WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION

RESEARCH PROPOSAL OF ASSESSMENT ON DOMESTIC VIOLATION AGAINST

WOMEN IN THE CASE OF DOGE MASHIDO, DAMOT SORE WOREDA WOLAITA
ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA

RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO WOLIATA SODO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BSC
DEGREE IN CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION.

BY: ALEMITU BAYU

ADVISOR: DALGA . Y(ASS. PROF)

MARCH, 2012 E.C

WOLIATA SODO, ETHIOPIA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to my advisor Dalga Yaya and
Department of Civics and ethical education that gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful research proposal on Assessment Of Domestic Violation Against Women In Doge
Mashido Kebele In Damot Sore Woreda.

Secondly I would also like to thank our friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this research
proposal paper within the limited time frame.
TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................2
LIST OF TABLE..............................................................................................................................................3
ACRONOMY OR LIST OF ABBREVIATION......................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................7
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Background of the study...................................................................................................................7
1.2. Statement of the problem............................................................................................................7
1.3. Objectives of the study.....................................................................................................................8
1.3.1. General Objective of the study..................................................................................................8
1.3.2. Specific Objectives of the study.................................................................................................8
1.4. Research question............................................................................................................................8
1.5. Significance of the study...................................................................................................................8
1.6. Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................8
1.7. Limitation of the Study.....................................................................................................................9
1.8. Organization of the paper.............................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................................10
2.1. Definition and Concept of Domestic Violence................................................................................10
2.2. Factors associated with domestic violence.....................................................................................11
2.3. Types of violence in Ethiopia..........................................................................................................12
2.4. What Leads to Domestic Violence?................................................................................................13
2.5. Domestic Violence and its Health Implications...............................................................................14
 2.8. Impact of Domestic Violence on Children.......................................................................................16
2.9. Addressing Domestic Violence........................................................................................................16
2.10. Role of Public Health Personnel....................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................18
3. RESEARCH DESIGN OR METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.........................................................................18
3.1. Description of the Study Area.........................................................................................................18
3.2. The source of the data....................................................................................................................18
3.2.1. Primary data source.................................................................................................................18
3.2.2. Secondary data source.............................................................................................................18
3.3. Methods of data collection.............................................................................................................18
3.4. Study design...................................................................................................................................19
3.5. Study population............................................................................................................................19
3.6. Sample size determination and sampling technique......................................................................19
3.7. Method of Data Analysis.................................................................................................................19
4. Time and Budget plan............................................................................................................................20
4.1 Table 1 Time plan.............................................................................................................................20
4.2. Table 2 Budget plan........................................................................................................................20
Reference..................................................................................................................................................21
 LIST OF TABLE

4.1. Table 1 Time plan...............................................................................................................................16

4.2. Table 2 Budget plan............................................................................................................................16
 ACRONOMY OR LIST OF ABBREVIATION

HIV……………………………….HUMAN IMMUNE VIRUS

NGOs ............................NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

MDGs…………………………..MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

MDG-3………………………. …MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS THREE

STDs……………………………..SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASES

WHO……………………………..WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS

 ABSTRACT

This study will conducted on domestic violation against women. The main objective of this study
will be therefore to assess domestic violation against women. Data will be collected using field
observation, interview and structured questionnaire. The researchers will be select 71
participants from the total population of 1431 as a sample by using simple random sampling.
The data will be analyzed using explanatory method and presented in the form of table and
percentage.

Key Words: violence, domestic violation, Physical violence, Sexual violence 

 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Violence against women is now widely recognized as a serious human right abuse, and an
important public health problem with substantial consequences physical, mental, sexual, and
reproductive health. Domestic violence against women was relatively high in different parts of
Ethiopia. It has direct relationship with socio demographic characteristics of the victim as well as
perpetrator.

In recent years; the international community has increasingly recognized violence against
women as a significant human rights and global health issue. Studies have found that it occurs in
all geographic regions, countries, cultures and socioeconomic classes, with some surveys
showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in
developed countries According to a World Health Organization (WHO) multi-country survey in
2000–03, 30%–54% of women in Bangladesh and provinces of Ethiopia, Peru and Tanzania
reported that they had experienced violence and 55%–95% of physically abused women had
never sought help from formal agencies. ([Link], [Link], [Link] and A.R. Aro.  2013).

Instead, women reached out to family and friends. Women generally seek help only when
violence is severe. According to WHO the highest current rate of violence was in rural Ethiopia
where 54% of women have experienced intimate partner violence. Literate rural women who
were married to an illiterate spouse had the highest odds of physical harm, and community-based
studies in Ethiopia indicated that 50%–60% of women experienced domestic violence in their
lifetime. ([Link], [Link], [Link]  and A.R. Aro.  2013).

