Building Technology 1 2.

Hardwood
- Comes from broad leaves B) Flexibility
WOOD - Generally used for flooring, stairs, - Amount a piece will bend before
1. Two Classifications of Wood paneling, columns, furniture, beams, breaking
2. Structure of Wood interior trim, sidings, truss, etc. C) Strength
3. Properties of Wood
- Shear to the grain, longitudinal to the
4. Defects of Lumber STRUCTURE OF WOOD joint
5. Warping Types Bark
D) Durability
6. Definition of Terms Xylem
- Relative value or lifespan of the wood
7. Classification of Lumber
8. Measuring of Wood Sap Wood
Annual Ring
9. Categories of Lumber of Growth
10. Wood Grain DEFECTS OF LUMBER
Heart Wood
11. Seasoning Lumber 1) Decay
12. Treated Lumber
- Caused by attacks of fungi and
13. Manufactured Wood
parasites (e.g., ulalo)
WOOD
Cross-section of Log
- Traditional building material that is easily
worked, has durability and beauty. Sapwood - outer light-colored portion of a
- Has a great ability to absorb shock from tree trunk through which the water passes
sudden load from the roots to the leaves, and in which
- Has freedom from rust and corrosion excess food is often stored
- Comparatively light in weight
- Adaptable to countless variety of purposes Heartwood - central core of the trunk, and
(columns, pier, beams, truss, flooring, mostly can be distinguished from the
paneling, etc.) sapwood by its darker color 2) Checks
- separation in wood fibers across the
Annual Rings of Growth - the increment of annual rings of a piece of wood
TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS wood added during a single growth period (lengthwise)
1. Softwood (Often: one ring = one year)
- Comes from conifer or evergreens
which have needle of leaves
- Used for general construction PROPERTIES OF WOOD
- e.g., coco lumber – generally used for A) Hardness
form use, although unadvisable to be - Measured by the compression applied
used as truss. when weight is applied
3) Knots 6) Wane DEFINITION OF TERMS
- Irregular growth, usually broken - bark or lack of wood on the edge or 1) Lumber
branches, which interrupts smooth corner of a piece of lumber - Wood sewed into board, planks,
curves or surface timber, etc.
2) Rough Lumber
- Untreated, not planed, and undressed
lumber
3) Surface/Dressed Lumber
- Jointed and planed lumber having at
WARPING least one smooth side
1) Cupping 4) S1S, S2S, S3S, S4S
- occurs when the underside of the - The number indicates the number of
boards gains more moisture than the sides that is planed or smooth
topside
- concave/convex curving across the
4) Shakes board
- Cracks between and parallel to the
annual rings of growth

2) Bowing
- Concave/convex curving that is 5) Slab
longitudinal to the board - At least one flat surface
- Sawed or cut tangent to the annual
rings of growth
5) Pitch Pockets
- Well refined openings between annual
rings of growth containing solid or
liquid pitch. 3) Twisting
- Distortion of the board in which one
corner is raised
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LUMBER CATEGORIES OF LUMBER
1) Strips
- Pieces of wood that is less than 2 1. Yard Lumber 3. Angle Grain
inches thick and less than 8 inches - Used for ordinary light construction - Annual rings are about 45 degrees
- grades, sizes, and patterns to the face
wide
2) Boards generally intended for ordinary
- Less than 2 inches thick and at least 8 construction and general building
inches wide purposes
3) Dimension Lumber - chip locks, shelving, floorings,
- Greater than 2 inches thick and less moldings etc.
2. Shop Lumber SEASONING OF LUMBER
than 5 inches wide in any dimension
- (1-2 in) produced or selected - Unseasoned woods can cause to
4) Timber
- At least 4 inches on any dimension mainly for manufacture of warping [excessive sunlight in wood]
5) Log furniture, doors, cabinets, and - The right process of drying woods
- Diameter of at least 12 inches or a other millwork - Sawed lumber must be dried
foot - Intended for shops and mills Clay: heated/fire
(torno – wood lath machine) Metal: forging
MEASURING OF WOOD 3. Structural Lumber Wood: dried
1. Board Foot =
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑛)∗𝑊(𝑖𝑛)∗𝐿(𝑓𝑡) - Heavy construction (beams and
12 columns) 2 Methods of Drying
2"*2" ∗ 5′
= - 2 or more in. in thickness and
12  Air Drying (Natural Drying)
width for use where working
5 ft. = 1.67 𝐵𝑑. 𝐹𝑡. - [more often] freshly sawed
stresses are required
lumbers are leaned towards
WOOD GRAINS another lumber while the
2 in 1. Edge Grain resting on the ground (more
- Grain is approximately at the right exposed surface area for
2 in
angle to the face better drying)
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑛)∗𝑊(𝑖𝑛)∗𝐿(𝑖𝑛)
2. Board Foot =
144
2"*2" ∗ 60"
=
144
= 1.67 𝐵𝑑. 𝐹𝑡.
