 x 44 - 40 m= hy - ‘2 D n@nwMc)eq ” Ae yeusy’ ac)? S887 6B) n (tna 00) * 6 ».Cengnc’) v (gna Ju (conn) = 74+ 443 =\Gy, ) n (AcRVC) an (ts) ~ 2 nt 7tTTg ; r260-6 pe Wy f Scanned with CamScanner a On (cond) u cendyu¢ ensi) paar aseley @n (ance) =3 @®n Gvs0g 0 cennncy) = GO —bHR = be ® »(@n Gud). ete @) ny [a0 (uc) u (er(av9/] en Coury’ ) F12444-7= WB, On [Gand ac’) Vv Gnc)ne) U Candns) | E744 ad= Vy 4 & 18 girls creemplyed bya company. lg them ext 4 oe do “dhert hand typing and (2 4 them can ge the word Processor: . a) CE every girl has at least one d, these shills, haasmany gris hove alt the skills ? have mone ds the skills find she gratest ith b) ox Fosse vale 4 3 PTO. Scanned with CamScanner Sol: — hous define the sete RS : { those who cocreemplyed ¥ S = Srnese eho con de ston hend ‘90g J Ne fic eono can wel recor Y ® ds y grt have all Fe skill . : j n@nw Fy According 40 the Vern diag rom, Hy #4 2-G= 18 Ey +23 ='S *Gge #5 y5 7 Scanned with CamScanner x willbe moxirnun Scw only hen Scanned with CamScanner ba

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