1.2. Statement of the problem

Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women. It affects women across
the life span from sex selective abortion of female fetuses to forced suicide and abuse, and is
evident, to some degree, in every society in the world.
The World Health Organization reports that the proportion of women who had ever experienced
physical or sexual violence or both by an intimate partner ranged from 15% to 71%, with the
majority between 29% and 62 %.( WHO, 2007)

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General Objective of the study

To Assess Domestic Violence against Women in Doge Mashido kebele.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives of the study

 To Indentify the Impact of Domestic Violence on Women

 To Describe type of Domestic Violence against Women

1.4. Research question

1. What are the impact of Domestic Violence on Women

2. What are the type of Domestic Violation against Women

1.5. Significance of the study

Conducting this research in Doge Mashido Kebele will help in providing information for
governmental and non-governmental organizations, community and researchers, etc on domestic
violence against women and how the societies minimize the impact of domestic violence
against women in the study area.

1.6. Scope of the Study

These studies will concerns on the assessment of the domestic violence against women in the
Doge Mashido kebele damot sore woreda. It limits to violence on women only with the
excluding of Men. The domestic violence including physical, emotional, and sexual.
1.7. Limitation of the Study
There will be some possible limitations in the study, by the reason of time constraint our sample
size is 71 but I will use 50 representative, lack of experience, lack of interest onside of
respondent to give information that is necessary for the success of the study, financial limitation
and other related factors; it is difficult to identify the overall issues about domestic violence
against women in the kebele. Lack of exact number of population and household of the kebele
may be able to cause Sampling errors when a probability sampling method is used to select a
sample, that does not reflect the general population or appropriate population concerned and so
called “sample bias.”

1.8. Organization of the paper

The study paper will be consists of five chapters. The first chapter, as an introductory part of the
study, contains background, problems that call for research, the research questions, the objectives
of the study, significant of the study, scope and limitations of the study, and organization of the
study. Having the detailed conceptual and theoretical frame work of the study will be described
in the literature review section of the study in chapter two, chapter three deals about research
methodology and research design, chapter four deals result and discussion and finally, the
conclusions and recommendation will be discussed under chapter five by the researchers.
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Definition and Concept of Domestic Violence

Violence is defined by the world health organization (WHO) as intentional use of physical force
or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, against a group or community
that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm,
mal development or deprivation.

Domestic violence is a global issue reaching across national boundaries as well as socio-
economic, cultural, racial and class distinctions. This problem is not only widely dispersed
geographically, but its incidence is also extensive, making it a typical and accepted behavior.
Domestic violence is wide spread, deeply ingrained and has serious impacts on women's health
and well-being. Its continued existence is morally indefensible. Its cost to individuals, to health
systems and to society is enormous. Yet no other major problem of public health has been so
widely ignored and so little understood. (WHO, 2007)

Domestic violence is a burden on numerous sectors of the social system and quietly, yet
dramatically, affects the development of a nation… batterers cost nations fortunes in terms of
law enforcement, health care, lost labor and general progress in development. These costs do not
only affect the present generation; what begins as an assault by one person on another
reverberates through the family and the community into the future”. (Zimmerman.C, 1994)

Violence against women – particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence – is a major
public health problem and a violation of women's human rights.

Global estimates published by WHO indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have
experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual
violence in their lifetime.
Most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (30%) of women
who have been in a relationship report that they have experienced some form of physical and/or
sexual violence by their intimate partner in their lifetime. Globally,as many as 38% of murders
of women are committed by a male intimate partner.

Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, and
may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings.

Men are more likely to perpetrate violence if they have low education, a history of child
maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence against their mothers, harmful use of alcohol,
unequal gender norms including attitudes accepting of violence, and a sense of entitlement over
women.

Women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence if they have low education,
exposure to mothers being abused by a partner, abuse during childhood, and attitudes accepting
violence, male privilege, and women’s subordinate status.

There is evidence that advocacy and empowerment counseling interventions, as well as home
visitation are promising in preventing or reducing intimate partner violence against women.

Situations of conflict, post conflict and displacement may exacerbate existing violence, such as
by intimate partners, as well as and non-partner sexual violence, and May also lead to new forms
of violence against women.

