Comparison of Beneficiation Process of Kaolinite Soil from

Mampungo, Paracale, Camarines Norte

A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering
Camarines Norte State College
Daet, Camarines Norte

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

by

Ababa, Edwin Jr V.
Alvarez, Aine R.
Bilawan, Gerald N.
Borromeo, Diana Faye A.
Ojo, Henry C.

June, 2020
 ii

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPROVAL SHEET

Upon the recommendation of the Thesis Evaluation Committee, this

undergraduate thesis study entitled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION
PROCESS OF KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE,
CAMARINES NORTE”, prepared by EDWIN JR V. ABABA, AINE R. ALVAREZ,
GERALD N. BILAWAN,
DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO and HENRY C. OJO, is hereby approved as partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

ENGR. AILENE C. DE VELA

Adviser

Recommending Approval:

ENGR. MARIA SENEN D. BONGULTO

Research Moderator

Approved:
ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE
Dean
 iii

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATION FOR FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Civil Engineering, this thesis entitled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION
PROCESS OF KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE,
CAMARINES NORTE”, prepared and submitted by EDWIN V. ABABA JR., AINE R.
ALVAREZ, GERALD N. BILAWAN, DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO and HENRY
C. OJO, has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral
Examination.

ENGR. AILENE C. DE VELA

Adviser

RATING SHEET

Approved by the Panel of Examination on the Oral Examination with the grade of
%.

Undergraduate Thesis Committee

ENGR. JOSELITO A. OLALO

Chairman
ENGR. FLORADELLE A. VEGA ENGR. HESSA G. AZUL
Member Member

Accepted and Approved in Partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research

Project for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
 iv

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

RESULT OF ORAL EXAMINATION

Result of the oral examination of EDWIN V. ABABA JR., AINE R.

ALVAREZ, GERALD N. BILAWAN, DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO and HENRY
C. OJO, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Civil Engineering.

TITLE : “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION

PROCESS OF KAOLINITE SOIL FROM
MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES
NORTE”
PLACE : Defense Room – Office of College of Engineering
DATE :
TIME :

THESIS COMMITTEE ACTION TAKEN

ENGR. JOSELITO A. OLALO

Chairman

Members:
ENGR. FLORADELLE A. VEGA

ENGR. HESSA G. AZUL

 v

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This to certify that the research work presented by the undersigned in this thesis
entitled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF KAOLINITE SOIL
FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”, is original and not yet
submitted to any publisher for consideration. This is to certify further that works,
pictures, and texts used from other sources are properly referenced and acknowledge.

Given this day of , 2020 in Camarines Norte State College Main

Campus, Daet, Camarines Norte.

Edwin Jr. V. Ababa

Aine R. Alvarez
Gerald N. Bilawan
Diana Faye A. Borromeo
Henry C. Ojo
Researchers
 vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This academic output acknowledges the following government and non-government

institutions and individuals:

Carillo Family of Mampungo, Paracale, Camarines Norte for their generous assistance in

gathering of soil samples from the respective site or location.

Cytek Solutions, Inc., through Mrs. Nympha Pajarillaga, for her assistance for the

mineralogical testing of the soil samples.

Candy Mariel Juego and Beltran Family, for helping out when needed.

Engr. Ronald S. Mancenido and Engr. Richelle C. Vedad, for their suggestions and ideas

which became helpful to the study.

To our research panel committee, for giving their ideas and recommendations which were

helpful to the study.

Engr. Maria Senen D. Bongulto, our research instructor, for her guidance and assistance

for the improvement of this study.

Engr. Ailene C. De Vela, our research adviser, for supporting us and being available

when needed.

To our parents, for their moral and financial support.

Above all, to Almighty God, for giving us strength in finishing this study.

The Researchers
 vii

DEDICATION

This study entitled

“COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF KAOLINITE SOIL FROM

MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”

Is enthusiastically dedicated to:

Our loving and guiding parents;

Our peers and all our friends;

To our diligent college instructors;

And above all to our Heavenly Gracious God, the author of our knowledge and wisdom,

for His countless love who made this study possible.

The Researchers
 viii

ABSTRACT

Research Title : COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION

PROCESS OF KAOLINITE SOIL FROM

MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES

NORTE

Proponents : Edwin V. Ababa Jr., Aine R. Alvarez, Gerald N.

