LECTURE NOTES IN CVE163

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

by

PROF. NATHANIEL C. TARRANZA

Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

Property of MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Unauthorized use and/or reproduction may result
to civil and/or criminal liabilities.

Design of Steel and Timber Structures Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 :

Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza Date

Department of Civil Engineering and Technology
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
 COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Axially-loaded Compression members:

Modes of failure
1. Compression failure – due to excessive compressive stress
2. Buckling failure - due to excessive bending in the weak axis.

Classification of section for local buckling:

1. Compact – Flanges are continuously connected to the web/s and the
width-thickness ratios of its compression elements must
not exceed the limiting ratio λp from Table 502.4.1
2. Non-Compact – If the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements
exceeds λp but does not exceed λr from Table 502.4.1
3 . Slender element - If the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements
exceeds λr from Table 502.4.1
Stiffened elements - supported along two edges parallel to direction of the
compression force.
Unstiffened elements - supported along only one edge parallel to direction of the
compression force.
Axially-loaded Steel Columns Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Prob. Evaluate whether or not the stiffened and unstiffened elements of the
following shapes are slender under uniform compression. Given Fy = 248
MPa. and E = 200,000MPa

a. W 920 x 446 web: d = 933 mm. and tw = 24.0 mm.

flange: bf = 423mm. and tf = 42.7 mm.
b. W 840 x 359 web: d = 868 mm. and tw = 21.1 mm.
flange: bf = 403 mm. and tf = 35.6mm.
c. W 760 x 314 web: d = 786mm. and tw = 19.7 mm.
flange: bf = 384 mm. and tf = 33.4mm.
d. W 690 x 265 web: d = 706 mm. and tw = 18.4 mm.
flange: bf = 358 mm. and tf = 30.2mm.
e. W 610 x 241 web: d = 635 mm. and tw = 17.9mm.
flange: bf = 329 mm. and tf = 31.0mm.

Solution:

From Table 502.4.1 ,for uniform compression in I-shaped sections

Unstiffened flange element: b/t = (½ bf )/tf λr = 0.56 E/Fy = 15.9
Stiffened web element : b/t = h/tw λr = 1.49 E/Fy = 42.31

Axially-loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 a. For W 920 x 446 h = d – 2tf = 933 – 2(47.2) = 838.6

Unstiffened flange element: (½ bf )/tf = ½ (423)/47.2 =4.48

< λr = 0.56 E/Fy not slender
Stiffened web element : h/tw = 838.6 / 24 = 34.94
< λr = 1.49 E/Fy not slender

b. For W 840 x 359 h = d – 2tf = 868 – 2(35.6) = 796.8

Unstiffened flange element: (½ bf )/tf = ½ (403)/35.6= 5.66
< λr = 0.56 E/Fy not slender
Stiffened web element : h/tw = 796.8 / 21.1 = 37.76
< λr = 1.49 E/Fy not slender

c. For W 760 x 314 h = d – 2tf = 768 – 2(33.4) = 701.2

Unstiffened flange element: (½ bf )/tf = ½ (384)/33.4= 5.75
< λr = 0.56 E/Fy not slender
Stiffened web element : h/tw = 701.2 / 19.7 = 35.59
< λr = 1.49 E/Fy not slender

Axially-loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Compressive Strength (NSCP 2015):

Design compressive strength = ф Pn for LRFD

Allowable compressive strength = Pn / Ω for ASD
where ф = resistance factor = 0.90
Ω = safety factor = 1.67
Pn = nominal Compressive strength

Slender Limitations and Effective length:

Slenderness ratio = KL/r

K = effective length factor
L = laterally unbraced length of the member
r = governing (least) radius of gyration
= I/A
I = moment of inertia
A= cross sectional area

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

Effective length of columns:
- This is the length over which the column will actually buckle, and is dependent on the
restraints provided at the column ends.
- It is taken as KL, where L is the unbraced length and K is the effective length factor

Effective length factor K:

Buckled shape

Theoretical K 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Design K 0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.1 2.0

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Compressive Strength for Flexure Buckling of
Members Without Slender Elements:

Pn = Fcr Ag where Fcr is determined as follows:

