Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Heat Treating Task Group

Pyrometry Guide

PERFORMANCE REVIEW INSTITUTE

161 THORNHILL ROAD
WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7527
724-772-1616

Page 1 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS
U

UTABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................2

BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................3
OUTLINE ..........................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................4
So…. what IS in this Guide? ........................................................................................4
That determines your furnace classification .............................................................4
That determines what thermocouples to use ............................................................4
That determines the system accuracy of your furnace .............................................4
That determines the temperature uniformity of your furnace ..................................5
SECTION I – TEMPERATURE SENSORS (AKA T/C’S) ..................................................6
Thermocouples.............................................................................................................6
Correction Factors .......................................................................................................6
Guidelines for Temperature Sensors/Thermocouples ..............................................8
Terminology for Temperature Sensors/Thermocouples ...........................................8
Thermocouples and Their Usage ................................................................................9
SECTION II - INSTRUMENTATION ................................................................................11
SECTION III – THERMAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT .................................................13
Other Issues – Parts vs. Raw Material ......................................................................15
Nadcap INTERPRETATION ........................................................................................15
Use of Outside Calibration Sources .........................................................................16
Type A Instrumentation .............................................................................................16
Type B Instrumentation .............................................................................................17
Type C Instrumentation .............................................................................................18
Type D Instrumentation .............................................................................................19
Type E Instrumentation .............................................................................................20
SECTION IV – SYSTEM ACCURACY TESTS (SAT) ......................................................21
Errors and Correction Factors ..................................................................................21
SECTION V – TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY SURVEYS (TUS) ...................................24
Temperature Uniformity Requirements ....................................................................24
SECTION VI – QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS ..................................................29
SECTION VII – TABLES .................................................................................................30
SECTION VIII – DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................31
SECTION IX – FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ) ..........................................32

Page 2 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

PYROMETRY REFERENCE GUIDE

BACKGROUND
During the period that the Nadcap Heat Treat Task Group has been reviewing audits,
we have found Pyrometry to be the least understood and the causes of the most
problems and confusion. A recent study indicated aside from job audit NCRs, 8 of the
top 10 NCR causes are related to Pyrometry.

However, Pyrometry is also the core and basis of all heat treatment practice.

We have prepared this guide to improve the understanding of Pyrometry and the
performance of Pyrometric functions. It provides guidance and interpretations of
AMS2750E, as well as fundamental Pyrometry principles and tells you what a Nadcap
auditor will expect to see during an audit.

SCOPE: This guide is not intended to replace AMS2750E or waive any of its
requirements or those imposed by customers. The following are Nadcap interpretations
of the specification and these interpretations must be used only as guidance to the
specification. Customer requirements may exceed those discussed here. It is the
responsibility of the supplier to understand and comply with all customer requirements.

OUTLINE
This guide parallels the structure of AMS2750E by direct reference to its paragraph
numbers. The Section headings are:

 Temperature Sensors (usually Thermocouples, but also others)

 Instrumentation
 Thermal Processing Equipment
 System Accuracy Tests (SATs)
 Furnace Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS)
 Quality Assurance Provisions
 Definitions
 FAQs

REMEMBER
You, the heat treaters, are ultimately responsible for the product and service you
supply. Many heat treaters rely on outside sources to perform Pyrometry. While
many of these sources are competent, the heat treater is still responsible for
properly documenting the scope of the outside source’s work including
specification references, and reviewing their work (and procedures) to determine
that customer requirements are being met.

Page 3 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

INTRODUCTION
If you are a heat treater, you need to know what you need to know.
 A furnace
 Certain heat treating work to do for your customer

In order to be a successful aerospace heat treater, you may need to obtain….

 Nadcap approval
 Specific Subscriber approvals

So then you will need:

 A contract review (flow down) process to understand and account for what your
customer requires
 A quality system, including calibration, control of product, inspection, etc. to
ensure that you supply it. Nadcap requires AC7004 or AS9100 3rd. party
accreditation.

That’s all outside our scope in this document.

So…. what IS in this Guide?

As a heat treater, you have special calibration requirements and – you need to know
how to control your furnace temperature by Pyrometry.

 What am I going to heat treat?

 What temperatures will I be using?
 What temperature tolerance does my customer require?

That determines your furnace classification

 What type of temperature sensors will I need?

 What kind of errors must be compensated for (correction factors)?
 Will I elect to or be required to use load sensors/thermocouples?

That determines what thermocouples to use

 How do I know that the temperature on my instruments is correct?

 How is the accuracy of my temperature control and recording changing over time?
 How often do I have to check it?

That determines the system accuracy of your furnace

Page 4 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

 How large is my qualified working zone?

 What is the variation of temperature around the set point in my qualified
working zone?
 How many test sensors (thermocouples) are required to check it and where are
they to be placed?
 How often do I have to check it?

That determines the temperature uniformity of your furnace

In addition, we will tell you what the Nadcap auditor will be looking for during the
audit. You, as the supplier, must have a detailed procedure covering your means
of compliance with customer requirements, including documentation. This is
required whether you perform these calibrations (tests) yourself or subcontract it
to an outside source.

Page 5 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION I – TEMPERATURE SENSORS (AKA T/C’S)

WHAT IS A THERMOCOUPLE?
WHAT IS A CORRECTION FACTOR?

Paragraph 3.1 of AMS2750E discusses Temperature Sensors. Tables 1 & 2 of AMS2750E

summarize the entire subject.

Thermocouples

Thermocouples are the sensors that convey information about what temperature the
furnace is operating at and/or what temperature the parts are experiencing. By their very
nature, thermocouples have errors associated with them that must be corrected if you want
to know the true temperature.

Correction factors are used to adjust the readings of thermocouples, which have some
degree of error, to the actual (true) temperature. Your procedures must clearly state when
and how you determine and use correction factors.

Correction factors are supplied with your thermocouple or thermocouple wire certification.
You must be sure that you understand whether the certification is reporting error deviation
or correction factor. Ask for the report in tabular format.

Correction Factors

Used in Temperature Uniformity Surveys and System Accuracy Tests

All certification and documentation must be completely clear and unambiguous,

e.g. (for a wire roll calibration)

ACTUAL Location INDICATED ERROR Correction Average

TEMP READING Factor
Front End/ 1502°F +2°F -2°F
Lead End
/Outside -1.5°F
1500°F End average
Back End/ 1501°F +1°F -1°F
Lag End/
Inside End

Otherwise deviation, correction, and error terminology gets mixed.

Documentation should always be set up so that you algebraically add the Correction
Factor to the indicated reading to get the actual (true) reading.

Page 6 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Interpolation (estimating between known points) is allowed, but extrapolation

(estimating beyond known points) is not allowed.
U U

1500°F ← → 1700°F ← → 1900°F →

actual actual actual
Not allowed Interpolation Interpolation Not allowed
extrapolation allowed allowed extrapolation
below between between above

Paragraph [Link].1 of AMS2750E covers calibration temperature intervals for

thermocouples. At which temperatures and at how many temperatures do the error or
correction factor of my thermocouples need to be known.

Calibration of thermocouples (furnace, test, and load) is required by this paragraph to

be performed at 250°F maximum temperature intervals. Calibration at smaller
temperature intervals is allowed and may be advantageous in some circumstances.

When correction factors are used, they may be calculated:

A) Using a mathematical ratio (interpolation) between documented values on the
thermocouple calibration report (250°F maximum intervals).
B) Graphically by plotting the correction factor versus the temperature and reading
the correction factor from the corresponding graph.

In both cases, the assumption made is that there is a straight line (correction
factor varies linearly with temperature) between each calibration point, though
this is not always the case – particularly with base metal thermocouples such as
type K.

Alternatively, it is allowable to assume that the correction factor is that for the closest
temperature of the 250°F range. The supplier must be consistent and the procedure must
clearly define the method for choosing the correction factor. AMS2750 Does not require
interpolation of correction factors and suppliers are not required to interpolate for
correction factors. Rounding per ASTME29 to a whole degree is allowed to be applied at
the final result only.

Correction factors may not be extrapolated above or below calibration data listed
on the certifications. (i.e.: If the highest calibration temperature on a certification is
1800°F, correction factors for higher temperatures may not be extrapolated and the wire
may not be used at higher temperatures).

The use of correction factors on load thermocouples is optional (except where required by
a specific customer). However, you must be consistent.

If you USE correction factors, then ALWAYS use correction factors!

If you DON’T USE correction factors, then NEVER use correction factors!

Page 7 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Note: Load thermocouples are subject to System Accuracy Test (SAT) requirements
using a method defined in AMS2750E section 3.4.4.

Guidelines for Temperature Sensors/Thermocouples

When ordering wire or thermocouples, be sure that:

 Any Subscriber specific requirements are known and incorporated into the
P.O.
 The end use is known (i.e., primary, secondary, test, furnace or load)
 The desired thermocouple material type is known
 The maximum range of use is known
 The test point schedule is specified to the supplier.

Upon receipt, review the certification for compliance to P.O. requirements,

especially the test point schedule. The Quality Assurance System requires that
Quality Assurance reviews the certification report and documents the review.

The user must determine the thermocouple material type, construction

(expendable/nonexpendable) & the end use before purchase.

Terminology for Temperature Sensors/Thermocouples

You should be familiar with the following terms. See AMS2750E section 2.2 for
their definitions:

 Base Metal Thermocouple

 Expendable Thermocouple
 Load Sensor
 Noble Metal Thermocouple
 Nonexpendable Thermocouple
 Primary Test Sensor
 Secondary Test Sensor
 Test Sensors

REMEMBER: The user must determine the intervals between calibration

temperature test points based on end use.

Acceptable practice may be defined as follows:

Calibration test points must be at temperatures and intervals determined by the end
use. The lower test point must be equal to or less than the lowest value of the range of
use. The upper test point must be equal to or greater than the highest value of the
range of use. No interval between any two test points may be greater than 250°F,
unless the thermocouples are to be only used at fixed points.

Page 8 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Unacceptable practice may be defined as follows:

The lowest temperature calibration test point is greater than the lowest value of the
range of use, or the highest temperature calibration test point is lower than the highest
value of the range of use, or where any interval between calibration test points is
greater than 250°F.

Remember: No Extrapolation!

Thermocouples and Their Usage

Paragraph 3.1 of AMS2750E covers Temperature Sensors and should be reviewed

closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should be studied
include, but are not limited to:

Paragraph [Link] - States thermocouple type selection with respect to temperature

range usage.

FAQ3&4 Paragraph [Link] - States that extension wire in new installations after
September 1, 2006 shall conform to ASTM E230 or national equivalent, and that
connectors, plugs, jacks and terminal strips are permitted if they are the compatible type.

FAQ5-7 Paragraph 3.1.2 – Covers the calibration of sensors.

Paragraph [Link] - States requirements for length and calibration of roll thermocouple
wire and what to do if the roll does not meet the accuracy limits.

Paragraph [Link].1 - States requirements for maximum length of a roll of thermocouple

wire.

Figure 1, footnote 1 - IMPORTANT – In order to re-use Types K and E thermocouples

above 500°F (260°C) the depth of insertion shall be equal to, or greater than, depth of
insertion of any previous use.

FAQ8-10 Paragraph 3.1.3 - addresses requirements for reuse of thermocouples.

NOTE– This requires appropriate record keeping establishing that limits are maintained.

REMEMBER: Recalibration of Types K and E thermocouples that have been exposed to

temperatures above 500°F (260°C) is ALWAYS prohibited (Table 1, footnote 11).
U U

Paragraph [Link] - Reuse of base metal nonexpendable TUS T/Cs.

Paragraph 3.1.4 - States the requirements for Control, Monitoring, and Recording
Sensors.

Paragraph [Link].1 – When a L o a d S e n s o r i s u s e d a s a C o n t r o l S e n s o r , a n

expendable load thermocouple is limited to one use.

Page 9 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

FAQ11-13 Paragraph 3.1.5 - States the requirements for Load Sensors.

FAQ 66 Paragraph [Link] - Load sensors may be used as control sensors in
accordance with
[Link]. When a load sensor is used as a control sensor, no control, monitoring, or
recording sensor shall exceed the maximum allowed processing temperature.

