C.
ANALYTICAL – Derived results; synthesis of two or more variables
1. Erosion Potential
Dependent on inter-relationship of:
o soil type
o slope
o vegetation
o rainfall
2. Flooding Hazard
Dependent on inter-relationship of:
o soil type
o slope
o rainfall intensity
o tidal fluctuations
3. Land Capability
Area Suitable for Cultivation Dependent on inter-relationship of:
o soil erosion
o soil type
o slope/flood-prone areas
4. Soil Suitability
Area Suitable for Urban Development dependent on inter-relationship of:
o soil erosion
o soil type
o slope/flood-prone areas
o depth of water table
5. Development Constraints
Obstacles to Development
Sieve Analysis
11. EMERGING THEORIES
11.1 Planned Unit Developments (PUD)
mid-sized development built with the intentions of self-sustainability
used in areas that are being intensively developed for the first time
with mixed uses often the primary land use, it is sometimes referred to as cluster zoning
ordinary zoning regulations can be suspended for this particular property
11.2 Transit Oriented Developments (TOD)
officially defined as a mixed use community with an average distance of 670 meters from a transit
stop and commercial core area.
T.O.D.s mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses in a walkable environment,
making it convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot, or car.
T.O.D.s can be developed throughout a metropolitan region
Main proponent of the concept is Peter Calthorpe and other members of the Congress for New
Urbanism
A. URBAN TOD
Urban T.O.D.s are located directly on the
trunk line of a transit network: at light rail,
heavy rail, or express bus stops.
They should be developed with high
commercial intensities, job clusters, and
moderate to high residential densities
Each Urban T.O.D. may assume a
different character and mix of uses
depending on its location within the
region, market demands, and the
surrounding region
The intensity of development along the
trunk line network should reflect the
significant investment necessary to
construct the transit system, and should
generate the greatest number of transit-
bound trips
B. NEIGHBOURHOOD TOD
Neighborhood T.O.D.s are located on a
local or feeder bus line within 10 minutes
transit travel time (no more than 3 miles)
from a trunk line transit stop.
They should place an emphasis on
moderate density residential, service,
retail, entertainment, civic, and
recreational uses.
They should have a residential and local
serving shopping focus at densities
appropriate for its context.
C. STREET AND CIRCULATION SYSTEMS
The local street system should be recognizable and interconnected, converging to transit stops,
core commercial areas or open spaces; they should also be pedestrian friendly.
D. DISTRIBUTION OF TODs
T.O.D.s should be located to maximize access to their Core Commercial Areas from surrounding
areas without relying solely on arterials
T.O.D.s with major competing retail centers should be spaced a minimum of one mile apart, and
should be distributed to serve different neighborhoods
When located on fixed rail transit systems, they should be located to allow efficient station spacing
T.O.D.s should be distributed throughout a new growth area in a pattern that allows the greatest
number of residents and workers access to a variety of shopping opportunities
They should also be distributed to permit residents to walk to retail and public facilities without
having to cross an arterial street.
11.3 Traditional Neighborhood Developments (TND)
Developments that take the form of traditional neighborhoods, while still
accommodating the automobile and other modern amenities.
These are finely integrated, walkable communities with a strong local
identity and with convivial public places.
The ideas of TNDs are further illustrated in “New Urbanism”
12. NEW URBANISM
12.1 Background of New Urbanism
A. SUBURBAN SPRAWL
The physical expansion of a town, city or
metropolitan area as a result of a continually
increasing number of new developments at the
outlying areas
Results to a waste of energy resources, time, and
money, and blight in the central city
Fragments the region and creates a series of
unrelated developments that consequently creates a
weak urban fabric
Also creates unpleasant environments at the street
level
Initiated by the automobile, greedy developers, and
the “American Dream” Unsightly
Suburban Streets
B. THE CONGRESS FOR NEW URBANISM (CNU)
Because of the effects of suburban sprawl on the urban
environment, and ultimately on the quality of life of those
affected by it, a group of concerned architects and
planners formed the Congress of New Urbanism as a
venue for resolving the problems of a fragmented region
The founders of this group were Andres Duany, Elizabeth
Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, and Daniel
Solomon, among others
The goal of the CNU was to generate public awareness on
the ills of sprawl and bring back traditional city form
Comparative diagrams illustrating the physical patterns of suburban sprawl and traditional neighborhoods
12.2 Hierarchy of Spaces (Region, City, Community, District, Block, Street)
A. THE REGION
Urbanism, defined by its diversity, pedestrian scale, public space & structure of bounded
neighborhoods, should be applied throughout a metropolitan region regardless of location.
The entire region should be designed according to similar urban principles.
B. THE NEIGHBORHOOOD, THE DISTRICT, AND THE CORRIDOR
These three are the fundamental organizing elements of New Urbanism
Neighborhoods are urbanized areas with a balanced mix of human activity
Districts are areas dominated by a single activity
Corridors are connectors and separators of neighborhoods and districts
C. THE STREET, THE BLOCK, AND
THE BUILDING
the form of New Urbanism is
realized by the deliberate
assembly of streets, blocks,
and buildings
streets are not the dividing
lines within a city, but are to be
communal rooms and
passages
Blocks are the field on which
Unfolds both the building fabric
and the public realm of the city
Buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the
city. Their proper configuration and placement relative
to each other determines the character of each settlement
12.3 The Context of New Urbanism (basic rules)
The neighborhood has a discernible center or a
focal point
Most of the dwellings are within five-
minute walk of the center, an average of
roughly 600 to 700 meters (2,000 feet)
There exists a variety of dwelling types
There are a wide mix uses
Streets within the neighborhood are a
connected network, preferably a grid pattern,
which disperses traffic by providing a variety of
pedestrian and vehicular routes to any
destination
There are small playgrounds near every
dwelling – not more than 200 meters away.