Bilawan, Diana Faye A. Borromeo, Henry C. Ojo

Key Words : beneficiation, kaolinite soil, dry, wet, soil texture, chemical

composition

This project aimed to compare the beneficiation process of kaolinite soil

from Mampungo, Paracale, Camarines Norte to determine the technique that may

help industries to ensure higher product quality and reduce cost. This was

accomplished by comparing the physical and chemical properties of the beneficiated

samples.

The materials were gathered, composited, and divided into three groups

namely the control, dry and wet. The control was used to ascertain the mineralogy of

the samples. After it was confirmed that the sample contained kaolinite minerals, the

dry and wet groups were beneficiated accordingly. Soil texture and chemical

composition were tested and the results were analyzed. The mean amount of sand,

silt and clay in the dry beneficiated samples are 2.47wt%, 66.67% and 30.87wt%

respectively while the wet beneficiated samples showed

 ix

a mean amount of 3.8wt%, 74wt% and 22.2 wt% respectively. The chemical composition

of the samples were identified using the XRF analysis and it was found that the dry

beneficiated samples is composed of 55.40% silica (SiO2) and 34.73% alumina (Al2O3).

On the contrary, wet beneficiated samples were found to contain 54.60% silica (SiO 2) and

33.10% alumina (Al2O3). From these, it was concluded that the dry beneficiation is better

than wet beneficiation in terms of soil texture, meanwhile, wet beneficiation is proved to

be better in terms of improving the kaolinite soil’s chemical composition.

 x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES PAGE

Title i

Approval Sheet ii

Certification of Final Oral Examination iii

Result for Oral Examination iv

Certification of Originality v

Acknowledgment vi

Dedication vii

Abstract viii

Table of Contents x

List of Tables xiv

List of Figures xv

List of Plates xvi

CHAPTER 1: The Problem and the Background

Introduction 1

Background of the Study 2

 xi

Objective of the Study 3

Statement of the Problem 4

Hypotheses 5

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Delimitations 6

Definition of Terms 8

CHAPTER 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Literature 9

Review of Related Studies 15

Synthesis of State-of-the-Art 20

Theoretical Framework 22

Conceptual Framework 24

CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology

Research Design 25

Research Parameters and Variables 25

Research Procedure 26
 xii

Data Analysis 31

CHAPTER 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Mineralogical Composition of Kaolinite Soil 33

Physical Property of Dry and Wet Beneficiation Method 38

Chemical Composition of Dry and Wet Beneficiation Method 39

Hypotheses Testing 40

Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary of Finding 42

Conclusion 44

Recommendation 45

LITERATURE CITED 46
 xiii

APPENDICES

A. Nomination of Thesis Evaluation Committee 50

Application for Final (Oral) Defense 51

Recommendation for Oral Examination 52

B. Permission to Conduct Study and to Use College Facilities 53

C. Certification from the Secretary 54

D. Certification from the Editor 55

E. Certification from the Statistician 56

F. Pictures for Data Gathering 57

G. Computations / Data 60

H. Laboratory Results / Figures / Tables 65

I. List of Materials / Bill of Materials / List of Apparatus and

68
Equipment

J. Curriculum Vitae of Researchers 71

 xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TITLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

Table 1 List of Materials 70

Table 2 List of Apparatus and Equipment 71

Table 3 X-ray diffraction data of Mampungo kaolinite compared 34

with JCPDS standard

Table 4 Soil Texture Analysis of Dry and Wet Beneficiated 38

Kaolinite Soil

Table 5 Chemical Composition of Dry and Wet Beneficiated 39

Kaolinite Soil

Table 6 Summary of Hypotheses Testing 40

Table 7 Variation of L with Hydrometer Reading 65

Table 8 Variation of k with Gs 66

Table 9 Temperature Correction Factors 66

Table 10 Correction Factors A for Unit Weight of Solids 66

Table 11 Tabular Values for Two-Tailed Distribution T-Test 67

 xv

LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

Figure 1 Diagram of USDA Soil Texture Triangle 14

Figure 2 Theoretical Paradigm 22

Figure 3 Conceptual Framework 24

Figure 4 X-ray Diffraction of Mampungo Kaolinite (Control 1) 35

Figure 5 X-ray Diffraction of Mampungo Kaolinite (Control 2) 36

Figure 6 X-ray Diffraction of Mampungo Kaolinite (Control 3) 37

 xvi

LIST OF PLATES

TITLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

Plate 1 Gathering of Materials 57

Plate 2 Mixing of Aliquots 58

Plate 3 Beneficiation Method 58

Plate 4 Map of Mampungo, Paracale 27

Plate 5 Map of Study Area 27

 17

LITERATURE CITED

Agvise Laboratories (2019). Soil texture makes a difference. Retrieved on July 23, 2019

from [Link]

Ahmed, A. S., Salahudeen, N., Ajinomoh, C. S., Hamza, H. and Ohikere, A. (2012).