1. when KL/r ≤ 4.71 E/Fy or Fe ≥ 0.44 Fy

Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy

2. when KL/r > 4.71 E/Fy or Fe < 0.44 Fy

Fcr = [0.877 ] Fe

where Fe = elastic critical buckling stress

= π2 E / (KL/r )2

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Compressive Strength for Flexure Buckling of
Members With Slender Elements:

Pn = Fcr Ag where Fcr is determined as follows:

1. when KL/r ≤ 4.71 E/QFy or Fe ≥ 0.44 QFy

Fcr = Q[0.658 QFy/Fe ] Fy

2. when KL/r > 4.71 E/QFy or Fe < 0.44 QFy

Fcr = [0.877 ] Fe

where Fe = elastic critical buckling stress

= π2 E / (KL/r )2

Q = 1.0 for members with compact and non-compact sections

= Qa Qs for members with slender elements.

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Values of Qs (reduction factor for slender unstiffened elements):

1. For flanges, angles and plates projecting from rolled columns

or other compression members

a) when b/t ≤ 0.56 E/Fy

Qs =1.0

b) when 0.56 E/Fy < b/t ≤1.03 E/Fy

Qs =1.415 – 0.74((b/t) Fy /E

c) when b/t > 1.03 E/Fy

0.69E
Qs = -------------
Fy (b/t)
where b = width of unstiffened compression element
t = thickness of the element

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 2. For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from built-up columns
or other compression members

a) when b/t ≤ 0.64 Ekc /Fy

Qs =1.0

b) when 0.64 Ekc /Fy < b/t ≤ 1.17 Ekc /Fy

Qs =1.415 – 0.65 (b/t) Fy /Ekc

c) when b/t > 1.17 Ekc /Fy

0.90Ekc
Qs = -------------
Fy (b/t)2

where kc = 4/ h/tw but not less than 0.35 and nor more than 0.76

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 3. For single angles

a) when b/t ≤ 0.45 E/Fy

Qs =1.0

b) when 0.45 E/Fy < b/t ≤ 0.91 E/Fy

Qs =1.34 – 0.76(b/t) Fy /E

c) when b/t > 0.91 E/Fy

0.53E
Qs = -------------
Fy (b/t)2

where b = full width of longest angle leg

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 4. For stem of tees

a) when d/t ≤ 0.75 E/Fy

Qs =1.0

b) when 0.75 E/Fy < d/t ≤ 1.03 E/Fy

Qs =1.908– 1.22(d/t) Fy /E

c) when d/t > 1.03 E/Fy

0.69E
Qs = -------------
Fy (b/t)2

where d = full nominal depth of the tee

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Values of Qa (Reduction factor for slender stiffened element):

Qa = Aeff / A

where A = total cross-sectional area of member

Aeff = summation of the effective area of the cross section based on the
reduced (effective) width, be

1. For uniformly compressed slender elements with b/t ≥ 1.49 E/f

except flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness

be = 1.92t E/f [ 1 – [0.34/(b/t)] E/f ] ≤ b

where f = Fcr with Q = 1.0

2. For flanges of square and rectangular slender element sections of uniform

thickness and b/t ≥ 1.40 E/f

be = 1.92t E/f [ 1 – [0.38/(b/t)] E/f ] ≤ b

where f = Pn / Aeff ( f could be taken as Fy )

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 3. For axially loaded circular sections

when 0.11(E/Fy ) < D/t < 0.45 (E/Fy )

0.038E 2
Q = Qa = ----------- + ----
Fy (D/t)2 3

where D = outside diameter

t = wall thickness

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. Given Fy = 248 Mpa and E = 200,000 Mpa, determine the nominal compressive
strength of W 920 x 446 which has an unbraced length of 4m in both x and y
axis, and is fixed at both ends. If the dead load is 6000 kN, how much live load
can be safely carried by the compression member using LRFD, with 1.2 and 1.6
overload factors for dead load and live load, respectively.
Solution:
For W 920 x 446 :
d = 933 mm. tw = 24.0 mm. Ix = 8,470 x 106 mm4 r x = 385 mm
bf = 423mm. tf = 42.7 mm. Iy = 540 x 106 mm4 r y = 97.3 mm
A = 57,000 mm2

For the unstiffened flange element, λr = 0.56 E/Fy = 15.9

(½ bf )/tf = ½ (423)/47.2 =4.48 < λr (= 15.9) not slender
(Qs = 1.0 )
For the stiffened web element , λr = 1.49 E/Fy = 42.31
h = d – 2tf = 933 – 2(47.2) = 838.6
h/tw = 838.6 / 24 = 34.94 < λr (= 42.31) not slender
(Qa = 1.0 )
therefore, the member is without slender elements.

