Project report on

IR TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

SWITCH
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of Diploma in

Electrical Engineering
By
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Under the guidance of

[Link] MURARI

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

(Mumbai Region)

Department of Electrical Engineering

A.C. Patil College of Engineering Kharghar,

Navi Mumbai-410210
2021-2022
Jawahar Education Society’s

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 [Link] College of Engineering, Kharghar,
Navi Mumbai-410210

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “IR TRANSMITTER AND
RECEIVER SWITCH” is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the project for the
Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education in the academic year 2021-22

By
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

[Link] Bhave

(Internal guide)

Mrs. S. B. Murari Dr. V. N. Pawar

(H.O.D. Electrical Dept.) (Principal)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Mr. Abhay Kumar professor in A. C.
Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, for her perfect guidance by giving timely suggestions
throughout the completion of my project report and also for her continuous supervision and
valuable guidance for improvements and completion of my report successfully.

I am also thankful to Respected Head of the Electrical Engineering Department, Mrs. S. B.

Murari for her dedicated time and guidance towards the report.

I am also thankful to Respected Principal Dr. V. N. Pawar for providing me the opportunity to embark
on this journey of completing my Diploma in Electrical Engineering.

Finally, I am grateful to my colleagues for supporting me in my studies, and for giving me their time and
motivation when I needed during this work.

By

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

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 ABSTRACT

Technology is a never ending process. To be able to design a product using the current
technology that will be beneficial to the lives of others is a huge contribution to the community.
The design and implementation of a low cost but yet flexible and secure Remote based Home
Automation system. The design is based on a IR Receiver board and the home appliances are
connected to the input/ output ports of this board via relays. The communication between the
IR Transmitter (Remote) and the IR Receiver board is wireless. This system is designed to be
low cost and scalable allowing variety of devices to be controlled with minimum changes to its
core.

We are living in 21st century where automation of any form i.e. home or industrial plays an
important role in human life. When it comes to industrial automation, the concept is applied
to Wireless Security Systems or robots which help in increasing the efficiency in terms of
production, energy and time. Home automation on the other hand involves automating the
household environment. This is possible because of the wireless mini remote that we are
widely using. Home automation can be again divided in to just controlling the appliances using
a smartphone from a remote location and another type filled with sensors and actuators which
controls the lighting, temperature, door locks, electronic gadgets, electrical appliances etc.
using a “Smart” system. The main objective of this project is to develop a home automation
system using an IR Transmitter and Receiver board with remotely controlled Circuit

As technology is advancing so houses are also getting smarter. Modern houses are gradually
shifting from conventional switches to centralized control system, involving remote controlled
switches. Presently, conventional wall switches located in different parts of the house makes
it difficult for the user to go near them to operate. Even more it becomes more difficult for the
elderly or physically handicapped people to do so. Remote controlled home automation
system provides a most modern solution.

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 CONTENT

Chapter No. Title Page No.

Certificate (2)
Acknowledgement (3)
Abstract (4)

Chapter .1 INTRODUCTION ( 6-8 )

1.1 Brief Introduction (6)

1.2 Background Of The Study (7)
1.3 Project Aim (8)
1.4 Project Objectives (8)
Chapter .2 What Is an IR Transmitter (9)
and Receiver

Chapter .3 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ( 10-18 )

Chapter .4 WORKING OF THE PROJECT ( 19 )

Chapter .5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ( 20 )

Chapter .6 ACTUAL CIRCUIT ( 21 )

Chapter .7 APPLICATION ( 22 )

Chapter .8 ADVANTAGES ( 23 )

Chapter .9 CONCLUSION ( 24 )