Paragraph [Link] - The life of nonexpendable base metal load thermocouples shall be
determined by the operating temperature(s). Records shall be maintained of the
accumulated thermocouple use (furnace load cycle).

Page 10 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION II - INSTRUMENTATION

HOW DOES THERMOCOUPLE DATA GET USED FOR RECORDING AND CONTROL?

WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENTS?

The instrumentation takes the electrical impulses (millivolt, emf) supplied by the
thermocouples and converts them into a readable format.

Table 3 of AMS2750E details the requirements for Test and Furnace Instrumentation,
and their Calibration Standards, including their use, calibration interval and accuracy,
and what type of standard is required to calibrate the instrument.

Table 4 of AMS2750E lists the resolution (readability) requirements for furnace chart
recorders. (See 3.2.1 for further clarification)

Table 5 of AMS2750E gives the requirements for printing and chart speeds for furnace
recorders. (See 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 for further clarification)

Paragraph 3.2 of AMS2750E covers Instrumentation and should be reviewed closely for
the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should be studied include, but
are not limited to:

Paragraph 3.2.1 - Users shall review all instrument requirements in AMS 2750E as not
all instruments approved for use in AMS 2750C will meet the requirements of
AMS2750D and this revision.

FAQ 14 Paragraph [Link] - The following requirements ([Link].1 and [Link].2) apply to
control, monitoring, or recording instruments purchased 1 year after September 2005, the
issue date of AMS 2750D. Control, monitoring, or recording instruments purchased prior to
September 2006 may meet the requirements of AMS 2750C until 3 years after the issue
date of AMS2750E (until July 2015).
Paragraph 3.2.2 - Test instruments shall be digital and have a minimum readability of
1°F or 1°C.

Note: This also means that where test recordings are required such as with a
Temperature Uniformity Survey (TUS) that the recordings and printings must also be
digital and automatically recorded.

Paragraph [Link] - At least one recording and/or controlling instrument for each zone
shall have a minimum readability of 1°F or 1°C.

Paragraph 3.2.4 - deals with Offsets. Please study this paragraph and the sub- paragraph
carefully if you are using offsets. Either manual or electronic offsets may be used as long
as the method is detailed in a documented procedure and the offsets do not exceed the
limits allowed in Tables 6 and 7, as applicable.

Page 11 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

FAQ 15 Paragraph 3.2.5 – Deals with Instrument Calibration.

Paragraph [Link] – All instruments must be checked for sensitivity.
Paragraph [Link].1 - States to check the As-Found condition for calibration of
controlling, monitoring and recording instruments shall be performed at a minimum of
three simulated sensor inputs, minimum, maximum and the middle 1/3rd. of the furnace
Qualified Operating Temperature Range.

Paragraph [Link].1.1 – States to report the As-Left condition following any adjustment
and re-test.

Paragraph [Link].2 - Calibration of each separate channel in instruments.

FAQ17&18 Paragraph [Link].3 - States the requirement for annual verification of

recorder speeds.

Paragraph [Link] – NEW – Deals with Wireless Equipment.

FAQ19 Paragraphs [Link] and [Link] - State explicitly that A) The calibration sticker
be affixed to the furnace instruments (or in close proximity), and B) the calibration report
include the complete list of detail items included there.

Paragraph 3.2.7 - States the requirements for Electronic Records. If you utilize
computer data acquisition type or recording equipment, this is a paragraph you should
review carefully.

Page 12 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION III – THERMAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

DOES MY FURNACE HAVE THE PROPER UNIFORMITY AND INSTRUMENTATION

FOR THE JOBS I WANT TO PROCESS?
FAQ 20 Paragraph 3.3 of AMS2750E covers Thermal Processing Equipment and should
be reviewed closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should be
studied include, but are not limited to:

FAQ 21&22 Paragraph 3.3.1 – States that Furnace classes are defined in Figure 2 and
are based on the minimum requirements for temperature uniformity. Instrumentation
types are based on the level of instrumentation used to control, record, or indicate the
desired temperature. Frequencies for system accuracy tests, temperature uniformity
surveys, and controlling, monitoring, and recording instrument calibrations are based on
the furnace class and instrumentation type, and are summarized in (Table 3, 6, 7, 8, or
9).

Temperature
Temperature Uniformity
Furnace Class Uniformity Range
Range (Degrees C)
(Degrees F)
1 5 3
2 10 6
3 15 8
4 20 10
5 25 14
6 50 28
&FIGURE 2 - Furnace Classes
FAQ 23 Paragraph 3.3.2 and Figure 3 describe what comprises the various
Instrumentation Types A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The required instrumentation is for
Each Control Zone in the furnace. Therefore, multi-zone furnaces will require multiple sets
of the required instrumentation.

NOTE to EUROPEAN SUPPLIERS AND OTHERS WORKING TO CELSIUS

TUS tolerances of ±5°C and ±7ºC most closely match Class 2 and Class 3
respectively (defined in Table 8 and Table 9 as ±6ºC and ±8ºC respectively), but
the furnace must still meet the ±5°C and ±7ºC respectively uniformity requirement
if required by a material or processing specification.

It should be noted that AMS2750E does not require any particular Instrumentation Type
for any specific heat treatment application or use. These minimum requirements, if any,
are driven by the applicable heat treatment or processing specification that references
AMS2750 for Pyrometry requirements.

Page 13 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

There are incentives for having higher Instrument Types namely longer intervals for
System Accuracy Test (SAT) and Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS)

It should also be noted that all Instrumentation Types, except for Type E require each
furnace control zone to have over-temperature protection.

Paragraph 3.3.3 - Instrumentation - Refrigeration Equipment and Quench Systems

This is changed from AMS 2750D, as there are new requirements for instrumentation of
refrigeration equipment and quench systems.

Paragraph [Link] – Existing quench systems installed prior to September 2005 do not
require recording instruments until July 2015.

Unique Consideration for Vacuum Furnaces – Due to the unique heating

considerations and instrumentation configurations of vacuum furnaces the following
policy has been adopted by the Task Group in coordination with the AMEC AMS
2750 sub-team.

Paragraph 3.3.6 - For vacuum furnaces with 225 cubic feet or less in working volume
that are instrumented with Types A, B, or C instrumentation per AMS 2750, it is
acceptable to treat the furnace working volume as a single work zone for the purpose of
locating high and low temperature recording thermocouples and determining the
number of load thermocouples required regardless of the number of control
thermocouples or instruments within the vacuum furnace. The minimum requirement is
summarized in Figure 4:

Instrumentation High Temperature Low Temperature Load T/C

Type T/C T/C
A 1 1 1
B N/A N/A 1
C 1 1 N/A

Notes:

1. For the purpose of this Guide, a Vacuum Furnace is defined as a furnace capable of
operating at any pressures lower than the atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg).
2. SAT tests are required on all process sensors that input temperature information for
control or recording purposes.

Page 14 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Other Issues – Parts vs. Raw Material

Nadcap INTERPRETATION
The differentiation between “Part Heat treatment” and “Raw Material Heat Treatment” is
a very controversial subject. It is the prerogative of each Subscriber/OEM to designate
whether they consider certain material forms as either “Parts” or “Raw Material”. This
controversy is most common with, but may not be limited to, castings and forgings.

There is a difference in the SAT and TUS testing frequencies IAW AMS 2750 between
Part Furnaces and Raw Material Furnaces. It is the responsibility of the Supplier to be
knowledgeable of the Parts vs. Raw Materials policy for each of their Subscriber
customers and be able to document this policy to the Nadcap Auditor. Some furnaces
may be designated as “Part Furnaces” and other as “Raw Material Furnaces” as long as
they are identified as such. If a Supplier wishes to designate all of its furnaces as “Raw
Material”, then it must have concurrence on this interpretation from ALL of its Subscriber
OEM customers.

To ease the process of identifying what Subscriber customers consider in general, the
Task Group put together the following table which is a guide and is for information only:

Does your company consider Castings and Forgings parts or raw material?

CASTINGS AND FORGINGS

COMPANY PARTS
(When assigned a P/N or the hardware is RAW
subjected to a final heat treatment) MATERIAL
Alenia X
BAE Systems X
Boeing X
Cessna X
Eurocopter X
GE Aviation X
Hamilton Sundstrand X
Hawker Beechcraft X
Honeywell X
MTU X
Parker X
Raytheon X
Rolls-Royce X
Sikorsky X
Sonaca X
Turbomeca X*
Vought X
Use the definitions from AMS2750E.

*Unless otherwise approved in written by the concerned SAFRAN Group company.

Page 15 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Use of Outside Calibration Sources

You, the heat treater, must inform the outside Calibration source which of these
Definitions apply to the heat treating you are to perform.

From this the calibration source can determine your requirements from the specifications
invoked and the size of the furnace. You, the heat treater, will need to be able to supply
evidence that you reviewed and approved the calibration source’s procedures, and that
you also reviewed their certifications.

Type A Instrumentation

Page 16 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Type B Instrumentation

Page 17 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Type C Instrumentation

Page 18 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Type D Instrumentation

Page 19 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Type E Instrumentation

Page 20 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION IV – SYSTEM ACCURACY TESTS (SAT)

IS MY TEMPERATURE INFORMATION CORRECT?

This is simply an on-site comparison test performed to determine that the thermocouples,
lead wire, and instruments are giving an accurate depiction of temperature. It also
provides information as to changes in accuracy of the system over time. It works by
comparing the control and/or recording thermocouples in each furnace control zone with
a test thermocouple placed near the furnace thermocouple (control and/or recording). If
all is well, the same result is obtained (within allowable error limits). If not, something is
wrong and corrective action must be taken if the error exceeds allowable limits.

Definition from AMS 2750E:

Paragraph 2.2.62 - “System Accuracy Test (SAT) or Probe Check”: An on-site

comparison of the instrument/lead wire/sensor readings or values, with the readings or
values of a calibrated test instrument/lead wire/sensor to determine if the measured
temperature deviations are within applicable requirements. Performed to assure the
accuracy of the furnace control and recorder system in each control zone.

Errors and Correction Factors

Error is the deviation of the indicated reading of an instrument or sensor under test from
the true value.

Example1: If the indicated temperature is 1000°F and the true temperature is 1002°F,
the error is -2°F. To correct the error, you must reverse the sign of the error to make it the
correction factor. Then you algebraically add the correction factor to the indicated
treading. To correct the indicated temperature, you must add +2°F to 1000°F to get
1002°F.

Example 2: A Test Instrument reading a Test Sensor has an indicated reading of

1000.4°F. The calibration error for the Test Instrument is +0.1°F, and the calibration error
for the Test Sensor is -0.3°F The corresponding correction factors are -0.1°F for the test
instrument and +0.3°F for the test sensor.

To obtain the true temperature, you must add the correction factors to the indicated
reading of the Test Instrument/Test Sensor combination in this way.

This is: 1000.4 + (-0.1) + (+0.3) = 1000.6°F.

NOTE: Some may choose to also correct for the furnace instrument and furnace sensor.
This is not required and not recommended. However, if correction factors other than test
sensor data are used, these correction factors must be used when reading all
temperatures during production.

NOTE: It is NEVER acceptable to use the same recorder for system accuracy tests as is
used to record furnace data.
Page 21 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

The requirements for SAT frequency are listed in Tables 6 and 7.

Paragraph 3.4 of AMS2750E covers System Accuracy Tests (SAT) and should be
U

reviewed closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should
be studied include, but are not limited to:

FAQ 25&27 Paragraph 3.4.1 - States that SATs are performed on the temperature
control and recording systems in each control zone of each piece of thermal processing
equipment. It further requires that SATs are performed on the additional recording
systems (furnace and/or load) that qualify the furnace for Types A, B, or C,
instrumentation.

FAQ 28&29 FAQ 65 Paragraph [Link] – States that a new SAT shall be performed
after any maintenance that could affect the SAT accuracy. Examples include replacement
of the thermocouple, replacement of controlling, monitoring and recording instrument,
and recalibration of the instrument when any adjustment has been made. Quality
Assurance shall be consulted for direction on whether specific maintenance requires a
new SAT.