2. Flat Grain
Total Php = Total [Link]. * Price/[Link] - [Annual rings of growth] is parallel
12 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 to the surface
= 6 𝐵𝑑. 𝐹𝑡.
12
𝑃ℎ𝑝 18.00 ∗ 6 𝐵𝑑. 𝐹𝑡. = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 108.00
  Kiln Drying protection from termites and is one of the most popular and
- Produces more expensive fungal decay. commonly used brands of wood
lumbers required for more - In early 2000’s, concerns over the preservative, hence the name
refined uses toxicity of arsenic in CCA led to the “tanalised treatment”.
- Used on doors, furniture, etc. development of other less toxic
- Removes moisture content of preservatives for wood used in
the lumber more efficiently residential construction
- may be used for non-residential
TREATED LUMBER applications in which the wood will
 wood preservation process involves be exposed to water, soil, concrete
impregnating the wood with chemicals or masonry, subject to periodic
that protect the wood from biological wetting, or exposed to moisture or
deterioration and to delay combustion due high humidity 3. Permanized
to fire
- Mengel company coined the
 most common process includes pressure- Suitable Applications:
"permanized" term
treatment in which the chemical is carried  Lumber for marine or freshwater
- their manufacturing techniques
into the wood by a carrier fluid under use;
were high quality and their joints
pressurized conditions  Pilings; and veneers would not separate
Treatment Chemicals:  Poles;
 Waterborne Preservatives  Highway construction; 4. Boliden
 Oilborne Preservatives  Poles, piles and posts used as - Waterborne preservative used to
 Creosote structural components on farms; treat woods
 Fire Retardants  Agricultural fence posts (round, - Boliden Salt K-33 name used for
 Purpose of first three to prolong the useful half-round, quarter-round); CCA-Type B preservative
life of wood products by protecting them  Shakes and shingles; - CCA-Type A preservatives the trade
against insect and fungal attack  Cooling towers. name Greensalt has been applied
 fire-retardants delay the combustion to the product used for pole
process when wood is subjected to fire 2. Tanalised treatment and the name Erdalith
- or pressure treated timber to the product applied to lumber
1. Wolmanized - timber undergoes a pressurized treatment
- brand of pressure-treated wood chemical treatment to preserve
used for heavy duty outdoor MANUFACTURED BOARD
the wood
projects  By product of manufacturer of lumber
- used on softwood to improve life
- named after Dr. Karl Heinrich  Made of wood but does not appear on
expectancy and make the timber
Wolman, who discovered this their natural state
more resilient to rot, fungus, mold,
particular wood preservation
insect attack and general harsh
process in Germany in 1911 1. Plywood
damp weather conditions
- pressure-treated with chromated - form of composite, created by
- main active ingredient in the
copper arsenate (CCA) laminating thin sheets of wood
tanalised timber treatment
preservative to provide structural
process is called Tanalith E which
 together to create a thicker, MASONRY
stronger final product - man-made units that are formed or
- manufactured from thin layers or hardened
"plies" of wood veneer that are - there are now available green materials
glued together masonry units in the market (plastic,
grass, etc.)
Two Types:
 Hardened through Heat
Hardboard
o Brick
Types of Hardboard:
o Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
- typical density of 680kg/m3 –
730kg/m3
Plywood - moisture resistant MDF has a
density of 800kg/m3.