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Brief Introduction:-

In electronics, a remote control (also known as a remote or clicker is an electronic device used to
Operate another device from a distance, usually wirelessly. In consumer electronics, a remote
control can be used to operate devices such as a television set, DVD player or other home
appliance.
A remote control can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct
operation of controls. They function best when used from a short distance. This is primarily a
convenience feature for the user. In some cases, remote controls allow a person to operate a
device that they otherwise would not be able to reach, as when a garage door opener is triggered
from outside.
The standard symbol used to denote that it uses infrared as a way to send the signal to devices
Early television remote controls (1956–1977) used ultrasonic tones. Present-day remote controls
are commonly consumer infrared devices which send digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation.
They
Control functions such as power, volume, channels, playback, track change, heat, fan speed, and
various other features. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld
objects with an array of buttons. They are used to adjust various settings such as television
channel, track number, and volume. The remote control code, and thus the required remote
control device, is usually specific to a product line. However, there are universal remotes, which
emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices.
Remote controls in the 2000s include Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity, motion sensor-enabled
capabilities and voice control.[2][3] Remote controls for 2010s onward Smart TVs may feature a
standalone keyboard on the rear side to facilitate typing, and be usable as pointing device.

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 2. Background Of The Study:-

The hability to control any appliance around your house using wireless remote is
very interesting. This project consists of using an IR module, a cheap IR Remote Control module
and a relay to control, for example, a lamp, by connecting it with your mini Remote. This
project is intended to be simple using the least amount of resources and code, but still
including important.

The project mainly deals with the IR Remote Control based modern home
automation system. The proposed system using IR module and Sensors for communication so
that we can control and detect the surrounding alerts. Now, a day’s Environment monitoring
and device control allows new level of comfort in homes and it can also manage the energy
consumption efficiently which in turns promotes the saving. Remote controlling of the devices
offers many advantages to senior citizens and people with disabilities which helps them in
being more autonomous and increasing quality of life. A relay switch is used to send control
signals from the microcontroller to the electronic device used to achieve the switching on and
off action.

The project is one of the important IR module projects. IR Remote Control based
home automation using wireless remote projects helps the user to control any electronic
device using device control remote, android smartphone remote. The wireless remote
(transmitter) sends commands to the controller- IR receiver through wireless communication.

This project of home automation using wireless remote can be used for controlling any AC or
DC devices.

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  Project Aim:-

The aim of the project is to design and construct a home automation system that will remotely
Switch on or off any electrical appliances or household appliances connected to it, using a IR
Remote Control Switch device.

 Project Objectives:-
This objective of this project is to implement a low cost, reliable and scalable home automation
System that can be used to remotely switch on or off any electrical appliances or household
appliances, Using a IR Remote Control switch device

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 CHAPTER 2
What Is an IR Transmitter and Receiver
Infrared (IR) transmitters and receivers are present in many different devices, though they are most
commonly found in consumer electronics. The way this technology works is that one component flashes
an infrared light in a particular pattern, which another component can pick up and translate into an
instruction. These transmitters and receivers are found in remote controls and all different types of
devices, such as televisions and DVD players.
Peripheral devices that include this technology can also allow a computer to control various other
consumer electronics. Since infrared remotes are limited to line of sight operation, some products can
be used to extend the signals over a hardwired line or radio frequency (RF) transmissions.
Most common consumer electronic remote controls use infrared light. They typically generate infrared
using light emitting diodes (LEDs), and the main component of a receiver unit is usually a photodiode. A
remote control flashes a pattern of invisible light, which is picked up and then turned into an instruction
by the receiver module. The parts necessary to construct transmitter and receiver are typically
inexpensive, but these systems are limited to line of sight operation.

In order to extend the range of a typical infrared remote control beyond line of sight, it is possible to
combine an IR transmitter and receiver with another component. A hardwired extender unit uses a
transmitter and receiver that are connected by a physical wire.
This wire can be routed around or through a wall, with the transmitter located in one room and the
receiver in another. When a signal is sent to the receiver from a remote control, it travels across the wire
and is then turned back into infrared light by the transmitter at the other end.

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 CHAPTER 3
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
1. PCB Board

PCB Board - PeIRorated 15x15" (cm)

General purpose board primarily used for components & IC for quick testing, sample circuite,
experiments, learning etc.
Tin coated for quick & easy soldering.

2. CD4017 - Decade Counter/Divider

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 CD4017 – A Decade Counter with Decoded Output

The CD4017 IC is a decade counter that counts to ten. It has 10 outputs that represent the numbers 0
to 9. The counter increases with one for every rising clock pulse. After the counter has reached 9, it
starts again from 0 with the next clock pulse. This is a great chip for making running LEDs! See a circuit
example further down.

