ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Reaction Engineering I
Lecture 2
Assefa A.([Link].)
Date 20-Oct-2019
Classification of Reactors
A vessel designed to contain chemical reactions is called a reactor
Three basic/common reactors :
Batch reactor(BR)
Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR)
Plug flow reactor (PFR)
These basic reactors can be further classified based on
mode of operation
[Link] phases involved
mixing pattern
manner in which phases make contact with each other
catalyst used
thermal operation
According to no of phases involved According to mode of operation or fluid
single phase reactors flow pattern
Multiphase reactors Batch reactor
According to thermal operation Continuous flow reactors
Isothermal reactors According to mixing pattern
Adiabatic reactors back mixing reactors
Non-adiabatic reactors PFR reactor
According to presence /absence of catalyst in reaction
Catalytic reactors
Non catalytic reactors
According to a manner in which phases make contact with each other
Packed bed reactors
fluidized bed reactor
Cont.
Batch Reactor
Batch reactors are normally used for:
Small-scale operation,
Testing new processes,
The manufacture of expensive products, and
Processes difficult to convert to continuous.
Seldom used for larger-scale operations
The advantage is:
high conversions can be achieved due to staying the reactants
in reactor
Suitable for processes where a range of different products or
grades is to be produced in the same equipment.
Suitable for reactions requiring long reaction times
Cont.
The disadvantages are:
high labour costs,
variability of products (batch to batch), and
difficult to operate for large-scale production.
Characteristics or features
All reactants are added at the commencement and the
product withdrawn at the completion of the reaction.
The operation is inherently unsteady-state
Presence of accumulation
Uniform mixing because of efficient stirring.
A heat exchanger may be provided in vessel to control
temperature
Cont.
CSTR Reactor
Normally used for liquid-phase reactions
Used for both in a laboratory and on a large scale.
It may also be used for gas-phase reactions
For laboratory investigation of gas phase reaction when
solid catalyst is involved
Stirred tanks may also be used in a series arrangement
e.g., for the continuous copolymerization of styrene and
butadiene to make synthetic rubber.
Cont.
Characteristics or Features
Both input and output streams flow into and out from the
reactor continuously
The fluid inside reactor is perfectly mixed, and hence its
properties are uniform at any point, because of efficient
stirring.
The system operate at steady-state .
No accumulation
A heat exchanger may be provided in each vessel to control
temperature
Cont.
Plug Flow Reactor(PFR)
PFR is mainly used for gas phase reactions
It may also be used for liquid-phase
For both laboratory-scale investigations of kinetics and large-
scale production.
The reactor itself may consist of an empty tube or vessel
It also called packed bed reactor(PBR) when contain packing
or a tied bed of particles (e.g. catalyst particles).
A PFR is similar to a CSTR in being a flow reactor, but is
different in its mixing characteristics.
It is different from a BR in being a flow reactor, but is similar
in the progressive change of properties, with position replacing
time.
Cont.
Features or characteristics
The input and output streams are continuous
There is no axial mixing of fluid inside the vessel .
There is complete radial mixing of fluid inside the vessel
The system operate at steady-state
No accumulation
There may be heat transfer through the walls of the vessel
between the system and the surroundings
A heat exchanger may be provided in each vessel to control
temperature
Stoichiometric Relationship in Reaction
Consider the general reaction
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 → 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷
Taking species A as the basis for calculation(limiting reactant)
Dividing by the stoichiometric coefficient of A in order to put
everything on a basis of “per mole of A”
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝐴+ 𝐵 → 𝐶+ 𝐷
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Develop the stoichiometric relationships for reacting species for
the two reactor systems
A. Stoichiometry in Batch Reactor system
Stoichiometric law states that the change in number of molecules
are directly related to their stoichiometric coefficient or number
∆𝑁𝑗 ∆𝑁𝐴 ∆𝑁𝐵 ∆𝑁𝐶 ∆𝑁𝐷
= = = 𝑐 = =φ
υ𝑗 −1 𝑏 𝑑
− 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
φ is the extent of reaction
Since species A is taken basis for calculation, take the first
correlation
∆𝑁𝑗 ∆𝑁𝐴
=
ν𝑗 −1
𝑁𝑗 − 𝑁𝑗0 𝑁𝐴 − 𝑁𝐴0
=
ν𝑗 −1
Definition of conversion (it can be symbolized interchangeably , 𝑋
or 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑁𝐴0 −𝑁𝐴
𝑋=
𝑁𝐴0
𝑁𝐴 − 𝑁𝐴0 = −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
𝑁𝑗 − 𝑁𝑗0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
=
ν𝑗 −1
For j = A
𝑁𝐴 − 𝑁𝐴0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