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 2 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 effective length factor K = 0.65 for both ends fixed
controlling KL/r = 0.65(4,000)/ 97.3 = 26.72
4.71 E/Fy = 133.75

For members without slender elements:

when KL/r ≤ 4.71 E/Fy

Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy

Fe = π2 E / (KL/r )2 = π 2 (200,000)/(26.72)2
= 2,764.5 Mpa.
Fcr = [0.658 248/2764 .5] 248
= 238.93 Mpa.
Pn = Fcr Ag = 238.93(57,000)
= 13,619.12 kN
For LRFD: Design compressive strength = фPn where ф= 0.9
= 0.9 (13,619.12) = 12,257.19 kN
1.2D + 1.6L = 12,257.19
1.2(6000) 1.6L = 12,257.19
L = 3,160.75 kN. (answer)
Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 2 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Prob. a) By ASD, determine whether the built-up I-section with unbraced length
L = 3.5m in both x and y axes of the section, can safely carry a total axial load
of 3000 kN. Use Fy = 290MPa. E = 200,000 Mpa. Column is hinged on both
ends.
300mm Solution:
Computing for sectional properties:
20mm
Aflange = 300(20) = 6000 mm2
Aweb = 700(15) = 10500 mm2
A = 2Aflange + Aweb = 2(6000)+10500 = 22,500mm2
x 700mm Ix = 2[(300)(20)3 /12 + (300)(20)(360)2 ]
15mm 740mm + 15(700)3 / 12
= 1,984,350,000mm4
Iy = 2(20)(300)3/12 + (700)(15)3 /12
y = 90,196,875 mm4
300mm 20mm rmin = ry = Iy/A = 90,196,875 /22500
= 63.31 mm.

b) If the dead load is 1500 kN, how much live load can the section carry using
LRFD with 1.2 and 1.6 overload factors for dead load and live load.

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 3 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Check for slenderness of elements: (note: section is built-up)

Unstiffened flange : bf /2tf = 300/(2x20) = 7.5

kc = 4/ h/tw = 4/ 700/15 = 0.586
0.64 kc E/Fy = 12.86
bf /2tf < 0.64 kc E/Fy therefore, not slender
thus Qs = 1.0
Stiffened web: b/t = h /tw = 700/15 = 46.67
1.49 E/Fy = 39.12
h/ tw > 1.49 E/Fy therefore, slender

be = 1.92t E/f [ 1 – [0.34/(b/t)] E/f ] ≤ b

where f = Fcr with Q = 1.O
KL/r = 1.0 (3.5x1000)/63.31 = 52.28 and 4.71 E/Fy = 123.69
KL/r < 4.71 E/Fy therefore, Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy

Fe = π2 E / (KL/r )2 = 722.20 Mpa. Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy = 245.09 Mpa.

be = 1.92(15) 200,000/245.09 [ 1 – [0.34/46.67] 200,000/245.09] = 651.55mm

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 3 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 be < b (note: b = h = 700mm in case of the web)
use be = 651.55mm

Aeff = 2(Af ) + be (tw ) KL/r < 4.71 E/QFy thus,

= 2(6000) + 651.55(15)
= 21,773.35mm2 Fcr = Q[0.658 QFy/Fe ] Fy

= 0.9677 [ 0.6580.9677(290)/722.20] 290

Qa = Aeff / A = 238.51 MPa
= 21,773.35/ 22,500
= 0.9677 Pn = Fcr Aa
= 238.51(22,500)
Q = Qs Qa = 1.0(0.9677) = 5366.634 kN.
= 0.9677

4.71 E/QFy = 4.71 200,000/(0.9677x 290)

= 125.73

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 3 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 a) By ASD
Allowable compressive strength = Pn / Ω where Ω = 1.67
= 5366.634 kN./1.67
= 3,213.55 kN
Therefore, the section can safely carry the total load of 3000 kN.

b) By LRFD

Design compressive strength = фPn where ф = 0.90

= 0.90(5366.634)
= 4829.971 kN

Load combination: 1.2D + 1.6L = 4829.971

1.2(1500) + 1.6L = 4829.971
L = 1893.73 kN.

