POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

Compiled By: DELMER ALMOCERA MONDIDO

Napolcom

REVIEW CLASS 2014 - 2015

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION -organization according to the nature of the task to

be performed, it should be divided into groups so that similar and
related duties maybe assigned to each.

ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF AUTHORITY - vertical of combination of superior

officers, with each rank at a different level of authority from any, form
channels through which operation maybe directed and controlled.

ACCORDING TO THE PLACE WORK -organization according to the territorial

distribution of a platoon, accomplished by assigning police officers to
beats is necessary to facilitate the direction an control of the officers
and to ensure suitable patrol service within the jurisdiction.

ACCCORDING TO TIME FRAME – organization in which police units are divided

into shifts or watches according to the time of day.

ACTIVE SERVICE OF THE UNIFORM PERSONNEL -refers to the services rendered as

an officer and non- officer, cadet, trainee, draftee in the PNP, Fire or
Jail Force, on in the municipal police prior to the integration of the PC-
INP or in the AFP.

ADMINISTRATION- denotes functions that determine the basic policies,

programs, and objectives of an organization and the means ad
methods to the employed to achieve them.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW- branch of law dealing with activities of executive or

administrative agencies known sometimes as Boards, Bureaus or
Commissions with power to determine controversies or prices.

ADMINISTRATIVE METHOD- refers to the procedures for formulating rational

decisions based on collected and interpreted information’s as opposed
to intuitive persuasions.

ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL- refers to those belonging to the second level

manager’s bracket such as patrol watch commanders.

AFFIDAVIT- a sworn statement in writing voluntarily made before a notary public

of any other officer authorized to administer oaths.

ANSWER- a pleading which contains the respondent’s defense.

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APPEALED POLICY- his type of policy is born when problems arises at the lower
level’s of the organization and the man in charged does not know how
to meet the problem.

ASSISTANT REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF JAIL MANAGEMENT PENOLOGY- refers to

the assistant heads of the department regional officers with the rank
of senior superintendent.

ATTRITION BY DEMOTION IN POSITION OF RANK- any PNP uniformed personnel,

commissioned or non-commissioned officer, who is relieved and
assigned to a position lower than what is established for his or her
owned grade in the PNP staffing pattern and who shall not be assigned
to a position commensurate to his or her grade within eighteen (18)
months after such demotion in position shall be retired r separated.

ATTRITION BY NON PROMOTION – any PNP uniformed personnel who has not
been promoted for a continuous period of ten (10) years shall be
retired or separated.

ATTRITION BY RELIEF – a PNP uniformed personnel who have been relieved for
just cause has not been given an assignment within two (2) years after
such relief shall be retired or separated.

AUXILLAIRY SERVICE DIVISION – Police work that encompasses such specialties as

records and communication, criminalities, detention and property
management.

AVIATION SECURITY UNIT – Headed by a Director with the rank of chief

superintendent, the aviation security unit, in coordination with airport
authorities shall secure all the country’s airport against offensive and
terrorist acts that threaten civil aviation, exercise operational control
and supervision over all agencies involved in airport security operation,
and enforce all rules and regulations relative to air travel protection
and safety.

BEACH OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE – Any offense committed by a member of the

PNP involving an affecting discipline and order within the police
organization.

BUDGETING – The forecasting in detail the results of an efficiently reorganized

program of operation based on the highest reasonable expectations of
operating efficiency.

BUDGET CALENDAR – A schedule of budgeting task to be undertaken during the

budget cycle.

BUDGET CALL - A document that triggers budget preparation.

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BUDGET CYCLE – It involves the following possesses: (1) Preparation - by PNP
offices; (2) Authorization - by Congress; (3) Accountability – Control
Measures conduct by auditing.

BUDGET GUIDANCE – A document issued by higher authorities stipulating the

national objectives, priorities and constraints include assessment of
the peace and order situation.

BUDGET YEAR – Current year and one day.

BUREAU – Refers organic unit within large department.

BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY – Referred to as the Jail

Bureau, created initially consisting of officers and uniformed members
of the Jail Management an Penology Service as constituted under P.D.
No. 765.

CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA – Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was

organized as a mounted riflemen or cavalry whose duties expanded in
1781 from a special commission as government custodian of the
tobacco monopoly to a distinct group charged with the duties of a
harbor, port, border and river police.

CHIEF CIVIL RELATIONS UNIT – Headed by a Director with the rank of chief
superintendent, the civil relation unit shall implement plans and
programs that will promote community an citizens participation.

CHIEF OF THE JAIL BUREAU – Refers to the head of the bureau of Jail
Management and Penology with the rank of director.

CHIEF PNP – The Head of the PNP with a rank of Director General who shall have
the power to direct and control tactical as well as strategic
movements, deployment, placement, utilization of the PNP or any of
its units and personnel, including its equipment, facilities and other
resources.

CITY/MUNICIPAL JAIL WARDEN – Refers to head of the city or municipal stations

with the rank of senior inspector.

COMMAND COMMUNICATION – Its either oral or written orders of a superior

officer to his subordinates. It is either written or oral orders of a
superior officer to subordinate. It is directly made and compliance is
immediately expected.

COMMAND/UNIT INSPECTOR – Refers to the officer in charge of the PNP

Inspectorate Service in the different Command National Support Units.

COMMANDING OFFICER – An officer who is in charge of a department, bureau,

division an area or a district.

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COMMISION PROPER – Refers to the National Police Commission which is
composed of the office of the chairperson and the four regular
commissioners.

COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 408 – Otherwise known as the Article of War Act.

COMMUNICATION UNIT – Headed by a Director with the rank o Chief

Superintendent which shall be responsible for establishing effective
police communication network.

COMPANY OFFICER –This group includes all junior officers in the rank of Senior
inspector and Inspector.

COMPLAINT- A written and sworn charge fill against respondents.

COMPULSORY RETIREMENT- Retirement for officer and non officer shall be upon
the attainment of age, fifty six (56). Provided that in case o any officer
with the rank of chief superintendent, director or deputy director
general the commissioner may allow his retention in the service for an
un- extendible period of one year.

COMPUTER CENTER - Headed by a Director with the of Chief Superintendent. The

computer shall be responsible for the implementation and
maintenance a data base system of PNP.

CONTINENTAL THEORY- In this concept, policeman are regarded as state or

servants of the higher authorities. This theory prevails in the European
countries where the governmental organization follows the
centralized pattern, e.g. Spain Italy and France. The people have no
share or little participation with the duties or connection with the
police organization.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DIVISION- Has been vested w2ith the responsibility

which primarily pertains to the coordination of criminal information
and the investigation of crimes not resolved by the patrol officers.

CRIMINAL LABORATORY- The central crime laboratory to be headed by a director

with the rank f chief superintendent, which provides scientific and
technical investigative and support to the PNP and other government
investigative agencies.

CRIME PREVENTION – Refers to the reduction or elimination of the opportunity

to commit a crime.

CRIME PREVENTION AND COORDINATION SERVICE- Unit which shall undertake

criminological researchers and studies, formulate a national crime
prevention and information program and provide editorial direction
for all criminology research and crime prevention publication.

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CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION UNIT- It is headed by a director with the rank of chief
superintendent; the criminal investigative unit shall undertake the
monitoring, investigation and prosecution of all crimes involving
economic sabotage and commission by highly placed or professional
criminal syndicates and organizations.

DECISION – A written disposition of a case personally signed by the disciplinary

authority containing facts established during the hearing, the findings
and conclusions, as well as the pertinent and relevant laws and
jurisprudence applicable thereon.

DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY- The process of committing and activity to another’s

care.

DELINNEATION OF AUTHORITY- Lines of authority and responsibility and should

be definite, clear and so that responsibility is properly fixed and
duplication avoided. In the police service each one knows where he fits
in the pattern, to whom he is responsible and who is responsible to
them

DEMOTION- A penalty or reduction of rank.

DEPLOYMENT- It shall mean the orderly and organized physical movement of

elements of the PNP within the province, city or municipality for
purpose s of employment.

DIRECTION- It deals with the procedure of what is to be done, who is to do it, and
when where, and how it is to be done.

DISCIPLINARY APPELATE BOARDS – Refers to the formal administrative

disciplinary appellate machinery consisting of the National Appellate
Board and Regional Appellate Board, established by NAPOLCOM.

DISPOSITIVE PORTION- Refers to that part of decisions which declares whether

the respondent is guilty or not guilty of the charge.

DISTRICT- Refers to a geographical subdivision of a city for a patrol purposes.

DISTRICT JAIL WARDEN- Refers to the head of district offices of the BJMP with the
rank of chief inspector.

DIVISION- It is primary subdivision of a bureau.

DUE PROCESS – Refers to the right to be given opportunity to present one’s side
and submit evidence in support therefore.

EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAM –Within three [3] years after the effectively of RA
8551, any PNP officer or non commissioned officer may retire and be
paid separation benefits corresponding to a position w [2] ranks higher
than his or her present rank subject to the following conditions; a] that
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 a the time he or she applies for retirement ,he or she has already
rendered at least ten[10] years of continuous government service; b]
the applicant is not scheduled for separation or retirement form the
service due to the attrition system for the separation for cause c) he or
she has no pending administrative or criminal case,.(3) more years in
the service before reaching compulsory retirement age an at least a
year before his or here maximum tenure his position.

EMPLOYMENT- Refers to the utilizations of units or elements f the PNP for

purpose of promote.

EXECUTION- Deals with performance of orders followed and done with

commensurate authority to fulfill the responsibility.

EXONERATION - Is the declaration of the respondent’s innocence y the

disciplinary authority under summary proceedings.

EXTRA DEPARTMENTAL PLANS- These are plants designed to guide the

organization o the community of the to assists in accomplishing the
police objectives in the field of juvenile and delinquency prevention,
traffic control , and organized crimes.

FINANCE CENTER - Headed by a director with the rank of Chief Superintendent,

the finance center shall be responsible for providing finances services
to the PNP.

FIELD OFFICERS - Also known as “Senior Officer”, these categories includes Senior
Superintendent, Superintendent and Chief Inspector.

FIELD PROCEDURES - They are intended to be used in all situation s of all kinds
and serves as a guide to officers in the field on the procedures tat
relate to the following. Reporting, Dispatching, Raids, Arrests,
Stopping, suspicious persons, Receiving complaints, Patrolling, AND
Conduct of investigation of crimes.

FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM - All uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a
field Training Program for twelve ( 12) months involving actual
experience and assignment in patrol, traffic, and investigation as a
requirement for permanency of their appointment.

FINANCE SERVICE- Unit which shall provide the commission with staff services
and assistance of the budgetary and financial matters includes the
overseeing of the processing and disbursements of funds pertaining to
the scholarship program and surviving children or decease and/or
permanently incapacitated PNP personnel.

FUROM SHOOPING OR MULTIPLE FILING OF COMPLAINTS – Refers to the

charges or complaints regarding one single offense, filed
simoutaneously with different venues.

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FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION- This type of organization is operated wherein the
performance of certain duties, at all level is controlled and directed by
a separate organizational authority.

GENERAL OR FLAG OFFICERS - This category includes all Directors and Chief
Superintendents.

GRADING - the simplest system of performance appraisal.

GUARDIA CIVIL- organized the dual function of a soldier and a policeman whose
duties ranges from the suppression of brigandage by means of
patrolling unsettled territories, detention of petty and local
insurrection, the enforcement of tax collection and was armed by the
Spanish Peninsula Troops of their work in policing towns. The
establishment of the Guardia Civil gave the Spanish colonizers a
tremendous control through a centralized police administration which
enable to supreme head to determine the policies to be pursued in law
enforcement and the maintenance of peace and order.

GUARDDRILLEROS – The Rural Police during the Spanish regime in the Philippines
established in each town. The laws provided that five percent (5%) of
able bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be drafted in
the police service for a three years tour of duty.

HEADQUATER POCEDURES –Usually found on the duty manual because they

pertain to the responsibility of one person or one class of persons.
Procedures that involve coordinate action on activity of several offices
shall be established separately.

HOME RULE THEORY – Law enforcers or policemen are regarded as servants of

the community, who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the
express needs of the people. In these concepts, policemen are
servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace and
security. This is practiced in the United States and in England where
the governmental structure follows a decentralized pattern.

IAS – Headed by an Inspector General the Internal Affairs Service which conduct “
motu – propio”, automatic investigations of the following cases:
Incidents where a police personnel discharges a firearm; Incidents
where death, serious physical injury, or any violation of human rights
occurred in the conduct of police operation; Incidents where evidence
was compromised, tampered with, obliterated or lost while in custody
of the police was seriously injured; and Incidents where the
established rules of engagement have been violated.

IMPOSED POLICY- This type of policy comes from the government in forms of
laws, administrative orders, rules and procedures and specifications.

IMMUNITY – Is a protection from liability in tort due to status or position.

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INSPECTION, MONITORING AND INVESTIGATION SERVICE – Unit which shall
conduct continuous inspection and management audit of personnel
facilities and operations at all levels of command and shall monitor the
implementation of the commissions programs and projects relative to
law enforcement of the commissions programs and projects relative to
law enforcement and monitor and investigate police anomalies, and
irregularities.

INSTALLATIONS AND LOGISTICS SERVICE – Reviews the Commissions plans and

programs and formulate policies and procedures regarding acquisition,
inventory, control, distribution, maintenance and disposal of supplies
and shall oversee the implementation of programs on transportation
facilities and installations and the procurement and maintenance of
supplies and equipment.

INTEGRATED ACT OF 1975 – Created the Integrated National Police.

JAIL OF BUREAU – The Bureau of the Management and Penology, created under
RA 7695, vested with the responsibility to supervise and control all city
and municipal jails.

LAW – Refers to a rule of conduct or action laid down and enforced by supreme
governing authority of a community or established by custom.

LATERAL ENTRY – In general, all original appointments of commissioned officers

in the PNP shall commence with the rank of inspector, to include all
those with highly technical qualifications applying for the PNP
technical services, such as dentist, optometrists, nurses, engineers,
and graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors o medicine, members of
the Bar, and chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of senior
inspector in their particular technical service. Graduates of the
Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) shall be automatically
appointed to the initial rank of inspector. Licensed criminologists may
be appointed to the rank of inspector to fill up any vacancy after
promotions from the ranks are completed.

LEGAL AFFAIRS SERVICE – Provides the NAPOLCOM with efficient and effective
service as legal counsel of the Commission; draft or study contracts
affecting the Commission and submit appropriate recommendations
pertaining thereto; and render legal opinions arising from the
administration and operation of the Philippine National Police and the
Commission.

LINE COMMAND – Is the operating authority delegated by the commander down

to the line thru each intermediate supervisor until level o execution is
reached.

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LINE FUNCTION – refers to operational duties like patrol, investigation, vice
control, juvenile control and traffic task.

LINE ORGANIZATION- It divides responsibility and authority between several

[Link] is the most common type of all police organizational
structure commonly found in the rural areas.

LOCAL EXECUTIVE - exercises operational, supervision and direction over the PNP
units assigned within respective localities.

LOCAL LOGISTICS - Headed by a Director with the rank of Chief Superintendent

which shall be responsible for the procurement, distribution and
management of all the PNP including firearms and ammunition.

MIDDLE MANAGEMENT LEVEL - Means that decisions are made that govern day-
to-day operations of the organizations.

MODERN CONCEPT- This thought of police service regards police as the first line
of defense of the criminal justice system, an organ of crime
prevention. Under this concept, police efficiency is measured by the
decreasing number of crimes. It further broadens police activities to
cater to social services, and has for its mission the welfare of the
individual as well as that of the community in general.

NAPOLCOM - The National Police Commission exercises administrative control

and supervision over the P.N.P Republic Act 4864 otherwise known as
the Police Act of 1966 created the NAPOLCOM. It is a collegial body
within the D.I.L.G., composed of the Secretary as its Chairman and four
regular commissioners.

NARCOTIC UNITS - Headed by a director with the rank of chief superintendent ,

the Narcotics units shall enforce all laws relative to the protection of
the citizenry against dangerous and other prohibited drugs and
substances.

NATIONAL APPELATE BOARD - Primarily grievance machinery against erring

policeman, vested to decide cases in appeal from decisions rendered
by the PNP chief and the Regional Appellate boards.

NATIONAL COMPLAINANT- Refers to any PNP officer who is required to file and
institute charges by reas0n of their office or position.

OLD CONCEPT- Police service is give the impression of being a merely suppressive
machinery. This philosophy advocates that the yardstick of police
competence is the increasing number of arrest, throwing offenders in
detention facilities rather than trying to prevent them from
committing crime.

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OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION AND CONTROL- Shall mean the power to direct,
Superintendent, and over see day-to- day function of the police
investigation of crime, crime prevention activities , and traffic control
in accordance with the rule and regulation promulgated by the
commission.

OPTIONAL RETIREMENT- Upon accumulation at least twenty (20) years of

satisfactory active service, an officer or non officer at his own request
and with the approval of the commission shall be retired from the
service and entitled to receive benefits provided for by law.

ORGANIZATION - It is the arrangement of people with common purpose and

objective in a manner to enable the performance of related tasks by
individuals grouped for the purpose. This organization can be
functional, Line, line and staff, etc. depending on the objectives and
functions of the organization.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE - Refers to the mechanical means of the depicting,

by an arrangement of symbols, the relationships which exists between
individual, groups and function within the organization.