What is a Decade Counter?

A decade counter counts to 10. You can remember it by thinking of a decade in years, which
is ten years.
It’s very common that a counter will give you the output in binary form. But the output from the
decade counter in the CD4017 is decoded, meaning that it will set one of the output pins (Q0 to Q9)
high corresponding to the counter value. Ex: If Q3 is high, the counter value is 3.
The easiest way to create a decade counter is by connecting 10 D flip-flops in series to create a shift-
register. Then you connect the output of the last flip-flop back into the input of the first. And you
connect the reset signal so that it sets the first flip-flop to one and the rest to zero on reset.
This is also known as a ring counter.

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Below you can see an example of a 4-bit ring counter:

The counter circuit in the CD4017 however, is not a standard ring counter. Instead, it uses a technique
called a Johnson counter that makes it possible to achieve the same with only 5 flip-flops plus some
logic [Link] applications for the CD4017 includes LED chasers, alarms, frequency dividers, or
even a music sequencer.
3. 1K ,100ohm ,220K Resistors

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances
that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat,
light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the

1K Resistor 100 ohm Resistor 220K Resistor

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 4. BC 557 Transistor

What is BC557 Transistor :-

BC557 is a general-purpose transistor, used like an amplifier or a switch in electronic circuits. Its
hFE ratings of this transistor range from 125 to 800 to make the transistor ideal by using like an
amplifier within electronic circuits like audio signal amplification. These ratings can be
determined through the final letter after its digit. The highest collector dissipation is 500 mill
watt.

When this transistor is used as a switch for below 100mA loads then it works well. The value of
VCE for this transistor is good like -45V. This collector to emitter terminal voltage is used within
circuits which require 40V to 45V DC.

BC557 Transistor Pin Configuration

The pin configuration of the BC557 transistor is shown below and each pin and its functionality
is discussed below. This transistor includes three terminals like a normal transistor namely base,
emitter & collector. The BC557 transistor symbol is shown below.

 Pin1 (Collector): The current supplies

throughout the collector terminal
 Pin2 (Base): The base terminal of this
transistor controls the biasing
 Pin3 (Emitter): Flow of current drains out
through this terminal

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5. 12V Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal,
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit
by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other
operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor
properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called protective relays.

Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently.
Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity,
resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching
relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the
relay is controlling.

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 6. TOSP 1738 IR Receiver.

TSOP1738 Pin Configuration

Pin No Pin Name Description

1 Ground Connected to the Ground of circuit

2 Vcc Typically connect to +5V, maximum of 6V can be given

3 Signal The signal pin gives out the sequence based on the IR signal detected

TSOP-1738 Characteristics

 Minimum and Maximum Input Voltage is -0.3 and 5V respectively. Typically +5V is used.
 Can detect IR signals from Remotes (38kHz)
 Operating current: 5mA
 High Range and wide coverage area.
 Will respond only to IR signals, due to high immunity against ambient light
 Low power consumption
 Has in-built pre amplifier
 TTL and CMOS compatible

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 7. Bridge Rectifier

What is a Bridge Rectifier?

A Bridge rectifier is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) converter that rectifies mains AC
input to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are widely used in power supplies that provide necessary DC voltage
for the electronic components or devices. They can be constructed with four or more diodes or any other
controlled solid-state switches.

Depending on the load current requirements, a proper bridge rectifier is selected. Components’ ratings
and specifications, breakdown voltage, temperature ranges, transient current rating, forward current
rating, mounting requirements, and other considerations are taken into account while selecting a
rectifier power supply for an appropriate electronic circuit’s application.