=
−1 −1
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴0 − 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
For j = B
𝑁𝐵 − 𝑁𝐵0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
=
𝑏 −1
−
𝑎
𝑏
𝑁𝐵 = 𝑁𝐵0 − 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎
For j = C
𝑁𝐶 − 𝑁𝐶0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
𝑐 =
−1
𝑎
𝑐
𝑁𝐶 = 𝑁𝐶0 + 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎
For j = D
𝑁𝐷 − 𝑁𝐷0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
=
𝑑 −1
𝑎
𝑑
𝑁𝐷 = 𝑁𝐷0 + 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎
For j = I(inert )
𝑁𝐼 = 𝑁𝐼0
𝑑 𝑐 𝑏
𝑁𝑇 = 𝑁𝑇0 + ( + − − 1)𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 𝑐 𝑏
Where δ= + − −1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑁𝑇 = 𝑁𝑇0 + 𝛿𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
Equations of concentrations
For batch system, the concentration of species j is defined as
the number of moles of species j per unit volume
𝑁𝑗 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐶𝑗 = =
𝑉 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐴0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
For j = A 𝐶𝐴 = =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑏
𝑁𝐵 𝑁𝐵0 −𝑎𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
For j = B 𝐶𝐵 = =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑐
𝑁𝐶 𝑁𝐶0 +𝑎𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
For j = C 𝐶𝐶 = =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑑
𝑁𝐷 𝑁𝐷0 +𝑎𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
For j = D 𝐶𝐷 = =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑁 𝑁
For j = I 𝐶𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼0
𝑉 𝑉
Case1. Constant Volume System
For liquid phase reactions
For some gas phase reactions which has equal mole of reactants and
products(stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products are equal)
Volume of reacting mixture is constant (V = 𝑉0 )
𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐴0 −𝑁𝐴0 𝑋
For j = A 𝐶𝐴 = = = 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
𝑉 𝑉0
𝑏
𝑁𝐵 𝑁𝐵0 −𝑎𝑁𝐴0 𝑋 𝑏
For j = B 𝐶𝐵 = = = 𝐶𝐵0 − 𝐶 𝑋
𝑉 𝑉0 𝑎 𝐴0
𝑐
𝑁𝐶 𝑁𝐶0 +𝑎𝑁𝐴0 𝑋 𝑐
For j = C 𝐶𝐶 = = = 𝐶𝐶0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
𝑉 𝑉0 𝑎
𝑑
𝑁𝐷 𝑁𝐷0 +𝑎𝑁𝐴0 𝑋 𝑑
For j = D 𝐶𝐷 = = = 𝐶𝐷0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
𝑉 𝑉0 𝑎
𝑁𝐼 𝑁𝐼0
For j = I 𝐶𝐼 = = = 𝐶𝐼0
𝑉 𝑉0
Case 2: Variable Volume system
For gas phase reactions (moles of reactants ≠ moles of products )
For such cases, volume of reacting mixture is variable(𝑉 ≠ 𝑉0 )
Assuming ideal gas law, PV = NRT
o Total concentration in the reactor at any time, t
𝑁𝑇 𝑃
𝐶𝑇 = =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
o Total concentration in the reactor at time, t = 0
𝑁𝑇0 𝑃0
𝐶𝑇0 = =
𝑉0 𝑅𝑇0
o Dividing both equations and after rearranging
𝑁𝑇 𝑃0 𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑉0
𝑁𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
Where
𝑁𝑇 = 𝑁𝑇0 + 𝑁𝐴0 𝛿𝑋
𝑁𝑇0 + 𝑁𝐴0 𝛿𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑉0
𝑁𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
𝑁𝐴0 𝑃0 𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝛿𝑋
𝑁𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
𝑃0 𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝑦𝐴0 𝛿𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
𝑃0 𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
𝑁𝐴0 𝑑 𝑐 𝑏
Where 𝜀 = 𝑦𝐴0 𝛿 , 𝑦𝐴0 = , 𝛿 = + − −1
𝑁𝑇0 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
For j = A
𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐴0 − 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐴 = = =
𝑉 𝑃0 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = B
𝑏 𝑏
𝑁𝐵 𝑁𝐵0 − 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶𝐵0 − 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐵 = = 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑉 𝑃 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋 0
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = C
𝐶 𝐶
𝑁𝐶 𝑁𝐶0 + 𝑁𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶 𝐶0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐶 = = 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑉 𝑃 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋 0
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = D
𝑑 𝑑
𝑁𝐷 𝑁𝐷0 + 𝑁 𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶 𝐷0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐷 = = 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑉 𝑃 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋 0
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = I
𝑁𝐼 𝑁𝐼0 𝐶𝐼0 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐼 = = =
𝑉 𝑃 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋 0
𝑃 𝑇0
N.B.
For isothermal (𝑇 = 𝑇0 )and negligible pressure drop (𝑃0 = 𝑃)
system, the final volume is simplified to
𝑉 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
B. Stoichiometry in Continuous flow system
The stoichiometric relation for a continuous-flow system is virtually
identical to that for a batch system
except that we replace Nj0 by Fj0 and Nj by Fj.
