HO D am

Repberuce
Reproduehon
Reproolu cion is a
proce which organisms aATe

able to epzoduee oPPsprin9 of their Own kind.

Reproduction s not an essemial proceas fo Hhe survival
of an organism ke nutiion,vespiiaion, ciculalion and
exerealon

HPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION
Haintenence of estence

Preservahon of speciess
Role in evolution

How do
ovgani snmS create ex act copies of them selves
Struehure of Or9anism mode o

depends on made o?

Body designs 'pe

depends on
Blue Prin
tovmed by
Chromno somees in nucleus

fomed ed by
DNA

form
Prorei na
 the in for mation presen t in DNA s changed duing

cell olivisron, the proteins formed w b e ehanged . The diferent

proteins wiil even ually eaa +o he
change in body design

DNA pPing
In a reproducing or dividing cell DNA Creates
ts two copres by making use of celtutar
machinevy for the chemieal reaetro

These copies of DNA must be Sepera ted from

Copi
each other by Yetainin9 one copy in e Parent
cell and passin9 another copy to He
neudly
macner
cYateol cellulaY apaatus

Thus DNA Copying s tso accompanied by

Ce' ohe

Cttula pOale the ereaion of n addiHonal cellu far

ocellte (o PPAra [uS nod then CopYes seperate. ea
et
prarofus
wi is own cellular PporaTus

DNA

DNA
Parenta
New DNA
 3ome
varfation ea ch me. The
ime
ill have
DN Copying similav bu
but no
no
ed will be
DNA copies whieh are fovm
DNA The var fahon
varTa hon may be
to the payent
iden hcal
minoY or maor.
Pf have
.The aughter cells may olfe they
majov variahon

to t
The suviving cells are similar
oliferent onea other,
parent cell bu
has
thus the pro cess Of reproolu elron
vaaTion Which
an inbuitt ondency for
She basis pr evolu hon

NICHE
Well defined space of an
019anism in any organism

eco system

(niche

Can be maintained ICan be changed

-

Con sran cy of DNA change in temp.

Copying during change in water owve
Yepro duchon main tqins
-mete0vite hiu
a body de3i9
which maintains a most of them die
pav Ken lar niche
mem beY iM
vqIahon Sunvive
 Only one organism tnuolued
New organisms Qre
gen eHcally fden ical to
he nt s
pave
Found in
loweY planTs and aimals

Binau Finion Amalea

Binayy Ffssion in eba, pavame Cium, uglena,
Ceanses Kala a2av) Ieishm anta

One parent Organis mm

dfides in tuJo new organis ms.
The nucleuS elo ngoates and divides into +wo
.Then a
constric tion appears in cell mem bYa ne which
ceepens ¥urther ,
divinding the
paTS Cy to plaSm into two
Each part hen
9 Yows info an adu it
to the pavent ovganism simlaar

nhmani
Leishmania has a whip ke 3fru
Cell. In
lure at one end of
such
organiS m binav y issfon the
Occurs in a de
orfenta on n veiarion to
Pinite
thes e srucr res
 0N
l E F SS
M U L1 P
One pavent ovganism dfvides into many new OYganisms
YSin unfavour able Con aitions
aeneroally OccUYS

the cell. The cell divide

A tough ceat Coy st) 3u rrounds
cells
within the eoat with many daugnter
favourable conditions the tough Coat s broken
Under
AYe Yeleas ea.
and a lavg e numbev Or Org an SmS
e9. Plasmodium Cmalavial pavasi)

Pnadimma
.An Outgvowth formea on the parenr orgnis m cther
due to sf'ngle ceildvision Cy east) ov repeated cell

atviaion at a specifi site Cnyava)

The bud groWS fn size and ge aeata te hed fro

he pavent body
Derached bud ofevelop s in. adulr
to the
OY9anism simftar
parent. 9. Yease Cunicell alar), ny olva Cmulti- cef ul

A
SpOve Small
cell wall
mfcro Sco pic strudure
structure with a hick
Speres are 9enerally
tormeo fn gtru cUves called sporan grum.
The wall of sp oran 9ium
breaKs o relea se
air. On 9ermin aHon the sp ores in
in the pres ce
en of mois
Spore 9ive nse to a new surface, eacn
E9 RizopusCbreaod OYganism
mould)

.It s the
breakfng an
up of
more
hew
parTs upon malu
valion, organisn into
organism two
indivfduaf. ea Ch
which grows
to form a
 VE GETA
.P S the
simples
TIVE o method of
as ex u at repvo ducuo
in planls. 4 new plant PYo l u c ed from the
found
Part 0f the plant booly vegetaie
The veg eta nve
OYgans are the YOo(s lea f, Stem.
There are TiwD oP vegeta bve propgahon.

