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Understanding Names and Their Types

Names serve to identify individuals and things. Personal names typically consist of a given name and surname for individuals. There are conventions for naming people, places, products, and other categories of things. Names can also indicate social status, relationships, and other identifying attributes. Different cultures have various traditions for personal names, such as patronyms or generation names.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views8 pages

Understanding Names and Their Types

Names serve to identify individuals and things. Personal names typically consist of a given name and surname for individuals. There are conventions for naming people, places, products, and other categories of things. Names can also indicate social status, relationships, and other identifying attributes. Different cultures have various traditions for personal names, such as patronyms or generation names.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Names

Names" redirects here. For other uses, see Names (disambiguation) and Name (disambiguation).

Names of places (toponyms) on a road sign indicating their direction in Bali, Indonesia

Names of soldiers killed in the Vietnam War on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial

A cartouche indicates that the Egyptian hieroglyphs enclosed are a royal name.

A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or
category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by
a name is called its referent. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely,
a specific individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper
name (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of only one
word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general
names". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child
a name or a scientist can give an element a name.
Contents

 1Etymology
 2Naming conventions
 3Personal name
 4Names of names
 5Brand names
 6Religious names
o 6.1Biblical names
o 6.2Indian name
o 6.3Quranic names (Arabic names)
 7Name use by animals
 8See also
 9References
 10Sources
 11Further reading
 12External links

Etymology
The word name comes from Old English nama; cognate with Old High
German (OHG) namo, Sanskrit नामन् (nāman), Latin nomen, Greek ὄνομα (onoma),
and Persian ‫نام‬ (nâm), from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *h₁nómn̥.[1] Outside Indo-European, it can
be connected to Proto-Uralic *nime.

Naming conventions
A naming convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social
norms, or criteria for naming things.
Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have
chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some East Asian cultures it is common for one syllable
in a two-syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings. In
many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father or a grandfather. In certain
African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son gets the family name for his given name. In
other cultures, the name may include the place of residence, or the place of birth. The Roman
naming convention denotes social rank.
Major naming conventions include:

 Astronomical naming conventions


 In biology, binomial nomenclature
 In chemistry, chemical nomenclature
 In classics, Roman naming conventions
 In computer programming, identifier naming conventions
 In computer networking, computer naming schemes
 Planetary nomenclature in planetary science
 In sciences generally, systematic names for a variety of things
Products may follow a naming convention. Automobiles typically have a binomial name, a "make"
(manufacturer) and a "model", in addition to a model year, such as a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette.
Sometimes there is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" as well: e.g., Cadillac
Escalade EXT Platinum, after the precious metal. Computers often have increasing numbers in their
names to signify the next generation.
Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject area and
then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty.
Many numbers (e.g., bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc.) are not random but have an
internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow
some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, Space Shuttle flight numbers,
even phone numbers all have an internal convention.

Personal name
Main article: Personal name

A signature is a person's own handwritten name

A personal name is an identifying word or words by which an individual is intimately known or


designated.[2] In many countries, it is traditional for individuals to have a personal name (also called
a given name or first name) and a surname (also called a last name or family name because it is
shared by members of the same family).[3] Some people have two surnames, one inherited from each
parent. In most of Europe and the Americas, the given name typically comes before the surname,
whereas in parts of Asia and Hungary the surname comes before the given name. In some cultures
it is traditional for a woman to take her husband's surname when she gets married.
A common practice in many countries is patronym which means that a component of a personal
name is based on the given name of one's father. A less common practice in countries
is matronym which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of
one’s mother. In some East Asian cultures, it is traditional for given names to include a generation
name, a syllable shared between siblings and cousins of the same generation.
Middle names are also used by many people as a third identifier, and can be chosen for personal
reasons including signifying relationships, preserving pre-marital/maiden names (a popular practice
in the United States), and to perpetuate family names. The practice of using middle names dates
back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a praenomen (a
personal name), a nomen (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today),
and a cognomen (a name representing an individual attribute or the specific branch of a person's
family).[4] Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the
nineteenth century.[4]
Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have nicknames, aliases, or titles.
Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used
as a short form of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may choose to use an alias, or a fake
name, instead of their real name, possibly to protect or obscure their identity. People may also have
titles designating their role in an institution or profession (members of royal families may use various
terms such as King, Queen, Duke, or Duchess to signify their positions of authority or their relation to
the throne).[3]