ORIGINATED POLICY - This type comes from the highest rank or top management
and is intended to set up guidelines in the operation of the
organization.

P.D. 765 – Organized the Integrated National Police in August 8,1975 which was
composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the INP
forces as components under the Department of National Defense.

PERFORMANCE - Sum total of a candidate’s past activities and achievements in a

certain work.

PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION – Personnel administration is the technique of

organizing and handling of people at work in all levels and types of
management.

PERSONNEL AN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE- Performs personnel function for the

commission, administer the entrance and promotional examination for
policemen, provides the management system or procedure, evaluation
an monitoring of the commission programs, project and internal
operation an shall conduct through research, an analysis on social and
economics conditions affecting peace an order in the city.

PLEB – People’s Law Enforcement Boards. There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for
every municipality and for each of the legislative district in the city.
The PLEB shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide citizen’s complaints
or cases filed before it against erring officers and members of the PNP.
There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred (500) city or
municipal police personnel.
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POLICE ADMINISTRATION – Defined as the management of police administration
which is all about the work of police offices or the utilization of
personnel to coordinate and manage resources for the achievement of
the organizational goals. It is the direction of the police organization or
a part of it, and the application of its various resources in such a way,
as to carry out its functions effectively and efficiently.

POLICE FORCE OF A MUNICIPAL CORPORATION – They refer to those that

preserve the peace, protect person an property, and obey and enforce
all ordinances of the legislative authority thereof, and all criminal laws
of the state.

POLICE INTILLEGENCE UNIT – Headed by a director with the rank of chief

superintendent, the police intelligence unit shall serve as the
intelligence and counter intelligence operating unit of the PNP.

POLICE MANAGEMENT – Is the act, method or art of administering, controlling or

conducting a police unit force.

POLICE SECURITY UNIT – Headed by a director with the rank of Chief

Superintendent, the Police Security Unit shall provide security for the
government officials, visiting dignitaries and private individual
authorize to be given protection.

POLICY – It may also be defined as a “general plan of action” that serves as a

guide in the operation of the organization.

POLICY FORMULATION – It involves what are to be done in the form of orders or

broad statement of action.

POTENTIAL – The overall gross worth and capability of a candidate to assume a

higher position and greater responsibility based on tangible past
performance.

PRIVATE COMPLAINANT – Refers to any person, whether natural or juridical who

suffered harm, injury or disturbance through an act or omission
attributable to the respondents.

PROCEDURE – Are the actual courses of action such working details methods of
operation, paper work, review, routing letters.

PROMOTION – Status change of the policeman amounting to dynamic elevation

of qualified or deserving members as opportunities occurs, to
assignment or duties of greater importance. All promotion should be
based on merits and fitness.

PUBLIC POLICY- Means a set of social values, embodied in authorizations rules,

which guides the government.

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R.A No.6975 - The Department og Interiors an Local Government Act. This law
created the Philppine National Police, Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology, Bureau of fire Protection and the Philippines Public Safety
college under a reorganize Department of Interiors and Local
Government.

R.A. No. 4864 - Law enacted September 8, 1966 which provided the legal
guideline in undertaking at a national level reforms which contributed
to the improvement of police efficiency and performance. To
implement its objectives the National Police Commission was created.

RANKING OFFICER - The officer having the highest rank or grade.

REGULAR PROMOTION - Quota allocated promotion wherein a candidate must

satisfy all the mandatory requirements fixed for a certain grade.

REPORTING - The making of the detailed account of activities, work progress,

investigations and unusual accurences inorder to keep everyone
informed.

SECTOR - Refers to functional unit necessary for specializations.

SELECTION - The choosing of available applicants who are fitted and qualified as
police officers.

SENIORITY IN RANK – Is the total period acquired in certain grade in permanent

status.

SERVICE – Refers to the execution of a writ or process as used in summary

proceedings.

SCREENING PROCESS – The process involves two basic functions first is the
measuring of each candidates qualifications and second is ranking the
candidates relatively on the basis of their qualifications.

SPAN CONTROL – Refers to the principle where in the ability of one man to direct,
coordinate and immediate.

SPECIALIZATION – It is the principle that results from the division of force into
separate units to perform the police tasks.

SPECIAL ACTION FORCE – Headed by a Director with the rank of Chief

Superintendent, the special action force shall function as a mobile
strike force or reaction unit to augment regional, provincial, municipal
and city police forces for civil disturbance control, counter insurgency,
hostage taking, rescue operations and other special operation.

SPECIAL OPERATING PROCEDURES – Included in such guidelines are crime scene

search, preservation an investigation, dissemination of information

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 concerning wanted persons, organization and operation of police
support units and the like.

STAFFING – The task of providing competent men to do job and selecting the
right man for the job. It involves good selection and the processing of
reliable and well-trained personnel.

STAFF WORK – It is a part of managerial work that the police executive or

commander assigns to someone outside the chain of command, called
staff assistant.

SUMMARY DISMISSAL POWER – Exercised by the Chief of the PNP and regional
directors who, after due notice and summary hearings, may
immediately remove or dismiss any respondent PNP member in any of
the following cases: (a) When the charge is serious and the evidence of
guilt is strong; (b) When the respondent is a recidivist or has been
repeatedly charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that
he is guilty of the charges; and (c) When the respondent is guilty of
conduct unbecoming of a police officer.

SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS – Administrative proceedings conducted consistent

with due process to determine the culpability or innocence of the
respondent.

SUPERIOR OFFICER – One having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily

permanently over officers of lower rank.

SUPERVISION – Deals with the assistance and guidance given to subordinates to

ensure successful performance.

SWORN OFFICER – All personnel of the police department who possess the power
of arrest and who takes an oath of office.

TESTING – Giving a series of actual and theoretical assignment to re-enforce what

has been in the investigation phase.

TIME-IN-GRADE – Total period of time a candidate has acquired in a certain grade

regardless of his status of appointment therein.

TRAFFIC DIVISIONS – Vested with the responsibility for those organizational

objectives which primarily includes traffic regulation policy, the
investigation of traffic accidents involving personal injury and
otherwise undertaking traffic related duties not performed by the
Patrol Division.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT – Headed by a Director with the rank of chief

Superintendent, the traffic management units were established to
enforce traffic laws and regulations.

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UNIT – Refers to functional groups within a section where further specialization is
needed.

UNITY OF COMMAND – Is a doctrine in police service which means that only one
man is in complete command of each situation and only one man in
direct command or supervision of each officer.

WORK DELEGATION – The act of transmitting to a person the power to act for
another. Delegation to be proper should accompany a corresponding
authority, specific responsibilities and finally accountability on the
delegated job or position.

WORK SIMPLIFICATION – It is a method of finding easier ways of doing work to

increase productivity, work quality, meet work schedule, and reduce
waste, lower accident rates and reduce costs. This method is also
utilized in law enforcement administrative service.

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 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION (LEA 1)

THE TERM POLICE

The term POLICE derived from the word “POLITIA”, meaning condition of a
state, government, and administration. POLITIA originated from the Greek words
“Politeia” which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a police.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLICE (LAW ENFORCEMENT)

Historians believe that law enforcement began unnoticed. It started in the

protection of the interest of the families of the, clans tribes, and finally end up in
nations or states. Law enforcement certainly had its beginning in the last
centuries of prehistory. Early man felt the need to protect his territory that
formalized methods community protection become necessary. As early as 7,000
BC, farming communities in Jarmo and Iraq , its general protection and as well as
the enforcement of each “rules” was probably the responsibility of each
individual. Many law enforcement books termed it as SELF-POLICING METHOD.

As population increases the concept of “self-policing” proved inadequate

and so deteriorated. Apparently and mores were not being complied with; thus
they become ineffectual as a means of “SOCIAL CONTROL”. Scholars attributed to
the Babylonian King Hammurabi, of the said law were apprehended and
punished. It was considered that the code of Hammurabi is the FOUNDATION OF
THE DEVELOPMENT NOT ONLY LAW BUT LAW ENFORCEMENT.

Similar development occurred in ancient China the DYNASTY; it was

established and maintained by an organized military authority. But later on a
written code was then spread all over the world.

But the term “law enforcer” originated in ROME, during the time of the
Roman empire (from about 100 to 200 AD). The city limits are guarded by Roman
soldiers carefully selected by the commander of the city garrison under the
authority of Caesar from the Roman Legion called CENTIRIONS whose main task is
to maintain internal peace and order, to arrest of law, and to defend and protect
the city of Rome. The “Centurions” were recognized as the exclusive authority
task with the peace and order in the city (they are used and regarded as both
military and paramilitary units for policing purposes.).