Natuy oal vegetaive PrOPOgaHon

The
The vege taHve pare of hne
lea f
Ke rDo, stem
plant
and olevelop inTo a new
plant naluvally
Eg. Bds oP a po bulb of Dnion, hizo me OF
9inger, af bud s bryophy m

Arificial vegaraive Propogalion

Veg etatve
propagahon done
[Link] grhticially b Cutin9.
E9. Su 9ar cane, vOse
9rapes ete.
ArhPicra vegera hve pro pegaren is done by
b9 farmers.

ad a uae
.Maintaîns genetie stabfuty The
Ye plants pro duced
genefcally s?milar to the PAYent plant and
has all 5 characfers

Planls Taised by v ege tahon

bear lowers and fruil3
earlfe
Propogahon can
pro ofuccA han Hhose
by Seed.
 o makes possible of the propog ahon oP plan
also

banana, Ovange, rose, jasmine, which have

Such a S
seed
t PrO o u ce
less capa city

Why oloes Bryophyllum ea f produce hew plani On

faling in the
proodu ceof in the notebes
uds ave along the

falls the soff

ma rgn 6rophyllam, wnen it On

olevelops ino new plans

e Cultue
atype of aru Aaa vegecart ve popagahon
nsolated Calle od cu Ihuved
plant par s Cxplant
9lass container under Speeffe Cste ilse d)
Con diti on propey nutient
wih medium.
The erplanor produces a m ass cells Called
Call as
callou4S s transfevred anotheY medtum
The
ho rmo nes
provided with rowth

Pian tles are form ed he melfum

Piantleli then tYansferred to small
aYe poTS e OrchioS.
 a RepiodU
k e y i a c l i

Sexes male
dfftevent
R e p r o duchon inWhich
two

ave
involvea from two a ferenr
and female 9 a m e r e s

OF nen
fusion foY ma tiOn of
invol ves
the
It the
in Herent from the
and invowes
p aYenTs
whi cn genehcally

oYg anism

ParenTs

of Yeproduch
on )
mode
Seru al
W hy
Q
,neceug vanualiom
in o sprin9 of Serual
foun d
The variatfon to be better
Some
in dividuals
allo wS
vepvo olu chion me chnanism
provid e
Suited for Survival and

foY Selechve adaptaion.

Qnod DNA
CWemoiomes

connaney CombinaHon of
9enevatton Is the
new
1 each

two pre exis ting individu als then

DNA copres from
having twice the
ea Ch new 9eneva
ton
wiwil be
the pre vious 9eneration
of DNA that
Amount
havc
olo es nof happen 3ex cells
bu this
had
num ber Of Chvo mosD mes an d DNA
half the
ny
Compared
to the non -Yep rodu chive cells.
as
re
This acheived by meiosis. This germ cells vt

esta biish the a cTual number of ChromOso m e

the nen 9 en e r a nOn SeKUal repr O duchDn.

 to 9vw an of
299o te has ofevelop into an

oYg ani Sm Should have Su ficfent SFore of ener9)

In simple Ovganism he germ cells aYe not dif erenF

fvom oneanother. When the body odesfgn be comes cOmp ex

Cells also spe cfals es one gem cell s1aYge
an od con tain food while Hhe other IS Smaller and mohiie.