Considering the same reaction
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 → 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷
Taking A as the basis for calculation(limiting reactant), dividing by
the stoichiometric coefficient of A
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝐴+ 𝐵 → 𝐶+ 𝐷
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Definition of conversion
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴
𝑋=
𝐹𝐴0
𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐴0 = −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
Stoichiometric law
∆𝐹𝑗 ∆𝐹𝐴 ∆𝐹𝐵 ∆𝐹𝐶 ∆𝐹𝐷
= = = 𝑐 = =φ
ν𝑗 −1 𝑏 𝑑
− 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
Since species A is taken basis for calculation, take the first correlation
elation and express for all species A, B, C,D and I
∆𝐹𝑗 ∆𝐹𝐴
=
ν𝑗 −1
𝐹𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗0 𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐴0
=
ν𝑗 −1
𝐹𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
=
ν𝑗 −1
For j = A
𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐴0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
=
−1 −1
𝐹𝐴 = 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
For j = B
𝐹𝐵 − 𝐹𝐵0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
=
𝑏 −1
−
𝑎
𝑏
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎
For j = C
𝐹𝐶 − 𝐹𝐶0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
𝑐 =
−1
𝑎
𝑐
𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎
For j = D
𝐹𝐷 − 𝐹𝐷0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
=
𝑑 −1
𝑎
𝑑
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎
For j = I(inert )
𝐹𝐼 = 𝐹𝐼0
𝑑 𝐶 𝑏
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑇0 + ( + − − 1)𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 𝑐 𝑏
Where δ = + − −1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑇0 + 𝛿𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
Equations for Concentrations
For a flow system, the concentration at a given point
can be determined from the molar flow rate and the
volumetric flow rate .
𝐹𝑗 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐶𝑗 = = =
υ 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐹𝐴 𝐹𝐴0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
For j = A 𝐶𝐴 = =
υ υ
𝑏
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐵0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
For j = B 𝐶𝐵 = = 𝑎
υ υ
𝑐
𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
For j = C 𝐶𝐶 = = 𝑎
υ υ
𝑑
𝐹𝐷 𝐹𝐷0 +𝑎𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
For j = D 𝐶𝐷 = =
υ υ
𝐹𝐼 𝐹𝐼0
For j = I 𝐶𝐼 = =
υ υ
Case1. Constant Volume System
For all liquid phase and some gas phase reactions
Volumetric flow rate is constant (υ = υ0 )
𝐹𝐴 𝐹𝐴0 −𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
For j = A, 𝐶𝐴 = = = 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
υ υ0
𝑏
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐵0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 𝑏
For j = B, 𝐶𝐵 = = 𝑎
= 𝐶𝐵0 − 𝐶 𝑋
υ υ0 𝑎 𝐴0
𝑐
𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 𝑐
For j = C, 𝐶𝐶 = = 𝑎
= 𝐶𝐶0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
υ υ0 𝑎
𝑑
𝐹𝐷 𝐹𝐷0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 𝑑
For j = D 𝐶𝐷 = = 𝑎
= 𝐶𝐷0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
υ υ0 𝑎
𝐹𝐼 𝐹𝐼0
For j = I 𝐶𝐼 = = = 𝐶𝐼0
υ υ0
Case 2: Variable volume system
For gas phase reactions whose moles of reactants and products
are not equal
For such cases, volumetric flow rate is variable(𝜐 ≠ 𝜐0 )
Assuming ideal gas law(neglecting compressibility factor, Z = Z0)
o Total concentration at any point in the reactor
𝐹𝑇 𝑃
𝐶𝑇 = =
υ 𝑅𝑇
o Total concentration at the entrance to the reactor
𝐹𝑇0 𝑃0
𝐶𝑇0 = =
υ0 𝑅𝑇0
o Dividing both equations and after rearranging
𝐹𝑇 𝑃0 𝑇
𝜐 = 𝜐0
𝐹𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
o Where
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑇0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝛿𝑋
𝐹𝑇0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝛿𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇
𝜐 = 𝜐0
𝐹𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
𝐹𝐴0 𝑃0 𝑇
𝜐 = 𝜐0 1+ 𝛿𝑋
𝐹𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
𝑃0 𝑇
𝜐 = 𝜐0 1 + 𝑦𝐴0 𝛿𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
𝑃0 𝑇
𝜐 = 𝜐0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
𝐹𝐴0 𝑑 𝑐 𝑏
Where 𝜀 = 𝑦𝐴0 𝛿 , 𝑦𝐴0 = , 𝛿 = + − −1
𝐹𝑇0 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
For j = A
𝐹𝐴 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐴 = = =
υ 𝑃0 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝜐0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = B
𝑏 𝑏
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐵0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶𝐵0 − 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐵 = = 𝑎 = 𝑎
υ 𝑃0 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝜐0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = C
𝐶 𝐶
𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶𝐶0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋)
𝐶𝐶 = = 𝑎 = 𝑎
υ 𝑃0 𝑇 𝑃0 𝑇
𝜐0 1 + 𝜀𝑋 (1 + 𝜀𝑋)
𝑃 𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
For j = D
𝑑 𝑑
𝐹𝐷 𝐹𝐷0 + 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 (𝐶𝐷0 + 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋) 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐷 = = 𝑎 = 𝑎
υ 𝑃0 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
𝜐0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
For j = I
𝐹𝐼 𝐹𝐼0 𝐶𝐼0 𝑇0 𝑃
𝐶𝐼 = = =
υ 𝜐 1 + 𝜀𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇 (1 + 𝜀𝑋) 𝑇 𝑃0
0 𝑃 𝑇0
N.B.
