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BPSK Modulation and Demodulation Lab

This document discusses binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation. It describes how a BPSK signal is generated by reversing the phase of a carrier signal based on the bits in a message. It also explains that BPSK signals have a bandwidth twice that of the baseband data and may require bandwidth limiting. The document outlines the two-stage process of BPSK demodulation, including translating the signal back to baseband using a local carrier and regenerating the binary sequence using a detector. It notes that phase ambiguity is an issue in demodulation and can be addressed using techniques like training sequences or differential encoding.

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54 views5 pages

BPSK Modulation and Demodulation Lab

This document discusses binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation. It describes how a BPSK signal is generated by reversing the phase of a carrier signal based on the bits in a message. It also explains that BPSK signals have a bandwidth twice that of the baseband data and may require bandwidth limiting. The document outlines the two-stage process of BPSK demodulation, including translating the signal back to baseband using a local carrier and regenerating the binary sequence using a detector. It notes that phase ambiguity is an issue in demodulation and can be addressed using techniques like training sequences or differential encoding.

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Lab 5

BPSK – Binary Phase Shift Keying

INTRODUCTION:

Generation of BPSK:
Consider a sinusoidal carrier. If it is modulated by a hi-polar hit stream according to the scheme
illustrated in Figure below, its polarity will be reversed every time the bit stream changes polarity. This,
for a sinewave, is equivalent to a phase reversal (shift). The multiplier output is a BPSK signal.

The information about the hit stream is contained in the changes of phase of the transmitted signal. A
synchronous demodulator would be sensitive to these phase reversals. The appearance of a BPSK
signal in the time domain is shown in below Figure (lower trace). The upper trace is the binary message
sequence.

There is something special about the waveform of above Figure. The wave shape is 'symmetrical' at
each phase transition. This is because the bit rate is a submultiple of the carrier frequency (ω /2*∏) .In
addition, the message transitions have been timed to occur at a zero-crossing of the carrier. Whilst this
is referred to as 'special', it is not uncommon in practice. It offers the advantage of simplifying the bit
clock recovery from a received signal. Once the carrier has been acquired then the bit clock can be
derived by division.

The basic BPSK generated by the simplified arrangement illustrated in 1st figure will have a bandwidth
in excess of that considered acceptable for efficient communications. If you can calculate the spectrum
of the binary sequence then you know the bandwidth of the BPSK itself. The BPSK signal is a linearly
modulated DSB, and so it has a bandwidth twice that of the baseband data signal from which it is
derived 2. In practice there would need to be some form of bandwidth control. Bandlimiting can be
performed either at baseband or at carrier frequency. It will be performed at baseband in this
experiment.
Demodulation of BPSK:
Demodulation of a BPSK signal can be considered a two stage process:

1. Translation back to baseband, with recovery of the bandlimited message waveform


2. Regeneration from the bandlimited waveform back to the binary message bit stream. Translation
back to baseband requires a local, synchronized carrier.
Stage 1:
Translation back to baseband is achieved with a synchronous demodulator, This
requires a local synchronous carrier. In this experiment a stolen carrier will be used. Carrier
acquisition will be investigated in the experiment entitled DPSK – carrier acquisition and BER
(within Volume 02 - Further & Advanced Digital Experiments)

Stage 2:
The translation process does not reproduce the original binary sequence, but a
bandlimited version of it. The original binary sequence can be regenerated with a detector. This
requires information regarding the bit clock rate. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier
frequency then bit clock regeneration is simplified. In TIMS the DECISION MAKER module can
be used for the regenerator, and in this experiment the bit clock will be a submultiple of the
carrier.

Phase ambiguity
You will see in the experiment that the sign of the phase of the demodulator carrieris important. Phase
ambiguity is a problem in the demodulation of a BPSK signal. There are techniques available to
overcome this. One such sends a training sequence, of known format, to enable the receiver to select
the desired phase, following which the training sequence is replaced by the normal data (until
synchronism is lost !). An alternative technique is to use differential encoding. This will be
demonstrated in this experiment by selecting a different code from the LINE-CODE ENCODER.