Paragraph [Link] – States that a SAT is not required for:

sensors whose only function is over-temperature control;

sensors not used for acceptance as part of production heat treatment.

Paragraph 3.4.3 and Table 6 or 7, as applicable - States the conditions where SAT
frequency may be reduced within the limitations allowed.
FAQ30 Paragraphs [Link] and [Link] - Provisions for SAT frequency reduction:

FAQ 31 Paragraph [Link] – Weekly readings show that the relationship between the
control sensor and an additional monitoring or recording sensor in each control zone
remains within 2°F (1°C) of their relationship at the time of the last Temperature
Uniformity Survey.

Paragraph 3.4.5 – Describes the procedure/practice of SAT.

FAQ 62 Para [Link] - The displayed temperature indication and/or recording of the
sensor being tested as used in production, with appropriate offsets or correction factors,
at any operating temperature, shall be compared with the corrected temperature
indication of the test sensor on a test instrument.

Paragraph [Link] – States that the tip (measuring junction) of the SAT sensor shall be
as close as practical to the tip (measuring junction) of the controlling, monitoring, or
recording sensor, but the tip to tip distance shall not exceed 3 inches (76 mm).
Subsequent SATs shall utilize test thermocouple(s) placed in the same
locations/positions/depth as the initial test. The SAT sensor may be inserted
temporarily for the test or may be a resident test sensor, subject to the limitations of
[Link].1.

FAQ32 Paragraph [Link].1 - Addresses the use of Resident SAT Thermocouples.

Page 22 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

FAQ33 Paragraph [Link] – The difference calculated between the reading of the
furnace sensor system being tested (sensor, lead wire, and instrument) and the
corrected reading of the test sensor system (after test sensor and test instrument
correction factors are applied) shall be recorded as the system accuracy test difference.
Applicable correction factors shall be applied algebraically.

Examples in Paragraph [Link].1 – Details the use of correction factors including when
and how they may be applied depending on whether any electronic offsets have been
introduced into the instruments. There are also several very good examples in Figure 6
that show how to calculate the SAT result.

Paragraph [Link] – SAT tolerances listed in Tables 6 and 7 are requirements and these
values must be met. There is no more of the “greater than 2°F, but less than 5°F” gray
area. If the SAT does not meet the tolerance, the test is failed, corrective action must be
taken, and a new SAT must pass before processing may continue in the furnace.

NOTE: The allowable SAT differences are now expressed as x°F or 0.x% of reading,
whichever is greater. Example: 5°F or 0.5% of reading for a Class 5 furnace; at
1700°F, the allowable SAT difference is 0.5% of 1700°F or 8.5°F.

FAQ34-36 Paragraph 3.4.6 - States an alternative method for performing an SAT for
sensors used only once (single use) or for multiple use sensors replaced at an interval
shorter than the appropriate SAT interval.

FAQ37-39 Paragraph 3.4.7 - States the conditions where the SAT may be waived.
Note that all subparagraphs of 3.4.7 must be met to exercise the SAT waiver.

Note: Some Subscribers (i.e. SAFRAN Group) do not allow SAT Waiver.

Paragraph 3.4.8 - States an explicit list of items to be documented for the SAT test.

Page 23 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION V – TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY SURVEYS (TUS)

IS MY TEMPERATURE OK THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE FURNACE?

These tests are to ensure that there are no temperature variations outside acceptable limits
from place to place within the Qualified Work Zone of the furnace.

Temperature Uniformity Requirements

Calculation of the actual temperature uniformity is required for each test performed. The
calculation is determined by taking the deviation of the corrected test sensor reading from
the specified test temperature. It is not necessary to re-record the data from the digital
charts data onto a table for each data point. It is sufficient to identify the highest and lowest
temperature point on the actual digital chart data and apply the correction factors to those
two data points, not the entire table. It is not necessary to re- type all the data points from
the survey charts data.

It is allowable to offset the furnace control set point to center the uniformity as long as it
does not exceed the limits of Table 6 or 7. Offset data from the uniformity survey can be
used to “center” the temperature of parts being heat treated.

The requirements for TUS frequency are listed in Tables 8 and 9.

Paragraph 3.5 of AMS2750E covers Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS) and should
be reviewed closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should be
studied include, but are not limited to:

Paragraph 3.5.2 - States the concept of the Multiple Qualified Operating Temperature
Ranges that may therefore have multiple, different Furnace Classes based on TUS.

FAQ 64 Paragraphs 3.5.3 and 3.5.4 – Furnace Modifications and Furnace Repairs:

A) Furnace Modifications, where a new initial TUS must be performed; and

B) Furnace Repairs, where a new initial TUS need not be performed.

The important feature of this paragraph is: “All furnace modifications shall be
documented and the responsible Quality Assurance organization shall make the
determination whether an initial TUS is required based on the modifications made
and the particular furnace configuration.”

Paragraph 3.5.5 - Requires that the initial TUS is performed at the minimum and
maximum temperatures of the Qualified Operating Temperature Range(s), and at
intervals of no more than 600°F (335°C) in between.
FAQ 40 Paragraph 3.5.6 – States that periodic survey temperatures shall be any
temperature within each Qualified Temperature Operating Range(s).

Page 24 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Paragraph [Link] – NEW – For single operating ranges greater than 600°F (335°C),
TUS temperatures shall be selected so that one temperature is within 300°F (170°C) of
the maximum and another temperature is within 300°F (170°C) of the minimum qualified
operating range and there are no more than 600°F (335°C) increments in between.
Additionally, at least once within each calendar year periodic tests shall be
performed at the minimum and maximum temperatures of each Qualified
Operating Temperature Range.

Paragraph 3.5.7 –States that survey frequency shall be in accordance with Table 8 or
Table 9

Paragraph [Link]- States that extended TUS intervals are based on both instrument
type and history of the required number of successful surveys. In addition, a
documented preventive maintenance program shall be in effect.

Paragraph 3.5.8 - States that all parameters used during TUS, except as outlined in
3.5.9, 3.5.10, 3.5.11 and 3.5.12 shall reflect the normal operation of the furnace and
equipment in production.

Paragraph 3.5.10 - States that a TUS may be performed with an actual production load,
simulated production load, a rack, or empty. Once a method of surveying a furnace is
established during an initial TUS, subsequent surveys shall be conducted using
the same method. If changes are made to the established method, an initial TUS shall
be performed to validate the revised method.

Paragraph [Link]- States that if the TUS is performed empty or with a rack, and if
TUS sensors are attached to or inserted into heat sinks, the side-to-side thickness or
the diameter of the heat sink shall:

A) Not exceed 0.5 inch (13 mm), and

B) Not exceed the thickness of the thinnest material being processed in that furnace.
Heat sink material shall be the material with the highest room temperature
thermal conductivity consistent with the predominant material processed in the
furnace.

FAQ 41 Paragraph [Link] - When the TUS is performed with a load, and the TUS
sensors are attached to simulated product or parts, the load shall represent the
thickness of the material normally processed.

Paragraph 3.5.11 – States that the furnace atmosphere during a TUS shall be the
normal atmosphere used for production. Furnaces used for those processes whose
required atmospheres could contaminate the test sensors (i.e., carburizing, Nitriding,
endothermic, and exothermic) or atmospheres that could pose a safety hazard (i.e.
hydrogen or ammonia containing) may be tested with an atmosphere of air or inert gas.

Paragraph 3.5.12 - States that the furnace vacuum level during TUS on vacuum
furnaces shall be run at the lowest vacuum level used in production, but need not be less
than 1 micron Hg (1 × 10-3 Torr, or 1.3 × 10-3 millibar).

Page 25 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

FAQ 42 Paragraph [Link] TUS Data Collection: Please review carefully.

Paragraph [Link].1 - States that data collection shall begin before the first furnace or
TUS sensor reaches the lower tolerance limit of each test temperature so that any
furnace or TUS sensor exceeding the upper temperature uniformity tolerance is clearly
detected. If the furnace is prestabilized, data collection shall begin as soon as the test
load or rack is loaded in the furnace.

FAQ43&44 FAQ 63 Paragraph [Link].2 – States that once data collection begins,
temperature data shall be recorded from all TUS sensors at a frequency of at least one
set of all readings every 2 minutes for the duration of the survey. Data from furnace
sensors required by the applicable instrumentation type (see 3.3) shall be recorded as
follows: (Sensors whose only function is over temperature protection do not need to be
recorded).

a) If the normal interval of temperature data recording in production is 2 minutes or

less, or is continuous as in the case of analog recorders, the data shall be
documented in the normal production format.

b) If the normal interval of temperature data recording in production is greater than 2

minutes, the recording frequency interval during TUS shall not exceed 6 minutes.

Note: Since paragraph 3.2.2 requires Digital Test Instrumentation, this also
implies that Recording Test Instrumentation such as used for the performance of
Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS) must also be digital.

FAQ 45 Paragraph [Link] – Describes the alternative probing method for performing
a TUS in Salt Baths, etc.

Paragraph 3.5.14 – States the requirements for performing a TUS on Continuous and
Semi-Continuous Furnaces, by either the Volumetric Method, or the Plane Method, and
the data collection requirements associated with these methods.

Paragraph 3.5.15 – Describes the alternative test methods for performing a TUS on
Continuous, Semi-Continuous Furnaces or Furnaces with Retorts and Muffles including
the Probing Method and the use of Property Surveys in lieu of performing a TUS.

FAQ 46 Paragraph 3.5.16 - States provisions for Temperature Uniformity Survey

Sensor Failures: No TUS sensor failures at the corner locations of the work zone are
permitted. A temporary condition such as a short or loose connection where normal
temperature readout is restored shall not be considered a failed survey thermocouple.
Failure (see 2.2.19) of a TUS sensor (except at a corner location) during a TUS need not
be cause for survey failure unless:
A) 2 adjacent TUS sensors fail or
B) The number of TUS sensor failures exceeds the following:
• Survey with 3 to 9 sensors: No failures
• Survey with 10 to 16 sensors: 1 failure
Page 26 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
• Survey with 17 to 23 sensors: 2 failures
• Survey with 24 to 39 sensors: 3 failures
• Survey with 40 or more sensors: No more than 10% failures

For test temperatures of 2000°F (1093°C) and above:

• Survey with 3 to 5 sensors: No failures
• Survey with 6 to 9 sensors: 1 failure
• Survey with 10 to 16 sensors: 2 failures
• Survey with 17 to 23 sensors: 3 failures
• Survey with 24 to 39 sensors: 4 failures
• Survey with 40 or more sensors: No more than 10% failures

Paragraph 3.5.18 – States that when the hottest and coldest temperature locations
change within the furnace (based on the final readings from the most recent Temperature
Uniformity Survey), the monitoring sensors locations for types A and C instrumentation
may need to be moved within the furnace to reflect the new hottest and coldest locations
within the work zone. These sensors do not require relocation if the overall temperature
uniformity does not exceed one half of the maximum temperature uniformity tolerance for
the applicable furnace class at all temperatures surveyed, or if the difference between
the measured temperature at the current recording locations and the actual respective
hottest and coldest measured areas is less than the system accuracy test (SAT) tolerance
for the applicable furnace class.

FAQ47 Paragraph 3.5.19 - Failure of a TUS.

U

Paragraph [Link].1 - States that for equipment tested at extended interval, failure of a
temperature uniformity survey shall cause the test frequency to revert to the initial test
frequency specified in Table 8 or 9. Interval shall not be extended until the specified
number of successful consecutive tests in Table 8 or 9 have been completed.

FAQ 48 Paragraph [Link].2 - States what must be done if the form of corrective
action for a failed survey is adjusting (offsetting) the control instrument.

Paragraph [Link] – The TUS instrument correction factors must be incorporated in

the final TUS calculation.
Paragraph [Link] - States that a Temperature Uniformity Survey Report must contains
an explicit list of items, and states additional information that must be accessible to
supplement the TUS report.