(Make a conclusion. Which method is more conservative? ASD or LRFD?)

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 3 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Critical axial load for buckling failure: (Euler’s equation)

Pe = ∏2EI/ L2 where E = modulus of elasticity

I = moment of enertia about the weak axis
L = distance between lateral support, unbraced length
The Euler critical stress is, therefore:
Fe = Pe /A = (∏2EI/ L2)/A
= (∏2E/ L2)/(I/A) but r = radius of gyration = I/A
A = cross sectional area
thus,
Fe = ∏2E/ [( L/r)2] where L/r is called the slenderness ratio of the member

As slenderness ratio increases, the buckling stress decreases and the column
becomes more slender and susceptible to buckling.

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Critical Axial Load for Buckling Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 About the x and y axes, the slenderness ratios are:

SRx = ( K xL x / r x) SRy = ( K yLy / r y)

The higher of the two values of SR will determine about which axis will the
column buckle.

The critical slenderness ratio , Cc is obtained by limiting the Euler critical stress to
0.5Fy.
Thus: Fe = ∏2E/ [( KL/r)2]
0.50Fy = ∏2E/ Cc 2

Cc = 2∏2E/ Fy

If the actual SR is greater than Cc , the column is called a long column and will fail
by buckling. If the actual SR is lesser than Cc , the column is called an intermediate
column and will fail by pure compression.

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Critical slenderness ratio Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 •Local Buckling:
- Buckling of some elements of the compression member
- Dependent on width-thickness ratio (b/t) of the element

Definition:
a) stiffened elements – supported along two parallel edges

b b

b t
t t

b) unstiffened elements - supported along one edge only

bf/2 b
t t
t t

b b

t
b

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Depth-thickness ration of elements Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 To prevent local buckling:

b/t ≤ H/ Fy or D/t ≤ 22,750/ Fy for tubular sections with outside

diameter D and wall thickness t.
Values of H: (2001 NSCP)
Unstiffened elements
stem of tees --------------------------------------------------------------- 333
double angles in contact ----------------------------------------------- 250
compression flange of beams ----------------------------------------- 250
angles or plates projecting from girders ---------------------------- 250 kc
columns or other compression memebers
and compression flange of plate girders
stiffeners on plate girders --------------------------------------------- 250
flanges of tees and I-beams (use bf/2t) ---------------------------- 250
single angle strut or separated double angle strut ------------- 200
stiffened elements
square and rectangular box sections------------------------------- 625
cover plates with multiple access holes--------------------------- 832
other uniformly compresses members---------------------------- 664
kc = 4.05/(h/t)0.46 , if h/t > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0
Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; 2001 NSCP Specification Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Reduction factor Qs on the allowable compressive stress of
unstiffened compression elements: (NSCP 2001)

For single angles:

when 200/ Fy ≤ b/t ≤ 407/ Fy

Qs = 1.340 – 0.001702(b/t) Fy

when b/t ≥ 407/ Fy

Qs = 106,870 /[Fy (b/t)2]

For angles or plates projecting from columns or other compression members,

and for projecting elements of compression flanges of beams and girders:

when 249/ Fy / kc ≤ b/t ≤ 512/ Fy / kc

Qs = 1.293 – 0.001177(b/t) Fy / kc

when b/t ≥ 512/ Fy / kc

Qs = 180,640 /[Fy (b/t)2]

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; 2001 NSCP Specification Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 For stem of tees:
when 333/ Fy ≤ b/t ≤ 462/ Fy
Qs = 1.908 – 0.00272(b/t) Fy

when b/t > 462/ Fy

Qs = 135,900/[Fy (b/t)2]

Effective width be of stiffened compression elements when b/t ≥ H/ Fy

For flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness:

be = [664t/ f ] {1 - 132.1/ [(b/t) f ] } ≤ b

For other uniformly compressed elements:

be = [664t/ f ] {1 - 116.3/ [(b/t) f ] } ≤ b

where: b = actual width of the stiffened compression element

t = element thickness
f = computed compressive stress

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; 2001 NSCP Specification Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Allowable Compressive stress: (2001 NSCP)

For intermediate columns with KL/r ≤ C’c :

Fa = Q [ 1 – (KL/r)2 / (2 C’c2 )] [Fy / FS]

where
FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / C’c - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ C’c3

C’c = 2∏2 E / (QFy )

Q = Q s Q a when the cross section is composed of stiffened and unstiffened elemen

Q = Q s when the cross-section is composed entirely of unstiffened elements
Q = Q a when the cross-section is composed entirely of stiffened elements
Qa = A e / A a A e = effective area of section with be used instead of b.
A a = gross area of section using the actual width b.