There are some evidence that in about 100 AD, the Romans established the
first investigative units in Western History, known as FRUMENTARII. The
frumentarii had 3 principal duties, they are (1) Supervising grain distribution to
Rome’s needy; (2) Oversee the personal delivery of messages among government
officials; (3) Detect crime and prosecuted offenders. From then on, almost all
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nations throughout the word adopted the effective method of maintaining
internal peace and order in a given community by designating law enforcers, who
they initially called PEACE OFFICERS now commonly known as POLICE OFFICERS.

POLICE DEVELOPMENT IN ANGLO-EUROPEAN SOCIETY

After the Roman empire crumbled, the continent was an array of

fragmented people attempting to maintain some sort of identity. The leadership
of Rome gone and small nations began to form. The desire of most was additional
territory, wealth and power, which resulted to conflict, war and death and misery.
Many families migrated in various directions. England prospered during that time,
groups formed in a small settlement called TUNS. For protection, the principle of
“HUE AND CRY” was originated. These concept required abled-bodied man to
help in the chase and apprehension of law breakers. Failure to take part could
force payment of restitution or punishment. This method of maintaining peace &
order prevailed until the 17th Century.

THE PRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM

This was the progenitor of the TITHING SYSTEM that required every
freeman above twelve years to belong a group of ten families (a tithing) for the
purpose of maintaining the peace and harmony of the community. The head was
the chief TITIHINGMAN, elected from the ten families. This maintains peace and
harmony; apprehend and punish offenders by establish customs and laws. The
tithing was called a hundred headed by REEVE. Several hundred formed a SHIRE
headed by SHIRE-REEVE (where the word SHERIFF was derived). But later on, the
system becomes inadequate due to the increased of population.

EARLY FOUNDATIONS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN POLICE

With the conquest of England, the pendulum swung away from community
responsibility for maintaining peace, as it was established towards the concept of
“State Responsibility”. During his period comes the STABULI (constable) into
being. His duties were actually to assist the SHIRE REEVE in his duties and to
maintain the weapons of the shire.

King Edward 1 made an authentic attempt to establish a bonafide POLICE

ORGANIZATION. The Statute of Winchester enacted in 1285 replaced the pledge
system with a domestic security called WATCH and WARD. The origin of the word
police can be traced to either the Greek word POLIS meaning cit/, or the Roman
word POLITES, meaning CITIZEN. The GENESIS of POLICE CONTROL AND CRIME
PREVENTION through curfews, physical security, & vice control lies with EDUARD
1.

16
 Many forms of peacekeeping initiatives had been introduced based on the
different principles and adaption. The Night Watch system, the justice of the
peace, the court of the star chamber, Merchant Police, Parochial Police, Military
Police (after civil war between South and north America), and the Bow Street
Runner are some of the system of policing that evolved in the development of
POLICE SERVICE.

BEGINNING OF THE MODERN POLICING SYSTEM

As early as 1636, Boston started to adopt a Night Watch system followed by

Philadelphia in 1700, Philadelphia in 1833 established the first day time paid
police. Five years later, Boston followed. Crime problems and subsequent police
remedies instituted by said states were very much the same as those in England.
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel, introduced an act in Parliament that establishes the
Metropolitan Police of London. This police force served as a mode/for later
American Police forces Colonial Americans adopted the English offices of sheriff
and constables.

In United States, areas outside the cities were likewise becoming more
populated, and the needs for protection service were apparent. Thus the state
governments were pressed for a remedy. The TEXAS RANGERS were establishing
in 1835 in response to this need which later becomes a law enforcement arm. On
1865, Massachusetts and Connecticut organized varieties of state law
enforcement. In 1905, Pennsylvania established a force that becomes a model of
later state police organizations.

But prior to this, the United State Marshal was the first law enforcement
officer in the Federal Government, created by Judiciary Act of September 14,
1789. In 186 also, legislation was passed to create the secret service within the
treasury Department to handle counterfeiting currency violations, but after the
assassination of President McKinley in 1901, the secret service was assigned
informally to protect the President of the United States. With the passing of time
other Federal law enforcement evolved. The forerunner of the FBI was organized
in 1908, and considered a product of reorganization in 1924 under the
directorship of J. Edgar Hoover. Later, other enforcement bodies in the federal
government was created, like the drug Enforcement Administration, Internal
Revenue service, and Border Patrol to name a few.

THE EPITOME OF POLICE SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Police functions originated from human society of family life to the most
developed trend of family group like states and nations. In the Philippines, negrito
tribes,tagbanuas and other clans their own family rules and regulations which are

17
to be following by every member composing the clans. Like the head of any
nation, their desire is to have a peaceful community in order for them to live
harmoniously. That system or method of preserving harmony among the
individuals of the group is the basis of creating our present police system, not only
here in the Philippines but in all civilized nations in the world.

PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

Date back to the early 15 th century, rulers in the Philippines were

called Sultan, Gat, Datu, Rajah or Hare. They have their own way of protecting
lives and properties of their own people; they were not united, although their
police functions and organization differ in many forms from our present system,
YET THEIR PRIMARY PURPOSE ARE THE SAME.

SPANISH ERA

During the Spanish Regime, peace and order in a pueblo or community is

maintain by the Cuadrillos, Carabineros, and Guadia Civil; There were times they
were called Cuepo de Vigilancia; when abolished become Civil Veterana. But they
are known more as Spanish Guardia Civil. Thereafter the Spaniards decide to
recruit the services of selected Indios who trained as local GUARDIA CIVIL.

EARLY AND POST AMERICAN ERA (Including Japanese Occupation)

When the Americans took over from the Spaniards, American Scouts
controlled the peace and order in every town and city within the island of the
Philippines. Later, on they recruited and trained groups of Filipinos to maintain
peace and order in a given community. On January 9, 1991, the Manila Police
Department was organized with Col. Matthew Harmon (1901-1903) as its first
Chief of Police (Comprehensive Criminal Investigation Procedure by Peña and
saldi,1998). Though some criminology books read that on July 31, 1901, act No.
183 was passed creating the Metropolitan Police District, where Capt. George
Eastman Currey was appointed as its first chief (PCCP Series of handouts; Notes
on Police Patrol). It’s quite confusing to note the different personalities involve in
the history of Philippine policing. But as far as Capt. George Eastman Currey is
concerned, he was then the adjustant of the Philippine Constabulary when it was
created on August 8, 1901 and Capt. Henry T. Allen of US Regular Army was its
chief by virtue of Act No.175 The Philippine Constabulary (INSULAR POLICE) was
organized that served as the TERRITORIAL FORCE for maintenance of peace and
order.

After the Japanese occupation and after the Philippines obtained its
independence from American, the Philippine Constabulary was created by

18
operation of law as one of its service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Its
main task is to maintain the internal peace and security of the nation. Since then
the Philippine Constabulary, consisting of the proud and elite graduates of the
Philippine Military Academy assumed the responsibility to oversee the internal
peace and order of all regions, provinces, cities and municipalities nationwide
with implied police authority, over and above the local police justified by the
prevailing regional lawlessness created by the dissidents critical to the
government such as the hukbalahaps amongst other. Local police at this time is
separate from the Philippine Constabulary. Their genesis was based on Section
2275, Book III, titleJX of the Revised Administrative Code of the Philippines
approved on March 20,1917, which provide for the creation of Code of the
Philippine in any city or municipality thru the approval of the governor if a town is
infested with (a) outlaws; (b) lawbreakers; (c) suspicious looking personalities. No
services of Military are allowed for this purpose, and the nature of service is
voluntary. No proper compensation was giver to the police volunteer appointed
by the mayor that’s why the Congress passed Republic Act 541 to improve the
police service and administration. This law is known as the Police Pension Law,
but later said law was proved to be defective that contributed more problems and
conflict in the policing system. On September 18, 1966, Republic Act 4864 better
known as the Police Act of 1966 was passed and approved by Congress with the
end in view of professionalizing the police service which serves as the code of all
local police departments in the country, some of its pertinent provisions reads:

“Sec. 2. Purpose- it is hereby declared to be the policy and purpose of this

act to achieve and attain a high degree of efficiency with the end in view that
peace and order may be maintained more effectively and the laws enforced with
more impartiality. It is also the object of this Act to place the local police service
on a Professional level”.

