Quindala, Liz G.
March 20, 2022
BSN- 2 NGCM- 110
1. Define the Internet. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet?
The internet is a globally connected network system facilitating worldwide
communication and access to data resources through a vast collection of private, public,
business, academic and government networks. It is governed by agencies like the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (or IANA) that establish universal protocols.
Disadvantages
● Addiction, time-waster, and causes distractions.
● Bullying, trolls, stalkers, and crime.
● Spam and advertising.
● Pornographic and violent images.
● Never being able to disconnect from work.
● Identity theft, hacking, viruses, and cheating.
● Affects focus and patience.
● Health issues and obesity.
● Depression, loneliness, and social isolation.
● Buying things that you don't need.
● Not a safe place for children.
● Viruses/Malwares.
Advantages
● Connectivity, communication, and sharing.
● Information, knowledge, and learning.
● Address, mapping, and contact information.
● Selling and making money.
● Banking, bills, and shopping.
● Donations and funding.
● Entertainment.
● Work from home, collaboration, and access to a global workforce.
2. Differentiate Internet and Intranet.
The Internet is used to connect the different networks of computers simultaneously. It is a
public network therefore anyone can access the internet. On the internet, there are multiple
users and it provides an unlimited amount of information to the users. Intranet is the type of
internet that is used privately. It is a private network therefore anyone can’t access the intranet.
On the intranet, there is a limited number of users and it provides a piece of limited information
to its users.
3. Draw a diagram of an OSI (Open System Interface) model and discuss each layer briefly.
The application layer This is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user.
Software applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the application layer to initiate
communications. But it should be made clear that client software applications are not part of
the application layer; rather the application layer is responsible for the protocols and data
manipulation that the software relies on to present meaningful data to the user. Application
layer protocols include HTTP as well as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is one of the
protocols that enables email communications).
The presentation layer This layer is primarily responsible for preparing data so that it can be
used by the application layer; in other words, layer 6 makes the data presentable for
applications to consume. The presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption, and
compression of data. Two communicating devices communicating may be using different
encoding methods, so layer 6 is responsible for translating incoming data into a syntax that the
application layer of the receiving device can understand.
The session layer - This is the layer responsible for opening and closing communication
between the two devices. The time between when the communication is opened and closed is
known as the session. The session layer ensures that the session stays open long enough to
transfer all the data being exchanged, and then promptly closes the session in order to avoid
wasting resources.
The network layer - is responsible for facilitating data transfer between two different networks.
If the two devices communicating are on the same network, then the network layer is
unnecessary. The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer into smaller units,
called packets, on the sender’s device, and reassembling these packets on the receiving device.
The network layer also finds the best physical path for the data to reach its destination; this is
known as routing.
The data link layer - is very similar to the network layer, except the data link layer facilitates
data transfer between two devices on the SAME network. The data link layer takes packets from
the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces called frames. Like the network layer, the
data link layer is also responsible for flow control and error control in intra-network
communication (The transport layer only does flow control and error control for inter-network
communications).
The physical layer - This layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data transfer,
such as the cables and switches. This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit
stream, which is a string of 1s and 0s. The physical layer of both devices must also agree on a
signal convention so that the 1s can be distinguished from the 0s on both devices.
4. What are the differences between Absolute and Relative URL (Uniform Resource Locator)?
An absolute URL shows all the information about the full page address in the search
engine and all the steps you need to go through to get to the page, including the protocol and
domain. Links like this can be searched from anywhere on the Internet, not just on one site. The
relative URL shows where you are already located. Such addresses do not contain information
about the protocol and domain. They only show part of the path to the [Link] URLs take
into account the argument that the server already knows where the page is located. Therefore,
Google makes assumptions about the domain. Sometimes this leads to search engine errors,
sending users to the wrong pages. For example, the relative path for /duplicate-content is
/blog/duplicate-content. The search engine has to guess on its own that this address refers to
[Link]
5. What are the various Communication Services of the Internet? Explain each service.
Instant Messaging (IM)- is a type of online chat that offers text communication over the
internet in real-time. Because of its real-time nature, it is continuously becoming one of the
fastest-growing forms of internet communication services. There are many instant messengers
that are providing instant messaging. Some of them are Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype,
hangout,qq, WeChat, etc. Among those, Whatsapp has the highest number of users actively
engaging (report gathered from stattube youtube channel).
Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is a paperless method of sending messages(text, files, or
images) from one person to another or many people at the same time using the internet. In
1996, there was more e-mail than postal mail being sent.
Some of the important features of email are :
● Instant Communications.
● One to One or One to many communications
● Free and easily accessible, only required is internet connections.
Some of the most popular email service providers are Gmail, Microsoft Outlook, AOL mail, Zoho
mail, fast mail, hush mail. [Link], MSN, Yahoo mail, etc.
Internet Telephony and VoIP- We used to send phone calls, faxes, and voicemails over landlines
in traditional telephony, but in Internet Telephony, we do it over the internet. In internet
telephony, our analog voice is converted into digital voice (binary form), which is then
transmitted over the internet as IP packets from one phone to another. As a result, voice
packets are transferred across the network in this case. Internet telephony is also known as IP
telephony (IPT).
Video Conferencing- is Internet Services where two or more people located in separate
geographical locations do live audio-video communication. So, it is real-time conferencing
services of the internet. For proper functioning of the Video Conference, it may require a high
bandwidth of the internet at the sender and receiver sides.
The basic requirement for performing good Video Conferencing:
● Good Internet Connection at the sender and receiver sides.
● Webcams on both sides(sender and receiver).
● Computer screen, TV, projector for displaying video.
● Good video conferencing software like Webex Meetings, ClickMeeting, Zoom, BlueJeans,
Join me, Zoho, Skype, Team etc.
List Server Sends content-specific emails to a group of email recipients.
6. Enumerate and discuss the several ways to connect to the internet.
MOBILE
Many cell phone and smartphone providers offer voice plans with Internet access. Mobile
Internet connections provide good speeds and allow you to access the Internet.
WIFI HOTSPOTS
Wifi Hotspots are sites that offer Internet access over a wireless local area network (WLAN) by
way of a router that then connects to an Internet service provider. Hotspots utilize WiFi
technology, which allows electronic devices to connect to the Internet or exchange data
wirelessly through radio waves. Hotspots can be phone-based or free-standing, commercial or
free to the public.
DIAL-UP
Dial-up connections require users to link their phone line to a computer in order to access the
Internet. This particular type of connection—also referred to as analog—does not permit users
to make or receive phone calls through their home phone service while using the Internet. Now
more outdated, a dial-up connection used to be among the most common Internet connection
type.
BROADBAND
This high-speed Internet connection is provided through either cable or telephone companies.
One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet uses multiple data channels to send
large quantities of information. The term broadband is shorthand for broad bandwidth.
Broadband Internet connections such as DSL and cable are considered high-bandwidth
connections. Although many DSL connections can be considered broadband, not all broadband
connections are DSL.
DSL
DSL, which stands for Digital Subscriber Line, uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line
connected to one's home so service is delivered at the same time as landline telephone service.
Customers can still place calls while surfing the Internet.
CABLE
Cable Internet connection is a form of broadband access. Through use of a cable modem, users
can access the Internet over cable TV lines. Cable modems can provide extremely fast access to
the Internet, making a cable connection a viable option for many.
SATELLITE
In certain areas where broadband connection is not yet offered, a satellite Internet option may
be available. Similar to wireless access, satellite connection utilizes a modem.
ISDN
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows users to send data, voice and video content
over digital telephone lines or standard telephone wires. The installation of an ISDN adapter is
required at both ends of the transmission—on the part of the user as well as the Internet access
provider.
7. Define Internet Protocol.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of
data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination. Data
traversing the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets. IP information is attached
to each packet, and this information helps routers to send packets to the right place. Every
device or domain that connects to the Internet is assigned an IP address, and as packets are
directed to the IP address attached to them, data arrives where it is needed.
Once the packets arrive at their destination, they are handled differently depending on which
transport protocol is used in combination with IP. The most common transport protocols are
TCP and UDP.
8. Discuss the following:
1. World Wide Web —commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is an
interconnected system of public web pages accessible through the Internet. The
Web is not the same as the Internet: the Web is one of many applications built on
top of the Internet.