For isothermal and negligible pressure drop (isobaric
)system, the volumetric flow rate is simplified to
𝜐 = 𝜐0 1 + 𝜀𝑋
The General Material Balance
or
Molar Flow Molar Flow Molar Rate Molar Rate
Rate of Rate of Generation Accumulation
Species j in Species j out of Species j of Species j
dN j
Fj 0 Fj Gj
dt
mole mole mole mole
time time time time
Material balance for species A or
In Out Generation Accumulation
dNA
FA 0 FA r dV
A
dt
Batch Reactor, mole balance
No material is supplied to or withdrawn
from the reactor during the reaction.
dN A
FA0 FA rA dV
dt
FA0 FA 0
Well-Mixed r dV r V
A A
dN A
rAV
dt
The rate of formation of species A is uniform and equal to the
system average rate, every where in the reaction.
Batch Reactor, Mole balance
dNA
Integrating dt
rAV
when t 0 N A N A0 NA
dN A
t t NA NA
t N rAV
A0
Time necessary to reduce the number of moles of A from
NA0 to NA.
N A N A0 N A0 X From stoichiometric relation
X
dX
t N A0
0
rAV Deign Equation for Batch Reactor
Mole balance , CSTR
There is continuous flow in of reactants and flow out of
products during reaction
The reaction is operated at steady-state and this means
that the variables such as concentration, temperature etc.
at each point with in the system do not vary with time.
From the general mole balance
dNA
CSTR FA 0 FA rA dV dt
dN A
Steady State 0
dt
Well Mixed r dV r V
A A
FA0 FA rAV 0
FA 0 FA
V
rA
CSTR volume necessary to reduce the molar flow rate
from FA0 to FA.
FA FA0 FA0 X From stoichiometric relation
V X
Deign Equation for CSTR
FA0 rA
Mole balance , PFR
In this reactor type, the content of the reactor is perfectly mixed
in the radial direction.
No mixing takes place in axial direction. This condition
provides the concentration, temperature, rate of
formation etc to vary continuously in the axial
direction.
It takes a small volume of the reactor to observe what happens
there in the small interval of time.
Hence the material balance has to be applied to a differential
element of volume
Cont.
The differential element of volume can be expressed in equation
form as under:
dN A
FA0 FA rA dV
dt
dN A
Steady State 0
dt
Cont.
FA0 FA rA dV 0
Differientiate with respect to V
0
dFA
rA dFA
dV rA
dV
FA
dFA
The integral form is: V rA
FA 0
This is the volume necessary to reduce the entering molar flow
rate (mol/s) from FA0 to the exit molar flow rate of FA.
FA FA0 FA0 X From stoichiometric relation
X
V dX
FA0
0 rA Deign Equation for PFR
Example1. For the system in which the following reaction
occurs. Assume there are initially 2 moles of CH4, 1 mole of
H2O, 1 mole of CO and 4moles of H2. Write moles, ni and the
mole fraction of each species in terms of conversion of
reaction?
𝐶𝑂 + 3𝐻2 𝐶𝐻4 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Example 2: Sulphur dioxide is burned with air (mixture of O2
and N2) at 250C (isothermal) and 1atm(constant pressure) and
the following reaction carried out in a batch reactor. Suppose
SO2 basis for calculation .
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
2A B 2C
a. Express moles of each species as function of conversion
b. Express concentrations of each species as function of
conversion
c. Initially, the feed mixture contains 40 moles SO2
and 20 moles O2 and 40 moles of N2 as inert.
i. Determine the moles of each species and
ii. Determine the mole fraction of each species at
80% conversion?
Exampe3: For a system in which the following
reaction occurs continuous flow reactor at
isothermal and isobaric system.
3H2 (g) + CO (g) CH4 (g) + H2O (g)
3A B C D
Write molar flow rates and concentrations for all
species as a function of conversion if H2 limiting
reactant