For long columns with KL/r > C’c :

Fa = 12/23 [∏2E/ [( KL/r)2]
where KL/r is the larger of SRx = ( K xL x / r x) and SRy = ( K yLy / r y)

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; 2001 NSCP Specification Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. A steel column with E = 200,000 Mpa, Fy = 250 MPA, and an unbraced
length L of 3.0m in both x and y directions is to carry an axial load of
1800kN. If the column is to be hinged on both ends, determine whether or
not the following sections are safe to use as the column. Assume Q = 1
Section A : Area = 13,800 mm2 ; Ix = 293.63 x 10 6 mm4 ; Iy = 67.59 x 10 6 mm4
Section B : Area = 11,550 mm2 ; Ix = 177.04 x 10 6 mm4 ; Iy = 39.14 x 10 6 mm4

Solution:

C’c = 2∏2 E / (QFy) = 2∏2 (200,000 / 250 = 125.66

K = 1.0 when both ends are hinged

For section A:
rmin = IY / A = 67.59 x 10 6 /13,800 Fa = Q[ 1 – (KL/r)2 / (2 C’c2 )] [Fy / FS]
= 69.98 mm = [ 1 – 42.87 2/(2x 125.662 )][250/1.79]
KL/r = 1.0(3.0 x1000)/69.98 = 42.87 = 131.54 MPa
Since KL/r < C’c PA = FA A = (131.54)(13800)
FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / C’c - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ C’c3 = 1,815.252kN > 1800kN
= 5/3 + 3/8(42.87/125.66) – 1/8 (42.873 / 125.663 ) Safe!!
= 1.79

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 For section B:

rmin = IY / A = 39.14x 10 6 /11,550

= 58.21 mm
KL/r = 1.0(3.0 x1000)/58.21= 51.54

Since KL/r < C’c

FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / C’c - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ C’c3
= 5/3 + 3/8(51.54/125.66) – 1/8 (51.543 / 125.663 )
= 1.81

Fa = Q [ 1 – (KL/r)2 / (2 C’c2 )] [Fy / FS]

= [ 1 – 51.54 2/(2x 125.662 )][250/1.81]
= 126.5 Mpa

PA = FA A = (126.50)(11550)
= 1,461kN < 1800kN NOT safe!!

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. A double angle compression truss member below is braced in the plane of the
truss every 2.13m, but only at the end of the transverse section. Using A50 steel
with Fy = 345 Mpa, determine the safe axial load that the truss member can carry.

Figure: 200mm 200mm

x 100mm

Properties of 2L – 200x100x12, with short legs back to back

Area A = 6,942 mm2
rx = 26.82 mm
ry = 99.39 mm

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 The 200mm leg of the angle is unstiffened. The width thickness ratio is
b/t = 200/12 = 16.67

From Table 4.2, H = 200 for separated double angle strut.

H / Fy = 200 / 345 = 10.77

Since b/t > H / Fy , local buckling on the unstiffened element will occur.

200/ Fy = 10.77 and 407/ Fy = 21.19

when 200/ Fy ≤ b/t ≤ 407/ Fy

Qs = 1.340 – 0.001702(b/t) Fy
= 0.813
Since all the elements of the section are unstiffened, Q a = 1.0 and Q = Qs = 0.813
C’c = 2∏2 E / (QFy ) = 2∏2 (200000)/ (0.813x345 ) = 118.64

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Critical SR is by using rmin = r x = 26.82
KL/r = 1.0(2.13 x 1000)/26.82 K = 1.0 for truss members
= 79.42 < C’c

Since KL/r < C’c :

FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / C’c - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ C’c3

= 5/3 + 3/8(79.42/118.64) - 1/8 (79.423 /118.643 )
= 1.67 + 0.25 – 0.037 = 1.88

Fa = Q[ 1 – (KL/r)2 / (2 C’c2 )] [Fy / FS]

= 0.813[ 1 – 79.422 / (2x118.642)][345/1.88]
= 115.77 Mpa.