Studies on Mineral and Chemical Characteristics of Pindiga Bentonitic Clay.

Petroleum Technology Development Journal. pp 55-62.

Ahmed, A. S., Salahudeen, N., Ajinomoh, C. S., Hamza, H. and Ohikere, A. (2012).

Studies on mineral and chemical characteristics of Pindiga Bentonitic clay.

Petroleum Technology Development Journal. pp 55-62.

Ajayi, A., Atta, A., Aderemi, B. & Adefila, S. (2010). Novel method of metakaolin

dealumination -preliminary investigation. Journal of Applied Sciences Research,

6(10): 1539-1546

Akinyemi, S. A., Ogunniyi, S.O., Ojo, A. O., Gitari, W. M., Momoh, A., Akinola, A. O.,

Afolagboye, I. O, Olaolorun, O. A., Ayodele, O. S. (2014). Mineralogy,

physicochemical characteristics and industrial potential of some residual clay

deposits within Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and

Earth Science, 4, pp 70 – 88.

Aras et al., (2007). Evaluation of selected kaolin clays as a raw material for the Turkish

cement and concrete industry. Retrieved on August 16, 2019 from cpb-us-

[Link]

Asmatulu, R. (2002). Removal of the Discoloring Contaminants of an East Georgia

Kaolin Clay and its Dewatering. Turkish J Eng Env Sci 26. pp 447-453.
 18

Baba, A., Mosobalaje, M., Ibrahim, A., Sadisu, G., Eletta, O., Aluko, F., Adekola, F.

(2015). Bleaching of a nigerian kaolin by oxalic acid leaching. Journal of

Chemical Technology and Metallurgy. pp 623 – 630.

Bernard, H. (2002). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative

approaches (3rd ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press.

Bhadeshia, H. (2002). Thermal analysis techniques. Retrieved on August 11, 2019 from

[Link]

Bloodworth, A., Highley, D. & Mitchell, C. (1993). Industrial mineral laboratory manual:

Kaolin. British Geological Survey Technical Report WG/93/1. Mineralogy and

Petrology Series. Keyworth Nottingham, United Kingdom

Brix, H. (2008). Soil moisture and loss‐on‐ignition. Retrieved on August 11, 2019 from

[Link]

Etikan, I. et al. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.

American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 1-4.

Helal, A. (2012). Kaolin wet-processing. Retrieved from [Link] on March 11, 2020

James, O. et al. (2008). Beneficiation and characterisation of a bentonite from north-

eastern

Nigeria. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 124 (4). 154-158

Jiangxi Shicheng Mine Machinery Factory (2019). Kaolin clay beneficiation process.

Retrieved on October 10, 2019 from [Link]

Kogel, J. (2014). Mining and processing kaolin. Elements. pp 192-193.

Minerals Education Coalition (2019). Minerals database. Retrieved on July 23, 2019
 19

from [Link]

Natarajan, K. (2018). Microbially induced mineral beneficiation. Biotechnology of

Metals. Retrieved on August 11, 2019 from [Link]

Mylonakis, G. (n.d). Hydrometer analysis. Retrieved on August 11, 2019 from www-

[Link]

Osabor, V., Okafor, P., Ibe, K. & Aji, A. (2009). Characterization of clays in Odukpani,

South eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, l3(5): 079-

085.

Perrone, A., Finlayson, J., Bartelink, E. & Dalton, K. (2014). Application of portable x-

ray fluorescence (XRF) for sorting commingled human remains. Commingled

Human Remains. 145-165.

Peters, J. et al. (2007). Sampling soils for testing. Cooperative Extension Publishing, 432

North Lake Street. Room 231, Madison, WI 53705.

