Mechanics (Statics and Dynamics)
MCE 111
Fall 2021-2022
Associate Professor Ossama Mokhiamar
Email: usamam@[Link]
Mobile: 01220473850
Textbook
R. C. HIBBELER, ”Engineering Mechanics:
Statics And Dynamics” 14th EDITION.
Chapter 8
Friction
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
• Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting
surfaces that slide relative to one another. This force always acts
tangent to the surface at the points of contact and is directed so as to
oppose the possible or existing motion between the surfaces.
• In this chapter, we will study the effects of dry friction, which is
sometimes called Coulomb friction since its characteristics were
studied extensively by C. A. Coulomb in 1781. Dry friction occurs
between the contacting surfaces of bodies when there is no
lubricating fluid.
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
Theory of Dry Friction
Equilibrium
If P is applied at a height h from the surface,
as shown in the figure, then moment
equilibrium about point O is satisfied if Wx
= Ph or x = Ph/W.
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
Impending Motion
• As P is slowly increased, F correspondingly
increases until it attains a certain maximum value Fs,
called the limiting static frictional force, as shown
in the figure. When this value is reached, the block
is in unstable equilibrium since any further increase
in P will cause the block to move.
• Experimentally, it has been determined that this
limiting static frictional force is directly
proportional to the resultant normal force N.
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
where the constant of proportionality, s (mu “sub” s), is called the coefficient of
static friction.
Thus, when the block is on the verge of sliding, the
normal force N and frictional force Fs combine to
create a resultant Rs as shown in the attached figure.
The angle s (phi “sub” s) that makes with N is called
the angle of static friction. From the figure
Typical values for s are given in the following Table
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
Note: When a more accurate calculation of Fs is
required, the coefficient of friction should be
determined directly by an experiment that
involves the two materials to be used.
Motion
• If the magnitude of P acting on the block is
increased so that it becomes slightly greater
than Fs, the frictional force at the contacting
surface will drop to a smaller value Fk called
the kinetic frictional force.
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
• Experiments with sliding blocks indicate that the
magnitude of the kinetic friction force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the resultant normal
force, expressed mathematically as
Here the constant of proportionality k, is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Typical values for k are approximately 25 percent smaller than those listed in the
previous Table.
The angle k is referred to as the angle of kinetic friction, where
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
By comparison
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
In general, there are three types of mechanics problems involving dry friction. They
can easily be classified once free-body diagrams are drawn and the total number of
unknowns are identified and compared with the total number of available equilibrium
equations. Six unknown force
components which can be
determined strictly from
the six equilibrium
equations (three for each
member).
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Once FA, NA, FC, NC and are determined, then the bars will remain in equilibrium
provided FA 0.3 NA and FC 0.3 NC are satisfied.
Consider the problem of finding the smallest angle at which the 100-N bar in the
above figure can be placed against the wall without slipping. The free-body diagram
is shown in the figure. Here the five unknowns are determined from the three
equilibrium equations and two static frictional equations which apply at both points
of contact, so that and FA = 0.3NA and FB = 0.4NB.
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
For example, consider the two-member frame in Fig. 8–6a. In this problem we wish
to determine the horizontal force P needed to cause movement. If each member has a
weight of 100 N, then the free-body diagrams are as shown in above figure. There
are seven unknowns. For a unique solution we must satisfy the six equilibrium
equations (three for each member) and only one of two possible static frictional
equations.
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
This means that as P increases it will either cause slipping at A and no slipping at C,
so that FA = 0.3 NA and FC 0.5 NC or slipping occurs at C and no slipping at A, in
which case FC = 0.5 NC and FA 0.3 NA.
The actual situation can be determined by calculating P for each case and then
choosing the case for which P is smaller.
Note: If in both cases the same value for P is calculated, which in practice would be
highly improbable, then slipping at both points occurs simultaneously; i.e., the seven
unknowns would satisfy eight equations.
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Note:
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Example 8.1
The uniform crate shown in the figure has a mass of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N is
applied to the crate, determine if it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient of static
friction is s = 0.3.
Solution
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Example 8.2
It is observed that when the bed of the dump truck is raised to an angle of = 25
the vending machines will begin to slide off the bed, as shown in the figure.
Determine the static coefficient of friction between a vending machine and the
surface of the truckbed.
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Solution
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Note: From Eq. 3, we find x = 1.17 ft. Since 1.17 ft < 1.5, indeed the vending
machine will slip before it can tip as observed in the figure.
Example 8.3
The uniform 10-kg ladder in the figure rests against the
smooth wall at B, and the end A rests on the rough
horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static
friction is s = 0.3. Determine the angle of inclination
of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder
is on the verge of slipping.
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Solution
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Example 8.4
Blocks A and B have a mass of 3 kg and 9 kg,
respectively, and are connected to the weightless
links shown in the figure. Determine the largest
vertical force P that can be applied at the pin C
without causing any movement. The coefficient
of static friction between the blocks and the
contacting surfaces is s = 0.3.
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Solution
There are seven unknowns and six available force equilibrium equations, two for the
pin and two for each block, so that only one frictional equation is needed.
The equilibrium of pin C
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
For block A
For block B
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Movement of the system may be caused by the initial slipping of either block A or
block B. If we assume that block A slips first, then
Substituting Eqs. (1) and (2) into Eq. (4),