Paragraph 3.5.22 – States that surveys performed prior to the issue date of this revision,
in accordance with previous AMS 2750 revisions, may be considered equivalent to
tests performed in accordance with this revision for the purpose of qualifying furnaces
for (1) waiving initial temperature uniformity tests or (2) reducing frequency of periodic
temperature uniformity tests.

Paragraph [Link] – Radiation test sensors(s), when performing a radiation test, shall
be added to the normal survey sensors.

Paragraph 3.6 - States unique requirements for Laboratory Furnaces used for “response
Page 27 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
to heat treating testing” per material specifications.

Paragraph 3.7.1 – States that all calibration and test records including sensors,
standard cells and instruments, system accuracy tests, and temperature uniformity
surveys, including any test or survey failures shall be available for inspection and
maintained for not less than 5 years (or in accordance with customer requirements,
whichever is greater).

Paragraph 3.7.2 – States that calibration records of sensors, standard cells, and
instruments shall include traceability to the NIST or equivalent National Standard.

FAQ 60 Paragraph 3.8 – Defines the fact that rounding is allowed to be applied in
accordance with ASTM E29.

Page 28 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION VI – QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

What are my obligations to my Quality Assurance System?

Paragraph 4.1 - States that the processor shall be responsible for the performance of
all required tests and for conformance to all requirements specified herein. The
purchaser reserves the right to witness any of the tests or calibrations specified herein
to ensure that processing conforms to the prescribed requirements, but such witnessing
shall not hinder operation of the facility.

Paragraph 4.1.1 - States that any instrument/sensor/test failing to meet these

requirements, or that has exceeded its test interval including any applicable permissible
extension period (see Table 10), shall be taken out of service.

Paragraph [Link] - States that corrective action shall be documented including the
actions taken to bring the instrument/sensor/test into compliance.

Paragraph 4.2 - States that in the event of any test failure or out-of-tolerance condition,
an evaluation of the possible effects of the non-conformance on product processed
since the last successful corresponding test shall be performed and documented. The
evaluation shall be documented per established material review procedures.
Appropriate corrective action shall be taken, documented and maintained on file. When
material processing conditions deviate from specification requirement affected
purchaser(s) shall be notified.

Para 4.2.1 - States that a conforming corresponding tests shall be required as evidence
of adequate corrective action.

Page 29 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION VII – TABLES

TABLE 1 – SENSORS AND SENSOR CALIBRATION FAQ 49

TABLE 2 – THERMOCOUPLES AND EXTENSION WIRE FAQ 61

TABLE 3 – INSTRUMENTS AND INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION FAQ 50-52 FAQ 56

TABLE 4 – RESOLUTION REQUIREMENTS FOR CHART RECORDERS (ANALOG

CHART RECORDING INSTRUMENTS)

TABLE 5 – PROCESS RECORDER PRINT AND CHART SPEEDS FAQ 53&55

TABLE 6 – PARTS FURNACE CLASS, INSTRUMENT TYPE, AND SYSTEM ACCURACY

TEST (SAT) INTERVAL FAQ 56-58

TABLE 7 – RAW MATERIAL FURNACE CLASS, INSTRUMENT TYPE, AND SYSTEM

ACCURACY TEST (SAT) INTERVAL FAQ 56-58

TABLE 8 – PARTS FURNACE CLASS, INSTRUMENT TYPE, AND TEMPERATURE

UNIFORMITY SURVEY INTERVAL FAQ 56

TABLE 9 – RAW MATERIAL FURNACE CLASS, INSTRUMENT TYPE, AND

TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY SURVEY INTERVAL FAQ 56

TABLE 10 – PERMITTED CALIBRATION/TEST INTERVAL EXTENSION FAQ 59

TABLE 11 – NUMBER OF TUS SENSORS REQUIRED FOR BATCH FURNACES, SALT

BATHS, CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE LIQUID BATHS, FLUIDIZED BED
FURNACES, OR CONTINUOUS FURNACES TESTED USING THE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD

Page 30 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION VIII – DEFINITIONS

What do all of these terms mean?

FAQ 1 Section 2.2 of AMS 2750E has a list of 79 Pyrometry terms and their definitions
that are used in that Specification and in Pyrometry in general.

FAQ 2 Paragraph 2.2.30 - “Measuring Junction”: That area of a thermocouple joined

together to complete a measurement circuit, which is used to measure an unknown
temperature. Also it is called the hot junction.

Paragraph 2.2.34 - “Nonexpendable Thermocouples”: Thermocouples that are not

covered with fabric or plastic insulations. One type consists of ceramic insulators over
bare thermocouple wire, sometimes inserted in a tube for stability and protection. A
second type consists of a combination of thermocouple wires, mineral insulation, and a
protecting metal sheath compacted into a small diameter. The thermocouple thus
constructed is protected, flexible and, within the temperature limits of the sheath
material, may be used many times without insulation breakdown.

Paragraph 2.2.45 - “Raw Material Heat Treatment (e.g., sheet, plate, bar, extrusions,
forgings, castings)”: Heat treatment performed by or for the raw material producer and
product is tested as required by a material specification.

Paragraph 2.2.46 - “Raw Material Furnaces”: Equipment used by or for a material

producer (or an approved supplier of a material producer) in accordance with a material
specification which may require by reference conformance to a heat treating
specification.

Page 31 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SECTION IX – FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)

Reference AMS 2750E Disclaimer note:

The following FAQs represent solely the PRI/Nadcap interpretation of AMS 2750E
until any future revision will be made available by the SAE. The actual
interpretations do not intend to override the specification’s requirements. For a
proper interpretation of the specification’s requirements, please address your
inquires to the AMEC committee who wrote the specification.

1) Paragraph 2.2.18 - Basically, an expendable thermocouple has plastic or woven

insulation and a nonexpendable has the thermocouple wire protected inside of a metal
or ceramic sheath. How does the task group categorize an expendable thermocouple
protected inside of a metal sheath tube?

Response: A thermocouple user could arrange thermocouples and/or thermocouple

wire in a variety of different configurations. It is best to avoid any potential for
misinterpretation or confusion incurred by attempting to redefine expendable vs.
nonexpendable based on specific user configurations. For AMS 2750 applications, the
condition in which a thermocouple is purchased shall dictate whether the thermocouple
is expendable or nonexpendable. Back

2) Paragraph 2.2.30 - Revision E does not provide any guidance (or requirements) on
the allowable methods to make the “measuring junction” (expendable thermocouples).
A number of methods are employed, i.e., twisting only, twisting and welding, twisting
and banding, etc. Are there any specific recommendations or requirements?

Response: AMS 2750E is silent on the subject of making the measuring junction. It is
incumbent upon the supplier to use a method that is suited for the application of the
thermocouple. Back

3) Paragraph [Link] - For connecting thermocouple wire to lead wire or splicing

lead wire, it is designated that: “Connectors, plugs, jacks and terminal strips are
permitted if they are the compatible type, i.e. they have thermoelectric properties
conforming to the characteristics of the corresponding thermocouple type.” Is it
acceptable to use silver solder to make thermocouple wire joint connections, or
thermocouple wire to lead wire joint connections?

Response: AMS 2750E referenced publications controlling use of thermocouples and

extension wire do not include provisions that would allow the use of silver solder as a
wire joint connection method.

Page 32 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

4) Paragraph [Link] - We use thermocouple wire as extension wire with our furnace
systems. Is it necessary to have the calibration certification for thermocouple wire used
as extension wire?

Response: It is not required that calibration certificates be maintained for thermocouple

wire that is used solely as extension wire in furnace control, recording, and monitoring
systems. In this application thermocouple wire serves as a conductor. Acceptable
function of thermocouple extension wire will be verified during system accuracy testing
of furnace control, monitoring, and recording systems. Back

5) Paragraph [Link] - Paragraph [Link] states: “Users shall have supporting data
such as, but not limited to, SAT, TUS, and re-calibration data and written procedures
controlling the replacement of sensors including limits on maximum life and/or number
of uses, as applicable.” Does this declaration imply that the heat treater must have a
replacement schedule for controlling, monitoring, and recording thermocouples in a
furnace?

Response: AMS 2750E does not place any restrictions on the length of time that a
controlling, monitoring, or recording thermocouple may be used (with the exception of
applying provisions for implementing a SAT waiver as presented in Paragraph 3.4.7).
However, the heat treater is reminded that AC 7102 requires that a preventative
maintenance plan be in place for each item of heat treat processing equipment. The
primary purpose of preventative maintenance is to avoid or mitigate the consequences
of failure of equipment or equipment components. Therefore, to preclude failure
(excessive drift, etc.) of controlling, monitoring, and recording sensors, the heat treater
shall have a schedule for replacement of those sensors. The replacement frequency is
determined by the heat treater based on historical data that supports the replacement
frequency (i.e., a replacement time interval that precludes failure of the sensor). Back

6) Paragraph [Link] - What is considered acceptable for use of thermocouple

sensors with respect to the bottom and top of the calibration range? For example, is it
allowed to use thermocouple wire calibrated at 1000°F, 1250°F, 1500°F, 1750°F, and
2000°F (542°C, 682°C, 822°C, 962°C, 1102°C) to perform a TUS at 1000°F (542°C) or
2000°F (1102°C)? It would be expected that a TUS at 1000°F (542°C) would include
some TUS test temperature values below the lower sensor calibration temperature of
1000°F (542°C) and that a TUS at 2000°F (1102°C) would include some test
temperature values above the upper sensor calibration temperature of 2000⁰F (1102°C).

Response: It is acceptable to apply the minimum and maximum of the sensor calibration
range as nominal values relative to furnace “set point” temperatures. To illustrate with
examples from the question: It is acceptable to use thermocouples with a lower
calibration temperature of 1000°F (542°C) for conducting a TUS on a furnace with a set
point of 1000°F (542°C) and a temperature tolerance requirement of ±25°F (±14°C).
Likewise, it would be acceptable to use thermocouples with an upper calibration
temperature of 2000°F (1102°C) to perform a TUS with a set point of 2000°F (1102°C)
and a temperature tolerance requirement of ±25°F (±14°C). Back

Page 33 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
7) Paragraph [Link].1 - What is the definition of the term “calibrated at fixed points?”

Response: Fixed point calibration as referenced in ASTM MNL 12, Use of

Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement, is a method for calibration of
thermocouples using the freezing point (or sometimes melting point) of various
materials as temperature standards. The method is more commonly used in the
calibration of noble metal standard thermocouples. Most base metal thermocouples are
calibrated using comparison methods. Back

8) Paragraph [Link] - Reuse of expendable base metal test thermocouples above

1800 °F (980 °C). Paragraph [Link] states that expendable base metal test
thermocouples shall be limited to a single use above 1800 °F (980 °C). I perform a
periodic TUS on a vacuum furnace at 1200 °F (650 °C), 1600 °F (870 °C), and 2000 °F
(1093 °C). Occasionally, I lose a thermocouple at the 2000 °F (1093 °C) test
temperature and have to cool down, replace the thermocouple, then continue the test.
The other TUS thermocouples have been subjected to temperatures above 1800 °F (980
°C). Is it required that they be replaced also before continuing the TUS at 2000 °F (1093
°C).

Response: If the TUS were continued after replacing only the thermocouple that was not
providing temperature data, the remaining thermocouples would have been subjected to
two uses above 1800 °F (980 °C). This would be a violation of the requirements stated in
Paragraph 3.1.3. Ramping from ambient temperature to test at 1200 °F (650 °C), then test
at 1600 °F (870 °C), and test at 2000 °F (1093 °C), then back to ambient is considered to
be one use. Ramping back to 2000 °F (1093 °C) to complete testing after replacing only
the failed thermocouple would be two uses above 1800 °F (980 °C) for any test
thermocouples that were not replaced. Back

9) Paragraph [Link] – Clarification of use of expendable base metal thermocouples

at temperatures above 1800 °F (980 °C). The referenced paragraph states that
expendable base metal test thermocouples shall be limited to one use above 1800 °F
(980 °C). Is that just one use of the thermocouple or just one use at a temperature
above 1800 °F (980 °C)? For example, could I use the thermocouple at 1600 °F (870
°C), then at 2000 °F (1093 °C), and again at 1600 °F (870 °C)? That would be only one
use above 1800 °F (980 °C), but a total of three uses.