Ploue pamla

Mncawe am wet

Sepals and perals are the acc essovy part

Stamevn and
carpels are caltlea repedu chive parti
ased on the
presence of Sex
ganS, flowers are
classi fe d as
unisex al nd bi sexu al flowe rs

NI SE U AL
So me flowers nave eithe Sram en or
Cu cu nn ber
Carpe.
Papay,
BI SE xUA
Sone fiowers have both Stamen and Carpel
9 hi biscus,mus tava
Sramen the moale veproduchve Part and
prO duces
Pollen 9rain that are yellowish i colouy

P Hhe
spresent he Center f
flower
ana Hhe female epro ou crfve parC made
p o fF three parls The SWollen, botom parc s e
o VAry, middle elongared the style
par and te
terminal Par which may be shCKy Hhe strgma

elmalien
Trans fer Of
Pollen 9rains fvom an ther to Shg ma
oF the Same Species

nelPotluna tio»
Trans fer of po llen 9vains fro m anthe +o stig ma
Same floweY

potunaen
Trans fer OF
pollen 9rains fvom an ther to shg mg
of an other flO wey of the Same
species.

Po lina on ccurs with the help of

bio c agenG ke bals birds and honey bes.

Abioe agen 5
ike wind, walev, an
LnTittaAio

The procesS of fusion of mole n d female 9amete

caile
calle od ferh'sa Hon.
A fter pollina non pollen 9rains 9erminate over the
tube. The po llen tu be
Shgma by proodu cing pollen
and en ters the o vary.
passes thro u9h the Sty le
The of the po llen tube olue t o the
9ro w th
Secve h°on 0f So me Chemicals Pn the ovary
Cchermo tropism)

One
One male
m ale
amete cell fey h°is ed
e99

CFu tur e em bvyo)

Seco nd male 9amefe two Po lar nucleP

+riple
fusfon

dplo Pd
nucleu5 .
duble flisaLLem
Fn which 2 mae
Pro ces O flo wering plan5
bo th Ye used in
di Charged and
ameres are

fev Hlfsa non.

lisalon
Hmes fo r an
- The zygote aivides Several

ovules.
em bry with in the

The OUules develo p tough Coat and

into a Seed.
con verte d
For m fruit
-Ovary ipens
d Sta men fall of
The sepalspetab an

fu ture plant the

The Seed Con tans the
seetd Jcediing
embryo which develops in10
water, WarmH.
Con d'h'ons. Caiy
Und er appvopiate
called ger minatron,
Tmi pro cess
 REP RO D UCTI V E

SyST EM
[Link]
Hum an bein9 S are uniserual, that m ale and
female epro du chve o rgans QYe presen t in
diferent in divid uals

The male nd fem ale reproduch ve

are SyStem
quite ff fferent in StrucTdre an d fun chon .
The System
becomes fun ch'on a
lly a ch've
Parncu iar a9e called puber 19
aenerally females atlain Puberty at the age of
2
year 5, wnereas males qt the ge Of 3 to

14yeayYS

MaRe Repodudine SuysTem

Primar y ex ov9an of male
tes tes, These
ave pvesent In Small p o u chh ealled Scrotym.
S present Outsiode the
Scro tum abdoming cavity.
clese lowey Hhan
Its temp. 3 the normal Dod y
temp which essen hal for +he pro duchbn of
SpermS.
Testes Pro duce Sper ms and male Ser hormone aalle d
Tes to s ter one.

fe sto s terone regulates he formaon of Sperms and also

brings about
ohonge Seen in bo ys aat the +fme
pu ber ty
 me m
The Sperm S are tiny bodies thot Consis t mainl 9enee
and a lon 9 tail that help +hem move
matevial

to ward the female germ cell.

e m ina
ve si cle PYOS a t e 9anol,
nou
ris hmenr
Se cre hon nhich 9ves
They pro vide

mobiiry t Sperms.
and
 O
2
S
 FALLO PIAN TUBE

6ne
On eithe side
TheYe ave two fallo pian tubes

+he uteruS.

cavies Ova from the Ovary the uteru sS

Ferhsaion ccurS in 4e fallop ian tu be

Sp ermn are Pres ern/
the

TER US
1s Pear shapeod c4lar
holow mus o r g n . 1t re cieves

he fa llo pian tube Svom ko t side and opens vagina.

called AS cerux
4terus
The ldwer por h'on of

VA NA
narrO W
a muscAlar tube.
Its en ds
up per are Connected to cervîx and lo wer
en od outsiole
opes to an oppning

Te uan
L eke Pemals
The ovarian Cycle n females called mens tualcycle
at the
begino age D 0-12 ears

The r s t menstra cy ele In females s mengrche

When the mens tyal cy cle permenan Hy Stops Cat the

9e opP Soo - 65 years,) it 1s calle d

menoPause.
Replilon
Process of fusion of male and
fen ale 9amete
Ferh'iisahon occuYS in the uPp er end of the fa llopian

tu be .