One of the most significant provisions of RA 4864 is Section & which

specifically define the duties of peace officers expressly provides that:
“Sec. 7. Duties of Peace Officers- All members of the police agency shall be
PEACE OFFICERS. It shall be their duty to preserve peace and order; prevent the
commission of crimes; protect life, liberty and property; and arrest all violators of
law and ordinances within their jurisdiction. They shall exercise the general power
to make arrest, searches and seizures IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW. They shall
detain an arrested person only within the period prescribed by law.
MARTIAL LAW ERA
By virtue of the provisions, the local police agencies were expressly granted the
authority in law as PEACE OFFICERS so lawfully exercise general police powers
limited within their respective jurisdiction. On September 21, 1972,

19
PROCLAMATION 1081 was declared and MARTIAL LAW was imposed throughout
the country.
Consequently, military officers from the Philippines Constabulary were
designated as Officers-In-Charge of the respective police department of the
different cities and municipalities and took CONTROL of the SUPERVISION,
ADMINISTRATION and OPERATION thereof. Those were the days were a young
first lieutenant of the Philippine Constabulary requires a PEACE OFFICER with a
higher rank including the Chief of Police to SALUTE TO HIM.
Subsequently, several Presidential Decree were issued amending and
modifying RA No. 4864 to suit the needs of those who are close to the Palace. On
the 21st day of March 1974, Presidential Decree No.421 was issued modifying
and/ repealing certain pertinent provisions of the Revised Administrative Code,
further amending RA No. 4864 the provisions of city charter of manila, Quizon,
Caloocan, and Pasay, as well as all existing laws, rules and regulations governing
the police force in the country.
By express mandate of PD 421, the Metropolitan Police Force (MPF) was
formed and created whose officers and men are regular members of the
Philippine Constabulary. The four cities and thirteen municipalities comprising
Greater Manila Are (GMA) were place under the exclusive military and authority
of the MPF.
The real plan however was to utilize Greater Manila Aria as an experimental
ground into one Integrated National Police. It would seem that the military
authorities were then anticipation that officers and men of the different local
police agencies may possibly band together and rebel against the dictatorship. To
thwart the possibility, it was decided to integrate them under the direct control
supervision of the Philippine Constabulary.
On the 13th day of June 1974, PD No. 482 was issued, the principal purpose
of which (“purportedly”) is to bolster the entire police agencies in the country
(2nd, 3rd, and 4th paragraphs, PD No. 482). As distinguished from PD 421, PD 482
specifically lodged to the Philippine Constabulary THE POWERS OF DIRECT
CONTROL DIRECTION & SUPERVISION over the provincial integrated police forces
(1st sentence, Sec. 4, Supra.). Several President Decrees were subsequently issued
complementing, modifying and/amending other existing PDs.
THE PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 765

On the 8th day of August 1975, Presidential Decree No. 765 was
issued establishing and constituting the Integrated Police (INP).
Section 1 of the aforesaid PD provides:

“Section 1. – Constitution of the Integrated National Police – There

is hereby established and constituted the Integrated National Police
which shall be composed of the Philippine Constabulary at the

20
 NUCLEUS and the Integrated (National) Police Forces established
under the Department of National Defense

The word composed as provided in that provision of law makes the

Philippine Constabulary a cohesive part of the INP. It became the central
point of authority, even as it remained as one of the major services of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines (Section 5, PD 765).

The issuance of PD 765 somehow finds constitutional sanction under

Section 9, Article XIV of the 1935 constitution which expressly provides:

“Section 9 – the government shall organize and maintain as national

police force to preserve the public order and enforce the law.

Observe the language of the law. “The Constitutional duty of the INP
under the 1935 Constitution is merely to preserve public order and enforce
the law. To DEDEND AND PROTECT the people were NOT included thereto
as distinguished from the 1987 Constitution.

The 1987 CONSTITUTION AND THE PNP LAW

After the dictatorship was overthrown by the EDSA revolution, Congress of

the Philippines acknowledged and recognized that unless the police be released
from military influence and indoctrination, the constitutional provision that
“CIVILIAN AUTHORITY IS, AT ALL TIMES SUPREME OVER THE MILITARY” (Section
2, Article II, 1987 Constitution) will be nothing but an empty piece of legislation.

Thus, on December 13, 1990, the President of the Republic signed into law
Republic Act 6975 creating the Philippine National Police (PNP). Incidental
thereto, dissolving the Philippine Constabulary whose officers and rank and file
were given the privilege either to join the AFP or the PNP within the period as
provided therein. The Act was known as “An act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under a Reorganized Department of Interior and Local
Government and for other Purposes”, which became effective on January 1, 1991.

On February 17, 1998, Republic Act 8551 entitled “The PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998” was enacted to amend certain provisions of RA 6975.
Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and shall evolve into a highly
efficient and competent police force, that is community and service oriented and
fully accountable in the performance of its functions.

THE PNP MISSION VISION AND FUNCTIONS

21
 The PNP vision statement defines a desired future state to which all the
resources of the police organization and directed. In such vision, the important
elements are:

a. The presence of professional, dynamic, motivated PNP personnel;

b. The presence of resources;
c. A collaborative partnership with stakeholders from the community; and
d. The presence of a responsive empowered and engaged citizenry who
proactively take part in the fight against criminality to ensure a stable
and peaceful community.

On the other hand, the Mission statement of the PNP defines its mandate
which are enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and
order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of
the community.

In the accomplishment of this mission, and as mandated by Republic Acts

6975, the PNP is vested with the following powers and functions:

1. Enforces all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives &
properties;
2. Maintain peace & order & takes all necessary steps to ensure public
safety;
3. Investigates and prevents crimes, effects the arrest of criminal
offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution;
4. Exercises the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in
accordance with the Constitution and pertinent laws;
5. Detains and arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed
by law, informing the person so detained of all his rights under the
Constitution;
6. Issues licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in
accordance with law;
7. Supervises and controls the training and operation of security agencies
and issue licenses to operate security agencies, and to security guards
and private detectives for the practice of their possessions; and
8. Additionally, the PNP has also absorbed all the functions of the
Philippine Air Force Security Command ( PAFSECOM), as well as the
functions of the Philippine Coast Guard.

PNP VISION

The PNP vision statement defines as desired future state to which all the
resources of the organization are directed. It states that

22
 “The men and women of the PNP are committed to the vision of a
professional, dynamic and highly motivated PNP working in a partnership
with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safe place to live,
invest and do business”.

In such vision, the important elements are: a) the presence of professional,

dynamic and motivated PNP personnel; b) the presence of a police organization
that nurtures and develops that the potential of its human resources; c)
collaborator partnership with the community; and, d) the presence of a
responsive, empowered and engaged citizenry who proactively take part in the
fight against criminality to ensure a stable and peaceful community.

On the other hand, the mission statement of the PNP defines its mandated
which are

“To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and
order, and insure public safety and internal security with the active support of
the community”.

THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The PNP Command Group is composed of the Chief PNP whose hands is
vested the command and direction of the PNP.

He has (2) Deputies, one for Administration and one for Operations. The
Chief of the Directorial Staff acts as the chief operating officer of the PNP. He
coordinates, supervises and directs the Directorial Staff and all PNP units and
offices in the performance of their respective functions. The Internal Affairs
Service (IAS) assists the Chief PNP in ensuring the operational readiness of the
command and investigates infractions of the regulations committed by members
of the PNP.

The directorial Staff consists of ten (10) Directorates namely:

1. The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM)

2. Directorate for Intelligence (DI)
3. Directorate for Operations (DO)
4. Directorate for Logistics (DL)
5. Directorate for Plans (DPL)
6. Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)
7. Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR)
8. Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM)
9. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD)
[Link] for Research and Development

23
 There are twenty (20) National Support Units; nine (9) of which are
ADMINISTRATIVE and eleven (11) are OPERATIONAL.

THE Administrative Support Units are the following:

1. Logistics Supports Service (LSS)

2. Computer Service (CS)
3. Finance Service (FS)
4. Health Service (HS)
5. Communication Service (COMMO SVC)
6. Chaplain Service ( CHS)
7. Legal Service (LS)
8. Headquarters Support Service (HSS)
9. Engineering Service (ES)

The Operational Support Units are the following:

1. The Maritime group (MG) performs all police functions over Philippine
Territorial waters and rivers;
2. Intelligence Group (IG) serves as the intelligence and counterintelligence
operating unit of PNP;
3. Police Security and Protection Office (PSPO) provides security to
government officials, visiting dignitaries and private individuals
authorized to be given protection;
4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) undertakes the
monitoring, investigation and prosecution of all crimes involving
economic sabotage, & other crimes of such magnitude and extent as to
indicate their commission by highly placed of professional criminal
syndicates & organizations;
5. Special Action Force (SAF) function as a mobile strike force or a reaction
unit to augment regional, provincial, municipal and city police forces for
civil disturbance control, internal security operations, hostage-taking
rescue operations and other special police operations;
6. Narcotic Group (NG) enforces all laws relative to the protection of the
citizenry against dangerous and other prohibited drugs and substances;
7. Aviation Security Group (ASG) is responsible for the security of all
airports throughout the country;
8. Traffic Management Group (TMG) enforces traffic laws and regulations;

24
 9. Police Community Relations Group (PCRG) implements the plans and
programs that promote community and citizen participation in the
maintenance of peace and order;
[Link] Security Group (CSG) regulates business operations and activities of
all organized private detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies
and company guard forces, it also supervises the licensing and
registration of firearms and explosives; and
[Link] Crime Laboratory (CRIMELAB) provides scientific and technical
investigations support to the PNP and other government investigative
agencies.