Response: The intent of Paragraph [Link] is that an expendable base metal test
(SAT/TUS) thermocouple be used only one time above a temperature of 1800 °F (980
°C). Uses prior to exposure above 1800 °F (980 °C) are acceptable as long as the U-
formula value does not exceed the maximum allowed. To illustrate with the question
example, a new expendable base metal test thermocouple could be used at a test
temperature of 1600 °F (870 °C). At the completion of that first thermal cycle (ambient
temperature to test temperature and back to ambient), the U-formula value would be
“2.” The second use is at 2000 °F (1093 °C). If the test thermocouple was then cooled
to ambient following the second use, it could not be reused due to one exposure above
1800 °F (980 °C). However, if the furnace was cooled from 2000 °F (1093 °C) to 1600

Page 34 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

°F (870 °C), a test could be performed at 1600 °F (870 °C) because the test is within the
same thermal cycle as the 2000 °F (1093 °C) test.

Additionally, the heat treater is reminded that Paragraph [Link] states that:
“Compliance with these intervals does not relieve the user of the responsibility for
ensuring that excessive drift has not occurred under the particular conditions
(environment, time, and temperature) of exposure.” In other words, it is the
responsibility of the heat treater to ensure that usage conditions for thermocouples do
not exceed practical life limits that would possibly result in unacceptable error of the
thermocouple and/or unacceptable degradation of the insulation. Back

10) Paragraph [Link] – TUS for refrigeration units. We are required by a

Subscriber customer to perform temperature uniformity surveys on freezers. What
controls the life limits for Type T thermocouple wire when performing temperature
uniformity surveys on refrigeration units?

Response: Provisions of Paragraph [Link] are considered applicable to performing

temperature uniformity surveys on refrigeration units. As stated, this exception is
applicable to any base metal TUS thermocouple used under 1200 °F (650 °C). Back

11) Paragraph [Link] - It is stated that, “Load sensors may be used as control
sensors in accordance with [Link]. When a load sensor is used as a control sensor, no
monitoring or recording sensor in or representing the work zone shall exceed the
maximum allowed processing temperature.”
It is assumed that this paragraph is not applicable to retort furnaces. When using a load
thermocouple to control temperature in the retort it would not be uncommon to have
sensors outside of the retort that showed temperatures exceeding the upper limit of the
process temperature tolerance range.

Response: That assumption is correct. The sensors referenced in [Link] are intended
to be sensors that measure work zone temperature (with the work zone obviously inside
of the retort). Paragraph [Link].4 provides additional clarification by stating, “When a
retort is used, the temperature of the furnace in which the retort is inserted shall be
controlled so that the specified heat treating temperature is maintained within the retort.”
AMS 2750E recognizes retort furnaces and related considerations in multiple
paragraphs. Back

12) Paragraph [Link] - Paragraph [Link] limits the life of expendable base metal load
thermocouples to a single use at temperatures above 1200°F (650°C). However, the
same nonexpendable wire types could be used up to 15 times at temperatures between
1200°F (650°C) and 1800°F (980°C) for conducting temperature uniformity surveys.
Why is there so much disparity in reuse provisions between the two applications?
Some individuals reason that the more restrictive reuse provisions should apply to TUS
thermocouples instead of load thermocouples.

Page 35 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Response: Based on an individual’s specific background, there are numerous

approaches to interpretation of general requirements relating to heat treating. AMS
2750E was written by Aerospace Materials Engineering Committee, Materials Group
Committee B. AMS 2750E has been accepted and approved by the aerospace heat
treating community. Therefore, the aerospace heat treating community is compelled to
comply with the requirements without attempting to rationalize why certain requirements
exist. Back

13) Paragraph [Link] - We reuse expendable base metal load thermocouples that
have been subjected to temperatures above 1200°F by trimming off the portion exposed
to temperature and remaking the hot junction. For one example, the furnace requires a
load thermocouple with a total length of 20 feet (10 feet of wire inside the furnace and
10 feet of wire from the furnace door to the recording instrument connection. Our
approach is to cut a length of thermocouple wire 100 feet in length. After each load, the
used portion is trimmed off (10 feet) and the next 10 feet is inserted, etc. Is this cost
saving approach to load thermocouple use acceptable?

Response: In accordance with AMS 2750E requirements, this method of load

thermocouple application is not acceptable. This type of usage would be categorized as
salvage of load thermocouples. Paragraph [Link].2, states that, “The number of uses
prior to salvage shall be included in the total number of uses of the thermocouple.”
Expendable base metal thermocouples subjected to temperatures in excess of 1200°F
are limited to one use. As written, this limitation on reuse applies to the full length of the
load thermocouple (both the section of wire inside of the furnace and the section of wire
outside of the furnace). Back

14) Paragraph [Link].2 - The only reference to maximum intervals for temperature
data collection during production processing appears to be presented in Table 5. It is
interpreted that for a 60- m i n u t e soak cycle, it would be required to record
process temperatures only at 15 minute intervals throughout the soak period.

Response: The above interpretation is correct. However, most heat treaters would
likely opt to print or record temperature data at a more frequent interval. In many
cases, collection of temperature data at the maximum allowed time interval of 10
minutes would make it difficult or impossible to determine precise start of soak times
and to demonstrate compliance with ramp-up requirements (to include verification of the
absence of overshoot). It is considered that Footnote (4) to Table 5 is applicable to both
heat-up and cooling. Back

15) Paragraph [Link] - This paragraph reference notes that “sensitivity shall be
checked during calibration.” For a multichannel instrument, is it required that the
sensitivity check be performed on each individual channel?

Response: A wide variety of instrumentation exists for performing aerospace heat

treating. To preclude individual interpretation of specific instrument configurations, it is

Page 36 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

considered that each channel in use that can be altered or adjusted requires sensitivity
testing as a component of the calibration effort. Back

16) Paragraph [Link] – Calibration of analog recording instruments. Should an analog

recording instrument (digital instrument that records temperature with a recorder trace
on preprinted chart paper) be calibrated against the display temperature on the
instrument or the recorded temperature (recorder trace)? For system accuracy testing, it
is clear that the SAT is against the recorded value. The requirements for analog
instrument calibration are not so specific.

Response: Instrument calibration is performed against the digital display, but it would
also be confirmed during calibration that the recorded temperature reflected the display
temperature. It would also be confirmed during recorder instrument calibration that
compliance with sensitivity requirements for the furnace class was reflected on the chart
paper (i.e., response to the sensitivity test is apparent on the recorded temperature).
Back
17) Paragraph [Link].3 - Is the requirement to perform annual verification of chart
recorder (circular and strip) speed applicable to refrigeration and quench bath
temperature recording instrumentation?

Response: Paragraph [Link].3 does not distinguish between different types of

equipment related to thermal processing. Annual verification is required for all circular
and strip chart recorders, regardless of the application. Back

18) Paragraph [Link].3 - It is stated that, “Chart recorder (circular and strip) speed(s)
shall be verified annually and shall be accurate within ±3 minutes per hour.” Will I need
to use a calibrated stop watch to perform the annual verification of recorder chart
speed? Additionally, does this requirement also apply to chart recorders that print the
scale? With these types of recorders, printing of the time line is integral with printing of
the chart and is not dependent on following preprinted chart paper.

Response: Basic QA and calibration principles would require that the device used to
verify (measurement standard) the accuracy of the recorder is calibrated. Otherwise,
there is no way to demonstrate the accuracy of the measurement. The verification
process applies to all recorders, regardless of how the scale, temperature, and times
are printed. This would also apply to the device used to measure quench delay. Back

19) Paragraph [Link] - It notes that “Any limitations or restrictions of the calibration
shall be indicated on the sticker.” What are some examples of limitations or restrictions
that might represent the intent of this requirement?

Response: Examples could include a limited temperature range, or limited channels of

a data logger, or multi-point recorder because of calibration issues. If space on the
sticker does not permit listing of the limitations or restrictions, a notation such as “See
Report” on the sticker is acceptable. Back

Page 37 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

20) Paragraph 3.3 - Categorization of furnace equipment for Class and Instrumentation
Type: AMS 2750E designates a method to categorize furnaces with Class and
Instrumentation Type. Some Subscribers utilize a different method of categorizing
furnaces (for example Boeing specification, BAC5621). What is the position of the Heat
Treating Task Group on categorization of furnaces and how should that categorization
be documented and/or displayed by the heat treater?

Response: The basic consideration is to ensure that the furnace meets the customer
specification requirements for the type of processing performed. Internal procedure
must identify the furnace categorization in accordance with applicable customer
specifications. This may require multiple methods of categorization to comply with the
requirements of multiple customers. It is desirable, but not mandatory, that the
categorization (i.e., AMS 2750E, Class 2, Instrumentation Type D; and/or BAC5621,
Class 2, Instrumentation Type B) be displayed on the furnace or the furnace instrument
panel.

Note: Categorization of furnaces in accordance with customer requirements must be

specified in the internal procedure. Back

21) Paragraph 3.3.1 - Paragraph 3.3.1 indicates that the furnace class used for a heat
treatment shall be as designated by the customer or as specified in the controlling heat
treat specification. What do I use for a furnace class (or temperature tolerance range) if
that requirement is not stated in the heat treat specification?

Response: The heat treater would contact the customer or Subscriber as applicable for
clarification. It is required that confirmation of all process parameters associated with a
job be identified prior to performing the job. This should be an integral part of the contract
review process and a basic quality system concept. Back

22) Paragraphs 3.3.1 and Figure 3 - Requires that for Instrumentation Types A, B, C,
and D, the temperature indicated by the control sensor in each control zone shall be
recorded by a recording instrument. Is it permissible to use a video camera to record
the display temperature on the control instrument as a means to accomplish this
requirement?

Response: Use of a video camera as described is not included in the provisions allowed
by AMS 2750E for temperature recording. While a video camera may be able to record
the visual output from the controller, there are no provisions in AMS 2750 which
establish readability or discrimination requirements for the recording, how to control the
signal and recording, how to link it to time/date through a controlled process, or how to
maintain the file as a tamper-resistant record. While it may serve as a very short term
measure to record displayed temperatures during the replacement of a failed recorder, it
is not acceptable for use as the temperature recording instrument. Back

Page 38 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

23) Paragraph 3.3.2 - Instrumentation Type A and Instrumentation Type C.

What method is to be used in identifying locations for the high and low temperature
sensors in furnace equipment with multiple controlling zones and a smaller size work
zone volume?

Example: Consider a furnace with less than 225 cubic feet of work zone volume and
three control zones. A TUS for a furnace of this work zone size would
require nine test sensors. To qualify the furnace for Instrumentation Type C,
it is required that each control zone be equipped with a temperature
monitoring sensor installed at the high and low temperature locations in each
of the three control zones as determined by the results of the most recent
TUS. In this example, the center control zone would contain only one TUS
sensor (at the center of the overall work zone).

Response: The method of determining locations for high and low temperature
monitoring sensors relative to Instrumentation Type A and Instrumentation Type C is not
specifically addressed in AMS 2750E. The above example would require six
temperature monitoring sensors - one high temperature and one low temperature
sensor in each of the three control zones within the overall qualified work zone of less
than 225 cubic feet. Some might consider this requirement to be “overkill” in order to
configure a furnace for Type A or Type C Instrumentation. However, except the
vacuum furnaces, at this time that is the requirement. If a heat treater chooses to
configure a furnace for Type A or C instrumentation in order to take advantage of SAT
and/or TUS frequency reductions, it is suggested that an “initial” TUS be performed with
sufficient additional test sensors to adequately evaluate the temperature extremes of
each control zone. The heat treater is reminded that currently there are no consensus
specifications that require configuration of a furnace with Instrumentation Type A or
Instrumentation Type C.