Three Types:
o High Density Fiberboard (HDF)
o Marine/Exterior Plywood
- density of up to 900kg/m3
- Made for external use o Structural Clay Tile
- highly moisture resistant
- Usually used for
material which is stronger and
construction of boat
harder than MDF
o Soft Plywood
- Used for general
3. Particle Board
construction and form
- made by compressing wood chips
works
with glue
o Hard Plywood
- the chips are mainly parallel to the
- Used for paneling and
surface
finishing
- chips in the surface layer are
- Also mostly used in
thinner than those in the middle
cabinets
layer
- Usually, one face is hard
finished o Terracotta
2. Hardboard
- Made of fresh wood chips
exploded into fibers
- Seasoned artificially under steam
of high pressure in a kiln
- Strong type of manufactured wood
- Varies from light to dark brown
Particle Board
  Hardened through Chemical Reaction  Sufficient tensile strength to maintain its
o Concrete Hollow Blocks (HBU)/ shape
Concrete Masonry Unit (HMU)  Maintains form when subjected to
- Cement, aggregate, water sufficient temperature
Brick Bonds:
 Pattern Bond
 Structural Bond Squeezed/ Beaded Joint Struck Joint
- there’s backing; mechanical Extruded Joint
fixation
 Mortar Bond
TERRACOTTA/CERAMIC
- Terracotta is commonly used as
o Concrete Brick flooring in the Ancient Greece and
Rome Recessed Joint Weathered
- Form of clay, meaning “fired earth” Joint
A. Adhesion Type
- Held to the wall by the bond of the
mortar
- Adhesive is applied at the back of
the tile
- Floor and wall finishing use
adhesion type Keyed Joint Weathered
o Gypsum Block Pointing
B. Anchor Types
- Held by mortar and wire tile
between the terracotta
- Mechanical fixation is not common
in the Philippines
MORTAR BONDS
Raked Out Joint

FACING OF BRICK

BRICK AND CLAY PRODUCTS

 Basic ingredient of brick is clay
 Clays have plasticity when mixed with Flush Joint Concave
Vee Joint
water so that it can be molded into any Joint Header Stretcher
shapes
 BUILDING STONES - Generally used for interior windows,
Stone flooring, stair treads, borders and
 Blocks of pieces; basic material is rock window sills.
Classification of Stones
1. Igneous
Shiner Row-lock - Cooled molten rocks (usually from
volcanoes)
2. Sedimentary
- Water depositing materials
underwater or at the bottom of the
ground
- Sediments glued together Argillite
3. Metamorphic 2. Granite
- Formed because of extreme pressure - Igneous rock composed of feldspar,
(heat or various combination of these quartz, mica
factors) - Very hard, strong, durable, and highly
Sailor Soldier
polished
CUTTING OF BRICKS (or SOAP) Commercial Stones Types:
1. Rubble o Honed
- Filling materials (e.g., sand) o High Honed
- Rough and irregular sized stones o Polished
broken into suitable sizes used as o Grained
Half Butt Quarter Butt filling materials - Granite is the generic term; different
2. Dimension/Cut Stone types have different uses
- Pieces cut or finished according to - Generally used for flooring, wall
drawing paneling, columns, mullion facing
- Generally used for wall construction - Collected through batches of quarry;
Queen Closer Quarter Queen 3. Flat Stone/Flat Slab - colors differ depending on the dept of
Closer - Consist of thin pieces, at least ½ the quarry, thus must be purchased by
inches in one dimension batch to have similar color
- used in walls and floors
4. Crushed Rocks
King Beveled - Crushed gravel from crusher plant
Queen Beveled
Closer - 3/8 – 1/6th inches
Building Stone Types
1. Argillite
- Mudstone; one formed from clay
King Closer Mitered Closer - Commonly dark blue in color with
(45˚ - 60 ˚) shade of green Granite
3. Limestone - it is often polished before use in
- Sedimentary rock formed underwater masonry that changes its form and
- Mainly composed of calcium structure from its original state
carbonate (CaCO3)
- Crystalline in nature with cleavage line
- Used in the infamous crushed
dolomite beach

Marble
6. Serpentine Sandstone
- metamorphic rock that forms at 8. Slate Rock
tectonic plate boundaries deep within - fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous
the Earth. metamorphic rock derived from an
- Usually, olive green in color original shale-type sedimentary rock
Limestone
- used as gemstone, architectural composed of clay or volcanic ash
4. Travertine
stone, carving material and source of through low-grade regional
- type of limestone that is formed by
asbestos metamorphism
mineral deposits from natural springs
- usually gray or black and is used to
- sedimentary stone created by a rapid
make blackboards and roofing tiles
precipitation of calcium carbonate,
known as calcite
- distinctive character of unique swirls
and movement

Serpentine
7. Sandstone
- siliciclastic sedimentary rocks that
consist mainly of sand-size grains
- relatively soft, making it easy to carve
Slate Rock
- widely used around the world in