A fter fer hsabon, a develep ed cet calleoz9gote

ygote

for med
he FerhIaed eg9 Czygote ) Staris dividing
dividing On d forms

bo ll cells or embryo
tin in9 of yterus
The embyo 9els Implan ted in the

to become
and starts
dividing9 and develop oYgans
foe tus mothers olood
nourishmenr from the
embryo 9ers
The hSS ue Ca l l e d pla cen ta.
help of a Spe cral
with the a n od uterus

struchare f vmed b/w he embryo

Cr 1 a

wall)
Which is embedde d i the uterine wall
Placent a a dsk
villi on the embryo's Side of the tiss ue
contains

S p a ces whicn Suno unds

On the mo ther'S side are bloo od
for O2 and
Surfa ce area
tne vil. Th provi
videsa large
from
mo th er to em bry0
CO to pass
NaSte Substances
also generafes
The developing embryo
by trans ferring 4hem into the
be re mo ved
Which can
the placent9.
mo ther'S blood throu gh

Chiid inside the mo ther'S

The development of the
C6 wee kJ)
bedy takes aP pYOimately month
Contr act-
ulE
Thythmfc
A
A child bevn as
a reS

n A1eru5
relaxaHon
mus cles
ion and
scalled
and birth
fevlakon
The period bl
gesta hon Period.
 onseee
STD caused by virus

ALDS Cotestvoys ouY immune sys tem

Herpes Csoresin the genitals)
STO caused bacre ri9
by
Syp hi13 Ccaus ee lesions in the
genital tract)
onov rhea Cpa inful
un'nahon)
STDs cause d by Prooz0a
Tcho moniasis
Cvaginal initanbn)

POPULATION CONTROL METHODSs

preven ve method. thisis th methoof wheve Spermns
and OvG
prevente d to fu se

- pre ven tion oP Pre gnan cy ar h'e'cial

by meanS TS
Ca lle d Con tap cep hon.
The various types of preven h°ve metho ds ar?
- natural
metho of

mechani cal methood

Surgical method

natural metho d
It Sbased on he
Physroo99 of ovarian Cycle

mechami cal barruer

mech anical barrier may be erea te a thaf
Sp e r m s does not Yea ch
4ne he e99. lh ey a1So
PYO tecr ag4 inst STDS
 S use males
by
prevent STDs
helps
NTRA
T E R N 6 Co N TR A C E ATIVE

DEV e S
CUC Ds)
Coppe T, loops

gaAl mgd

TO MV
VA S EC

in males
olone

remo val of a Small por hon oP

It nvolves

Sperm ofuct.

enas ave then tied with threaa

The Cut
#rom
co ming out
S p e r mns
Ths preven Is

TUBEc TO MY
in females
done
- It
Smail porhon 0f Pal lop i a
Yem Oval 0f a
involve

tybe Hed
e d with threads
are then
then
ends
Cur
ur enter the fallo pian
to
This preN t n i s
the 99
4ube

what hapreno t e0 nat t o d s

nof ferl ed, it tives for abou one

f t he e99
One month1 the ferus
ay, JTnce the o vory eleases 99ever
ferhtied1 e9Thus, the lining
also pepare s iFSelf to ve creve
and Spo ng y. Th would be requive for 0 uriS hih
beco mes thi ck

Ferns a h o n had taken place idowe ver, th o ning

if
the embryo Comes ourside
breaks and
nOt heedea nym Orf 14kes Pi9 ce

fhe vagina as blood

and mu cou. Th Cycle
menstruahon.
(asti
month an d Calle d
Ouhlg every
fo ab0t days