Refaei, D., Abdelrahman, M., Ibrahim, I., Eldears, F., Kandil, A. (2017). Improvement

the Quality of Egyptian Kaolin for Industrial Applications. Int J Adv Technol 8:

174.

Sarbatly, R., Yee, C., Fong T. and Krishnaiah, D. (2009). Particle size distribution and

purification of red clay for industrial use. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9: 2344-

2347.

Streli, C. et al. (1999). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, applications. Encyclopedia of

Spectroscopy and Spectrometry.

Talabi, A., Ademilua, O., Akinola, O. (2012). Compositional features and industrial
 20

Application of Ikere Kaolinite, Southwestern Nigeria. Research Journal in

Engineering and Applied Science. pp 327 – 333.

Theng, B. (2015). Some practical applications of the clay–polymer interaction.

Developments in Clay Science. 153-119.

Ugye, J., Malu, S., Egwaikhide, P. & Maigare, T. (2017). Physico-chemical

characterization of clay deposits from Puje Ward Wukari -Taraba State. FUW

Trends in Science & Technology Journal.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002). Guidance on choosing a

sampling design for environmental data collection. EPA/240/R-02/005. pp 119.

Yaya et al., (2018). Characterization and identification of local kaolin clay from Ghana:

A potential material for electroporcelain insulator fabrication. Retrieved on July

28, 2019 from [Link]

Yoculbal, I., Brusseau, M., Artiola, J., Wierenga, P. & Wilson, L. (2004). Environmental

physical properties and processes. Environmental Monitoring and

Characterization. 207-239.

Zerendu et al., (2017). Chemical investigation of Alkaleri kaolin deposit for its

potential industrial applications. Retrieved on August, 2019

 50
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX A - 1

NOMINATION OF THESIS EVALUATION COMMITTEE

Name: Edwin V. Ababa Jr., Aine R. Alvarez, Gerald N. Bilawan, Diana Faye A.
Borromeo, and Henry C. Ojo.

We hereby nominate the following as member of our Evaluation Committee.

Chairman: ENGR. JOSELITO A. OLALO September

__, 2019
Signature
Members: 1. ENGR. FLORADELLE A. VEGA September
__, 2019
Signature
2. ENGR. HESSA G. AZUL September
__, 2019
Signature

Approval Recommended:

ENGR. MARIA SENEN D. BONGULTO

Research Moderator

Approved:

ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Dean
 51
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX A - 2

APPLICATION FOR FINAL (ORAL) DEFENSE

NAME: Edwin V. Ababa Jr., Aine R. Alvarez, Gerald N.

Bilawan, Diana Faye A. Borromeo, and Henry C. Ojo
Degree Sought: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Title: “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF
KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO,
PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”
Date of Final Defense:
Time:
Venue: Defense Room, Office of College of Engineering

Members of the Evaluation Committee

Chairman: ENGR. JOSELITO A. OLALO
Members: 1. ENGR. FLORADELLE A. VEGA
2. ENGR. HESSA G. AZUL

Noted: Approved:

ENGR. MARIA SENEN D. BONGULTO ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Research Instructor Dean

Date Date
 52
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
APPENDIX A - 3

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION

This thesis entitled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF

KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”,
prepared and submitted by Edwin V. Ababa Jr., Aine R. Alvarez, Gerald N. Bilawan,
Diana Faye A. Borromeo, and Henry C. Ojo, is hereby recommended to the Thesis
Committee for consideration and approval.

ENGR. AILENE C. DE VELA

Research Adviser

ACCEPTANCE FOR THE RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the DEGREE OF SCIENCE IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING, and upon the recommendation of the thesis adviser, this thesis
entitled, “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF KAOLINITE
SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”, prepared and
submitted by Edwin V. Ababa Jr., Aine R. Alvarez, Gerald N. Bilawan, Diana Faye
A. Borromeo, and Henry C. Ojo, is hereby accepted for Oral Examination.

