Quadratic Formula

Given: ax 2  bx  c  0
 b  b 2  4ac
Solve for x: x 
2a

Square of a Sum
( a  b) 2  a 2  2ab  b 2 and
(a  b  c) 2  a  b  c  2ab  2bc  2ac

Series Formulas

Geometric Series: a, ar, ar2, ar3, …  a + ar + ar2+ ar3 + …

Sum of first n terms (note: First n terms starts at r0 and goes to rn-1)
1 rn
a + ar + ar2+ ar3 + … + arn-1= a(1 + r + r2+ r3 + … + rn-1)= a 
1 r
Infinite Convergent Series (-1 < r < 1)
1
a + ar + ar2+ ar3 + … = a(1 + r + r2+ r3 + …)= a 
1 r
Arithmetic Series: a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d3, …  a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + (a+3d) + …

Sum of first n terms (note: First n terms starts at 0d and goes to (n-1)d)
n( n  1)
a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + (a+3d) + … + (a+(n-1)d) = na  d 
2
Special Case for first n integers
n( n  1)
1+2+3+…+n=
2
Definition of ea

an

n  0 n!
 ea

Also – dividing both sides by ea gives


an
 e a
n 0 n!
 1 (This is the pdf for the Poisson distribution)
Limit Theorems: Let n be a positive integer, k be a constant, and f and g be functions
which have limits at c then:
lim k  k
x c

lim x  c
x c

lim kf ( x)  k lim f ( x)
xc xc

lim f ( x)  g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x c x c x c

lim f ( x)  g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x c x c x c

lim f ( x)  g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x c x c x c

lim f ( x)  g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) Provided lim g ( x)  0

 
x c x c x c x c

lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)

n n
x c x c

lim n f ( x)  n lim f ( x) Provided lim f ( x)  0 when n is even

x c x c x c

Substitution Theorem: if f is a polynomial or rational function, and if rational

denominator at c ≠ 0
lim f ( x)  f (c )
x c
Derivative
 f (c  h)  f (c ) 
f ' (c)  lim  Provided this limit exists
h0
 h 
Alternate Form
 f ( x )  f (c ) 
f ' (c)  lim  
x c
 xc 

Rules of Differentiation
f (x ) f ' ( x)
c (a constant) 0
Power Rule cx n  n    cnx n 1
g ( x)  h( x ) g ' ( x)  h' ( x)

Product Rule g ( x)  h( x ) g ' ( x)  h( x)  g ( x)  h' ( x)

u ( x )v ( x ) w( x ) u ' vw  uv' w  uvw'

g ( x) h( x ) g ' ( x )  g ( x ) h' ( x )
Quotient Rule
h( x )  h( x ) 2
Chain Rule g (h ( x )) g ' ( h( x ))  h' ( x )

e g ( x) g ' ( x)  e g ( x )
g ' ( x)
ln( g ( x ))
g ( x)
a x  a  0 a x ln(a )

ex ex
1
ln x
x
1
log b x
x  ln(b)
sin x cos x
cos x  sin x

 cf ( x)   cf (x)

BPP Power Rule   f ( x)  

p
p  f ( x) 
p 1
 f ( x)

L’Hopital’s Rule

If lim f ( x)  0 & lim g ( x)  0 or lim f ( x)   & lim g ( x)  

x c x c x c x c
 Then
 f ( x)   f ( x)  g ' ( x)  0
lim 
x c g ( x)   lim 
x c g ( x ) 
Provided lim
x c
   
Note: Can be applied multiple times.

Antiderivatives (Integrals) of Some Frequently Used Functions

f (x )  f ( x) dx

g ( x)  h( x )  g ( x)dx   h( x)dx  c
x n 1
x n  n  1 c
n 1
1
ln( x )  c
x
ex ex  c
ax
a x  a  0 c
ln a
xe ax e ax
xe ax  2 c
a a
1 1  ax 1
e  ax or e or ax
e ax a ae
sin x  cos x  c
cos x sin x  c
Additional integration rules:
 n!
For integer n  0 and real number c  0 0
x n e cx dx 
c n 1
Integration by Substitution
To find ∫f(x)dx substitute u=g(x), g being differentiable then du =g′(x)dx then we
can rewrite ∫f(x)dx as an integral with respect to the variable u. So if this changes
f(x)dx to h(u)du and H is the antiderivative of h, then
 f ( x)dx   h(u )du  H (u )  c  H ( g ( x))  c
Example: Find ∫(x3-1)4/3x2dx – Substitue u= x3-1, so that du=3x2dx or ⅓du= x2dx
7 7
1 u 3 1 3
now the integral can be written as ∫u ∙⅓du = ⅓∫u du =  4/3
 u ( c) now
4/3

3 73 7
substitute back the u= x3-1 gives the final result ∫(x3-1)4/3x2dx = 1/7(x3-1)7/3(+c)

Integration by Parts
If you have an integral of the form  f ( x )  g ( x ) dx then do integration by parts

 f ( x)  g ( x)dx  f ( x ) g ( x)   f ( x )  g ( x) dx

Use when  f ( x )  g ( x ) dx is easier than  f ( x)  g ( x)dx

For a definite integral
f ( x)  g ( x )dx   f ( x) g ( x ) a   f ( x)  g ( x) dx
b b

b
a a