Names of names
Part of a series on

Linguistics

 Outline
 History
 Index

show

General linguistics

show

Applied linguistics

show

Theoretical frameworks

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Topics

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 v
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In onomastic terminology, personal names of men are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ /


man, and ὄνομα / name),[5] while personal names of women are called gynonyms (from Ancient
Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνομα / name). [6]

Names of humans (anthroponyms)


Name of ... Name of name

Full name of a person Personal name

First name of a person Given name

Family name Surname

Residents of a locality Demonym

Ethnic group Ethnonym

False or assumed name Pseudonym

Pseudonym of an author Pen name

Pseudonym of a performer Stage name

-onym-suffixed
Other names
words

Names of non-human entities

Name of a... Name of name

Any geographical
Toponym
object

Body of water Hydronym

Mountain or hill Oronym


Region or country Choronym

Any inhabited locality Econym

Village Comonym

Town or city Astionym

Cosmic object Cosmonym

Star Astronym

-onym-suffixed
Other names
words

Brand names
Main article: Brand
Developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing
research and strategy to be appealing and marketable. The brand name is often
a neologism or pseudoword, such as Kodak or Sony.

Religious names
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent
a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section,
discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as
appropriate. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message)
See also: Religious name
Two charts from an Arabic copy of the Secretum Secretorum for determining whether a person will live or die
based on the numerical value of the patient's name.

In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east (Israel, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia) names


were thought to be extremely powerful and act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a
person or deity.[7] This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper
name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in
ancient magic that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". By invoking a god or
spirit by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or
magic (see Luke 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the
name of Jesus). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation
in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its
name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away.

Biblical names
Main article: List of biblical names
In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful, and a change of name indicates a
change of status. For example, the patriarch Abram and his wife Sarai were renamed "Abraham"
and "Sarah" at the institution of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:4, 17:15). Simon was renamed
Peter when he was given the Keys to Heaven. This is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter
16, which according to Roman Catholic teaching [8] was when Jesus promised to Saint Peter the
power to take binding actions.[9] Proper names are "saturated with meaning". [10]
Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or
describe the course of their lives. For example: Solomon meant peace,[11] and the king with that
name was the first whose reign was without war.[12] Likewise, Joseph named his firstborn
son Manasseh (Hebrew: "causing to forget")(Genesis 41:51); when Joseph also said, "God has
made me forget all my troubles and everyone in my father's family." Biblical Jewish people did not
have surnames which were passed from generation to generation. However, they were typically
known as the child of their father. For example: ‫( דוד בן ישי‬David ben Yishay) meaning, David, son
of Jesse (1 Samuel 17:12,58). Today, this style of name is still used in Jewish religious rites.

Indian name
Main article: Indian name
Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to
region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. India's
population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a
following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming
styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences, several names across South and Southeast
Asia are influenced by or adapted from Indian names or words.
For some Indians, their birth name is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a
randomly selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion
corresponding to the person's birth).
Many children are given three names, sometimes as a part of religious teaching.

Quranic names (Arabic names)


Further information: List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran
We can see many Arabic names in the Quran and in Muslim people, such as Allah, Muhammad,
Khwaja, Ismail, Mehboob, Suhelahmed, Shoheb Ameena, Aaisha, Sameena, Rumana, Swaleha,
etc. The names Mohammed and Ahmed are the same, for example Suhel Ahmad or Mohammad
Suhel are the same. There are many similar names in Islam and Christianity, such as Yosef
(Islamic)/Joseph (Christian), Adam/Adam, Dawood/David, Rumana/Romana, Maryam/Mary,
Nuh/Noah, etc.

Name use by animals


The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins[13] and green-rumped parrotlets[14] also
use symbolic names to address contact calls to specific individuals. Individual dolphins have
distinctive signature whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other information to
clarify which dolphin is being referred to.

Common questions

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Brand names differ from traditional naming conventions in that they are primarily created for marketing appeal and consumer recognition rather than personal or familial identification. They often involve neologisms or pseudowords, such as Kodak or Sony, crafted to be memorable and unique. Unlike personal names which may follow cultural or familial traditions, brand names are strategically developed based on marketing research to position a product favorably in the marketplace. Their creation is less about historic continuity and more about present-day consumer engagement .

