3-Phase Automatic Changeover System

Cadet Karan Nagyal, Cadet Utkarsh Ishwar

INA, Ezhimala,Kannur
Kerala, India
[Link]@[Link] karannagyal01@[Link]

Abstract - Automation is now the need of the day. It is Changeover is a method to switch over the load from
user friendly and faster. This kit is a prototype of main supply to battery or backup generator in times of
automation of the changeover system. Previously (even failure of main supply. Changeover earlier used to be a
today at some places) the manual operations are frequent, manual process where a box with three terminal used to
when the main supply goes off, a person manually turns
on the generator causing delay and also certain safety
be placed, one input from main supply, the other input
hazard. In case of electrical appliances control using from standby generator or battery and third output to
automation leads to better safety. This kit is a prototype the load. Also, contactors can be combined and used to
for the same which is auto change over to generator when change one source of power supply to another source in
main supply fails. In this system we are designing an case of failure from either of the two sources. It is
embedded circuit to control this. In case there are two particularly necessary when using more than one source
phases, then the switching will be in the default phase. of electricity supply. In this write up, the changeover is
Three relays are there to control the switching. not only automatic but intelligent.
This system can used to automate the electrical
system where switching is required. It also serves for the
safety in heavy industrial duty. Manual changeover can C. Generator Compatibility to the System
be replaced by automatic change over at home. The main The automatic changeover can be used in places where
part of the kit is micro-controller. We have to convert the alternative power is needed to complement the main
220 V AC supply to 5 V DC from each phase. This 5V power supply.
supply is given to micro-controller and it is programmed
II. METHODOLOGY
to fulfill the above requirements. The output of the micro-
controller is given to ULN2803 relay driver. The relay In this Section, the approach used in the design and
finally selects the phase in terms of AC voltage. implementation of the 3-phase intelligent changeover
Key Words: Automatic, Changeover, Power Supply, Relay system is elaborated upon.
controller. The approach used in this work is the modular
approach where the overall design was first broken into
I. INTRODUCTION functional block diagrams; each block in the diagram
A. Background represents a section of the circuit that carries out a
In case of a power failure person had to reach specific function.
the box and flip a switch breaking the circuit between
main supply and load and closing circuit between A. Block Diagram Description
backup supply and load.
As is obvious this process was unreasonably slow and a The functional block diagram of Figure 1 shows the
person had to be always detailed for the job. The new interconnection among various sections of the
automatic changeover overcomes these difficulties as it changeover. The mains is through transformer into a
detects the power outage and swiftly switches to the bridge rectifier and then to LM7805 voltage regulator
generator. Also the process is immediate. In addition which gives a stready output of 5V DC, then the
certain automatic changeover can even detect low connection is made to AT89S8253 micro-controller,
voltage and change to avoid any damage to the also it has input into p1_0, p1_1 and p1_2 ports from a
equipment. 3 phase AC supply which too is through transformer
Considering a situation where load are connected to and passed through LM7805 so as to not damage the
main supply and are running a sudden power failure can circuit. Micro-controller gives two output one to LCD
not only cause harm to to machines but also a detested display and other to the ULN2803 relay controller.
interruption to work in hand. Also the modern ULN2803 gives output to relays and phase is changed
changeover able to detect low voltage can act as as per requirement. Also, LEDs are used in circuit to
additional safety measure, and can go a long way in indicate the flow of current through various phases.
protecting the equipments. Through the display, the phase in use is displayed, the
An automatic system will also simplify the problems source of power in use can be seen clearly. The control
faced at home, assuming the untimely failure of power section comprises the microcontroller and other
can cause a sudden darkness making it hard to find path electronic components like relays and transistors. The
to the manual changeover box. work of his section is to make intelligent decisions for
the smooth operation of the system as it is subsequently
B. Changeover explained.