Note: This issue is addressed in Revision E, Paragraph 3.3.6, for vacuum furnaces
where the question is most relevant. Back

24) Paragraph 3.3.4 - Additional sensor in a furnace work zone: Is it acceptable for a
heat treater to configure a furnace with additional sensors for internal use only? For
example, internal procedure might require the use of a load sensor with each load. Per
AMS 2750E, the furnace configuration could be Instrumentation Type B. However, the
supplier chooses to classify and maintain the furnace as Instrumentation Type D.
Internal procedure would state that the load sensor was for internal use only and would
state that the furnace was Instrumentation Type D. Therefore, AMS 2750D
requirements for the additional load sensor (SAT, usage limitations, etc.) would not be
applicable.

Response: The Heat Treating Task Group considers this to be acceptable practice
providing internal procedure is written to adequately address the purpose of the
additional sensor. Internal procedure must clearly identify that the additional sensor is

Page 39 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

for “information only” and the readings are not used for start of soak, process
acceptance, or any other metallurgical decisions.

Note: A furnace could be identified as Instrumentation Type D, but occasionally a load

sensor is used for compliance with customer requirements (part temperature,
determination of start of soak, etc.). If the load sensor is used for process control
or product acceptance, an SAT on the load sensor recording system is required.
Back

25) Paragraph 3.4.1 - Paragraph 3.4.1 states that “SATs shall be performed on the
temperature control and recording systems in each control zone of each piece of
thermal processing equipment . . ..” In a furnace with multiple sensors, the increased
number of control and/or recording systems that require SATs may be offset by a
reduction in SAT frequency. But, the procedure is more complicated and time
consuming than inserting one test sensor in one position. Is it acceptable for the
supplier to designate a furnace with multiple sensors as Instrumentation Type D and
carry out a weekly SAT only on the main control and recording systems?

Response: It has always been the requirement to perform system accuracy testing on
all control and recording systems in the furnace that are used for temperature control or
product acceptance. It is acceptable for the supplier to categorize a furnace as
Instrumentation Type D while having additional sensors in each control zone. However,
internal procedure must specify the additional sensors are for reference only and are
not used for temperature control or product acceptance purposes. Paragraph 3.4.1
clearly implies that any additional control and/or recording sensors in each control zone
that are used for temperature control or product acceptance shall have system accuracy
testing performed at the designated frequency. Back

26) Paragraph 3.4.1 - Paragraph 3.4.1 states that “SATs shall be performed on the
temperature control and recording systems in each control zone of each piece of
thermal processing equipment that is used for production heat treatments”. When
performing a SAT on a controlling chain, is it required to calculate the SAT difference
with the controlling temperature reading on the furnace controller or on the furnace
recorder?

Response: Since SATs shall be performed on all control and recording systems, it is
required to take into account both controller temperature and recorder temperature
readings so both SAT differences have to be calculated. This will be especially pertinent
if there are separate sensors for the controller and recorder!

Example: SAT test performed at 920°F on a type D furnace equipped with a control
sensor recorded by a recording instrument.

- Corrected Test instrument reading: 919.8°F

- Furnace controller reading: 921.4°F
- Controlling temperature reads on furnace recorder: 919.2°F

Page 40 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

SAT differences are:

- SAT on control system: -1.6°F

- SAT on recording system: 0.6°F

27) Paragraph 3.4.1 – SAT requirements for a touch pyrometer. A touch pyrometer is
used measure temperature of precipitation hardening steel alloy following solution heat
treatment to verify that the part is cooled to below 90 °F (32 °C) within 1 hour. Is it
required that a system accuracy test be performed on this type of temperature
measuring system (hand held pyrometer with touch contact probe).

Response: For the example presented, an SAT is not required. Back

28) Paragraph 3.4.2 - We have a furnace that is used only on an infrequent basis. Is it
necessary to start the furnace and perform system accuracy testing at the required
frequency, or is it acceptable to wait until the furnace is put back in use and perform
testing prior to production heat treatment?

Response: It is acceptable to remove the furnace from service (red tag, etc.) at the
expiration of the SAT calibration period. Then, prior to use for aerospace applications
the SAT (and any other due calibration testing) must be performed. Back

29) Paragraph 3.4.2 – SAT frequency and accuracy. We have an Instrumentation Type
D furnace with two qualified operating temperature ranges; 600 °F to 1000 °F (315°C to
540 °C) is Class 2, 1000 to 1800 (540 °C to 980 °C) is Class 5. What are the periodic
SAT requirements for this furnace?

Response: The SAT is conducted at the frequency required by the most stringent class
used with the furnace. In this example a weekly SAT is required as stated in Table 6 for
a Class 2 furnace. The weekly SAT may be performed at any temperature throughout
the overall qualified operating temperature range of 600 °F to 1800 °F (315 °C to 980
°C). SAT accuracy required is dependent on the temperature range of the furnace during
the SAT. If the weekly SAT is conducted in the Class 2 temperature range, required
accuracy is +/-3 °F (+/-1.7 °C) or 0.3% as shown in Table 6. If the weekly SAT is
conducted in the Class 5 temperature range, required accuracy is +/-5 °F (+/-2.8 °C) or
0.5% as shown in Table 6. Back

30) Paragraph [Link] – Paragraph [Link] states that SAT frequency may be reduced
one step if “Two sensors in each control zone are Type B, N, R, or S.” If the over-
temperature sensor is B, N, R, or S, is an SAT required for qualification of the over-
temperature sensor as the additional B, N, R, or S sensor for this purpose?

Response: Yes, if the sensors are to be used for the basis of frequency reduction, then
an SAT will be required on both sensors at the specified frequency. Back

31) Paragraph [Link] - Requirements of the noted paragraph do not appear to be

clearly defined. It is stated that “Weekly readings show that the relationship between
Page 41 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

the control sensor and an additional monitoring sensor in each control zone remains
within 2°F of their relationship at the time of the last temperature uniformity survey.”
How is that relationship to be defined? During the last TUS, normal cyclic temperature
patterns within the work zone could easily result in a varying temperature relationship
between the control sensor and an additional monitoring sensor. That relationship
could also be influenced by load distribution within the work zone.
Furthermore, it is assumed that the “additional monitoring sensor” could be the over-
temperature sensor in an Instrumentation Type D furnace. Paragraph [Link] does not
appear to require that the additional monitoring sensor be recorded; therefore it would
appear that some sort of a log could be developed to record the weekly reading
comparison once the issue with relationship is resolved.

Response: Wording of referenced Paragraph [Link] provides the heat treater with
some flexibility in compliance with the noted provision. Within that flexibility afforded,
the heat treater that chooses to employ this option should determine the specific
method to demonstrate compliance with Paragraph [Link], and then implement that
method through internal procedure. Note that some furnaces may not be capable of
compliance without special consideration for the monitoring sensor relationship and
sensor location relative to the control thermocouple. It would be required that the
established procedure be appropriately documented and that monitoring results be
recorded and maintained (form, log, etc.) to verify compliance. The over-temperature
sensor could be a likely candidate for the additional sensor in many applications. Back

32) Paragraph [Link].1 - Recalibration frequencies for resident SAT sensors.

What are the replacement and/or recalibration frequencies for resident SAT
nonexpendable base metal and noble metal thermocouples?

Response: Replacement and/or recalibration requirements for resident SAT sensors are
the same as for nonresident SAT sensors.
Note: See Figure E, Figure A, and Table 1. Back

33) Paragraph [Link].1 and Figure 6 - What is considered to be appropriate and/or

acceptable for decimal place recording of temperatures during a SAT and TUS? Table
3 does not require a readability that exceeds ±1°F for a field test instrument. The
example of SAT temperatures in the Pyrometry Reference Guide shows readings to the
tenth of a degree.

Response: Most field test instruments in use today will read to the nearest tenth of a
degree. Additionally, most certificates of calibration for sensors and sensor wire provide
correction factors (or error/deviation) to the nearest tenth of a degree. An approach that
is widely used and considered acceptable is to conduct the SAT and TUS with
calculations to the tenth of a degree (when possible with consideration to the calibration
certificate on the sensor and the field test instrument). For the final test result value(s),
it is acceptable to round off in accordance with ASTM E29 to the nearest whole number.
The method employed should be included in internal procedure and should be
consistent in the manner applied.

Page 42 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

34) Paragraph [Link] – Requirements for alternative SAT. For the alternate SAT
process, it is stated that the instrument shall be calibrated from the point at which the
sensor will be connected. Is it required that the error of the test instrument be included
in the calibration similar to the way the test instrument error is included with a normal
SAT calibration?

Response: It is not required that the error of the field test instrument be applied in routine
instrument calibration. Similarly, it is not required that error in the field test instrument be
applied during calibration of an instrument through the connector/leadwire for performing
the alternative SAT. Note that some heat treaters do apply error of the field test
instrument during calibration of furnace instruments. This is acceptable, but not an AMS
2750E requirement. Back

35) Paragraph [Link] – Frequency requirements for alternative SAT. For the alternate
SAT process, it is stated that the instrument shall be calibrated from the point at which
the sensor will be connected. What is the frequency for calibration of the instrument by
this method, the normal instrument calibration frequency or the SAT frequency?

Response: It is required that the instrument be calibrated through the connector/leadwire

at the normal calibration frequency of the instrument. Back

36) Paragraph [Link] – Temperatures for SAT calculation when using the alternate
SAT method. When using the alternate SAT method, am I required to perform
calculations for SAT difference at each of the system instrument calibration points, or is
a single temperature point within the qualified operating range acceptable? Back

Response: As a minimum, calculation of SAT difference using the alternate method shall
be at each of the instrument calibration points.

37) Paragraph [Link] - To qualify for waiver from system accuracy testing with
Instrumentation Types A, B, C, and D furnaces, Paragraph [Link] requires that “there
are always at least two recording load sensors in each control zone, one monitoring and
one controlling.” It is further stated that “the controlling load sensor, in this context,
does not need to be physically connected to the furnace controller.” Many times load
thermocouples are used to trigger the start of soak (but do not control the temperature).
Do these counts as controlling thermocouples? How are these requirements interpreted
by the heat treat task group?

Response: Within the context of this paragraph, the “controlling” load sensor does not
need to be physically connected to the furnace control instrument. Paragraph [Link].2
states that: “Manual adjustments to the controller set point, based on observed load
sensor readings provide acceptable control.” It may be that the observed load sensor
readings do not require manual adjustment of the controller; however, the load sensor is
serving the same purpose (monitoring of the load temperature to determine if manual
adjustment of the set-point temperature is required). As noted in the question, the

Page 43 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
controlling load sensor, in this context, does not need to be physically connected to the
furnace controller. Back

38) Paragraph [Link] - Our facility is not clear on the interpretation of: “Weekly
readings must also show that the relationship between the control sensor and an
additional monitoring sensor in each control zone remains within 2°F (1°C) of their
relationship at the time of the last Temperature Uniformity Survey.” Would the task
group provide an example of how the 2°F (1°C) relationship might be applied?

Response: As an example, let us say that the additional monitoring sensor to be used for
this purpose is the over temperature sensor connected to the over temperature
instrument. Note that when used for this purpose, the over temperature instrument must
be calibrated. During the most recent temperature uniformity survey the control
maintained a temperature of 1000°F (542°C) and the over temperature instrument
displayed a temperature of 1004°F (544°C). Therefore, the difference between the two
readings is 4°F (2°C). Subsequently, during the weekly (seven-day period) observations
and recordings of the difference between the compared temperature values must not
exceed 2°F (1°C) of their relationship at the time of the last temperature uniformity
survey. In this example, if the controller read 1000°F (542°C) during weekly readings,
acceptable readings for the monitoring sensor would be 1002°F (543°C) to 1006°F
(544°C). Back

39) Paragraph [Link] - A requirement for compliance with provisions for an SAT
waiver states, “The load sensors are recalibrated or replaced anytime that observations,
made and recorded at least weekly, reveal any unexplainable difference between their
readings and the readings of other control, monitoring and recording sensors.” I use
expendable load sensors and replace the sensors after each load. Is this requirement
applicable when expendable load sensors are used?