PNP RANK STRUCTURE

(PNP Rank – Police Commissioned Officers) PCO
Police Director General
Police Deputy Director General
Police Director
Police Chief Superintendent
Police Senior Superintendent
Police Superintendent
Police chief Inspector
Police Senior Inspector
Police Inspector

PNP RANK Non-commissioned Officers (PNCO)

SENIOR Police Officer IV
Senior Police Officer III
Senior Police Officer II
Senior Police Officer I
Police Officer III
Police Officer II
Police Officer I

THE PNP PROGRAM THRUST

Based on the assessment on the emerging peace and order situation, the
PNP National headquarters deems it appropriate that for the year 2001 and
onwards, the time, efforts, and resources of the PNP should be devoted on the
following program thrust:

25
1. Crime Prevention and Control thru Community Oriented Policing System –
it is the policy of the PNP to be community and service oriented agency;
and the strategy of community oriented agency; and the strategy of
community oriented policing, is the fulfillment of this policy. It is an active
partnership between community and the police to provide lasting and
permanent solutions to the peace and order problems in local scene.
2. Effective Law Enforcement – the need to reprioritize our efforts in law
enforcement is a must. Such re-channeling of priority should emphasize our
limits and need to give importance to the more pressing problems affecting
the community. To this end, the following police campaigns were given
more focus and attention over and above other law enforcement duties:
a. Anti-illegal drug Campaigns
b. Anti-terrorism Campaign
c. Anti-Kidnapping/Anti-Robbery Campaign
d. Oplan Paglalansag
e. Anti-Illegal Gambling Campaign
3. LOI Patnubay – this is the PNP campaign to raise the moral values of its
members and at the same time rid the police organizations with misfits and
scalawags. The PNP recognizes that LOI Patnubay should also give emphasis
on the reward system in order to recognize PNP personnel who have
effectively and efficiently performed their assigned duties and
responsibilities.
4. Support to the Internal Security Operations (ISO) – the National Leadership
has put up a strong stand against insurgency and rebellion without totally
abandoning the peace process. The PNP supports the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) in internal security operations relative to the suppression
of insurgency and other serious threats to national security.
5. Gender Awareness and Development (GAD) – GAD examines the social,
cultural, political and economic realities in the society and how they assign
different roles, responsibilities, and expectations to both men and women.
6. Upliftment of the Living Standards of PNP Uniformed Personnel and
Retirees- the PNP shall continue the implementation of the Housing
Program in close coordination with PAG-IBIG. The PNP will also provide
quality health care service thru the establishment of a Medical Plaza, which
was envisioned to benefit all the PNP personnel. Not to be left out, PNP
retirees will receive better retirement benefits with the implementation of
the recently launched program “Project Kalinga”.
7. The National and Local Election – with the recently held national and local
elections, the PNP had been in the forefront in ensuring the maintenance of

26
 peace and order. In this connection, the PNP strictly implemented
COMELEC rules and regulations relative to the gun ban policy.

LINKAGES WITH OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Domestically, PNP are linked with the other law enforcement agencies thru
the National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee (NALECC). This body
convenes regularly to foster cooperation and coordination among all law
enforcement agencies in the country. PNP are also linked to the International law
enforcement community thru the INTERPOL. The PNP designated as the
INTERPOL national Central Bureau here in the Philippines and the Chief PNP is the
Chairman.

The PNP also serves as the backbone of several law enforcement arms of
the Government created by virtue of an Executive Order, like the NDLEPCC and
the PCTC.

CONCEPTS IN ORGANIZATION

Definition

An organization is a system of coordinating activities of a group of people

working in a concerted manner towards a common goal under authority and
leadership.

It is a system of coordinated activities means that all organizations are

composed of parts and relationships. The parts of the organizations are the
activities or functions being performed and they are organized when they
assumed certain logical relationships.

OUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF ORGANIZATION

Organizations provide unity of action to realize a common purpose but

before my unity of action is possible, four primal conditions must exist:
1. Authority. This is the supreme source of government for any particular
organization. It is the right exercise to decide and command by virtue of
rank and position.
2. Mutual Cooperation/ Coordination/ consultation. An organization exist
because it serves a purpose. This purpose is viewed by society as beneficial
to it. This becomes the social legitimacy for the organization to perform its
functions is the society. It constitutes recognition by an agreement with the
public on the rationality of its existence.
3. Doctrine. The defined the organization’s objectives. It also provides the
very source of various actions which are performed to assure organizational

27
 coordination. Hence, policies, procedures, rules and regulation or
organizations are based on statements of doctrine.
4. Discipline. In any organization, discipline is necessary to promote
coordination. Understood as comprising behavioral regulations, it is impose
either by command of self restraint to insure supportive behavior from
people composing the organization. In other words, discipline is derived
negatively from voluntary personal commitment to organizational
objectives.

PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

The primal foundation stated above is broad enough to apply to any
organizations regardless of structural design and forms. However, certain
principles of organization constituting prescription of techniques find particular
participation in the rational structuring of organization
1. Principle of Unity of Objective – an organization structure is effective if it
enables individuals to contribute to the organization/unit objectives.
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency – An organization structure is
effective if it is structured to aid the accomplishment of the organization’s
objectives with a minimum of unsought consequences or costs.
3. The Scalar Principles – prescribes the vertical hierarchy of organizations. It
defines an unbroken chain or scale units from top to bottom describing
explicitly the flow of authority. This principle demands the following
conditions to achieve effective coorfination.
3.1Unity of Command- it clearly hierarchical system a subordinate is
accountable to one and only one immediate superior of. This is
indispensable to achieve effective coordination. Any violation to this
principle undermines authority, jeopardizes discipline, disturbs order
and threatens stability in the organization.
3.2 Span of Control- This relates to the number of subordinates a superior
can effectively supervise. There is no determinate mathematical ratio in
superior subordinates’ relationships. A satisfactory span of control is
instead determine for four factors combined situationally:
3.2.1 Managerial ability of superior
3.2.2 Effectiveness of organizational communication system
3.2.3 Effectiveness of management control exercise over operations
3.2.4 Organizational philosophy on centralization versus
decentralization of authority and functions.
3.3Delegation of Authority – The process is accomplished through the
delegation of authority. Scalar process refers to the growth of chain of
command resulting in the creation of additional levels in the

28
 organizational structure. Span of control necessitates delegation of
authority.
4. Functional Principle. It prescribes the horizontal growth of the
organization. The growth referred to here is applicable to the line as well as
to the emergence of staff function in organizations. The dynamic
foundation of the functional process is called the division of labor. It simply
means the braking up of work into work units to achieve specialization. As
organization grows, the job must be divided so that it won’t become so
inclusive to an extent that it could hardly be performed. Such division must
be division must be defined to identify clear areas of specialization. The
reason for the division of work is to improve the operational performance
of the organization.
5. Line and Staff Principle. Organizations must provide an orderly
arrangement of functions so that objectives can be accomplished
effectively. The line and staff principle provides two basic structures in
organization- the line structure and staff structure. This implies a system of
varied function arranged into a workable pattern. Line organizations refer
to the direct accomplishment of objectives. The staff on the other hand,
refers to the organizations who is an advisory or facilitative capacity. Those
having relatively unlimited authority over those to whom orders are given
are considered line officials while those having authority restricted to their
functional are called staff officials.
6. Directorial Staff Principle. It prescribes the direction authority of the
directorate in the national and regional headquarters levels and other
equivalent units.
7. Principle of Balance. In very structure there is a need for balance. The
application of principles or techniques must be balanced to ensure the
overall effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization objectives.
8. Principle of Delegation by Results Expected. Authority delegated to all
individual managers should be adequate to ensure their ability to
accomplish results expected.
9. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility. The responsibility of
subordinates to their superior for performance is absolute, and superiors
cannot escape responsibility for the organization activities of their
subordinates.
[Link] of Parity of Authority and Responsibility. The responsibility for
actions cannot be greater than the implied by the authority delegated, nor
should it be less.

29
 [Link]-Level Principle. maintenance of intended delegation requires
that decisions within the authority of individual commander should be
made by them and not be referred upward in the organizational structure.
[Link] of Flexibility. The more provisions are made for building flexibility
in an organizational structure, the more adequately an organizations
structure can fulfill its purpose.
[Link] of Leadership Facilitation. The more an organizational structure
and its delegation of authority enable leaders/commanders to design and
maintain an environment for performance the more they will help the
leadership abilities of those leaders/commanders.

BROAD BASES OF ORGANIZATIONS

The PNP observes several broad bases in organizing units of the commands.
Organizations composing the command are not organized out of vacuum but
always with bases. In most cases two or more of these bases are equally
applied as could be expected in actual situations.