To obtain the maximum safe load Pa :

Pa = Fa A
= (115.77)(6,942)
= 803.67 kN.

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. Determine whether the built-up I-section with effective KL = 3.5m in both x
and y axes of the section, can safely carry a load of 3000 kN.
Use Fy = 90MPa. E = 200,000 Mpa.

Figure: Solution:
300mm Computing for sectional properties:

20mm Aflange = 300(20) = 6000 mm2

Aweb = 700(15) = 10500 mm2
A = 2Aflange + Aweb = 2(6000)+10500
15mm = 22,500mm2
x
700mm 740mm Ix = 2[(300)(20)3 /12 + (300)(20)(360)2 ]
+ 15(700)3 / 12
= 584,670,000mm4
Iy = 2(20)(300)3/12 + (700)(15)3 /12
y 20mm = 90,196,875 mm4
rmin = ry = Iy/A = 90,196,875 /22500
= 63.31 mm.

Axially-Loaded Columns; Sample problem 6 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Check for local buckling;
Unstiffened element (flange): b /t = 300/(2x20) = 7.5
H = 250 for flanges of tees and I-beams (Table 4.2)
H / Fy = 250 / 290 = 14.68
b /t < H / Fy , thus flange is fully effective and Qs = 1.0

Stiffened element (web): b /t = 700/15 = 46.67

H = 664 for other uniformly compressed members (Table 4.2)
H / Fy = 664 / 290 = 38.99
b /t > H / Fy , thus the total web height is not effective.
Accordingly, the effective width be is:
be = [664t/ f ] [ 1- 116.3/[(b/t) f ] ≤ b for other uniformly compressed
f = computed compressive stress = P/A elements
= 3,000,000 N/ 22,500 mm2
= 133.33 Mpa.
be = [664(15)/ 133.33 ] [ 1- 116.3/[(700/15) 133.33]
= 862.57(0.784) = 676.25 < b ; use be = 675.25
Q a = Ae / Aa Ae = 2(300x20) + 675.25(15) = 22,128.75 mm2
= 22,128.75/ 22.500 = 0.983

Axially-Loaded Columns; Sample problem 6 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Q = Qs Qa = (1.0)(0.983) = 0.983

C’c = 2∏2 E / (QFy ) = 2∏2 (200,000)/( 0.983x290) = 117.65

KL/r = (3.5 x 1000)/63.31 = 52.284

Since KL/r < C’c :

FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / C’c - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ C’c3

= 5/3 + 3/8(52.284/117.65) - 1/8 (52.2843 /117.653 )
= 1.83

Fa = Q[ 1 – (KL/r)2 / (2 C’c2 )] [Fy / FS]

= 0.983[ 1 – (52.2842 )/(2x 117.652)][290/1.83]
= 140.4 Mpa.

Pa = Fa A = (140.4)( 22,500) = 3,159kN > 3,000 kN

therefore SAFE!

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Sample problem 6 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 COLUMN BASE PLATES:

column

base plate

pedestal

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Column base plate Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 B
Design Bearing Strength = ф Pp ф = 0.60 (LRFD)
Allowable Bearing Strength = Pp / Ω Ω = 2.5 (ASD)
bf
Nominal bearing Strength, Pp ( NSCP, Sec. 510.8)

1. On full area of concrete support

N d
Pp = 0.85f’c A1

2. On less than the full area of concrete support

PP = 0.85f’c A1 A2 / A1 ≤ 1.7 f’c A1

where: P
f’c = compressive strength of concrete
A1 = area of base plate bearing on support.
A2 = maximum area of the supporting surface
geometrically similar and concentric with
the loaded area A1
fp

Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Column base plate Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 B
Design thickness t of the plate:

An equivalent rectangular column of dimensio bf m

0.8bf x 0.95d is assumed to bear on the base plate.