Thesis Committee

ENGR. JOSELITO A. OLALO

Chairman

ENGR. FLORADELLE A. VEGA ENGR. HESSA G. AZUL

Member Member
 53
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX B

PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY AND TO USE COLLEGE FACILITIES

September 23, 2019

ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

College Dean

Sir,
The students below would like to seek permission from your office to conduct the
thesis study entitled, “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF
KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”
inside the campus as a requirement for the subject Research 2 and to borrow laboratory
facilities to be used with the consent of the laboratory custodian. The duration of the
study will be from June to December, A.Y. 2019 – 2020, 1st Semester.
Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

EDWIN V. ABABA JR.
AINE R. ALVAREZ
GERALD N. BILAWAN
DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO
HENRY C. OJO
Recommending Approval:

ENGR. MARIA SENEN D. BONGULTO

Research Instructor/Moderator

Approved:

ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Dean
 54
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX C

CERTIFICATION FROM THE SECRETARY

This is to certify that the study of EDWIN V. ABABA JR., AINE R.

ALVAREZ, GERALD N. BILAWAN, DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO, AND
HENRY C. OJO titled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF
KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES
NORTE”, was checked and reviewed by the undersigned.

ENGR. MARIA SENEN D. BONGULTO

Secretary
 55
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX D

CERTIFICATION FROM THE EDITOR

This is to certify that the study of EDWIN V. ABABA JR., AINE R.

ALVAREZ, GERALD N. BILAWAN, DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO, AND
HENRY C. OJO titled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF
KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES
NORTE”, was edited and checked by the undersigned.

MRS. ANDREA BELTRAN

Proofreader/Editor
 56
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX E

CERTIFICATION FROM THE STATISTICIAN

This is to certify that the study of EDWIN V. ABABA JR., AINE R.

ALVAREZ, GERALD N. BILAWAN, DIANA FAYE A. BORROMEO, AND
HENRY C. OJO titled “COMPARISON OF BENEFICIATION PROCESS OF
KAOLINITE SOIL FROM MAMPUNGO, PARACALE, CAMARINES NORTE”,
has been statistically reviewed by the undersigned.

ENG. CESAR B. BERMUNDO, Ph.D.

Statistician
 57

APPENDIX F

PICTURES FOR DATA GATHERING

Plate 1. Gathering of Materials

 58

Plate 2. Mixing of Aliquots:

Plate 3. Beneficiation Method

Dry Method:
 59

Wet Method:
 60

APPENDIX G

COMPUTATIONS / DATA

Is there a significant difference between the dry and wet- beneficiated kaolinite

soil samples in terms of:

a) % Sand

b) % Silt

c) % Clay

d) Silicon Dioxide

e) Aluminum Oxide

A. % Sand

Dry (X1) (X1- X 1 ) (X1- X 1 )^2 Wet (X2) (X2- X 2 ) (X1- X 1 )^2

3.8 1.33 1.7689 1.8 -2 4

1.8 - 0.67 0.4489 5.8 2 4

1.8 - 0.67 0.4489 3.8 0 0

X 1 = 2.47 ∑ = 2.6667 X 2 = 3.8 ∑=8

|X 1− X 2|
t=

√
2 2
σ σ
+
N1 N2
 61

|2.47−3.8|
t=

√ 2.6667 /2 8/2
3
+
3

t computed=0.9975

t critical=2.78

The computed t-value is less than the t critical value therefore, accept the Null

Hypothesis.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between dry and wet beneficiated samples

in terms of % Sand.

B. % Silt

Dry (X1) (X1- X 1 ) (X1- X 1 )^2 Wet (X2) (X2- X 2 ) (X1- X 1 )^2

66 -0.67 0.4489 80 6 36

66 - 0.67 0.4489 70 -4 16

68 1.33 1.7689 72 -2 4

X 1 = 66.67 ∑ = 2.6667 X 2 = 74 ∑ = 56

|X 1− X 2|
t=

√
2 2
σ σ
+
N1 N2

|66.67−74|
t=

√ 2.6667 /2 56 /2
3
+
3

t computed=¿2.34
 62

t critical=2.78

The computed t-value is less than the t critical value therefore, accept the Null

Hypothesis.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between dry and wet beneficiated samples

in terms of % Silt.

C. % Clay

Dry (X1) (X1- X 1 ) (X1- X 1 )^2 Wet (X2) (X2- X 2 ) (X1- X 1 )^2

30.2 0 0 18.2 -4 16

30.2 0 0 24.2 2 4

30.2 0 0 24.2 2 4

X 1 = 30.2 ∑=0 X 2 = 22.2 ∑ = 24

|X 1− X 2|
t=

√
2 2
σ σ
+
N1 N2

|30.2−22.2|
t=

√ 0 /2 24/2
3
+
3

t computed=¿4

t critical=2.78

The computed t-value is greater than the t critical value therefore, reject the Null

Hypothesis.
 63

Conclusion: There is a significant difference between dry and wet beneficiated samples in

terms of % Clay.

