History of architecture | world architecture

• Printing by Movable Types

• Led to the mass production of books
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
• Contributed to the circulation of ideas and
knowledge
• Several Christian thinkers challenged and
attacked the beliefs, customs, power and
wealth of the Catholic Church
• Religious and intellectual unity of
HISTORY Christendom had begun to crumble
• Increased understanding of Science and the
Arts Medicine and Astronomy
• Attempt to understand the ancient world,
its values, literary, artistic forms and
architectural forms

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
15th TO 18th CENTURY

• Previous trade routes to the east had now

been blocked by the Ottoman Turks in
Constantinople
• 1450, series of voyages and explorations
by sea led by Spain and Portugal
• For trade mostly but also for the discovery
of more lands

• Renaissance known as “Rebirth“ or

“Revival“ of the Roman Classical Arts

• Salient Characteristic Of The Style

• Reintroduction of the (5) Classical Roman
Orders of Architecture
• Standardized by renowned architects
Palladio, Vignola, Scamozzi & Chambers
• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian
• Use of the rusticated masonry
• Warfare was changed by the invention of • Parapets are usually with balusters.
gunpowder • Dome on a drum
• This brought about the need for a new • Composite
building type
• Tuscan

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 History of architecture | world architecture

- Proto-Baroque, where there was more

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER confidence in using the acquired
• Dignity & Formality shown through vocabulary freely (represented by
“symmetry“ Michelangelo)
• The Renaissance movement created a - Mannerist, where practices which had no
break in the evolution of European church Roman precedent were interspersed with
architecture the usual buildings, or entire buildings
• Departure from Gothic, with the were conceived in a non-Roman way
employment of Classic Roman “Orders of - Mannerists used architectural elements in a
Architecture” free, decorative and illogical way,
• Byzantine structural and decorative unsanctioned by antique precedent
practices, instead of Gothic, were
interwoven with those from Roman and • Baroque
Romanesque succession

PERIODS

• Early Renaissance
- Period of learning
- Designers were intent on the accurate
transcription of Roman elements

• High Renaissance Or Proto-Baroque

- Renaissance became an individual style in
its own right
- Architects worked with freedom and
firmly-acquired knowledge
- The true nature of Renaissance as a
distinctive style began to emerge
- Baroque saw architecture, painting,
sculpture and the minor arts being used in
harmony to produce the unified whole

FLORENCE
• Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central,
chief powers of Italy
• Craft guilds, with both religious and lay
connotations, directed activities of studios
and workshops
• Renaissance had its birth in Florence

- Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition

was held in high respect (represented by
Andrea Palladio)

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 History of architecture | world architecture

- Representative of the Florentine palace of

that period
- Open cortile and piano nobile
- Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
- Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m
projection

ROME
• Splendidly presented examples of High
Renaissance and Proto-baroque
• Famous architect is Donato Bramante
• Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
• Resembling small Roman circular temple
with Doric columns
• Medici family - founded by Giovanni de • 4.5 m internal diameter
Medici, who was a commercial and • Site where S. Peter was martyred
political power • Designed by Donato Bramante
• Vitality of social life at every level • Dome on drum pierced with alternating
• Artists, who excelled in several arts, windows and shell-headed niches
achieve high status in society

PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder,
palace-type building evolved, taking the
place of fortified castles
• Built around a cortile or interior court, like
medieval cloister • S. Peter, Rome
• Ground floor and piano nobile - Most important Renaissance building in
• Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable Italy
• Low-pitched roof covered by a balustrade, - With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican,
parapet or boldly protruding roof cornices forms a world- famous group
• Use of rusticated masonry and wall angles - 120 years, outcome of the works of many
called quoins architects under the direction of the pope

12 Architects of St. Peter’s Basilica

• Bramante - His design was selected from
several entries in a competition
- He proposed a Greek cross plan and a
dome similar to the Pantheon in Rome
- Foundation stone laid in 1506
• Giuliano da Sangallo - Upon death of
Julius II in 1513
• Fra Giocondo
• Raphael - Proposed a Latin cross plan
• Baldassare Peruzzi - Reverted to Greek
• Palazzo Strozzi cross
- By Benedetto da Majano

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 History of architecture | world architecture

• Antonio da Sangallo - Slightly altered plan - Designed by an Italian, Domenico da

- extended vestibule and campanile, and Cortona
elaborated the central dome - Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire
• Michelangelo - Undertook the project at 72 district
years old-present building owes most of its
outstanding features to him
- Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome,
redesigned surrounding chapels
• Giacomo della Porta
• Domenico Fontana - Completed dome in
1590
• Vignola - Added sided cupolas
• Carlo Maderna - Lengthened nave to form
Latin cross and built the gigantic façade
• Bernini - Erected noble entrance piazza
198 m wide with Tuscan colonnade
- Completed plan is a Latin cross with an • Palaise du Louvre, Paris
internal length of 183 m, width of 137 m - Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
- At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m - Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres
internal diameter constituting one of the most imposing
- Largest church in the world palaces in Europe

FRANCE
• Country Houses
- Country houses took the place of fortified
castles
Some examples:

• Petit Trianon, Versailles

- Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
- One of most superb pieces of domestic
• Chateau de Justice, Rouen architecture of the century

ENGLAND

Period of Design

• Elizabethan (1558 to 1603 AD) - During

the reign of Queen Elizabeth
• Establishment of Renaissance style in
• Chateau de Chambord England, followed Tudor architecture

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 History of architecture | world architecture

• Transition style with Gothic features and

Renaissance detail
• Jacobean (1603 to 1625 AD)
• Stuart (1625 to 1702 AD)
- 1st Phase: Italian Renaissance influenced
by Inigo Jones
- 2nd Phase: French Renaissance influenced
by Christopher Wren
• Georgian (1702 to 1830 AD)
• Elizabethan Mansions
- Statesmen, merchants and gentry built
mansions in the countryside to suit their
positions • Queen's House
- E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan - Influenced by Palladian architecture

• Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire

- Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, • St. Paul's Cathedral, London
grand staircase, long gallery, withdrawing - Designed by Christopher Wren
room or solar, towers, gables, parapets, - Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central
balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and bay space under dome for big congregations
Stuart Buildings SPAIN

• Banqueting House, Whitehall, London • Early Period (1492 to 1556 AD) - Grafting
- Designed by Inigo Jones Renaissance details unto Gothic forms

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 History of architecture | world architecture

- Decorative rather than structural in

character, inspired by the voyages of
discoverers
• Classical Period (1556 To 1690 Ad)
- Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art
Baroque Period (1650 To 1750 Ad)
- Classical rules disregarded

• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so

named for its similarity to silversmiths'
work – plateria

• Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant

expression, by Jose de Churriguera, (1650
to 1723 AD)
• Antiquarian Period (1750 to 1830 AD)
- Returned to ancient classical models

-End of Section-
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely
florid and decorative, from the minuteness
of detail

PORTUGAL

• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495

to 1521 AD)

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