Response: Yes. Wording of referenced Paragraph [Link] provides the heat treater with
some flexibility in compliance with the noted provision. Within that flexibility afforded,
the heat treater that chooses to employ provisions for SAT waiver should determine the
specific method(s) to demonstrate compliance with Paragraph [Link], and then
implement that method through internal procedure. Remember that the purpose of
applying SAT waiver provisions is to provide for monitoring the instrument systems for
conditions that might be indicative of changes that could affect compliant operation of
the furnace. Back

40) Paragraph [Link] - It is stated that “For multiple qualified operating ranges, TUS
shall be performed within each operating range during each test period and at the
maximum and minimum of each operating range at least once each year.” What are the
TUS test temperature requirements for a furnace that has multiple qualified temperature
ranges to different furnace class requirements, with one intermediate range that
exceeds 600°F (335°C)? Is the requirement in Paragraph [Link] applicable to that
intermediate range because the range exceeds 600°F (335°C)? Or, is just one
temperature within that operating range acceptable?

Response: The 600°F (335°C) rule applies to both a furnace with only a single qualified
operating temperature range and a furnace with multiple qualified operating temperature
Page 44 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
ranges. Any intermediate range of a furnace that exceeds 600°F (335°C) requires testing
within that range at temperatures that comply with the 600°F (335°C) maximum test
temperature interval and the requirement in [Link] that test temperatures be within
300°F (170°C) of the minimum and maximum of the range. Back

41) Paragraph [Link] - “When the TUS is performed with a load, and the TUS
sensors are attached to simulated product or parts, the load shall represent the
thickness of the material normally processed.”

Example: Where a producer of aluminum coiled sheet uses actual 6000 pound coils of
sheet material to perform temperature uniformity surveys on a large Class 2,
Instrumentation Type D, furnace that functions only for aging of coiled sheet to the final
temper. Aluminum sheet coils are dedicated to conducting the TUS and include holes
drilled for insertion of the TUS sensors (some at mid radius of a 48-inch diameter coil). In
this example, “load sensors” are used for the TUS, but the load “represents the thickness
of the material normally processed.” It appears that this method of performing a TUS
would be acceptable iaw Revision E, providing that the stipulations of Paragraph
[Link].3 “At no time shall any test, control or recording sensor exceed the upper
temperature uniformity tolerance,” and other applicable requirements are in
compliance.

Response: It is assumed that in addition to “buried” TUS thermocouples, there are

additional thermocouples attached to (or very close to) the surface of the coil. There is a
requirement (paragraph [Link].3) that states: “The work zone volume tested shall be
such that no material heat treated extends beyond the defined work zone boundaries.”
The TUS sensors define the extremes of the work zone. In this example, it would be
logical to include test thermocouples at the surface at the outside of the load to detect
any overshoot and to define the extremes of the work zone. Back

42) Paragraph [Link] - Computer controlled TUS data collection. When using
computer controlled data collection during a TUS, is it acceptable practice to run lead
wire from the control instrument to the data collection device if the control instrument
already has a connection between it and the furnace recording instrument?

Response: There is no restriction against the described procedure, but the intent is that
the data documented on the furnace recorder be representative of the data documented
on the TUS instrument. The above would not meet that requirement; therefore, it would
be in addition to and not in place of the requirement specified in [Link].2. Back

43) Paragraph [Link].2 – It states: “Once data collection begins, temperature data
shall be recorded from all TUS sensors at a frequency of at least one set of all readings
every two minutes for the duration of the survey. Data from furnace sensors required by
the applicable instrumentation type (see 3.3) shall be recorded as follows:” Does this
imply that for Instrumentation Type A and Instrumentation Type B furnaces, some type
of representative load is always required for a TUS in order to provide load sensor
temperature data?

Response: Load thermocouples are required for configuration of a furnace to

Instrumentation Type A or Instrumentation Type B. Load thermocouples measure metal
Page 45 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
temperature. If the TUS is performed without a load, the load thermocouples may be
inserted in heat sinks that meet the requirements of Paragraph [Link] so that metal
temperature is measured during the TUS. Back

44) Paragraph [Link].2 - The reference states that “If the normal frequency of
temperature data recording in production is 2 minutes or less, or is continuous as in the
case of analog recorders, the data shall be documented in the normal production
format. If the normal frequency of temperature data recording in production is greater
than 2 minutes, the recording frequency interval during the TUS shall not exceed 6
minutes”. Some Pyrometry technicians are wrapping a second sensor around the
furnace system sensor (i.e., control sensor) to obtain a record on their survey report. Is
this acceptable?

Response: This approach does not meet requirements for recording of furnace sensor
data. The requirement is to obtain data from the recording instrument used with the
furnace system. Including a copy of the furnace process temperature record (as
recorded on the production process recorder) for the TUS period is the acceptable
method to comply with the requirements of Paragraph [Link].2 for recording of “data
from furnace sensors.” It is required that the furnace chart recording be in the same
format as a production load, and meet the readability and resolution requirements of
Figure 4. An analog trace (trend line) is acceptable if used in production. All furnace
sensors used in production for the designated instrumentation type shall be included
(i.e., control, high/low monitoring, load, etc.). Back

45) Paragraph [Link].4 - Our facility utilizes a large retort furnace with multiple control
zones. Internal procedure designates a recording load sensor for each control zone. The
noted paragraph states: “When a retort is used, the temperature of the furnace in which
the retort is inserted shall be controlled so that the specified heat treating temperature is
maintained within the retort. TUS sensors shall be within the retort; at least one TUS
sensor shall align within 2 inches (50 mm) of the sensor used to record temperature
within the retort during operation.” Is the interpretation such that during a TUS it is
required that a TUS sensor be located within 2 inches (50 mm) of each of the multiple
control zone sensors used to record temperature within the retort during operation?

Response: It is the interpretation of the heat treat task group that during a retort furnace
TUS, sensors be located within 2 inches (50 mm) of each recording sensor inside of the
retort. In some cases, furnace configuration and/or work zone geometry may require that
additional sensors be included with the TUS to ensure coverage of the work zone. Back

46) Paragraph 3.5.16 - It states: “No TUS sensor failures at the corner locations of the
work zone are permitted.” To some, the use of the word “corners” implies a square or
rectangular work zone. Does the restriction on sensor “corner” failures also apply to
failures in the end planes of a cylindrical work zone?

Response: It is interpreted that the word “corners” applies to the three sensors around
the circumference of each end plane with a cylindrical work zone. Back

47) Paragraph 3.5.19 - Failure of a TUS at one temperature, but pass at another
temperature: Consider an example of a temperature uniformity survey that fails (out of
Page 46 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
the temperature tolerance range) at one temperature, but passes at another
temperature. Is it permissible to use the furnace for processing product at the
temperature that passed the survey?

Response: This situation would require a temporary redefinition of the qualified

operating temperature range to document the temperature range where the furnace
meets the required tolerance. There would also be consideration for qualification of the
furnace for that temperature range with respect to the requirements applicable to an
initial TUS (i.e., the new or temporary qualified operating range would require a TUS at
the top and bottom of each qualified operating range). Back

48) Paragraph [Link].2 - If I run a TUS at intervals that do not exceed 300°F (165°C),
and my TUS can be corrected in one of those ranges that do not exceed 300°F (165°C)
by using an appropriate offset only in that range, does that satisfy the requirement of
[Link].2 and not require a new TUS?

Response: No, you must divide the operating range into separate qualified operating
ranges, even if all have the same tolerance requirements, and then can correct any one
of those ranges by using the appropriate offset. Back

49) TABLE 1 - Recalibration period for nonexpendable thermocouples. Normally, I

procure new nonexpendable base metal thermocouples for performing system accuracy
testing and temperature uniformity surveys. The thermocouples are made from
calibrated wire rolls so it is obvious that the usage period begins with the first exposure
to temperature. However, on occasion I have the same nonexpendable thermocouples
recalibrated. When does the usage period begin? Is it the date of recalibration or the
date of first use?

Response: When recalibration of base metal nonexpendable thermocouples is allowed

by AMS 2750E (based on wire type and application), it is acceptable to use either the
date of recalibration, or the date of first use following recalibration as the beginning of the
calibration period. If the supplier designates the date of first use following recalibration as
the beginning of the calibration period, internal procedure must adequately identify how
the practice is applied and documented to ensure compliance with calibration period
requirements. Back

50) TABLE 3 - Field test instrument calibration period. When does the calibration
period for field test instruments begin? For example, I have two field test instruments
used for performing system accuracy testing (one unit is sent out for calibration while
the other unit is in use). When does the three-month calibration period begin? Is it the
date of calibration, or is it the date of first use following calibration?

Response: For field test instruments, it is acceptable to use either the date of calibration
or the date of first use following calibration as the beginning of the calibration period. If
the supplier chooses to use the date of first use following calibration as the beginning of
the calibration period, internal procedure must adequately identify how the practice is
applied and documented to ensure compliance with calibration period requirements.

Note: There have been documented examples where field test instruments exhibited

Page 47 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
“drift” from an extended period of nonuse (sitting on the shelf). Therefore, if the date of
first use following calibration is designated as the beginning of the calibration period the
user should apply some “practical” limitation between calibration and first use (start of
the calibration period). The user is reminded that if a field test instrument is found out of
tolerance during calibration, all tests performed with the field test instrument since the
last acceptable calibration require evaluation in accordance with AMS 2750E, Paragraph
4.2. Back

51) TABLE 3, Note 7 - This question concerns calibration of test instruments. Note 7
states: “Field Test instruments meeting accuracy requirements of secondary standards
may be used to calibrate SAT and TUS test instruments in the field.” What are the
requirements for calibration of a field test instrument meeting accuracy requirements of
a secondary standard?

Response: A field test instrument meeting the accuracy requirements of a secondary

standard must be calibrated against a primary standard at a frequency that does not
exceed three months. Back

52) TABLE 3, Note 8 - Calibration of digital over-temperature instruments. Note 8

states that over-temperature instruments used solely for furnace over-temperature
protection do not need to be calibrated. If calibration is performed and it is a digital
instrument, do the accuracy requirements for a digital instrument apply (i.e., ±2°F)?

Response: As stated, calibration is not required unless the over-temperature instrument

is used for purposes other than over-temperature protection. An example of other
purposes would include a dual function of the instrument as over-temperature protection
and for monitoring of the high temperature location in each control zone (i.e.
Instrumentation Types A and C). A second example would include use of the over-
temperature instrument to qualify for SAT reduced frequency (Paragraph [Link]) or SAT
waiver (Paragraph [Link]). When calibration is performed, accuracy requirements of
Table 3 apply for the type of instrument (digital, electro-mechanical, etc.). Back

53) TABLE 5 - We use a circle chart recorder for aluminum aging cycles that
encompass a total time of 24 to 25 hours. With ramp-up and ramp-down, the total cycle
time exceeds 24 hours. It is not always feasible to change the chart paper due to shift
schedules. Is it permissible to have more than 24 hours’ worth of data on a circle chart
recorder by programming the recorder to change scale so that the trend line does not
cover the previous line?

Response: It is not considered acceptable to have more than 24 hours recorded on a

furnace temperature circle chart recorder. Time/date data on the outer circumference of
the chart paper would be overwritten and a portion of the circle chart would be “reused.”
It is acceptable to change the chart paper at any time during the soak cycle with
appropriate annotation. Back

54) TABLE 5 - Note 2 for Table 5 requires that the “recorder shall be operating during
the entire time that product is in the furnace.” Our facility operates a day shift only. If
we have a load end soak and begin furnace cool down on Friday after the end of first
shift, it would be required for the recorder to continue in operation until the beginning of
Page 48 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
first shift on Monday morning. The circle chart recorder would be recording over
previously recorded temperature data which is not allowed. Are there provisions to
accommodate for this type of situation?

Response: The referenced Note 2 clearly states that “recorder shall be operated during
the entire time that product is in the furnace.” The Heat Treat Task Group requires
compliance with Note 2. Back

55) TABLE 5 – Chart speed for refrigeration units. What are the chart speed
requirements for circle and strip charts used for refrigeration units? Table 4 is specific
on resolution for paper charts used on refrigeration units, but Table 5 does not directly
address chart speed for paper charts used on refrigeration units.