D. Silicon Dioxide

Dry (X1) (X1- X 1 ) (X1- X 1 )^2 Wet (X2) (X2- X 2 ) (X1- X 1 )^2

55.8004 -0.2615 0.0684 53.1619 -1.4333 2.0543

56.7489 0.687 0.472 56.0429 1.4477 2.0958

55.6364 -0.4255 0.181 54.5809 -0.0143 0.0002

X 1 = 56.0619 ∑ = 0.7214 X 2 = 54.5952 ∑ = 4.1503

|X 1− X 2|
t=

√
2 2
σ σ
+
N1 N2

|56.0619−54.5952|
t=

√ 0.7214 /2 4.1503/ 2
3
+
3

t computed=¿1.6277

t critical=2.78

The computed t-value is less than the t critical value therefore, accept the Null

Hypothesis.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between dry and wet beneficiated samples

in terms of Silicon Dioxide.

E. Aluminum Oxide
 64

Dry (X1) (X1- X 1 ) (X1- X 1 )^2 Wet (X2) (X2- X 2 ) (X1- X 1 )^2

34.3127 -0.4178 0.1746 32.7949 -0.3 0.09

35.1756 0.4451 0.1981 33.1475 0.052 0.0027

34.7033 -0.0272 0.0007 33.3428 0.2477 0.061

X 1 = 34.7305 ∑ = 0.3734 X 2 = 33.095 ∑ = 0.1537

|X 1− X 2|
t=

√ σ2 σ2
+
N1 N2

|34.7305−33.095|
t=

√ 0.3734 /2 0.1537/ 2
3
+
3

t computed=¿5.5179

t critical=2.78

The computed t-value is greater than the t critical value therefore, reject the Null

Hypothesis.

Conclusion: There is a significant difference between dry and wet beneficiated samples in

terms of Aluminum Oxide.

 65

APPENDIX H

LABORATORY RESULTS / FIGURES / TABLES

Table 7. Variation of L with Hydrometer Reading

Hydrometer L Hydrometer L Hydrometer L Hydrometer L
Reading Reading Reading Reading
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
 66

0 16.3 13 14.2 26 12 39 9.9

1 16.1 14 14 27 11.9 40 9.7
2 16.0 15 13.8 28 11.7 41 9.6
3 15.8 16 13.7 29 11.5 42 9.4
4 15.6 17 13.5 30 11.4 43 9.2
5 15.5 18 13.6 31 11.2 44 9. 1
6 15.3 19 13.2 32 11.1 45 8.9
7 15.2 20 13 33 10.9 46 8.8
8 15 21 12.9 34 10.7 47 8.6
9 14.8 22 12.7 35 10.6 48 8.4
10 14.7 23 12.5 36 10.4 49 8.3
11 14.5 24 12.4 37 10.2 50 8.1
12 14.3 25 12.2 38 10.1 51 7.9

Table 8. Variation of k with Gs

Temperature (C)
Gs 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
2.5 0.0149 0.0147 0.0145 0.0143 0.0141 0.0140 0.0138
2.55 0.0146 0.0144 0.0143 0.0141 0.0139 0.0137 0.0136
2.6 0.0144 0.0142 0.0140 0.0139 0.0137 0.0135 0.0134
2.65 0.0142 0.0140 0.0138 0.0137 0.0135 0.0133 0.0132
2.7 0.0140 0.0138 0.0136 0.0134 0.0133 0.0131 0.0130
2.75 0.0138 0.0136 0.0136 0.0133 0.0131 0.0129 0.0128
2.8
0.0136 0.0134 0.0134 0.0131 0.0129 0.0128 0.0126
Temperature (C)
Gs 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
2.5 0.0137 0.0135 0.0133 0.0132 0.0130 0.0129 0.0128
2.55 0.0134 0.0133 0.0131 0.0130 0.0128 0.0127 0.0126
2.6 0.0132 0.0131 0.0129 0.0128 0.0126 0.0125 0.0124
 67

