Microelectronics + Microelectronics is a subfield of electronics. *As the name suggests, microelectronics relates to the study and manufacture of very “small” electronic designs and components. * Many components of normal electronic design are available in a microelectronic equivalent. Such as: Transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes and (naturally) insulators and conductors can all be found in microelectronic devices.Microelectronics + Microelectronics is a “subdivision” of the field of electronics that deals with very small and microscopic elements to manufacture electronic components. + Microelectronics has been rapidly evolving as the most in-demand field of electronics because of the increasing demand for inexpensive and lightweight equipment that use up a little amount of electric power. * A branch of electronics technology called Microelectronics.Microelectronics * In modern society, micro-electronic components are popular and can be found in almost everything: computers, tablets, mobile phones, vehicles and many many other devices and systems which require or make use of electronics. * Micro-Electronics Engineering is a specialized field that is under the discipline of Electronics Engineering and is dedicated to the design and development of microchips.Clean room concept +A cleanroom is a controlled environment where pollutants like dust, airborne microbes and aerosol particles are filtered out in order to provide the cleanest area possible. + Most cleanrooms are used for manufacturing products such as electronics, pharmaceutical products, and medical equipment. +A cleanroom can be classified into different levels of contamination depending on the amount of particles allowed in the space, per cubic meter. + Cleanrooms also control variables like temperature, air flow, and humidity.HOW DOES IT WORK? * Essentially, cleanrooms work to remove pollutants, particles, and contaminants from outside ambient air. + Outside air is first circulated to a filter system. + The filters then clean and decontaminate this outside air according to their specifications. + The filtered air is then forced into the cleanroom.Who needs a cleanroom + There are a wide variety of reasons that a company may need a cleanroom. If manufacturing something that is easily affected by contaminants or particles in the air. + Few common reasons to need a cleanroom and some common industries that regularly use cleanrooms: + Manufacturing Companies Research Facilities Pharmaceutical Companies Medical Laboratories Electronic Part Production.Silicon Wafers: + In the semiconductor or silicon wafer industry, the term wafer appeared in the 1950s to describe a thin round slice of semiconductor material, typically germanium or silicon. * Allelectronic devices we use today ranging from: + Cell phones +1 + Computers + Smart speakers have one thing in common in their manufacturing process namely Silicon Wafer. * Round shape comes from single-crystal ingots usually produced using the Czochralski method * Wafers are formed of highly pure, nearly defect-free single crystalline material, with a purity of 99.9999999% or higher. + One process for forming crystalline wafers is known as the Czochralski method.Silicon wafers are thin slices of pure crystalized silicon. ‘These pure forms of wafers are normally called undoped or intrinsic silicon wafer. (One of the reasons for using Silicon wafer in semiconductor industry is the natural abundance of Silicon. Aso itis one of the most abundant material found on earth usually found in the form of SiO2. Another reason of using silicon is that electrical characteristics of the silicon can be precisely controlled by addition of dopants. Silicon wafers that are doped with impurities such as: + Boron create P- type wafers and + Wafers that are doped with Arsenic or Phosphorous create N-type wafers. ‘The P type wafers have several positive charged holes whereas N type wafers have several negative charged electrons in it.One of the biggest reasons that wafers are round is because they are in that shape from the beginning. The silicon ingots that are used to grow the wafer are circular in shape. This is due to the process of dipping a seed crystal into molten silicon and rotating and slowly extracting as the crystal grows. This is also known as the popular Czochralski method. Since the product is already circular in shape, the wafers are cut into that same shape. While they could be cut into a different shape, it would waste silicon. Note: An ingot is a piece of relatively pure material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing.Silicon wafers are used as semiconductors in electronics, specifically, manufacturing process of integrated circuits. In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits . The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronics devices built in and upon the wafer. It’ undergoes many microfabrication processes, such as doping, ion implantation, etching, thin-film _deposition of various _—materials, and photolithoaraphic patterning. Finally, the individual microcircuits are separated by wafer dicing and packaged as an integrated circuit.Cleaning, texturing and etching + Wafers are cleaned with weak acids to remove unwanted particles. * There are several standard cleaning procedures to make sure the surface of a silicon wafer contains no contamination. + One of the most effective methods is RCA clean.Silicon WafersGrowth of single crystal silicon —- Czochralski Method + Scientist made this discovery by accident: instead of dipping his pen into his inkwell, he dipped it in molten tin, and drew a tin filament, which later proved to be a single crystal. * The Czochralski method, also Czochralski technique or Czochralski process, is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystal of semiconductor (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide).Silicon Wafer Preparation Various steps involve are: a > @ ao . Preparation of MGS and EGS. b. Crystal Growth and doping . Ingot trimming and grinding |. Ingot slicing . Wafer polishing and etching . Wafer cleaning The raw material for the preparation of single crystal silicon is the electronic grade silicon (EGS) which is a polycrystalline material of high purity.+ EGS is the raw material for the preparation of single crystal silicon. + Production of EGS requires multiple/many steps/process. + First step: to produce the metallurgical grade silicon (MGS) is produced in a submerged electrode arc furnace. PSRETSSUE ERS SsNext Step: After obtaining MGS, the next step of the process is to palverized the silicon mechanically and react with anhydrous hydrogen chloride (HCL) to form trichlorosilane (SiHc13) Si Geld) + EACH (Om) na © Sr Cl, (Qa) tHe Het 4 Colt