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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................2

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................2

STEPS:...................................................................................................................................4

RESULTS..................................................................................................................................4

CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION
Abaqus is a comprehensive engineering analysis software suite based on the finite element
method that can address issues ranging from simple linear analyses to complex simulation.
Abaqus has a large library of elements that can be used to model almost any shape. It also
offers a long number of material parameters that can replicate the behaviour of metals,
rubber, polymeric materials, alloys, concrete structures, shock absorbent and robust foaming
agents, and geo - technical materials like soils and rock. Abaqus is a general-purpose
simulation programme that may be used to investigate a wide range of structural
(stress/displacement) issues. Heat transport, mass diffusion, thermodynamic efficiency of
electronic systems, acoustic performance, geotechnical engineering, and electromechanical
modelling are only some of the difficulties it can mimic. Abaqus has a variety of capabilities
for linear and non - linear applications simulation. Part contacts are specified by connecting
the design describing each part with the relevant input designs and addressing item
relationships in applications with multiple parts. Abaqus works by selecting proper load steps
and converging constraints for capability to determine and modifies them throughout the
analysis to guarantee that an accurate solution is reached quickly.

Various types of analysis is possible in the Abaqus and the level of control on the
various parameters of the analysis which can be provided in the Abaqus is far better than any
other FEA software present in the market. Since this level of control is possible in the
Abaqus, it is very much required to make sure that the whole process of analysis is not user
friendly in the Abaqus. In this report, the results of 3-point bending test and 4-point bending
test is done. The various specifications of the test will be given in the next section.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The two designs which must be tested are given in figures below:
 Figure 1: The three-point bending test

Figure 2: The four-point bending test

The design which is done has to be done on the material which is here. Plain weave
Kevlar/Epoxy, of 0.008 inch thick, has the following properties: E11=22 Msi, E22=22
Msi,v12 = 0.05, G12 = 0.78 Msi, G13=0.5 Msi, and G23=0.5 Msi. The ply stacking sequence
of both the upper and lower laminates is (0/45/45/0]. The core is made of Rohacell and has
the following isotropic properties: Ec = 10877, v=0.3. The tensile strength of the core is 200
psi. Use shell elements for the face sheet and solid elements for the core. Determine the
maximum load that can be applied to the three-point bend test before the laminate fails by
plotting the maximum principal stress and comparing that to the tensile strength of the core.
Use the maximum principal stress calculated within the core exactly midpoint between the
rollers. That is because in real life, a rubber pad is used to introduce the load, but here a point
load is applied which causes unrealistic stress concentrations.
STEPS:

 The first step is to create the geometry of the specimen in ABAQUS. The beam is
modelled as a cantilever beam with a rectangular cross-section. The thickness of the
beam is 0.008 inches. The width of the beam is 2 inches, and the length of the beam is
13 inches.
 The next step is to create the material properties file. The material properties for the
Kevlar/Epoxy laminate are given in the problem statement. The properties of the
Rohacell core are also given in the problem statement.
 The next step is to create the mesh. The mesh is shown in the figure below. The mesh
consists of quadrilateral shell elements for the face sheet and brick elements for the
core.
 Then the steps are created which is the procedure in which forces are applied.
 Then the load and boundary conditions are given according to the figure given above.
 Then the analysis is performed, and the results are obtained.

Meshing is a technique which is used to break the overall design of the part into smaller parts
so that the effects of the pressure on the design can be checked easily. This is very necessary
to get accurate information. Meshing is done by many processes which can be easily seen in
the Abaqus software. The various types of meshing provide different approaches by which
meshing is done.

RESULTS
The design is then tested for around 1000 cycles to check the various effects of force on the
design. This is done by incrementing the load little by little till the maximum load is reached.
This method is always used in analysis as it can find the various types of changes on the
structure due to the various forces acting on it. This is done on this analysis as well. The
stress was found to be around 4.398E+01 m which is quite high in comparison to other
factors. This deformation was found to be around 1.432E+09 mm which is very high making
this design a failure in terms of usage. The output is shown in Figure 4.
 Figure 3: Design output of the 3-point bending test

AS it can be seen clearly that the maximum principle stress on the structure comes to be
around 660.7 and it is at the bottom of the structure. The upper part of the Kevlar layer comes
out and the lower one is distorted as well. The results of the three-point bending test gives us
this result.

Figure 4: Design output of the 4-point bending test

As the output gives us clear indication that the design doesn’t have the same principle stress
as the three-point bending test. The given maximum stress is 326.8 which is much lesser than
the maximum stress of 3-point bending test which was 660.7. Now, as the results is almost
half than the same. Also, the damage is much less as well as. Hence this confirms it.
CONCLUSION
This analysis clearly shows that the given test have different principle stress on then in the 3-
point bending test and the four-point bending test as well. This clearly shows that the total
stress on the structure decreases considerably when the point of contact of force is increased
by 2. Also, the Kevlar potion is less destroyed in the 2 nd test than the first test. As for the
stress concentration, in the 3-point bending test it can be seen that most of the stress is
concentrated on the lower end of the position where the force was applied, whereas in the 4-
point bending test it is not concentrated on any spot as much as in the 3-point bending test.
The 4-point bending test also shows that when the force is applied to 3 places the beam works
much better and also passes the design criteria.