2.2. Factors associated with domestic violence

Most of studies reported that domestic violence significantly associated with husband alcohol
consumption, khat chewing, family history of violence, partner education, decision making
power, residence (rural women more victim of violence), women age less than 18 at first sex or
marriage makes victim of violence. Women literacy negatively associated with domestic
violence that increases the risk of violence, having extra partner, religion in rare situations.

Domestic violence against women is still important public health problem. Although Ethiopia is
state party to many international and regional human rights instruments including the convention
on the elimination of discrimination against women. Domestic Violence against women by their
husband or intimate partner has different negative social, economical, emotional, Health, sexual
and reproductive health outcomes or consequences. Without ad-dressing violence against women
could not achieving growth and development targets, in which it recognize as a public health and
human rights concern in Ethiopia. Therefore, determining magnitude and associated factors from
different reviews’ can help government officials, policy makers, program designers and any
concerned bodies to design prevention and controlling strategies to tackle domestic violence.
Preventing violence against women has key role to the achievement of the eight MDGs that
specifically addresses promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment (MDG-3).
Information obtained here can be used for planning of intervention programs in different part of
the country.

2.3. Types of violence in Ethiopia

Forms of domestic violence can include physical violence, sexual violence, economic control,
psychological assault (including threats of violence and physical harm, attacks against property
or pets and other acts of intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and use of the children as a
means of control), and emotional abuse.( Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women, General Recommendation, 1992)

Physical violence involves the use of physical force against another. Examples include hitting,
shoving, grabbing, biting, restraining, shaking, choking, burning, forcing drug/alcohol use, and
assault with a weapon, etc. Physical violence may or may not result in an injury that requires
medical attention.

Sexual violence involves the violation of an individual’s bodily integrity (sexual assault),

including coercing sexual contact, rape, and prostitution, as well as any unwelcome sexual
behavior (sexual harassment), including treating someone in a sexually demeaning manner or
any other conduct of a sexual nature, whether physical, verbal, or non-verbal. Sexual abuse also
includes behavior which limits reproductive rights, such as preventing use of contractive
methods and forcing abortion.

Psychological abuse is often characterized as intimidation, threats of harm, and isolation.

Examples include instilling fear in an intimate partner through threatening behavior, such as
damaging property or abusing pets, constant supervision, or controlling what the victim does and
who they talk to. Spiritual abuse may be included as a type of psychological abuse. It involves
the misuse of spiritual or religious beliefs to manipulate or exert power and control over an
intimate partner (i.e., using scripture to justify abuse or rearing the children in a faith or religious
practice the partner has not agreed to).

Emotional abuse involves undermining an individual’s sense of self-worth. Examples of

emotional abuse include constant criticism, name-calling, embarrassing, mocking, humiliating,
and treating like a servant.

Economic abuse involves making or attempting to make the victim financially dependent on the
abuser. Examples of economic abuse include preventing or forbidding an intimate partner from
working or gaining and education, controlling the financial resources, and withholding access to
economic resources.

2.4. What Leads to Domestic Violence?

Domestic violence against women is an age old phenomenon. Women were always considered
weak, vulnerable and in a position to be exploited. Violence has long been accepted as
something that happens to women. Cultural mores, religious practices, economic and political
conditions may set the precedence for initiating and perpetuating domestic violence, but
ultimately committing an act of violence is a choice that the individual makes out of a range of
options. Although one cannot underestimate the importance of macro system-level forces (such
as cultural and social norms) in the etiology of gender-based violence within any country,
including India, individual-level variables (such as observing violence between one's parents
while growing up, absent or rejecting father, delinquent peer associations) also play important
roles in the development of such violence. The gender imbalance in domestic violence is partly
related to differences in physical strength and size. Moreover, women are socialized into their
gender roles in different societies throughout the world. In societies with a patriarchal power
structure and with rigid gender roles, women are often poorly equipped to protect themselves if
their partners become violent. However, much of the disparity relates to how men-dependence
and fearfulness amount to a cultural disarmament. Husbands who batter wives typically feel that
they are exercising a right, maintaining good order in the family and punishing their wives'
delinquency - especially the wives' failure to keep their proper place. (WHO, 2001)
2.5. Domestic Violence and its Health Implications

Violence not only causes physical injury, it also undermines the social, economic, psychological,
spiritual and emotional well being of the victim, the perpetrator and the society as a whole.
Domestic violence is a major contributor to the ill health of women.

It has serious consequences on women's mental and physical health, including their reproductive
and sexual health. These include injuries, gynecological problems, temporary or permanent
disabilities, depression and suicide, amongst others.

