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Abstract Structure for Research Papers

The document provides three examples of abstract structures for empirical articles. The structures include IMRAD format with Introduction, Method, Results, Analysis and Discussion sections. The other examples include Research questions/hypothesis, Theoretical framework, Methods, Results and Conclusions. A third example includes Context, Research questions, Aims, Summary and Conclusions. Two sample abstracts are also provided on the topics of teachers' opinions on reading difficulties and the problems of teaching reading online during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views3 pages

Abstract Structure for Research Papers

The document provides three examples of abstract structures for empirical articles. The structures include IMRAD format with Introduction, Method, Results, Analysis and Discussion sections. The other examples include Research questions/hypothesis, Theoretical framework, Methods, Results and Conclusions. A third example includes Context, Research questions, Aims, Summary and Conclusions. Two sample abstracts are also provided on the topics of teachers' opinions on reading difficulties and the problems of teaching reading online during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Uploaded by

Iris Flora
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Abstract Structure Example #1

The abstract for empirical articles (qualitative or quantitative) should


usually reflect the IMRAD format

 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Analysis
 Discussion

Abstract Structure Example #2

 Research questions or hypothesis


 Theoretical Frame underpinning the questions/hypothesis
 Methods used to address the research question/hypothesis
 Results of the investigations
 Conclusions, applications, or implications

Abstract Structure Example #3

 Context
 Research questions
 Aims
 Summary of content
 Conclusions/Significance

Abstract Samples
Opinions of classroom teachers on reading
comprehension difficulties, inclusion education and co-
teaching

Abstract
In this paper, the opinions of elementary school teachers who have
students with reading/understanding difficulties in their class on
reading/understanding difficulties and providing education with special
education teachers in the same classroom are examined. Teacher opinions
are examined under three headings: “the problems/difficulties
experienced by students with reading/understanding difficulties”, “the type
and frequency of support needed by teachers in solving
reading/understanding difficulties” and “opinions on serving in the same
classroom with special education teacher”. In the literature, case study pattern
which is a qualitative research pattern was employed. The study was
based on purposive sampling and “convenience sampling” was used. All
class teachers who participated in the study were employed at
elementary schools in Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Güzelyurt and İskele
regions of Northern Cyprus. The measuring tool used in the study was
“semi-structured interview form” prepared by researchers based on expert
opinions. Obtained data were analysed using “content analysis”
technique. According to the results of the study, classroom teachers
state that students with reading/comprehension difficulties are having
problems in understanding and interpreting the questions and directives as
regards the text, making reading errors (adding, omitting, changing letters,
pauses) and their language skills in Turkish and grammar problems affect all
other courses negatively. It is also claimed that students are not interested
in courses. It is found out that a majority of classroom teachers do not use
any special strategy while working with students having these difficulties, but
frequently felt the need to benefit from the experiences of special education
teachers. In addition, different opinions were declared on “co-
teaching” performed by special education teacher and classroom teachers in
the same classroom. Based on the research findings, it is believed that
although there are some positive opinions, classroom teachers are not ready to
provide education in cooperation with special education teachers in the same
classroom environment.
Keywords
Co-teaching, Inclusive education, Reading/understanding difficulties, Elementary schools, Classroom
teacher

The Problems of Teaching Reading


with Online Learning
Muflihah Muflihah, Arif Sukirno

Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic change the world, especially for the education. Nearly
1.6 billion learners in the world affected by this phenomenon. So, Indonesia’s
government must issue the rule of online learning for the sake of everyone’s
safety. It also affects the English language learning as well, especially
reading. This study is about the problems of teaching reading with online
learning especially in IAIN Purwokerto, Central Java, mainly with the use of
Zoom and Google Meet. The author of this article is interested and wants to
know very much about it. So, he conducted the research to find the answer
about it. The research used qualitative approach, and the data collection
technique is interview and literature review of the journals and books. Some
results are found, such as the limitation of technologies, students that don’t
activate the camera during learning, the teacher can’t observe the students’
respond to the material that have been prepared, and other problems that will
be explained further in this article. The author also hope that this article can
help making better future of the education, especially for the online learning.

Keywords

Reading; Online Learning; Pandemic; Zoom; Google Meet

Common questions

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Technological limitations are significant as they directly impact the effectiveness of online reading instruction. Issues like poor connectivity, lack of proper devices, and inability to observe students' attentiveness impede the learning process and highlight the need for better infrastructure to support effective online learning during and beyond the pandemic .

Teacher opinions indicate that while there is recognition of the benefits offered by special education teachers, there are mixed feelings about co-teaching. Teachers acknowledge the challenges faced by students with reading comprehension issues such as difficulties in understanding and interpreting text questions, which affects all courses negatively . They also frequently feel the need to rely on special education teachers but are not entirely prepared to integrate co-teaching practices .

The findings imply that there is a significant need for integrating special education strategies in mainstream classrooms, as many classroom teachers feel unprepared to handle reading comprehension difficulties. The reliance on special education teachers indicates gaps in training and resource availability, suggesting the necessity for more comprehensive professional development and collaborative teaching frameworks .

Teachers perceive the potential benefit of co-teaching as a helpful support for addressing the challenges faced by students with reading difficulties. However, they also express concerns about their readiness and ability to effectively implement co-teaching practices, indicating a lack of preparedness and mixed feelings about its efficacy in current classroom settings .

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated issues in teaching reading online by introducing challenges such as technological limitations, lack of student interaction due to inactive cameras, and difficulties in assessing student responses to materials presented . The shift to online learning was intended for safety but came with these drawbacks that affect the quality of reading instruction .

Many teachers reported not using special strategies to aid students with reading difficulties, instead often seeking assistance from special education teachers. This lack of targeted strategies could contribute to reduced student engagement and success, as students might not receive the tailored support necessary to overcome their specific challenges in reading comprehension .

The qualitative approach facilitates a nuanced understanding of online learning challenges by capturing detailed personal experiences and insights from direct stakeholders. Interviews allow for capturing subjective nuances and real-time challenges, while literature reviews provide contextual grounding and comparative insights from existing research, collectively leading to richer data interpretation .

Semi-structured interviews allow for in-depth exploration of teacher opinions by enabling flexibility in responses while guiding the conversation towards key topics. Content analysis facilitates a thorough examination of the data, highlighting common themes and insights across different responses, thus enriching the understanding of teachers' perspectives on reading difficulties .

The reliability of studies is bolstered by using purposive sampling and 'convenience sampling' that focuses on teachers from various regions within Northern Cyprus. This selection is targeted to those who have first-hand experience with reading comprehension difficulties and co-teaching scenarios, thereby enriching the data collected with diverse yet relevant insights .

The IMRAD format structures empirical abstracts by providing a systematic outline that includes Introduction, Method, Results, Analysis, and Discussion. This format ensures clarity by organizing the research process in a logical sequence that aids comprehension and communication of the core scientific insights .

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