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Experimental technique 3
Electrolysis 11
Acid &Base 12
Metals & Reactivity Series 23
Chemical energetics 24
Rate of reaction 26
Air & water 28
Organic
Plan an experiment
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1. Gas syringe Used to measure the volume of gas during the reaction
The volume of gas produced depends on the reactivity
of metals.
2. Stop watch Stop watch is used to determine the rate of reaction
The rate of reaction is measured in seconds
So to convert from minutes to second
Multiply in 60
For example 2 Minutes & 30 seconds
(2*60) + 30 = 150 seconds
usually the rate of reaction is measured in seconds
3. Condenser Condenser is used in simple and fractional distillation
To convert from gaseous state into a liquid state.
Water enters from downwards and exits from upwards.
4.
5.
Bunsen burner.
Metallic Tong.
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In order to make a fame test
The Bunsen burner should be in a blue flame
To make this , open Air hole
Used to handle the magnesium ribbon during heating
6. Pestle & Mortar. M By using pestle and mortar to crush the lumps to
increase the surface area.
7. Burette Burette is used in titration method
Titration method is very accurate that’s why burette
and pipette used, accompanied by indicator
Since all the reagents are soluble so any drop excess
this will result in failure salt preparation.
The volume of burette is 50 Cm3
If the acid is needed to neutralize the 100cm3of base is
75cm3
So in order to solve this problem divide the solution
into two burettes
8. Pipette Pipette is very accurate instrument used in titration
process to measure 25 cm3 (only certain volume)
Disadvantage of pipette
The solution will run out of the pipette too slow this will
interfere with the time taken resulting in less accurate
measurements.
That’s why using measuring cylinder is more practical and
easily applicable in the labs.
When asking state a source of error in the experiment
Use pipette instead of measuring cylinder.
9. Measuring Cylinder It is fast but not accurate compared with pipette and
burette.
10. Gas jar
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Gas jar is used to collect gas
If the gas is denser than air such as Co2 so the gas jar will
be downwards
If the gas is less dense than air so it is collected upwards.
11. Thermometer
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Thermometer
Is used to measure the temperature of the surroundings
not inside the reaction
If the temperature increased this indicates that type of
the reaction is exothermic reaction
If the temperature is decreased this indicates that type of
raction is endothermic reaction.
12. Conical flask What is the advantage if using the conical flask instead of
beaker?
Conical flask has a neck so it will be easily in mixing and
swirling than a beaker
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Filtration
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Simple Distillation fractional Distill.
[Link] to get the residue 1. Heat the mixture 1. Heat the mixture
2. Wash it with distilled water 2. The water or (solvent) will reach it 2. The liquid will lower B.P
3. Dry between to filter paper boiling point changing into gaseous state will be obtained first.
3. The solvent will be obtained as a filtrate and the solid will be left as residue.
ANSWER:
1. Heat the mixture (1) By using Bunsen burner (1) in a conical flask (1)
2. Ethanol will boil first at 78 degrees Celsius (1) then Condensed by condenser (1)
3. Limonene will boil second at 176 degrees Celsius (1)
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4. This is done by using fractional distillation (1)
5. Sodium carbonate will be left as residue (1)
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ANSWER:
1. Add cyclohexane to the mixture to dissolve W (1)
2. Filter (1), Wash (1) & Dry to get residue (substance X & Y)
3. Then evaporate off cyclohexane to get substance w. (1)
4. To the residue, add cold water substance Y will be dissolved while X will be residue (1)
5. Evaporate off the cold water (1)
6. the residue will be substance X (1)
7. wash & dry between two filter papers (1)
Method of Extraction
1. When there is a Mixture which are two or more substances there are not chemically bonded
with each other.
2. I can’t separate mixtures when they are solids that’s why a solvent is needed.
3. One substance will be dissolved and the other will be left as residue.
4. If I want the soluble substance so crystallization will be done.
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Answer: A, C, F, B, D, E
Or
A, C, F, B, E, D
Or
A, C, F, D, B, E
1. Weigh the mixture of calcium carbonate and kaolinite (initial mass)
2. Add hydrochloric acid
3. Until excess or until no more bubbles will be produced
4. Filter
5. Wash the kaolinite
OR
6.
7.
8.
Then dry
Weigh the kaolinite
Change in mass / initial mass * 100
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GAS Collection
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water +Carbon Dioxide
2 HCL + CaCo3 Cacl2+ H20+ CO2
1. Weigh the mixture of calcium carbonate and kaolinite (initial
mass)
2. Add hydrochloric acid
3. Until excess or until no more bubbles will be produced
4. Collect the gas in a syringe
5. Measure the volume of gas produced.
6. Calculate the no of moles of Caco3/Co2
7. Mass of CaCo3 /initial mass *100
Chromatography
Is used to separate a mixture of
substance.
if more than one substance on the
chromatogram appeared this means
that the sample is impure.
If the sample remains on the base
line this means that the sample is
insoluble in the solvent & need to
change the solvent.
Food stuff & drugs must be pure so
only one spot should appear on the
chromatogram.
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Sometimes the spot that has been separated produces a colourless substance that’s why a
locating agent is needed to locate the position of the substance & to become visible.