The following are the Broad Bases of Organizations:

1. Area basis
2. Function basis
3. Clientele basis
4. Work process basis
5. Contingency basis

The nature of the missions, functions and responsibilities assigned to a

command organization determine which basis should apply in its creation. The
boundaries of these bases when applied are blurred. In any case, however, the
more dominant reason should be considered.

Organization on Area Basis

Organization according to plan is defined as the grouping of subordinate
units or elements under a commanders who is made responsible by higher
authority for some continuing operations within a specified geographic area.
The following are reasons for organizing an Area Basis
1. To provide centralized direction among units within the area;
2. To provide a medium or coordination between higher levels of the
command and the command organization itself in the area;
3. To establish specific responsibility of the commander;

30
 4. To maximize coverage of the overall command, thus enabling it to
accomplish its missions and functions more effectively; and
5. To serve as an integrated force for all units within the area.

Organization on Function Basis

Organization according to function is defined as the grouping together of
subordinate units or elements under a commander who is charged with specific
functions without respect to any geographic area.
The following are reasons for Organizing on Functions Basis
1. To obtain expeditious performance of a given task or solution to a given
problem without restriction to a given geographic area;
2. To achieved concerted actions toward the accomplishments of
objectives by avoiding overlapping or duplications of functions;
3. To fix responsibility to a specific functional area; and
4. To effect proper coordination for specialized logistics support required
for particular operations.
In some instances, organizations are created on the bases of both area and
function depending on the nature of missions and responsibilities confronting the
commander.

Organization on Clientele Basis

Under special circumstances, organizations may be established to serve a
particular sector of the client public. Such organizations are created on a clientele
basis usually without respect to geographical area or to functions for which they
have been specifically dedicated. Normally, these organizations are also created
with respect to work process to effect satisfactory service to public demands
The following are reasons for Organizing Clientele Basis:
1. To concentrate on a specific service required by client;
2. To fix responsibility of commander;
3. To make the organization more wieldy to its assigned task.

Organization on the Basis of Work Processes

Organization on the basis of work processes means the grouping together
of subordinate units or elements primarily trained to practice a given or related
jobs.
The following are reasons for Organizing on the basis of Work Processes:
1. To maximize utilization of up-to-date skill derived from training;
2. To obtain more effective coordination as result of homogenous training
and skills; and
3. To make the organization more wieldy to its assigned task.

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Organization on the Basis of Contingency
Organization on the Basis of Contingency means the creation of a
contingent small unit in a short term period comprising the organic elements
tactically organized to address a specific situation or phenomenon occurring in
the area of responsibility.
The following are reasons for Organizing on the Basis of Contingency:
1. To maximize utilization of existing elements whose expertise or
technical knowledge are needed and applicable;
2. To obtain facts and immediate solution of the existing problem by which
the units was tactically organized; and
3. To support generally the organization of various basis as mentioned
above.

APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLES
Fundamental consideration in Command Organization
The primary concerns in organizing command organization are:
1. Determination of specific activities that are necessary to accomplish the
pre-determined objectives; and
2. Grouping and assigning the activities to specific positions and people.
A sound command organization should provide for:
1. Centralized direction;
2. Decentralized execution; and
3. A common doctrine

The CHAIN OF COMMAND

A unit director exercises his authority and responsibility through a “chain of
command”. A chain of command is consists of different levels as follows:
1. Top Echelon
2. Middle Echelon
3. Lower Echelon

Top Echelon- the topmost level where the overall responsibility and
authority whereby subordinate commands and units are placed. The command
group composed of the CPNP, DCA DCO and the TCDS constitute the top echelon
of the PNP.
Middle Echelon- the next lower echelon constitutes such subordinate
command units apportioned by the commander in order to accomplish his tasks.
The national support units, regional, provincial, city, district police officers
composed the middle echelon. Echelon is further categorized below:

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 a. Top Middle Echelon - NSUs/Regional Offices
b. Intermediary Middle Echelon - Provincial/City Police Offices
c. LOWER Middle Echelon - Provincial/City District
Offices

Lower Echelon- the lower echelon is comprised of the subordinate units

further apportioned by subordinate commanders, such as the city and
municipal police stations.

ORGANIZATIONAL TERMINOLOGY
To fully understand an organization and its structure and components or
parts, the following terminologies are defined:
. Chief Superintendent (Chief of Police)
. Senior Superintendent (Deputy Chief)
. Superintendent (Division Chief)
. Chief Inspector (Assistant Division Chief)
. Senior Inspector (Section Chief)
. Inspector (Unit Chief)
. Senior Police Officer (Shift in Charge)
. Police Officer (Patrol Officer/Detective)

TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS

Functional Units: functional divisions of the department are described in
the following terms:
1. Bureau- the largest organic unit within a large department. Each bureau is
comprised of a number of divisions.
2. Division- a primary subdivision of a bureau of the chief. A division has a
department-wide function either for general police service or for
specialized activity.
3. Section- functional units within a division
4. Unit- when further specialization is needed, the section can be divided
further into units.
5. Territorial Units- territorial divisions of the department are described as
follows:

Post- a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as
an intersection or crosswalk for traffic duty; a spot or location for general duty,
observation and surveillance or for the apprehension of a wanted person or about
to commit a crime; or the designated desk or office.

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 Route- a length of street or streets, designated for patrol purposes. A route is
most frequently used for assignment of traffic officers or assignment for foot
patrol officers.
Beat- an area, in contrast to a route, assigned for patrol purposes, whether
foot or motorized. It is also sometimes used for the assignment of motorized
traffic officers instead of a route.
Sector- an area containing two or more beats, routes or posts. The squad of
officers assigned to a sector is headed by a sergeant.
District- a geographical subdivision of the city for patrol purposes usually with
its own station. A district is usually headed by a captain.
Area- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of a
designated districts headed by an area commander.

SIGNIFICANT POWERS OF NAPOLCOM UNDER R.A No. 8551

1. Formulation and submission to congress of a reorganization plan of the PNP
not later than 31 December 1998 (Section 13).
2. Revision of the standards of uniformed personnel of the PNP which should
be clearly distinct from the military and reflective of its civilian character
(Sec. 5, par. 8).
3. Monitor and investigate police anomalies and irregularities (Sec. 53).
4. Give entrance and promotional examinations (Sec. 20 par. 4)
5. Summary dismissal power (jointly with chief PNP & PNP regional directors
(Sec. 53)
6. Grant waived of age, height and weight requirements (Sec. 15, par. 6).
7. Design and establish qualification upgrading program for PNP within 90
days from affectivity (Sec. 23).
8. Approval of the PNP attrition system within on (1) year from effectively
(Sec. 24)
9. Formulate guidelines for the maximization of the regional provincial and
effective utilization of PNP personnel (Sec. 5, par. 10).
[Link] training and carrier courses for PNP regional, provincial, and
chiefs of city/municipal police stations.
[Link] a system of promotions based on merit for the uniformed & non
uniformed personnel of the PNP within six (6) months from effectivity (Sec.
31).
[Link] claims for permanent disability (Sec. 35).
[Link] the basis of spot promotions (Sec. 33).
[Link] the PNP retirement and separation benefit schedule within one
(1) year from effectivity (sec. 38).

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 [Link] implementing rules and regulations on penalties to be imposed
by PLEB (sec. 52)
[Link] and Regional Appellate jurisdictions of PLEBs, PNP regional heads
(sec.54)
[Link] the performance of the local chief executives as deputies of the
commissions.
[Link] and assess the compliance of the PNP of the established criteria for
man power allocation, distribution and deployment and their impact to
community and the crime situations (sec. 5, par. 10)

EVOLUTION AND RECONFIGURATION OF NAPOLCOM POWERS

I. UNDER REPULIC ACT 4864, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE POLICE ACT OF
1966 AND UNDER OTHER LAWS BEFORE RA 6975
a. Power to investigate, decide, and review administrative cases;
b. To conduct inspection, investigation and intelligence activities;
c. Attest and disapprove appointments (promotions);
d. Conduct police examinations (Entrance and promotional);
e. Summary disciplinary powers;
f. Adjudicate death and disability benefits claims;
g. Grant of waiver of qualification requirements;
h. Preventive suspension powers;
i. Investigate and prosecute cases involving police
anomalies/irregularities ( administrative and criminal)
j. Conduct intelligence, surveillance and undercover jobs;

II. UNDER REPUBLIC ACT 6975 NAPOLCOM LOST THE FOLLOWING VITAL
POWERS:
a. To investigate and conduct intelligence activities;
b. Powers of hearing officers, and adjudication boards to investigate
and decide police administrative cases;
c. Power to waive qualification requirements;
d. Summary dismissal powers;
e. To conduct examinations (shared with Civil Service Commission)
f. Power to attest appointment/promotions
g. To prosecute, search and arrest

COMPARATIVE PRESENTATION OF NAPOLCOM POWERS

RA 4864/OTHER REPUBLIC ACT 6975 REPUBLIC ACT 8551
Features Features Features
Has investigative powers Investigative Power Restored Investigation

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 Abolished Power
Hearing officer Abolished Status Quo
Summary Dismissal Abolished Restored
Waiver Authority Abolished Restored
Attestation Power Partial Attestation to CSC Status Quo
Oversight Power Power of Admin. Control Exercise Admin. Control &
operational Supervision
Power of the Local Power of the Local Local Government are
Executive Original Executives are Derivatives Automatically Deputized
(Deputies of the
NAPOLCOM)

ATTRITION SYSTEM UNDER RA 8551

(PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998)
ATTRITION SYSTEM- A reduction of personnel. Downsizing of personnel strength
(Sec. 24)
(CODES OF ATTRITION ARDNO)
Attrition by Attainment of Maximum Tenure in Position
Attrition by Relief
Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank
Attrition by Non- promotion
Attrition by Other Means

NOTE: NO ATTRITION SYSTEM IS PROVIDED IN RA 6975 (The DILG Act of 1990).