Response: Table 5 requirements for chart speeds are applicable to circle and strip chart
recorders used with refrigeration equipment. Back

56) TABLE 3, TABLE 6, TABLE 7, TABLE 8 and TABLE 9 - Clarification on °C

equivalents. Many European companies work to a ±5°C tolerance for thermal
processing. As presented in AMS 2750E, it appears that a furnace with a ±5°C
uniformity tolerance would be categorized as a Class 1 furnace. This could entail an
increase in the frequency for performing instrument calibration, system accuracy testing
and temperature uniformity testing as compared to a Class 2 furnace. What action is
being taken by the heat treat task group to address this problem?

Response: It is the interpretation of the heat treat task group that a ±5°C uniformity
equates to a Class 2 furnace. Frequency of instrument calibration for a ±5°C furnace
would be in accordance with Table 3. Frequency of system accuracy testing and
temperature uniformity testing would be in accordance with Table 6 and Table 8 for the
applicable instrumentation type. Back

57) TABLE 6 and TABLE 7 - SAT frequency for furnaces with multiple classifications -
When a furnace is qualified for multiple operating ranges, is the SAT frequency
applicable to the furnace class with the most stringent SAT frequency requirement even
if the furnace is not routinely used in that temperature range? For example, consider a
vacuum furnace that is configured as Class 2, Instrumentation Type D, at 1000–1400°F;
and Class 5, Instrumentation Type D, at 1400–2000°F. Is a weekly SAT (vs. biweekly)
required even though use of the furnace at temperatures below 1400°F is infrequent?

Response: System accuracy testing would be performed at the most stringent frequency
unless provisions are established to restrict Class 2 (using the example above) heat
treatments until an SAT is performed to the Class 2 requirements. If the noted approach
is used, internal procedures must provide adequate control to preclude use within the
Class 2 range until SAT requirements are accomplished. Back

58) TABLE 6 and TABLE 7 - Maximum SAT and TUS offset that may be applied to
furnace instruments is listed in Tables 6 and 7. Manufacturer’s instructions for some
furnace instruments state that calibration is accomplished by applying offset to the
instrument. Is there a limit on offset that may be applied to furnace instruments as bias
for the purpose of instrument calibration?
Page 49 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Response: AMS 2750 does not include restrictions on the amount of offset that may be
applied to furnace control, monitoring, or recording instruments for the purpose of
calibrating the instrument. Back

59) TABLE 10 - Calibration intervals - Table 10 is entitled “Permitted Calibration/Test

Interval Extension.” Does this terminology include instrument calibrations?

Response: Yes. Table 10 refers to test interval extension allowed for any calibration or
test interval listed in AMS 2750E. Back

60) Paragraph 3.8 - During the calibration of an instrument to the requirements of

Table 3, the calibration source rounded the result to the whole degree. Is this allowed?

Response: Rounding per ASTM E29 is allowed per AMS 2750E Section 3.8; however,
rounding cannot go to significant digits greater than the accuracy significant digits for a
given requirement.

Example 1: A TUS is performed on a Class 2 (±10°F / ±6°C) furnace. The high

temperature is measured to be 725.21°C. Results may be rounded to the nearest
degree or tenth of a degree; but not to the nearest order of ten. Or specifically, the result
may be reported as 725°C, 725.2°C, or 725.21°C; but cannot be rounded to 720°C.
Example 2: A secondary standard instrument calibration has an accuracy requirement of
±0.3°F & ±0.2°C. Results may be rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree to match the
significant digits of the accuracy, but cannot be rounded to the nearest whole degree. A
test result of 220.43°F maybe reported as 220.43°F or 220.4°F; however, that result may
not be rounded to 220°F. Back

61) TABLE 2 - A supplier uses Type C thermocouples above 2400F. This led me to
table 1, note 12. Note 12: "For sensor types not listed in Table 2, used above 2400 °F
(1316 °C), Maximum Permitted Error is ±1%. If the error exceeds the Table 1 Maximum
Permitted Error, the sensor correction factor shall be used in each application."

The above note has two sentences and I want to make sure I understand the intent
correctly. The first sentence appears to apply only to sensors not listed in Table 2, and
extends the limit of error above 2400F (+/-4F or 0.75% in Table 1) To +/-1%. The second
sentence "appears" to allow the use of any thermocouple that exceeds Table 1 limits of
error as long as the correction factors are used. I don't think this was the intent, was it? I
would think the intent was that both sentences apply only to sensors not in Table 2.
Please clarify the English versus of the intent. Back

Response: The intention of the authors was to have the second sentence be a modifier
of the first sentence and not to be a standalone requirement. If it were to be a
standalone requirement of allowance, it would have been in a separate note.

62) Paragraph [Link] - A temper furnace has a Class 3 Type D qualified operating
range of 300-1150 F. (3 of 7) biweekly SAT's performed this year were done at
temperatures below 300 F: 214 F, 228 F, and 224 F. These temperatures are outside
the qualified operating range.
Page 50 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

Do we have a finding?

Response: Yes, we have a finding. Section [Link] of AMS 2750E is very specific (quote)
“The displayed temperature … as used in production” (and quote), and (quote) “at any
operating temperature” (end quote) to prevent any misunderstanding. Back

63) Paragraph [Link] - We identify a furnace as Instrumentation Type D.

Occasionally; we are required by the customer to include a load thermocouple and/or
monitoring thermocouples at the high and low temperature locations. Are we required to
include load and/or monitoring sensors during a TUS?

Response: Even though the furnace is identified as Instrumentation Type D, it is stated

that the furnace is occasionally operated as Instrumentation Type A, B, or C per
customer requirements. AMS 2750E, Paragraph [Link] addresses TUS data
collection. It is stated in [Link].2 that data from furnace sensors required by the
applicable instrumentation type shall be recorded as follows: (data collection frequency
listed).

Therefore, if the furnace is operated as Instrumentation Type A, B, or C, the TUS shall

include the sensors (load and/or monitoring) as required by the instrumentation type(s)
used in production during the last TUS period. For Instrumentation Types A and B, the
number of load sensors required during the TUS is one per control zone.

For empty furnace (including with a rack) Load Sensor may be attached to a piece of
material, or left free. The method shall be defined during the initial TUS. In case of a
production load, the load sensor shall comply with definition in AMS2750E Section
2.2.27.

Note: Suppliers are reminded that SAT frequency reductions allowed by Instrumentation
Types A, B, and C, cannot be implemented unless the furnace is configured and
operated to those instrumentation type requirements for all aerospace loads. Back

64) Paragraph 3.5.3 - When adjusting a controller to reduce overshoot, if reducing the
Output Limit is considered changing a tuning parameter which would require an Initial
TUS?

Response: A TUS is required after adjusting the output limit on a furnace controller. This
is done to assure that the adjustment has achieved the desired result. Adjusting the
output limit on a furnace controller to minimize the overshoot of a furnace is not
considered changing one of the PID tuning parameters.
An initial TUS is not required after adjusting the output limit, but objective evidence that
the adjustment was successful in minimizing the overshoot is required, this is best
documented with a TUS. Back

65) Paragraph [Link] – It states, “An SAT shall be performed after any maintenance
that could affect the SAT accuracy. Examples include: re-calibration of the controlling,
monitoring or recording instrument when any adjustment has been made."
During furnace instrument calibration, furnace instrument accuracy was within the
Page 51 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017
requirements of Table 3. However, the instrument was adjusted to reduce error (i.e.: as
found error +2F, as left error 0F). Both as found and as left were within the allowable
instrument error of Table 3. Is a new SAT required?

Response: An SAT is required. The SAT is an evaluation to determine how the three
components of a furnace system (sensor, lead wire, and instrument) work together to
produce an accuracy compliant with the requirements of Table 6 (parts) and Table 7 (raw
material). The value that is the calibration error in the instrument is used in the SAT
calculation. If that value changes then the resultant value of the SAT will change.
Adjustment of the instrument (even within the allowable calibration accuracy) is an
adjustment that would have an affect SAT results. Back

66) Paragraph [Link] – it states, “When a load sensor is used as a control sensor, no
monitoring or recording sensor in or representing the work zone shall exceed the
maximum allowed processing temperature.” When processing heavy loads, we monitor
load sensors during temperature ramp up and use a set point above the process set
point temperature in order to expedite temperature recovery (sometimes called applying
a “thermal head”). With heavy loads, this approach has a significant effect in reducing
temperature recovery time and reducing costs to the customer. Load thermocouples are
closely monitored and it is ensured that no furnace monitoring or load thermocouple
exceeds the maximum allowed processing temperature in accordance with Paragraph
[Link]. Is this considered to be an acceptable practice by the heat treat task group?

Response: It is understood that with some furnace loads, application of a “thermal head”
during temperature recovery reduces time required for stabilization of the load.
However, there are other implications involved with the question and practice that go
beyond provisions of AMS 2750E and Pyrometry. One primary consideration in addition
to AMS 2750E would include the requirements set forth in the controlling heat treat
specification. How is the set point for the process designated? Would use of a thermal
head violate the heat treat specification? Additionally, the practice could include
concerns associated with Paragraph [Link]. How adequately is the work zone
monitored for temperature? Is there only a control thermocouple, or are there sufficient
monitoring thermocouples and/or load thermocouples to verify that no location in the
work zone exceeds the upper end of the temperature tolerance range? Due to varied
considerations associated with the question, the heat treater shall obtain approval from
the Subscriber customer prior to using the “thermal head” approach for bringing a load
up to process temperature.

Page 52 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

REVISION RECORD
REV DATE Description of Changes
A 3-Apr-06 Complete revision including update to AMS2750D requirements

18-Jul-06 Section VIII – Most frequently asked questions added

2-Feb-07 Added Table FAQ’s

Added additional frequently asked questions

Paragraph [Link] and Table 1 Paragraph [Link].3
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph 3.3
Paragraph [Link] through [Link] Paragraph [Link] &
[Link]
Paragraph [Link].3 Paragraph [Link]
Paragraph 3.4.1 Paragraph [Link]
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link].1
Paragraph [Link].1 Paragraph 3.5
Paragraph 3.5.19 Paragraph [Link]
Paragraphs 3.5.5 and 3.5.6 Paragraph [Link]
Tables 8/9 Paragraph [Link].2
Table 3, Table 6, and Table 8
Disclaimer Note

30-Mar-09 Added additional questions to Section VIII

Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link]
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link]
Paragraph [Link].1 Paragraph [Link].4 and
Paragraph [Link].3
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link]
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link].1
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link]
Paragraph [Link] Paragraph [Link].4
Paragraph 3.2.2 Table 3, Note 5
Paragraph [Link].2 Table 3, Note 7

01-Nov-10 Added clarification for Vacuum Page 14

furnaces for one work zone
and necessary number/type of
thermocouples for various
instrumentation types

Added table Parts vs. Raw Page 15 & 16

Material
Page 35 (Matrix)
Added a 4th note for
expendable test thermocouples

Page 53 of 53
Pyrometry Reference Guide Revised: 05-Jan-2017

From Page 32 to Page 58

Added 20 new FAQs.

20-Apr-11 Clarification of FAQ 38 Page 46

2-Sept-11 We removed the following text Page 57
from FAQ #65:

The TUS report must show

objective evidence that the
furnace sensor temperature
values were compared to TUS
sensor values for the TUS
period to evaluate the
relationship between the two
sets of data. Objective
evidence could be comparison
of maximum temperatures
recorded during furnace
temperature recovery, and
high/low temperatures
recorded during the TUS
period for both the TUS
sensors and the furnace
system sensors.
21-Oct-11 The text “and system accuracy Page 50
testing must be performed on
the over temperature system”
was removed from the FAQ
#51.
17-Oct-12 Update for AMS 2750 Rev. E Multiple
24-June-13 Addition of Question 21.1 to Page 41
include Alternate SAT methods
09-Sept-14 Addition of 12 new questions Multiple
16-Nov-14 Editorial on page 23 to align it
with the Auditor Advisory HT
14-004
29-Sep-16 Addition of 7 new questions, Multiple
reformatted document

05-Jan-17 FAQ #63 modified Page 51

Page 54 of 53