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 Fig.1: The functional block diagram of the system
Fig. 3: Phase Monitoring Circuit
B. The Power Supply
C. Control System Using AT89S8253
The Circuit Power Supply is tapped from the Main power
The device control system uses microcontroller with 40
Supply, stepped down to 12V and rectified to power the
pins for more versatile functions. Also, a 4 by 20 LCD for
circuit. The main function of the circuit power supply is to
convert AC – DC (direct current). The first stage performs the display purpose and relays for switching are
full wave rectification from the AC signal by employing a incorporated.
bridge rectifier. The rectified DC voltage is then filtered For monitoring, the circuit diagram is as shown below.
by using filtering capacitor to smoothen the resulting DC Each of the phases L1, L2 and L3 is connected to a
signal. Then passed through voltage regulator to provide transformer (12v,500mA) to step down the voltage from
240v to 12v. The output of the transformer is rectified and
5V DC.
filtered by the capacitor before passing it to the voltage
The transformer requirements: Input voltage = 240V, regulator. It then is given as input to micro-controller to
detect the phase in use and the changeover accordingly.
Output voltage = 12V. The maximum output current
When there is voltage on L1, the transformer T1 steps it
500mA = 0.5A Therefore, power (VA) required = 15 x down and bridge diode D1 rectifies the voltage to dc. The
0.5= 6VA capacitor C1 filters the signal and is passed to the input
p1_0 of micro controller. Similarly, L2 and L3 are fed to
p1_1 and p1_2.
Fig. 4: Pin Out Diagram of AT89S8253

Fig. 2: Full wave Rectification

T is the step down transformer, D is the bridge diode and

C is the filtering capacitor.
The bridge rectification: This is achieved using full-
wave bridge rectification. Four diodes (1N4007) were
chosen due to their low forward voltage drop, high current
capability and ruggedness . The value of the capacitor used
for filtering is determined by calculating the capacitance.
The equation is applied for 10% ripple voltage.

Transformer secondary voltage = 12V,

Ripple voltage = 10% of 12V = 1.2,
Bridge rectifier = 1.4V. The output from the micro controller, by pin 21 to 26 is
The expected voltage after rectification = 12 + 1.2+1.4 = passed to LCD display and pin 37,38 and 39 is passed to
14.6V Relay controller which in turn take input from 37 in pin 1,
Vp= peak voltage = 15V (peak-to-peak, bridge output max 2 and 3, from 38 in pin 4,5 and 6 and 39 in pin 7 amd 8.
voltage). Relay Controller then gives output through pin 11-18 to
i= load current = 0.5A relays which switch between the phases as shown in fig 5.
f = frequency of the AC supply = 50Hz; The relays then switch between the phases and the output
Therefore; designing of +12V @ 0.5A, the filtering is displayed by LEDs.
capacitance is: C = 3333.3333 μF; Preferred value =
3300μF.

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 [4] Ofualagbag, E E Udoha, Design & Simluation of
Automatic Phase Selector & Changeover Switch for 3
Phase Supply. ISSN 2394-9678

[5] Mrs Pooja Jain., Automatic 3 Phase Changer. ISSN

2249-7455

[6] Principles of Power Systemby V K Mehta, 21.3 Basic

Relays 500-505. Publisher S. Chand

[7] Embedded Systems An Integrated Approach by Lyla

Fig.5: Phase Selector Diagram B Das, Software Development Tools 204-216. Publisher
Pearson

III. TESTING, OPERATION AND RESULT

[8] Embedded C by Michael J Pont, Hello, Embedded
A. Result and Discussion World 35-55, Publisher Addison-Weasly

(i) The device is active once there is A.C. Mains

supply.

(ii) The phase sensor keeps monitoring the voltage

and blackout on each of the three phases.

(iii) In case of failure of mains supply, it changes the

phase and displays the phase in use on LCD Screen.

IV. CONCLUSION

The design and Implementation of a three phase intelligent

Changeover System has been done. Testing the prototype,
the system has worked well according to the specification
based on the explanation given in this paper. Since the
system is automatic and intelligent, it does not need close
monitoring after installation because the stress of manual
changeover has been eliminated. The energy loss due to
switching is minimal and the control circuit consumption
is almost negligible.
Additionally, the future work on this project can also make
use Arduino to achieve the control part; this can offer
simpler programming. Also, the design can be extended to
more than two sources of power supply.

References

[1] Ofegbu E O, Ogbe Joy O. A Microcontroller based

Automatic 3 Phase Selector for Load Control in
Home Application. ISSN2454-6194

[2] Upendra Pal [Link] Changeover

Switch for 3 Phase AC Motor. ISSN 2581-
9429.
[3] P I Ohwu.(2017) Design & Implementation of
a 3 Phase Automatic Power Changeover
Switch with Automatic Generator Start and
Stop Control

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