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Anatomy of the Digestive System Review

The document provides information about the anatomy and histology of the digestive system. It includes a table outlining the layers of the digestive tract wall and their subdivisions and functions. There is also a diagram labeling the major organs of the digestive system and questions testing knowledge of digestive system structures and their functions.

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J Nepo
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484 views6 pages

Anatomy of the Digestive System Review

The document provides information about the anatomy and histology of the digestive system. It includes a table outlining the layers of the digestive tract wall and their subdivisions and functions. There is also a diagram labeling the major organs of the digestive system and questions testing knowledge of digestive system structures and their functions.

Uploaded by

J Nepo
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Anatomy of the Digestive System
  • Match the Items
  • Diagram Identification
  • Accessory Digestive Organs
  • Dental and Glandular Structures
  • Review Questions

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NAME ___________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________


REVIEW SHEET
exercise
Anatomy of the
Digestive System

General Histological Plan of the Alimentary Canal


38
1. The general anatomical features of the digestive tube are listed below. Fill in the table to complete the information.

Wall layer Subdivisions of the layer Major functions


(if applicable)

mucosa 1) epithelium absorption


2) lamina propria secretion
3) muscularis mucosa

submucosa (not applicable) vascular supply for mucosa; protection

muscularis externa 1) circular layer churning; mixing; propulsion of food along the tract
2) longitudinal layer

serosa or adventitia (not applicable) protection

Organs of the Alimentary Canal


2. The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is the alimentary canal.

3. How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified? It has a third (obliquely oriented) muscle layer.

How does this modification relate to the function of the stomach? Vigorous churning activity occurs here.

4. What transition in epithelium type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to

simple columnar (stomach)

How do the epithelia of these two organs relate to their specific functions? The esophagus is subjected to constant abrasion

(stratified squamous is well adapted for this). The stomach has secretory (and some absorptive) functions.

5. Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine. The large intestine includes the colon, but also includes the cecum, ver-

miform appendix, rectum, and anal canal.

Review Sheet 38 295


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6. Match the items in column B with the descriptive statements in column A.

Column A Column B
l 1. structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body a. anus
wall
y b. appendix
2. fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the
surface area for absorption
c. circular folds
p 3. large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the
small intestine d. esophagus
c 4. deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or e. frenulum
partially around the circumference of the small intestine
n , v 5. regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically f. greater omentum

w 6. mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates g. hard palate
swallowing
q
h. haustra
7. conduit for both air and food
f , k , l 8. three structures continuous with and repre- i. ileocecal valve
senting modifications of the peritoneum
j. large intestine
d 9. the “gullet”; no digestive/absorptive function
s k. lesser omentum
10. folds of the gastric mucosa
h 11. sacculations of the large intestine l. mesentery
m 12. projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell m. microvilli
i 13. valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
n. oral cavity
t 14. primary region of food and water absorption
o. parietal peritoneum
e 15. membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth
j 16. absorbs water and forms feces p. Peyer’s patches

x 17. area between the teeth and lips/cheeks q. pharynx


b 18. wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum r. pyloric valve
v 19. initiates protein digestion
s. rugae
k 20. structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach
t. small intestine
t 21. organ distal to the stomach
r 22. valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the u. soft palate
duodenum
v. stomach
u 23. posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity
t
w. tongue
24. location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancre-
atic secretions and bile pass
x. vestibule
o 25. serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall
y. villi
j 26. principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms
a z. visceral peritoneum
27. region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled
g 28. bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity

296 Review Sheet 38


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7. Correctly identify all organs depicted in the diagram below.

Oral cavity proper Parotid gland and duct

Vestibule

Pharynx
Sublingual gland
and ducts

Submandibular
gland and duct

Esophagus

Gallbladder
Cardiac region of the stomach
Liver

Pyloric portion of the stomach


Hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Common bile duct Splenic flexure


Duodenum (left colic flexure)

Pancreatic duct Pancreas with duct

Hepatic flexure
(right colic flexure) Transverse colon
Jejunum
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Sigmoid colon
Ileum
Rectum
Ileocecal junction

Cecum Anal sphincters (Anal canal)

Appendix Anus

Review Sheet 38 297


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8. You have studied the histological structure of a number of organs in this laboratory. Three of these are diagrammed below.
Identify and correctly label each.

gastric pit

simple columnar epithelium


lamina
propria

villi

villi

gastric
gland intestinal gland

Peyer’s duodenal gland


patches

(a) stomach (b) ileum (small intestine) (c) duodenum (small intestine)

Accessory Digestive Organs


9. Correctly label all structures provided with leader lines in the diagram of a molar below. (Note: Some of the terms in the key
for item 10 may be helpful in this task.)