The actual bearing pressure on supporting

pedestal is fp = P/(BN) N d 0.95d
The critical moment M on the plate is at
section a-a and is equal to:
M = fp x N (x/2) = fp x2 N /2
The bending stress fb on this section is 0.8bf n
fb = Mc/I where c = t/2 and I = Nt3 /12
= [fp x2 N /2][t/2 ]/[Nt3 /12 ]
= 3 fp x2 / t2 P a
To get the design thickness t, fb is equated to
allowable Fb = 0.75Fy , and x x
t = 3 f p x2 / F b where x is the larger
of n or m.
n = (B – 0.8bf)/2 and m= (N – 0.95d)/2 fp
a
Axially-Loaded Steel Columns; Column base plate Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Prob. Design the base plate for the W16x10 column used to support 3000kN axial
load. The base plate rests on full area of concrete support with f’c = 21 MPa.
Use A50 steel with Fy = 345 Mpa. Make n and m approximately equal.

B Solution: (Using ASD)

On full area of concrete support
265mm P = 0.85f’c A1 / Ω Ω = 2.5 (ASD)
m = 0.34 f’c A1
Required area A1 of base plate:
A1= P/ 0.34 f’c = 3000000/(0.34x21) = 420,168mm2
BN = 420,168
N 431mm 0.95d But 2n = (B – 0.8bf) and 2m= (N – 0.95d)
Let z = n = m
B = 2z + 0.8bf N = 2z + 0.95d
0.8bf n B = 2z +212 N = 2z + 409.45
BN = (2z +212)(2z + 409.45) = 420,168mm2
z2 + 310.72z – 83,341 = 0
z= [- 310.72 + 310.72 2 - 4(-83,341) ]/2(1)
W16x10: bf = 265 mm = 172.5mm
d = 431 mm B = 2(172.5) + 212 = 557 mm, say 560mm.
N= 2(172.5) + 409.45 = 754mm, say 755mm.
Column base plate; Sample problem 7 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 n = (560 – 212)/2 m= (755 – 409.45)/2
n = 174.0 mm m = 172.8 mm
x = 174 mm.

fp = P/BN = (3000)(1000)/ [(560)(755)] = 7.10 Mpa

t = 3 f p x 2 / Fb where Fb = 0.75 Fy = 0.75(345) = 258.75 Mpa.

= 3(7.10)(174.0)2 /258.75
= 49.9mm, say 50mm.

Use 560mm x 755mm x 50mm base plate.

Column base plate; Sample problem 7 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. Determine the safe axial load P that can be applied on the base plate which is
400mm x 540mm x 38mm. The steel is A36 with Fy = 248 MPa, and the
concrete support is 600mm x 600mm with f’c = 27 Mpa. The column is
W 14x 82.
400mm Solution:

Safe P based on plate bending:

258mm t = 3 f p x 2 / Fb
thus, fp = (1/3)t2 Fb / x2
n = (400 – 206.4)/2 = 96.8>
m = (540- – 345.8)/2 = 97.1 > n
540mm use x = 97.1
364mm 0.95d= 345.8mm 600mm Fb = 0.75 Fy = 0.75(248) = 186 Mpa.
fp = (1/3)(382)(186) / (97.1)2
= 9.5 Mpa.
fp = P/Aplate
0.8bf = 206.4mm fp = P/(400x540) = 9.5 Mpa.
P = 2,052,000N = 2,052 kN.

600mm

Column base plate; Sample problem 8 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Safe P based on bearing of concrete support:
Allowable bearing strength : (ASD)
P = 0.34 f’cA1 A2 / A1 ≤ 0.68 f’c A1
on less than full area of the concrete
support.
where:
f’c = compressive strength of concrete
A1 = area of base plate bearing on support.
A2 = maximum area of the supporting
surface geometrically similar and 540mm
concentric with the loaded area A1 600mm
A1 = (400)(540) = 216,000 mm2

400/540 = x /600
x = 444.44 mm
A2 = (444.44)(600) = 266,664mm2
P = 0.34f’c A1 A2 / A1 ≤ 0.68 f’c A1
= 0.34(27) (216,000) 266,664/216,000
= 2,203,188.98N = 2,203.188kN.
≤ 0.68 f’c A1 (= 3,965.760 KN) 400mm
x
Thus, the safe vaue of P is 2,052 kN, based on bending on base plate.

Column base plate; Sample problem 8 Tarranza, NC Date: Page