STEPS:

EXTRA MODULES:
DECISION MAKER, LINE-CODE ENCODER and LINECODE DECODER. A total of two PHASE SHIFTER
modules is required,

Generation of BPSK:
1. Patch up the modulator of Figure 5; acquaint yourself with a BPSK signal. Examine the
transitions as the phase between bit clock and carrier is altered. Vary the bandwidth of the
PRBS with the TUNEABLE LPF. Notice the envelope.
2. Now, you should have two figures. Figure 1: the original signal. Figure 2: the BPSK signal, and
describe what you observe.

BPSK demodulation

3. Patch up the demodulator of Figure 6. The received signal will have come from the transmitter
of Figure5 observe the output from the TUNEABLE LPF, and confirm its appearance with respect
to that transmitted. If the sequence is inverted then toggle the front panel 180 degree switch of
the receiver PHASE CHANGER.
4. Set the on-board switch SW I of the DECISION MAKER to accept NRZ-L coding. Use the gain
control of the TUNEABLE LPF to set the input at about the TIMS ANALOG REFRENCE LEVEL of
+/-2 volt peak. Adjust the decision point. Check and print the output as Figure 3 and describe
what you observe.
5. Observe the TTL output from the LINE-CODE DECODER. Confirm that the phase of the receiver
carrier (for the NRZ-L line code) is still important. Check and print the output as Figure 4 and
describe what you observe.
6. Now, you have Figure 3, Figure 4: the demodulated signal vs. the original signal.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Generation of binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) signal; bandlimiting; synchronous demodulation - phase
ambiguities.

Reference: D1-08-4 on Volume D1 Fundamental Digital Experiments


Certification: I hereby certify that performance of the experiment above and the writing of

this report was entirely by me (or by me and my lab partner). I understand that if this certi

fication is false, I am in violation of Academic Honesty rules and may be subject to serious

penalty in accordance with those rules.

Signature ____________________________________Date______________

Common questions

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Phase ambiguity in BPSK demodulation can cause incorrect data interpretation due to incorrect phase polarity recognition of the demodulator carrier. Solutions include transmitting a known training sequence for phase alignment or employing differential encoding to preserve data integrity despite phase shifts .

Differential encoding helps overcome phase ambiguity by encoding data in terms of the differences between successive bits rather than absolute phase states. This method allows correct data interpretation even when a constant phase shift occurs, as the relative changes remain consistent .

The symmetry in the BPSK waveform, achieved by aligning message transitions with zero-crossing of the carrier, simplifies timing and synchronization processes. This alignment allows straightforward derivation of the bit clock from the carrier, improving the efficiency and reliability of signal processing .

Having the bit rate as a submultiple of the carrier frequency simplifies bit clock recovery from a received signal. Once the carrier is acquired, the bit clock can be easily derived by division . This timing alignment simplifies the synchronization process, crucial for the recovery of transmitted data in BPSK communication.

Regeneration of the original binary sequence after translating BPSK to baseband is essential because the translation process yields a bandlimited representation of the message rather than the original binary sequence. Correct regeneration ensures data integrity and accurate representation of the transmitted message .

The experimental procedure involves patching the BPSK modulator and demodulator setups, observing transitions with phase shifts, optimizing bandwidth with a tunable LPF, analyzing the demodulated signals' phase, toggling phase changers if needed, and confirming outputs at different stages to ensure coherence between transmitted and received signals .

Modules like the DECISION MAKER and LINE-CODE ENCODER enhance BPSK performance by facilitating accurate timing and data recovery. The DECISION MAKER assists in regenerating a clean binary message from the bandlimited waveform, while the encoder helps in implementing differential encoding, ensuring correct data interpretation despite phase shifts .

A synchronous demodulator plays a critical role in translating a BPSK signal back to baseband, allowing recovery of the bandlimited version of the original message waveform. This requires a synchronized local carrier to align signal phases correctly for accurate demodulation .

Implementing a training sequence benefits BPSK systems by establishing a known pattern for phase alignment and resolution of phase ambiguity. This ensures that the receiver locks onto the correct phase before actual data transmission, maintaining data accuracy and reducing the likelihood of errors due to phase shifts .

Bandwidth control in BPSK systems can be executed either at baseband or carrier frequency. It is crucial because BPSK has a wide bandwidth exceeding acceptable limits for efficient communication. To manage this, baseband bandlimiting is performed in the experiment, which allows the filtering of high-frequency components for effective data transmission .

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