Tim Berners-Lee proposed the architecture of what became known as the World Wide
Web. He created the first web server, web browser, and webpage on his computer at
the CERN physics research lab in 1990. In 1991, he announced his creation on the
[Link] newsgroup, marking the moment the Web was first made public.
The system we know today as "the Web" consists of several components:
The HTTP protocol governs data transfer between a server and a client.
To access a Web component, a client supplies a unique universal identifier, called a URL
(uniform resource locator) or URI (uniform resource identifier) (formally called Universal
Document Identifier (UDI)).
HTML (hypertext markup language) is the most common format for publishing web
documents.
2. Web Page is a document, commonly written in HTML, that is viewed in an Internet
browser. A web page can be accessed by entering a URL address into a browser's
address bar. A web page may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web
pages and files. Multiple web pages make up a website, like our Computer Hope
website. When you click a link provided by a search engine, you are accessing a web
page. The Internet consists of millions of web pages, with more being added every
day.
Viewing a web page requires a browser, like Internet Explorer, Edge, Safari,
Firefox, or Chrome. For example, you are reading this web page using a browser.
Once in a browser, you can open a web page by entering the URL in the address
bar. For example, typing "[Link] (or copying
and pasting) opens the Computer Hope ESD page. If you don't know the URL of
the site you'd like to visit, you can use a search engine to find it.
3. Web Browser A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate,
access, and display web pages. In common usage, a web browser is usually
shortened to "browser."
Web browsers are used primarily for displaying and accessing websites on the
internet, as well as other content created using languages such as Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Markup Language (XML).
Browsers translate web pages and websites delivered using Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) into human-readable content. They also have the ability to
display other protocols and prefixes, such as secure HTTP (HTTPS), File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), email handling ([Link] and files (file:).
In addition, most browsers also support external plug-ins required to display
active content, such as in-page video, audio and game content.
4. Web Server is a computer where the web content is stored. Basically web server is
used to host the web sites but there exists other web servers also such as gaming,
storage, FTP, email etc.
Web server respond to the client request in either of the following two ways:
Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with database
When a client sends a request for a web page, the web server searches for the
requested page. If the requested page is found then it will send it to the client
with an HTTP response.
If the requested web page is not found, the web server will then send an HTTP
response:Error 404 Not found.
If a client has requested some other resources then the web server will contact
the application server and data store to construct the HTTP response.
5. Proxy Server -Every computer on the internet needs to have a unique Internet
Protocol (IP) Address. Think of this IP address as your computer’s street address. Just
as the post office knows to deliver your mail to your street address, the internet
knows how to send the correct data to the correct computer by the IP address.
A proxy server is basically a computer on the internet with its own IP address
that your computer knows. When you send a web request, your request goes to
the proxy server first. The proxy server then makes your web request on your
behalf, collects the response from the web server, and forwards you the web
page data so you can see the page in your browser.
When the proxy server forwards your web requests, it can make changes to the
data you send and still get you the information that you expect to see. A proxy
server can change your IP address, so the web server doesn’t know exactly
where you are in the world. It can encrypt your data, so your data is unreadable
in transit. And lastly, a proxy server can block access to certain web pages, based
on IP address.
6. Search Engine
There are three key steps to how most search engines work:
Crawling - search engines use programs, called spiders, bots or crawlers, to scour
the internet. They may do this every few days, so it is possible for content to be
out-of-date until they crawl your website again.
Indexing - the search engine will try to understand and categorise the content on a
web page through 'keywords'. Following SEO best practice will help the search
engine understand your content so you can rank for the right search queries.
Ranking - search results are ranked based on a number of factors. These may
include keyword density, speed and links. The search engine's aim is to provide the
user with the most relevant result.
Although most search engines will provide tips on how to improve your page ranking, the
exact algorithms used are well guarded and change frequently to avoid misuse. But by
following search engine optimisation (SEO) best practice you can ensure that:
Search engines can easily crawl your website. You can also prompt them to crawl
new content.
Your content is indexed for the right keywords so it can appear for relevant searches.
Your content can rank highly on the SERP.