The use of names within animal species such as dolphins and green-rumped parrotlets challenges the perception of personal names being unique to humans by demonstrating that other species assign unique identifiers to individuals. Dolphins use distinctive signature whistles to identify one another, suggesting a complex social structure requiring individual recognition, similar to the human use of names. Green-rumped parrotlets also address specific individuals through unique calls, indicating that the cognitive ability to use names is not restricted to humans but shared with other species .

Culturally specific naming practices often reflect broader socio-political contexts by mirroring power structures, identity politics, and historical influences. For instance, patronymic and matronymic practices denote gender dynamics and lineage importance within a society. Naming conventions can also reflect colonial influences or historical conquests, as seen in the adaptation of Indian names across Southeast Asia due to historical Indo-Aryan cultural spread. In some cultures, names may denote social status or community membership, indicating the interplay between individual identity and collective cultural history .

Naming conventions often reflect the social norms and hierarchies within cultures. For instance, in Roman naming conventions, names signify social rank, and in many cultures, the father’s or grandfather's name is incorporated into personal names, indicating patriarchal lineage. In East Asian cultures, a generation name shared among siblings signifies familial connection and social structure, while in some African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son receives the family name as a given name, highlighting the importance of birth order and family continuity .

The structure and practice of personal names illustrate cultural priorities by emphasizing lineage, identity, and marital status. In many Western cultures, personal names consist of a given name, middle name, and surname, with the surname indicating familial ties. In East Asian cultures, the surname precedes the given name, reflecting societal importance on family lineage over individual identity. Historically, Roman naming conventions with praenomen, nomen, and cognomen encapsulate personal, family, and individual attributes, influencing later European naming practices. Cultural variations like patronyms and matronyms indicate cultural emphases on paternal or maternal lineage .

Technology and globalization are significantly altering traditional naming conventions by fostering cultural exchange and eroding localized name practices. The internet and social media platforms enable people to adopt non-traditional names or merge naming styles, reflecting global influences and personal preferences, which can diverge from cultural norms. Additionally, technology influences naming in industries (e.g., tech products adopting alphanumeric identifiers) and encourages the blending of name elements to create universally appealing or novel names for global audiences, thus shifting local naming traditions towards a more homogenized global culture .

In scientific disciplines, naming conventions play critical roles in establishing clarity, standardization, and systematic classification. For instance, in biology, binomial nomenclature precisely identifies species, promoting universal understanding. In chemistry, chemical nomenclature systematically names compounds, ensuring that scientific communication is accurate and unambiguous. These conventions reduce confusion, aid in information retrieval, and facilitate advancements by providing a common language across geographical and linguistic barriers, crucial for global scientific discourse and collaboration .

In religious texts, name changes are significant as they often symbolize a transformation in identity or status. For example, in the Bible, Abram's name is changed to Abraham, representing a covenant with God and a new role as the 'father of many nations'. Similarly, Simon is renamed Peter, signifying his foundational role in the Church. These changes illustrate a divine redefinition of purpose and authority, with proper names regarded as imbued with meaning and reflective of one's life course or spiritual journey .

In Biblical narratives, names carry meanings that often foreshadow or influence the characters' roles and destinies. Names are not mere identifiers but narratives in themselves, richly contextualized with prophetic significance. For instance, Solomon's name meaning 'peace' prefigures his peaceful reign, encapsulating his role as a king of unprecedented tranquility. Similarly, the name Manasseh, meaning 'causing to forget', reflects Joseph's reconciliation with his past sufferings. Such names encapsulate divine foresight or blessing, aligning personal identity with broader theological themes and narratives within the text .

Systematic naming conventions in fields like computer science contribute significantly to the organization and functionality of information systems by standardizing identifiers, reducing errors, and facilitating interoperability. For example, identifier naming conventions in programming ensure clear, readable code that can be easily maintained and debuged. In computer networking, consistent naming schemes for devices enhance connectivity and network management. These conventions enable systems to function efficiently, underpinning the architecture of complex infrastructures and promoting seamless communication within and across networked environments .

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