Only the following mode is
provided:
- By Compulsory Retirement (Sec. 39, RA 6975)
- By Optional Retirement (Sec. 40, RA 6975)

NOTE: Under RA 8551, a person who is dismissed from the service due to attrition
shall be RETIRED if she or he has rendered 20 YEARS OF SERVICE and SEPARATED
if he or she has rendered LSS THAN 20 YEARS (Sec. 30)

ATTRITION BY Attainment of Maximum Tenure in Position (Section 25, RA 8551)

POSITION MAXIMUM TENURE
Chief 4 years
Deputy Chief 4 years
Director of Staff Services 4 years
Regional Directors 6 years
Provincial/City Directors 9 years

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ATTRTION BY Relief (Section 26, RA 8551)
A PNP uniformed personnel who has been relieved for just cause & has not
been given assignment within 2 years after such relief shall be SEPARATED OR
RETIRED.

ATTRITION BY Demotion in Position or Rank (Section 27, RA 8551)

A PNP personnel who is relieved and assigned to a position lower than what
is established for his or her grade and who shall not be assigned to a
position commensurate to his or her grade within 18 months after such
demotion shall be SEPARATED OR RETIRED.

ATTRTION BY Non-promotion (Section 28, RA 8551)

Any PNP personnel who have not been promoted for a continuous period
of 10 years shall be SEPARATED OR RETIRED.

ATTRITION BY Other Means (Section 29, RA 8551)

Any PNP member or officer with at least 5 years of accumulated service
shall be SEPARATED based on any of the following:
- Inefficiency based on poor performance during the last two (2) years
successive annual rating periods
- Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) cumulative annual
periods
- Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform police functions and duties, or
- Failure to pass the required entrance examination twice and/or (failure)
finish the required career course except for justifiable reasons.

ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPINARY SYSTEM

Under RA 8551
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITY NATURE OF OFFENSE

CHIEFS OF POLICE where the offense is punishable by

Withholding of Privileges, Restriction to
Specified Limits, Forfeiture of Salary or
Suspension, or combination thereof, for a
period not exceeding to (fifteen) 15 days.

CITY/MUNICIPAL MAYORS where the offense is punishable by

Withholding of Privileges, Restrictions to
Specified Limits, Forfeiture of Salary
Suspension, or combination thereof, for a

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 period not less than 16 days but not
exceeding 30 days.

PLEB where the offense is punishable by

Withholding of Privileges, Restriction to
Specified Limits, Forfeiture of Salary or
Suspension, or combination thereof, for a
period exceeding (thirty) 30 days; or by
DISMISSAL.

SUMMARY DISMISSAL POWERS- after due notice and summary hearings,

the NAPOLCOM, PNP, Chiefs, and the PNP
Regional Directors, may immediately
REMOVE & DISMISS any respondent PNP
personnel.

GROUNDS FOR SUMMARY DISMISSAL

. Serious Offence (the evidence of guilt is strong)
. Recidivism (respondent has been repeatedly charged)
. Serious Offence (involving Conduct Unbecoming of a Police
Officer
(Sec. 53, RA 8551 amending Sec. 42 of RA 6975)
. PNP Personnel on AWOL for continuous 30 days shall be
DISMISSED
(Section 53, RA 8551)

DISCIPLINARY APPELLATE BOARD

National Appellate Board/Regional Appellate Board

INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE

Powers and Functions of the Internal Affairs Service (IAS)

The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) shall be constituted as a personal staff arm
of the Chief PNP for the purpose of performing the following functions:
1. Pro-actively conduct inspections and audits of PNP personnel and units;
2. Investigate complaints and gather evidence in support of an open
investigations;
3. Conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing administrative charges;

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 Submit periodic reports on the assessment, analysis and evaluation of the
character and behavior of the PNP personnel and units to the Chief, PNP
and the NAPOLCOM;
File appropriate criminal cases against PNP members before the court as
evidence warrants and assist in the prosecution of cases; and
Provide assistance to the office of Ombudsman in cases involving the
personnel of the PNP.

The Internal Service (IAS) shall also conduct, motu propio, automatic
investigation of the following cases:
- Incidents where a police personnel discharges a firearms;
- Incident where death, serious physical injury, or violation of human rights
occurred in the conduct of a police operation;
- Incidents where evidence was compromised, tampered with, obliterated,
or lost while in the custody of police personnel;
- Incidents where a suspect in the custody of the police was seriously injured;
and
- Incidents where the established rules of engagements have been violated.

The IAS shall likewise conduct, upon direction of the Chief PNP, background
necks, on PNP members being considered for promotion or assignment to any key
position.

Delineation of the Inspection and Audit Authority of the IAS and NAPOLCOM
The IAS shall conduct inspection and audit of PNP personnel and units for
the purpose of determining the state of behavioral discipline of personnel and
operational preparedness of PNP units. The Inspection, Monitoring, and
Investigation Service (IMIS) of the NAPOLCOM, on the other hand shall focus on
determining the state of effectiveness of all levels and units of the PNP
organization and the degree of compliance with established policies and
standards of the police service as promulgated by the commission.

Delineation of the Investigative Powers of the IAS in Relation to the Jurisdiction of

the PNP Disciplinary Authorities
The IAS shall conduct pre-charge investigation of raw informal complaints
against PNP members for the purpose of determining if enough evidence exists to
warrant the filing of a formal complaint against subject. Any of the PNP
Disciplinary Authorities mentioned in Section 41 and 42 of RA 6975 may delegate
to the IAS the conduct of summary hearing or reception of testimonial and

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documentary evidence against PNP members facing administrative charges,
subject to final disposition thereof by such Disciplinary Authorities.
The existing jurisdiction, of the PNP Disciplinary Authorities over
administrative offenses committed by PNP members under Section 41 and 42 of
RA 6975 remains unaffected and operative.

Organization of IAS
National, Regional, and provincial offices of the Internal Affairs Service shall
be established. The IAS shall be headed by a non-uniformed official with the
position title Inspector General who shall be assisted by a Deputy Inspector
General with a rank Police Chief Superintendent.
The regional offices shall be headed by a Director with a rank of Police
Senior Superintendent, while the provincial offices shall be headed by a
Superintendent with a rank of Police Superintendent.

Qualification Standards for IAS

Appointments and assignments to various positions in the IAS shall be

based on rigid Qualifications Standards to be promulgated by the NAPOLCOM.
The following are the maximum qualification required for assignment to various
positions in the IAS.
- Must be at least a college degree holder;
- Must have at least five(5) years experience in law enforcement; and
- Must have hove no derogatory record

ADDENDUM:
CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE OFFICERS:
1. Components Cities:
a. Type “A” for cities with population ranging from 100,000 and above
b. Type “B” for cities with population ranging from 75,000 to less than
100,000.
c. Type “C” for cities with less than 75,000 population
2. Municipalities
a. Type “A” for those with population ranging from 75,000 or more
b. Type “B” for those with population ranging from 30,000 to 75,000.
c. Type “C” for those with population of less than 30,000

SALARY AND BENEFITS OF POLICEMAN:

Pursuant to RA 6975, the salary of rookie policeman or PO1 was P5,000.00
a month with the following benefits: Subsistence, clothing, ACA, and PERA. The

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salary of Director General was P16,600.00 excluding allowances or other benefits.
Since passing of PNP Law, salaries and benefits increased, but it was RA 8551 who
provides that the salary of Public School Teacher which is salary grade 10 with a
basic salary of P8,605.00 Because of yearly increases since March 6, 1989, the
salary in concerned, policemen received yearly increases but government
appropriation for salary is still inappropriate.
Policemen are also entitled to a Longevity pay of 10% for every five (5)
years of service.

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