Construction
The bridge rectifier construction is shown below. This circuit can be designed with four diodes namely
D1, D2, D3 & D4 along with a load resistor (RL). The connection of these diodes can be done in a closed-
loop pattern to convert the AC (alternating current) to DC (Direct Current) efficiently. The main benefit
of this design is the lack of an exclusive center-tapped transformer. So, the size, as well as cost, will be
reduced.
Once the input signal is applied across the two terminals like A & B then the o/p DC signal can be attained
across the RL. Here load resistor is connected in between two terminals like C & D. The arrangement of
two diodes can be made in such a way that the electricity will be conducted by two diodes throughout
every half cycle. The pairs of diodes like D1& D3 will conduct electric current throughout the positive
half cycle. Similarly, D2 & D4 diodes will conduct electric current throughout a negative half cycle

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 8. ULN2803 IC Voltage Regulator

ULN2803 is a High voltage, high current Transistor Array IC used especially with Microcontrollers where
we need to drive high power loads. Thic IC consists of a eight NPN Darlington connected transistors
with common Clamp diodes for switching the loads connected to the output. This IC is widely used to
drive high loads such Lamps, relays, motors etc. It is usually rated at 50v/500mA. This article brings out
the working of ULN2803 IC and how to use it in a circuit

WORKING OF ULN2803 IC:

The ULN2803 IC consists of eight NPN Darlington pair which provides the proper current amplification
required by the loads. We all know that the transistors are used to amplify the current but here
Darlington transistor pairs are used inside the IC to make the required amplification.

A Darlignton pair is two transistors that act as a single transistor providing high current gain. In this pair
the current amplified by the first transistor is further amplified by the next transistor providing high
current to the output terminal.
When no base voltage is applied that when is no signal is given to the input pins of the IC , there will be
no base current and transistor remains in off state. When high logic is fed to the input both the
transistors begin to conduct providing a path to ground for the external load that the output is
connected. Thus when an input is applied corresponding output pin drops down to zero there by
enabling the load connected to complete its path.

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9. Capacitor 10uf/25v, 1000uf/25v.

capacitor, device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in close proximity and
insulated from each other. A simple example of such a storage device is the parallel-plate
capacitor

10uf/25V 1000uf/25V

Ceramic Capacitor 0.1uf :-

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 CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF THE PROJECT

This kit Remote Controlled for Home Appliances can be connect to any of your home
appliances (lamp, fan, radio, etc) to make the appliance turn on/off from a TV, VCD or DVD
remote control.
The circuit can be activated from up to 10 meters. In the kit Remote Controlled for Home
Appliance the 38 kHz infrared (IR) rays generated by the remote control are received by IR
receiver module TSOP1738 of the circuit. Pin 1 of TSOP1738 is connected to ground, pin 2 is
connected to the power supply through resistor and the output is taken from pin 3. The output
signal is amplified by transistor (BC558).
The amplified signal is fed to clock pin 14 of decade counter 1C CD4017. Pin 8 of IC CD4017 is
grounded, pin 16 is connected to Vcc and pin 3 is connected to LED (red), which glows to
indicate that the appliance is 'off.' The output of IC CD4017 is taken from its pin 2. Second
(green) connected to pin 2 is used to indicate the 'on' state of the appliance.
The signal output is fed to the relay driver which in turn drives the relay unit. The appliance to
be controlled is connected between the pole of the relay and neutral terminal of mains It gets
connected to live terminal of AC mains via normally opened (N/O) contact when the relay
energizes.

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 CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Circuit Diagram:-

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 CHAPTER 6
ACTUAL CIRCUIT

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 CHAPTER 7

APPLICATION
 Basic application:-
 Mini Remote Controls Robot/Car
 Wireless Mouse
 Wireless headphone
 Television ( TV)

 Advance application:-
 Wireless security systems
 Car alarm systems
 Remote controls
 Sensor reporting
 Automation systems
 Small Scale Industries
 Presentation Hall

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 CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES

 Advantages:-

 Remote Control of Light (or any load) is possible with this circuit.

 Portable and easy to use.

 Simple in construction.

 Easy to maintain and repair.

 Efficient and low cost design

 Low power consumption.

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 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

Understanding how remote controls work, and how to actually receive data from them has always been
a curiousity of mine. I hope it was for you as well, as it's no longer a real mystery to me.

Most modern remote controls seem to operate in the same fashion, it's just a matter of brute-forcing
your way through all the buttons to find their unique signature.

A slow process, but the reward is being able to use the remote to control whatever you want.

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