2.65 0.0130 0.0129 0.0127 0.0126 0.0124 0.0123 0.0122

2.7 0.0128 0.0127 0.0125 0.0124 0.0123 0.0121 0.0120
2.75 0.0126 0.0125 0.0124 0.0122 0.0121 0.0120 0.0118
2.8 0.0125 0.0123 0.0122 0.0120 0.0119 0.0118 0.0117

Table 9. Temperature Correction Factors

Temperature ˚C Factor Ct
15 1.10
16 -0.90
17 -0.70
18 -0.50
19 -0.30
20 0.00
21 +0.20
22 +0.40
23 +0.70
24 +1.00
25 +1.30
26 +1.65
27 +2.00
28 +2.50
29 +3.05
30 +3.80

Table 10. Correction Factors A for Unit Weight of Solids

Unit Weight of Soil Solids, g/cm3 Correction Factor, A
2.85 0.96
2.8 0.97
2.75 0.98
2.70 0.99
2.65 1.0
2.60 1.01
2.55 1.02
2.50 1.04

Table 11. Table of Values for Two-Tailed Distribution T-test

 68

APPENDIX I

LIST OF MATERIALS / BILL OF MATERIALS / LIST OF APPARATUS AND

EQUIPMENT

A. List of Materials

Material Definition

This was used as a solvent for the beneficiation

Distilled water process and hydrometer analysis.

Kaolinite is a clay mineral with layers composed of

Kaolinite silica and alumina that is being tested in this study.

Oxalic Acid This was used as the oxidizing agent in wet

beneficiation method.

Sodium
This was used as a solution in the hydrometer analysis.
Metaphosphate (4%)

B. List of Apparatus and Equipment

Equipment Definition

Beaker (250mL) This was used in the hydrometer test as a container of

the sample undergoing pre-treatment and dispersion.

Cloth Flour Sack This was used to filter the clay sample with oxalic

acid.

Control Cylinder This was used as a container of the Sodium

 69

Metaphosphate in the hydrometer analysis.

Crucible This was used as a placement for the sample

undergoing the loss on ignition test.

Cup This was used as a container of the mixture of soil and

sodium metaphosphate after soaking period.

Glass Bowl This served as the container of the filtered clay

sample.

Hydrometer This was used to determine the grain size distribution

of the clay sample.

Laboratory Oven This was used to dry the sample in preparation for

physicochemical tests.

Rubber Stopper This was used as a cap to the sedimentation cylinder

before doing the process of agitation.

Sedimentation cylinder This served as a container of the soil-water slurry in

the hydrometer test.

These were used to extract the kaolin samples from

Shovel and Digger the ground.

This was be used to separate the sand particles

Sieve (75 microns) (>75microns) from the sample.

This was used to stir the dissolved clay samples mixed

Stirring rod in water.

Stopwatch This was utilized in recording the hydrometer

readings at definite time intervals.

 70

Thermometer This was used in hydrometer test to measure the

temperature of the suspension which was necessary

for hydrometer reading corrections.

Water Bath This was used to maintain the soil suspension at a

constant temperature during the hydrometer analysis.

Water bottle This served as container for samples undergoing

beneficiation

Weighing balance This scale was used to weigh samples for data

collection.

XRF spectrometer is an x-ray instrument used for

XRF Spectrometer routine, relatively non-destructive chemical analyses

of rocks, minerals, sediments and fluids.

These contained the collected clay samples to

Polythene bags prevent possible contamination.

C. Bill of Materials

Item Description Quantity Unit Cost per Unit Total

1 Distilled Water 105 Liters P 15 1575.00

2 Oxalic Acid 2000 Grams P1 2000.00

3 Basin 6 Piece P 80 480.00

4 Cloth Flour Sack 3 Piece P 10 30.00

 71

Sum: 4085.00

APPENDIX J

CURRICULUM VITAE OF RESEARCHERS

EDWIN V. ABABA JR.