“Many forms of verbal and psychological abuse appear relatively harmless at first, but expand
and grow more menacing over time, sometimes gradually and subtly. As victims adapt to abusive
behavior, the verbal or psychological tactics can gain a strong ‘foothold’ in victims' minds,
making it difficult for them to recognize the severity of the abuse over time.” (National center
on elder abuse, 2005)

These physical and mental health outcomes have social and emotional sequelae for the
individual, the family, the community and the society at large.

Over both the short term and long term, women's physical injuries and mental trouble either
interrupts, or ends, their educational and career paths leading to poverty and economic
dependence. Family life gets disrupted which has a significant effect on children, including
poverty (if divorce or separation occurs) and a loss of faith and trust in the institution of the
family. These squeal not only affect the quality of life of individuals and communities, but also
have long-term effects on social order and cohesion. (WHO, 2001)

In India, one incident of violence translates into the women losing seven working days. In the
United States, total loss adds up to 12.6 billion dollars annually and Australia loses 6.3 billion
dollars per year. ([Link] 2005)
The physical health consequences of domestic violence are often obscure, indirect and emerge
over the long term. For example, women who were subject to violent attacks during childhood
are bothered by menstrual problems and irritable bowel syndrome in later life.

2.6. Domestic Violence and Reproductive Health

There is enough evidence to support that higher reproductive morbidity is seen among women
experiencing domestic violence. Studies conducted in North India have shown elevated odds
ratio of gynecological symptoms, while comparing women with husbands reporting no domestic
violence and women who experienced physical and sexual violence. It may be attributed to the
fact that abusive men were more likely to engage in extra marital sex and acquire STDs, there by
placing their wives at risk of acquiring STDs. There was also lesser condom use reported among
such men.( Stephenson R, Koening MA, Ahmed S,2006)

These make women more susceptible to HIV infection, and the fear of violent male reactions,
physical and psychological, prevents many women from trying to find out more about it,
discourages them from getting tested and stops them from getting treatment.
([Link] 2007)

2.7. Psychological and Emotional Violence

Psychological and emotional violence covers “repeated verbal abuse, harassment, confinement
and deprivation of physical, financial and personal resources”.

Quantifying psychological abuse is extremely difficult, and very few studies have been
conducted to establish prevalence rates of this type of violence. Qualitative studies that have
been undertaken conclude that it is just as damaging to one's health to be continuously
psychologically abused as it is to be physically abused. Undermining an individual's sense of self
esteem can have serious mental and physical health consequences and has been identified as a
major reason for suicide. For some women, the incessant insults and tyrannies which constitute
emotional abuse may be more painful than the physical attacks because they effectively
undermine women's security and self-confidence. (WHO, 2001)
Violence against women has a far deeper impact than the immediate harm caused. It has
devastating consequences for the women who experience it and a traumatic effect on those who
witness it, particularly children. (WHO, 2007)

2.8. Impact of Domestic Violence on Children

Children who witness domestic violence may develop serious emotional, behavioral,
developmental or academic problems.

As they develop, children and teens who grow up with domestic violence in the household are:

 more likely to use violence at school or community in response to perceived threats

 more likely to attempt suicide
 more likely to use drugs
 more likely to commit crimes, especially sexual assault
 more likely to use violence to enhance their reputation and self esteem
 more likely to become abusers in later life

2.9. Addressing Domestic Violence

An effective response to violence must be multi-sectoral; addressing the immediate practical

needs of women experiencing abuse; providing long-term follow up and assistance; and focusing
on changing those cultural norms, attitudes and legal provisions that promote the acceptance of
and even encourage violence against women, and undermine women's enjoyment of their full
human rights and freedoms.

The health sector has unique potential to deal with violence against women, particularly through
reproductive health services, which most women will access at some point in their lives.
However, this potential is far from being realized. Few doctors, nurses or other health personnel
have the awareness and the training to identify violence as the underlying cause of women's
health problems.

2.10. Role of Public Health Personnel

Domestic violence against women has been identified as a public health priority. Public health
personnel can play a vital role in addressing this issue.
Since violence against women is both a consequence and a cause of gender inequality, primary
prevention programs that address gender inequality and tackle the root causes of violence are all
essential. Public health workers have a responsibility to build awareness by creating and
disseminating materials and innovative audio-visual messages, which project a positive image of
girl child and women in the society. An integrated media campaign covering electronic, print and
film media that portrays domestic violence as unacceptable is the need of the hour. The role of
increasing male responsibility to end domestic violence needs to be emphasized.