An elementary school (and maybe even a high school) is close
enough so that most children can walk from their home.
The streets and sidewalks are covered with rows of trees and
other landscaping elements that provide shade to pedestrians and an
overall pleasant environment
Parallel parking will also be allowed along the streets, with trees
in between each designated space
Sidewalks are wide, at least 3.0 meters, and will be free from
dangerous obstructions except for landscaping elements and street
furniture that will invite pedestrians to sit.
Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close to the
street, creating a well-defined “outdoor room”.
Storefronts are also built close to the sidewalk, with wide window
openings and visible entrances that are inviting to the pedestrian
Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street. Parking is
relegated to underground, to multi-level structures, or to the rear of
buildings, usually accessed by alleys.
Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the
Neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings.
In areas with bodies of water of significant size, buildings will be built
facing the water, rather than having water in its backyard
The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing. A formal
association debates and decides matters of maintenance, security
and physical change.
12.4 New Urbanism Strategies
A. REDEVELOPMENT
Priority projects of the New Urbanism movement involve redeveloping blighted areas,
particularly those in the inner city.
In redeveloping downtown areas, design adheres to the applicable principles formulated by the
Congress for new Urbanism.
Such projects increase land values, revitalize the areas, and encourages people to move back
to the city core, while discouraging further suburbanization.
B. INFILL
Strategy used when redevelopments is no longer an option while still avoiding further physical
expansion
The best utilization of existing infrastructure comes from infill development.
Infill should therefore, always be a central part of a region’s growth policy
Infill sites can vary in size and shape, ranging from surface parking lots to large open spaces
between built-up areas
C. NEW TOWNS
When urban and suburban infill cannot accommodate the quantity or rate of growth of a region,
new growth areas or satellite towns may be considered.
New growth areas are easiest to develop with transit and pedestrian oriented patterns
However, they may also spread the city’s size
Satellite towns are typically larger than new growth areas and provide a complete spectrum of
shopping, jobs, and civic facilities.
But if well planned and transit oriented, can complement infill and help to structure and revitalize
the metropolitan region.
12.5 Famous Case Studies
A. SEASIDE
Designed by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Walton County, Florida, 1981
Fosters a strong sense of community with a variety of dwelling units built close to each other, complete
neighborhood amenities, open spaces, terminating vistas, etc.
Built by the sea, the plan was designed to optimize waterfront access and views for all of the town’s
residents, not just those with beachfront home sites
B. JACKSON TAYLOR
A 75-acre redevelopment in San Jose, California by
Peter Calthorpe and Associates in 1991
Originally an industrial town, redeveloped with new
housing and commercial uses
Includes edges of two ethnic neighborhoods, one
Japanese and the other predominantly Hispanic
Also includes a historic district with the city’s largest
concentration of Victorian homes
A major element that weaves the neighborhood
together is an underutilized rail line that was converted
to commuter use
C. LAGUNA WEST
A 1,045-acre new development in Sacramento
Country, California, also designed by Peter Calthorpe
and Associates and developed by Phil Angelides in
1990
Plan puts emphasis on well-defined public spaces and
amenities
The focal point is a 100-acre town center that includes
civic and commercial uses with high and medium
density housing
The system of public spaces is the organizing
structure of the community
The town center is located at the terminus of radial
boulevards which originate in neighbourhood parks
D. KENTLANDS
A 355-acre new development in Gaithersbug,
Maryland. Designed by Andres Duany and
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
Master plan includes six neighborhoods, each
combining elements of residential, office, civic,
cultural, and retail usage
Also includes a variety of civic facilities and
public open spaces. A lake, greenbelts, and
several small squares help to define individual
neighborhoods
13. OTHER NOTABLE PLANNERS
Abercrombie, Sir Leslie Patrick
In 1913 he won a competition for the re-planning of Dublin
Founder of the Town Planning Review
In 1944 he published his Greater London Plan
Bacon, Edmund Norwood
Author of the book Design of Cities (1967), which serves as a reference for urban designers
Architect designer instrumental in the emergence of Shanghai, China
Doxiadis, Constantinos
Author of Ekistics, which addresses the problem of urbanization in a worldwide scale
Fuller, Buckminster
Assessed the current state of the world’s production and productive energy and suggested how
it could be turned to man’s advantage
Garnier, Tony
Designer of Cite Industrille, designed between 1898 and 1904
Conceptualized distinct functional zoning throughout a large development
His ideas have been discerned in many suburban developments in Europe
Geddes, Sir Patrick
His mark is planning circles is made by his extensive contribution to fresh thought on the shape
and location of contemporary human communities
Author of the book Cities in Evolution (1915)
Gropius, Walter
Gropius owes his place in any account of the history of planning to his invention of the residential
layout in which slab blocks of flats are placed laterally or obliquely to a street rather than parallel
with it
Presented this layout in his book. The New Architecture and the Bauhaus (1935).
Gruen, Victor
Planner and author who has pioneered the development in America of both regional and city
centre pedestrian shopping areas
Planner of Northland Centre near Detroit and Southdale Center in Minneapolis, with shops
clustered at the center and encircled with car parks, rather than placed on each side of strip.
Jacobs, Jane
American author and former associate editor of Architectural Forum
Author of the book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1962)
Concentrated on how people actually behave and not how designers intend them to
Kahn, Louis
American architect noted for his imaginative sequence of plans for the redevelopment of
Philadelphia, designed intermittently between 1952 and 1961.
Put emphasis on utilitarian elements of a city structure; and made them focal points of his
conceptually designed cities.