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Arithmetic Circuits: Adders Explained

The document discusses arithmetic circuits which perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction. It describes half adders which add two binary digits and produce a sum and carry output. It also describes full adders which add three inputs - two operands and a carry in - and produce a sum and carry out. N-bit adders can be built by cascading 1-bit full adders.

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Adarsha Bhattarai
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8 views2 pages

Arithmetic Circuits: Adders Explained

The document discusses arithmetic circuits which perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction. It describes half adders which add two binary digits and produce a sum and carry output. It also describes full adders which add three inputs - two operands and a carry in - and produce a sum and carry out. N-bit adders can be built by cascading 1-bit full adders.

Uploaded by

Adarsha Bhattarai
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

3.

5 Arithmetic Circuits
Arithmetic circuits are also combinational circuits, capable of performing arithmetic operations.
Strictly speaking, addition is the only arithmetic operation, which forms the building block for other
arithmetic operations (Subtraction, multiplication and division). As a rule, subtraction is performed
by two’s complement addition.

Half Adder
A half adder is a type of adder, an electronic circuit that performs the addition of numbers. The half
adder is able to add two single binary digits and provide the output plus a carry value. It has two
inputs, called A and B, and two outputs S (sum) and C (carry). The common representation uses a
XOR logic gate and an AND logic gate.

Full Adder
Full Adder is the adder which adds three inputs and produces two outputs. The first two inputs are A
and B and the third input is an input carry as C-IN. The output carry is designated as C-OUT and the
normal output is designated as S which is SUM. (Note: A one-bit full-adder adds three one-bit
numbers, often written as A, B, and Cin; A and B are the operands, and Cin is a bit carried in from the
previous less-significant stage.)
A full adder logic is designed in such a manner that can take eight inputs together to create a byte-
wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the another.
n-Bit Adder
Cascading these 1-bit full adders, we may implement n-bit adder according to the system
requirements. Schematic of a 4-bit adder is presented in figure below. Note that the addition of least
significant bit was performed by half-adder, while for the remaining three nits, full adders were
used. If we have to consider an initial carry, then the half-adder should be replaced by a full-adder.

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