P-2 Brgy. Masalong
Labo, Camarines Norte
treeoffirebong07@[Link]
+639515498520

PERSONAL DATA
LANGUAGES
Birthdate: January 7, 1992
Birthplace: Labo, Camarines Norte  English and Tagalog
Age: 28
SKILLS
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Married  Design (AutoCad,
Citizenship: Filipino SketchUp, Staad)
Religion: Roman Catholic  MS Office

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MEMBERSHIP

 Philippine Institute of
TERTIARY
Civil Engineers
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
CNSC-SU
(2008-2012), (2018-2020)
(2008-2012),
Camarines Norte State College
(2018-2020)
Daet, Camarines Norte

GRANT AND FELLOWSHIP

SECONDARY
Camarines Norte College (2004-2008)  Labo Municipal
Labo, Camarines Norte Engineering Office
Intern
 72

AINE R. ALVAREZ
P-6 Brgy. Magang
Daet, Camarines Norte
ainealvarez01@[Link]
+639774744021

PERSONAL DATA
LANGUAGES
Birthdate: November 20, 1998
Birthplace: Daet, Camarines Norte  English and Tagalog
Age: 21
SKILLS
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single  Design (AutoCad,
Citizenship: Filipino SketchUp, Staad)
Religion: Roman Catholic  MS Office

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MEMBERSHIP

 Philippine Institute
TERTIARY of Civil Engineers
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
CNSC-SU
(2015-2020)
(2015-2020)
Camarines Norte State College
Daet, Camarines Norte GRANT AND FELLOWSHIP
 Megawide Construction
SECONDARY
Corporation Intern
Camarines Norte State College Laboratory
High School (2011-2015)
Daet, Camarines Norte

PRIMARY
Camarines Norte State College Abaño
Elementary Laboratory School (2005-2011)
Daet, Camarines Norte
 73

GERALD N. BILAWAN
P-2 Brgy. Bactas
Basud, Camarines Norte
geraldbudobilawan@[Link]
+639066512943

PERSONAL DATA
LANGUAGES
Birthdate: April 08, 1999
Birthplace: Basud, Camarines Norte  English and Tagalog
Age: 21
SKILLS
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single  Design (AutoCad,
Citizenship: Filipino SketchUp, Staad)
Religion: Roman Catholic  MS Office

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MEMBERSHIP

TERTIARY  Philippine Institute

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering of Civil Engineers
(2015-2020) CNSC-SU
Camarines Norte State College (2015-2020)
Daet, Camarines Norte
GRANT AND FELLOWSHIP

SECONDARY  CNPG-CEAP Scholar

Rank 15  BADEVCO Scholar
Basud National High School (2011-2015)  Megawide Construction
Basud, Camarines Norte Corporation Intern

PRIMARY
First Honorable Mention
Don Juan Pimentel Elementary School
DIANA FAYE A.
(2005-2011)
Bactas, Basud, Camarines Norte
 74

BORROMEO
P-1 Brgy. Calasgasan
Daet, Camarines Norte
dianafaye148@[Link]
+639991613895

PERSONAL DATA LANGUAGES

Birthdate: February 14, 1999  English and Tagalog
Birthplace: Daet, Camarines Norte
Age: 21
SKILLS
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single  Design (AutoCad,
Citizenship: Filipino SketchUp, Staad)
Religion: Roman Catholic  MS Office

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MEMBERSHIP

 Philippine Institute
TERTIARY
of Civil Engineers
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
CNSC –SU
(2015-2020)
(2015-2020)
Camarines Norte State College
Daet, Camarines Norte
GRANT AND FELLOWSHIP
SECONDARY  CHED-STUFAP Scholar
Fifth Honorable Mention  OWWA Scholar
Camarines Norte State College Laboratory  Megawide Construction
High School (2011-2015) Corporation Intern
Daet, Camarines Norte

PRIMARY
Third Honorable Mention
Daet Elementary School (2005-2011)
Daet, Camarines Norte
 75

HENRY C. OJO
P-2 Brgy. Pinya
Labo, Camarines Norte
harryojox444@[Link]
+639956404134

PERSONAL DATA
LANGUAGES
Birthdate: January 4, 1993
Birthplace: Labo, Camarines Norte  English and Tagalog
Age: 27
SKILLS
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single  Design (AutoCad,
Citizenship: Filipino SketchUp, Staad)
Religion: Roman Catholic  MS Office

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MEMBERSHIP

 Philippine Institute
TERTIARY
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering of Civil Engineers
(2011-2020) CNSC-SU
Camarines Norte State College (2011-2020)
Daet, Camarines Norte
GRANT AND FELLOWSHIP

SECONDARY  Labo Municipal

Labo Science and Technology High School Building Intern
(2006-2010)
Labo, Camarines Norte

PRIMARY
Labo Elementary School (2000-2006)
Labo, Camarines Norte