• rhetoric : the art of verbal persuasian
• if it deals with power or resistance, it is considered political
• strategic functions:
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• ask about the links between linguistic choices and strategic functions,
• speech acts in politics:
• ;frequency of pronouns
• using I alot: define the speaker as authoritative source of information or knowledge
and define audiences as subordinate, uninformed and unknowledgeable- coerces
hearers into certain communication and political roles and legitimize speaker;
• use of verbs that belong to semantic fields associated with speaking feeling and
action, so they position major in discourse as truthful narrator or messenger and man of
action; the acts of speaking include the right to criticize and condemn kinds of speaking
allegedly indulged in by others and include power to utter certain kinds of speech acts
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• speaker needs to manufacture or assume internal consensus and external dissensus,
and claim consensus extends to nation as a whole; legitimizing function
• use of pronouns:
• directives are part of the coercion function
• indirect speech acts: its time to .... , which makes hearer assume they need to take
some action
• speech act of urging: let’s
• promise performatives are dissimulation function
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• metaphor
• passive construction can omit overt reference to the agent
• syntax is
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• thematic roles:
• subject, verb, object, goal(prepositional phrase): the government, sent, troops, to
china
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• politics defined broadly is any social relationship which deals with power, governing
and authority
• we can be inclusive and exclusive: inclusive includes people being addresses,
exclusive refers to self some other people not the addressees
• metaphor is givin the thing a name that belongs to something else; to create pictures
in our minds, connections are made between concepts that we might not have
considered as related
• simile is saying something is like something else
• metaphors are used to connect concepts in a way that is beneficial for the speaker in
politics
• the rule of three can make things easier to remember and is used when trying to make
an important point; a rhythm that is pleasing and often persuasive
• similar syntactic structure: parallelism
• contrastive pairs suggest balance, help to emphasize positive and suggest issues that
are easily resolved into two contrasting views
• euphemism: highlight positive, background negative; while dysphemism is vice versa
• presupposition is assumed only by particular form of sentence; implicature isn’t
confined to form of sentence and it is a conventional conclusion we come to based on
what is said, depends on what we know about the world and the communicative
situation
• implicatures can be defeased or countered and depend on shared knowledge
• possessives are the use of my, their, etc.
• adjectives, esp. comparative ones: better, noble
• subordinate clauses
• questions:if you say yes or no, you accept presupposition and if you don’t respond,
you risk appearing uncooperative
• incidents are unhappy events
• implicatures and presuppositions give author a get out clause
• political parties have ingroup communicative rules and norms
• conversational dominance: interruption, no response, delayed response, remaining
silent
• -->metaphors
• about immigrants:
• liquid or water metaphors are not so much
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• the more right wing you are, the more you refer to bursting and disasters
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• right wing is conservatism
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• In linguistics, entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A)
requires the truth of the other
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• A metaphorical entailment is the imparting of a characteristic of the source domain (the
metaphorical image) to the target domain (the concept receiving metaphorical treatment) by
logical means.
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• topos is place where arguments are found
• cheater-detection module arouses anger, indicates breaking social contract
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• properties of informal talk:
• mitigation:
• subtle denials: use of quotations and using allege and claim
• reversal, positive self presentation
• denial and counter attack: marginalize the other group, ideological implications, believe
ordinary people are us and they are the crazy ones
• moral blackmail: the fear that any criticism will lead to charges – is a powerful disincentive to
publish dissenting views. It is also leading to the silencing of true views
• defense and offense:
• reversal:
• face keeping and impression management
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• technologization of discourse: strategies, procedures by means of which different forces seek to
render programmes operable, the networks and relays that connect the aspiration of authorities
with the activities of individuals and groups
• combines: research into the discoursal practices of workpalces and institutions, design of
discoursal practices in accordance with institutional strategies and objectives, and training
personnel in such designed discoursal practices
• calculated intervention to shift discursive practices as part of the engineering of social change
• synthetic personalizaion: you personal to address mass audiences
• active material processes: produce, make, succeed, enable, embrace, all denoting an active and
self motivated enterprising employee
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• technologies of government:
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• policing is where you’re no longer in change of the discoursive tone and some other bdoy or
external group determines the right way to talk
• discourse technologists are experts that confirm and carry out the technologization of
discourse; the appointed spokespersons
• when its context free, it facilitates the colonization of local discourses by those discourses that
are culturally salient
• simulation is using techniques of other discourse practices in a discourse technique for their
effectivity
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