constructing temples, homes, and
other buildings STONE CONSTRUCTION
- used for artistic purposes to create 1. Paneling
Travertine - Consists of use of slabs of stone
5. Marble ornamental fountains and statues
- Often uses granite, marble, ceramic
- metamorphic rock composed of - Some sandstones are resistant to
- Used in finishing exterior
recrystallized carbonate minerals weathering, yet are easy to work
- metamorphosed limestone
2. Ashlar 4. Trim - Usually used where sanitary conditions
- Use of cut stone - Use of stone cut into specific purpose are applied or with excessive moisture
Types of Ashlars: - Usually contrasting of color, it is used such as water closets
o Regular Ashlar on corners of extension wall - Resistant that avoids penetration
3. Casting Plaster
- Made from specially selected rocks
finer than those of gypsum plaster, but
slower in setting and cooler working
- Used for ornamental moldings
o Irregular Course Ashlar - Not applicable in humid and tropical
climates due to faster deterioration
- Best to use concrete for this context
4. Hard Wall Plaster
GYPSUM PRODUCTS - Heated gypsum plaster that contains
Gypsum – soft mineral consisted of hydrated hair and fiber
o Broken calcium - Widely used in coatings
1st Coat: Scratch Coat
1. Gypsum Plaster/Paster of Paris 2nd Coat: Top/Brown Coat
- Made from carefully selected white 5. Cement Bond Plaster
rocks - Extend application for concrete
- Characteristic of plasticity when mixed surfaces
with water - Referred to as skim coat in the
3. Rubble Work - Setting time of 15-20 minutes Philippines*
- Use of masonry with no attempt to - Used for small patching jobs in plaster - Smooth finish is not preferred by some
create rhythm or vertical course line (e.g., joint holes) due to poor adhesion; cheaper
- Also termed as rip-rap - Used in making molds, design on because smaller amount will be used
- Geometrically cut stones, usually ceilings and walls - Rough surfaces have better adhesion
squares or rectangles, are used for - Free from shrinkage but is more expensive in amount of
course rubblework Skim Coat: materials
- Stones with smooth curves, almost  Common brand: Boysen/Davies
6. Finish/Prepared Plaster
round in shape, is used in random  Classified for interior and exterior use
 Weatherproof=exterior;
- Made to products of finish putty
rubblework - Hydrated lime putty + water
waterproof=interior
2. Keene’s Cement - requires only water to achieve a high-
- very hard, fast-setting gypsum plaster quality plaster finish with easy
developed by Richard W. Keene in troweling characteristics
England about 1840 - can be decorated as soon as it dries
Random Course - Subjected to temperature of 70˚F, 7. Texture Plaster
Rubblework Rubblework then dehydrated and added with alum - Rough surface is required
- Contains aggregates such as perlites
instead of gravels
8. Acoustical Plaster - Heavily manufactured in craft paper, SPECIFICATIONS:
- manufactured with an aggregate, ivory in front and grey paperback,  Cement board (generic term)
while the best systems typically containing the gypsum putty Hardiflex (brand name)
contain fibers (cotton) which have - About 4’-12’ can be screwed into the Jardine (manufacturer)
some inherent advantages wall framing or directly to the wall by  Elastomeric Paint
- Cotton based acoustical plaster adhesion Rain or Shine, Davies (brand name)
systems are easy to install and refinish - Furring stud, cold-formed metal, uses Charter Chemical & Coating Corporation
at anytime galvanized iron
- most common application is a silk 2. Gypsum Lath CONCRETE
finish, which is troweled and installed - consists of  mixture of sand, cement, water, and gravel
 artificial stone made from mixture of
to look perfectly smooth gypsum plaster
materials
- common applications in movie houses, sandwiched
galleries, museums, etc. between two  plain concrete with embedded
9. Joint Filler sheets of reinforcements
- Used to fill nail holes absorbent paper  wide variety of use and many advantages
- Also, as an adhesive, bonding or than wood, steel and masonry
mounting two sheets of board together  strong in compression to handle tensile
stress and forces
DENSITY OF MATERIALS (kg/m3)  encaged/inbound with steel
MATERIAL DENSITY (kg/m3) reinforcements; formed to any shape
Dry Gravel 1680  used on variety of surface (rough, smooth,
Wet Gravel 2000 tiled), finishes, texture, and pattern
Crushed Gravel 1600 3. Gypsum Precast Wall Decking  also used on fireproof construction such
Perlite 1100 - Prefabricated containing metal inside as firewalls and partition walls
Dry Sand 1631 the gypsum Concrete Liabilities:
Wet Sand 1922 - About 4’-6’ or 10’ in length o Weight
Dry Soil 1100-1600 - Can be easily installed o Forming & Molding Process
Cement 1440 4. Gypsum Tile - Forms are required before it can
Concrete 2400 A. Partition and Furring be set or hardened