Enamel

Dentin
Crown Pulp cavity

Gingiva
Neck

a Peridontal ligament
f
Bone

Root e Cementum

d Root canal

b
Blood
c vessels
and nerves
in pulp

298 Review Sheet 38


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10. Use the key to identify each tooth area described below. Key: a. anatomical crown
c 1. visible portion of the tooth in situ b. cementum
b 2. material covering the tooth root c. clinical crown
e 3. hardest substance in the body d. dentin
h 4. attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures e. enamel
j 5. portion of the tooth embedded in bone f. gingiva
d 6. forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone g. odontoblast
g 7. produces the dentin h. periodontal ligament
i 8. site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics i. pulp
a 9. entire portion of the tooth covered with enamel j. root

11. In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is 20 ; the number of permanent teeth is 32 .
2, 1, 2, 3
12. The dental formula for permanent teeth is  2  32
2, 1, 2, 3

Explain what this means. There are 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each jaw (upper and lower) from the median

line posteriorly.
2, 1, 0, 2 2I, 1C, 2M
2 or 2 (no premolars)
What is the dental formula for the deciduous teeth? 2, 1, 0, 2 2I, 1C, 2M

13. What teeth are the “wisdom teeth”? The number 3 (most posterior) molars.

14. Various types of glands form a part of the alimentary tube wall or duct their secretions into it. Match the glands listed in col-
umn B with the function/locations described in column A.

Column A Column B
a 1. produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine a. duodenal glands
f 2. produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch b. gastric glands
breakdown in the mouth
e
c. intestinal crypts
3. produce(s) a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is
secreted into the duodenum d. liver
d 4. produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct e. pancreas
b 5. produce(s) HCl and pepsinogen f. salivary glands
c 6. found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice

15. Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous? Parotid.

16. What is the role of the gallbladder? To store and concentrate bile made by the liver.

17. Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver. Branch of the bile duct ,

branch of hepatic artery and branch of hepatic portal vein .

Review Sheet 38 299


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18. Where would you expect to find the Kupffer cells of the liver? Lining the sinusoids.

What is their function? Phagocytosis of debris.

19. Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? Because it is a blood reservoir.

20. The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells—those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves

the digestive process? Acinar cells.

300 Review Sheet 38

Common questions

Powered by AI

At the gastroesophageal junction, there is a transition from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium. The stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus is adapted for protection against abrasion from food, whereas the simple columnar epithelium in the stomach is suited for its secretory and absorptive functions, as it is involved in the production of enzymes and acid necessary for digestion .

The muscularis externa of the stomach is modified by the addition of a third, obliquely oriented muscle layer, which enhances the stomach's ability to perform vigorous churning. This modification allows for more effective mixing and mechanical digestion of food, aiding in the stomach’s primary function of breaking down food into a semi-liquid form known as chyme .

The structure of a molar tooth, with its broad and flat surface, is designed for grinding and crushing food, which is essential in the initial mechanical digestion process. This structure allows for an increased surface area to break down larger food particles into smaller ones, facilitating further enzymatic digestion .

The colon is a part of the large intestine, which also includes the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal. Understanding these differences is important because each part has distinct functions; for instance, the colon is primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation whereas the rectum and anal canal are involved in excretion .

Deciduous teeth, or primary teeth, are smaller and simpler in form than permanent teeth. They function to allow children to chew food until their jaws grow large enough to accommodate the larger, stronger permanent teeth. Permanent teeth serve more complex functions, necessitating more robust, varied shapes for cutting, tearing, and grinding food efficiently .

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and an alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid, which it secretes into the duodenum. The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, releasing it when necessary into the duodenum. Together, these organs coordinate to ensure the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into absorbable units .

Peyer’s patches, found in the submucosa of the small intestine, are large collections of lymphoid tissue. They play a critical role in monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, contributing to the immune system by detecting and responding to pathogens that enter through the digestive tract .

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located lining the sinusoids of the liver. They play an essential role in phagocytizing debris and pathogens, thereby maintaining a clean environment within the liver. This phagocytosis supports the liver's detoxifying function and contributes to the prevention of systemic infections .

The pyloric valve, located between the stomach and the duodenum, plays a critical role in regulating the passage of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine. It ensures that chyme is released slowly into the duodenum, allowing sufficient time for neutralization of stomach acid and efficient enzymatic digestion. Dysfunction of the pyloric valve can lead to issues such as acid reflux or delayed gastric emptying .

The dark red color of the liver in living animals is due to its function as a blood reservoir. The liver stores a significant amount of blood, which is crucial for filtering toxins, metabolizing nutrients, and maintaining blood glucose levels. This rich blood supply also supports the liver's roles in both metabolism and detoxification .

NAME ___________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________ REVIEW SHEET e x e r c i s e 38 Anatomy of the
6. Match the items in column B with the descriptive statements in column A. Column A Column B 1. structure that suspends the
7. Correctly identify all organs depicted in the diagram below. Review Sheet 38 297 Parotid gland and duct Pharynx Esophagus
8. You have studied the histological structure of a number of organs in this laboratory. Three of these are diagrammed below.
10. Use the key to identify each tooth area described below. 1. visible portion of the tooth in situ 2. material covering the
18. Where would you expect to find the Kupffer cells of the liver? What is their function? 19. Why is the liver so dark red

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