Programs are required which intend to address battered women's needs, including those that
focus on building self-efficacy and livelihood skills. The significance of informal and local
community networks should be acknowledged in this regard. The survivors of domestic violence
can be involved in program planning and implementation in order to ensure accessibility and
effectiveness. (Burlon B, Duvvury N, Varia N, 2000) Rather than spotlighting women as victims
in non negotiable situations, they should be portrayed as agents capable of changing their own
lives. The public health experts have a vital role to play in networking with NGOs and voluntary
organizations and creation of social support networks.
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH DESIGN OR METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1. Description of the Study Area

The study was conducted in Gununo Town, Damot Sore woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern,
Ethiopia. The town is found 330km far from Addis Ababa, 168km from Hawassa and 18.5Km
from Wolaita Sodo. Doge Mashido is one of 21 Kebeles of Damot Sore Woreda. The population
of Damot Sore Woreda is 126,847 whose are classified in to 21 kebeles. Doge Mashido contain
1431 total population.

3.2. The source of the data

3.2.1. Primary data source

The primary data will be collect through observation, interview, and questionnaires using open
and close ended survey.

3.2.2. Secondary data source

The Secondary data will be acquired from written document.

3.3. Methods of data collection

Questionnaires, structured and unstructured interviews key determinants and focal group
discussion will be used in this study as primary data gathering tools, whereas, written documents,
published and unpublished documents, wave cited or internet will be used in this study as
secondary data gathering tools.

3.4. Study design

Due to time and resource limitation, to make a close analysis about Domestic Violation Against
Women of the kebele at one particular point within a time and to give snap-shot result cross
sectional study design.

3.5. Study population

The study population is the residence of Doge Mashido, Damot Sore Woreda is whose are
classified in to 21 kebeles which are Doge Mashido contain 1431total population
3.6. Sample size determination and sampling technique.
The study will be conduct at household level. A simple random sampling method will be used to
select sample respondents in the specific study area, because simple random sampling method
helps to reduce bias and to give equal chance for each individual. Among the total population of
1431 in Doge Mashido 71 of them will be selected as sample population. Sample population will
be determined by using Cochran (1977) formula to obtain sample size of 71 respondents from
the total population. It will be determined by the below formula:

n=
n = 1431(1.96)2 (0.95) (0.05) = 71
(0.05)2(1431) + (1.96) (0.95) (0.05)
Where n = total sample size
N = Total number of population in Doge Mashido
Z = standard normal deviation at the required confidence level that corresponds to 95%
Confidence interval equal to 1.96.
d = the level of statistical significance (Allowable error) (0.05)
P = the proportion in the targeted population estimated to have characteristics being measured
Q = 1-p i.e.1-09.5= 0.05). The sample 71 respondent’s will be selected randomly. But I will use
50 representatives by the reason of time constraint.

3.7. Method of Data Analysis

All the data that will be gathered by employing questionnaire, interview and observation will be
analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative techniques after coding, sorting and organizing
the information that will be gathered. The collected data will be analyzed by using statistical
tools. The result presented in the form of table, figure and chart.
4. Time and Budget plan

4.1 Table 1 Time plan

No Activities Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun

1 Proposal writing X

2 Submitting draft X

3 Submitting proposal X

4 Preparing questionnaire X

5 Research writing X

6 Research submitting X

7 Defense X

4.2. Table 2 Budget plan

Description Total expenses

No

1 Stationery 200.00

2 Traveling cost 200.00

3 Miscellaneous expenses 580.00

Total 980.00
 Reference
1. Available from: [Link] Rising
domestic violence [last cited on 2007 Mar 5], [last updated on 2007 Mar 16.

2. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, General Recommendation

19 (11th Sess., 1992), accessed August 14, 2013.

3. National center on elder abuse. Washington DC: 2005. Fact Sheet: Domestic violence: Older
women can be victims too. 

4. Stephenson R, Koening MA, Ahmed S. Domestic violence and symptoms of gynecological

morbidity among women in North India. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 2006;32:201.

5. Two- third married Indian women victims of domestic violence. Available

from: [Link] cited on 2005 Oct 13], [last updated on 2007 Mar 5].

6. WHO. Multi country study on Women's health and domestic violence against

women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. 

7. W. Shanko, M. Wolday, N. Assefa   and A.R. Aro,(2013).  Domestic violence against women
in Kersa, Oromia region, eastern Ethiopia.

8. WHO. Domestic violence: A priority public health issue in western Pacific region. Western
Pacific Regional Office. 2001.

9. Zimmerman C. Plates in a basket will rattle: Domestic violence in Combodia, Phnom

Pehn. Combodia: The Asia Foundation; 1994.