Reinforced Concrete 2500 - Interior and exterior partition walls
Wood 1500 (dry wall) CEMENT
Metal (iron) 7870 B. Fireproofing Tiles Pozzolanic Cement
- Generally used on mechanical - Made from lime; in proper proportion of
TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD rooms with electronical silica, alumina, and iron components for
1. Gypsum Wall Board connections parts of limestone
- Used for wall partitions, interior walls C. Gypsum Precast Wall Panels - Clay is the basic ingredient that is mixed,
(dry wall), and ceilings - Usually used on exteriors/outdoors burned and polarized
- Fireproof sheeting for interior walls D. Lime - In Philippines, sacks of cement only
and ceilings - Putty* contain 40 kg for size-wise proportions;
Asians are averagely smaller
Portland Cement  High Early Strength  Normal curing is 28 days or 4 weeks after
Special Cements: - Used when high strength is placement
 White Portland Cement desired within three days after  Development of high early strength
- White in color placement cement can be done after 7 days of
- Used in arches, facing panel, - Usually used on rough foundation placement
curtain wall, plaster, tile gout, etc. exposed on water or under ground  Economical mix occur when the fine and
 Masonry Cement surface (e.g., bridge, dams) coarse aggregates are evenly graded so
- Mortar (cement & sand) - Rapid placement minimum amount of cement paste is
- Produce better mortar with good required to surround the aggregate and fill
WATER CONTENT OF CONCRETE the spaces between
adhesion or bond
 Should be clear and free of oil  Sizes of aggregates (e.g., G-1/2, G3/4, G1,
 Air-Entraining Cement
 Alkali surfaces G2) are evenly cut/crushed at crushing
- Used in regions with snow/frost
 General criterion is it should be potable sites
(Korea, China, Canada, America)
 Oil-well Cement AGGREGATES  Proportion of fine to coarse aggregate and
- Special port cement that is  fine, clean, durable and free of organic maximum size of coarse aggregate that
effective in sealing oil-well grouting matters may be used depend on the method of
- Slow-setting and can withstand  Fine Aggregates placement, thickness and reinforcement
high temperature and pressure  Coarse Aggregates of the concrete section, and the finish
 Waterproof Portland Cement  Characteristic varies according to requirement
- Used in making dams character of ingredients; listed and Lateral Ties
preparation of ingredients [Stirrups: Beams]
Cement Types for Concrete Mixing:
 Quality is affected by mixing and manner
 Normal Portland Cement the concrete is placed, finished, and cured
- Used for general construction Surface and Placing Preparation
- Common in the Philippines – the manner of how the concrete is
o Type 1P placed
o Type 2P  Potential strength determined by water:
 Modify Portland Cement cement ratio Vertical/Main
- Effective in combating water with  Too much water can cause poor bond of Reinforcements Concrete
sulfate (salt) content aggregates to the cement
o Type 2  Too little water can also have its bad
o Type 2A effects  Inappropriately large aggregates may
cause honeycombing because these can
 Air-Entraining Portland Cement  Affects concrete workability, durability,
weather resistance, and water tightness block areas where finer aggregates and
- Improved resistance for regions
after setting cement should flow
with extremely low temperature
(snow/frost)  Theoretically, strength of concrete
 White Portland Cement increases as the amount of water per unit
- Generally used on moldings of cement decreases
 Concrete is specified according to the
compressive strength
Mixture of Cement  formwork itself leaves impression of the
CLASS Cement Sand Gravel Uses texture on the concrete surface (beton
 Concrete
AA 1 1½ 3 underwater brut)
 Retaining walls Stucco – plain cement/smooth finish
 Foundation/ surfaces usually painted
footings
A 1 2 4
 Columns and
beams
 Slab on fill
B 1 2½ 5  Non-load
bearing walls
 Plant boxes
C 1 3 6
 Fences

ADD MIXTURE/ADDITIVES
 added to improve workability, entrain air,
make impervious related to hardening
process
 Concrete Retarders
 Integral Waterproofing System
- Used to those exposed to weather)
 without these, spalling may occur
 spalling happens metal reinforcements
are subjected to wet elements, thus the
rusting that reduces cohesion between the
concrete and the metal, resulting to the
explosion/deterioration of concrete
(results to weak foundation)
FINISHED CONCRETE
 concrete may be finished in number of
ways (e.g., stump concrete, stenciling,
pattern, beton brut)
 troweling produces a smooth surface
 surfaces may be textured by brooming,
raking, or sand blasting to expose the
aggregate
 rough texture is ideal if tiles will be
mounted so that there will be better
adhesion of mortar
 there are now applicators for any desired
texture of cement