RF Value: Distance moved by the spot/Distance moved by the solvent
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Electropating
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1. Clean the metal ring with sandpaper
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2. Dissolve the Copper Sulfate in water to form Copper sulfate solution to have free moving of ions
3. Place the Copper rod at the anode
4. Metal ring at the cathode
5. Rotate the metal ring to be completely electroplated with copper
6. Remove the metal ring , wash with distilled water and dry between two filter paper
Three methods are:
1. Titration method (Soluble acid + Soluble
base ⇨ Soluble Salt + Water)
2. Adding excess (Soluble acid + insoluble
base ⇨ Soluble Salt + Water)
3. Precipitation method (Soluble acid +
Soluble base ⇨ Insoluble base + Water
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FINDING CONCENTRATION by titration method
2mol/dm3 of HCl is added to 25 Cm3 of NaOH
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Calculate the conc. Of NaOH
HCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl(aq) + H20 (l)
So titration method is used to find the concentration Of NaoH
Steps for titration method:
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1. Add 25 Cm3 of NaOH by using pipette in a conical flask
2. Add 5 drops of indicator such as Methyl orange the color is yellow
3. Titrate with the acid till the color of indicator changes into red
4. Record the volume of the acid (12.5 Cm3) used to neutralize the base
5. Repeat the experiment without using indicator
6. Heat, evaporate till point of crystallization
7. Then cool crystals will be formed then Dry between two filter papers
8. By Molar ratio can get the No of moles of NaOH then Calculate the Concentration
Adding the acid to the Agri lime Method.
1. Add a known Mass of agri Lime Q
2. Add acid from the burette gradually to the Agri lime Q
3. Methyl orange is used as an indicator until the colour has changed
4. Note the volume of the acid added
5. Repeat with Agri Lime R
6. The expirement that uses the larger volume of acid is better
Adding the Agri Lime to acid Method
1. Add Known Mass of Agri lime Q
2. To a known Volume of the Acid
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3. Methyl orange is used an indicator
4. Add agri lime until the colour of indicator change
5. Note the mass of agri lime
6. Repeat with the Agri lime R
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7. The expirment that used less amount of agri lime to neutralize the same amount of acid is the
better.
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1. Add a known volume of vinegar (1) to a conical flask (1)
2. Add a methyl orange as an indicator (1)
3. Add sodium hydroxide from the burette(1)
4. Titrate sodium hydroxide until the colour of indicator change (1)
5. Record the volume of sodium hydroxide (1)
6. Repeat with other vinegar (1)
7. The greater the volume of sodium hydroxide used the more concentrated the ethanoic acid in
the vinegar (1)
2. Adding excess
H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(L)
1. Add excess of CuO to hot sulfuric acid.
2. Filter to remove excess unreacted copper oxide
3. Heat, evaporate till point of crystallization
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4. Then cool, crystals will be formed & Dry between two filter papers
Precipitation is a method used to identify the ions that are present in the solution
To prepare insoluble salt barium sulfate
1. Mix barium nitrate with sulfuric acid forming barium sulphate (white precipitate)
2. Filter to get the precipitate
3. Wash the crystals with distilled water
4. Dry between two filter paper
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How to perform a flame test?
Dip a platinum wire into the metal solution
And introduce it into the blue flame of Bunsen
burner using conc. HCl
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1. Crush lumps (1) with pestle & Mortar (1)
2. Weigh cassiterite (1) (initial mass)
3. Heat and reduce (1)
4. With carbon (1) Or add a more reactive metal such as zinc
5. Weigh tin (final mass)
6. Final mass ( mass of tin)/ initial mass * 100
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There is always an energy change during a chemical reaction that determines its type.
There are two types of chemical reaction: Exothermic reaction and Endothermic reaction.
An Exothermic is a type of reaction that releases Heat ENERGY to the surrounding and is shown
by RISE IN TEMPERATURE using a thermometer as a tool.
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An Endothermic is a type of reaction that absorbs Heat ENERGY from the surrounding and is
shown by FALL IN TEMPERATURE using a thermometer as a tool
weigh calcium(1) (initial mass) with Lid (1)
heat (1) then remove the lid to allow the air to enter(1)
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leave it to cool (1)
Reweigh Cao (final mass) (1)
Reheat until a constant mass (1)
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subtract final mass from initial mass to get the mass of calcium (1)
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Measure known volume of water
Measure the initial temperature
Measure the mass of nuts
Burn the nuts for at least 10 mins
Measure the final temperature
Repeat with other nuts
The greater the temperature the better the nut
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The rate of reaction mainly depends on four factors
that increase rate:
1. Increase surface area by decreasing particle size.
2. Increase the temperature.
3. Increase the concentration of the reactants.
4. Increase the pressure (for the gaseous only)
5. Adding a catalyst.
The curve become steeper shifting the curve
towards left.
Same final volume is produced as the reactants
has been used up
Temperature:
A reaction between sodium thiosulphate & hydrochloric acid
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Weigh a known mass of the magnesium (1)
Add known volume of dilute Hydrochloric acid (1)
Measure the volume of the gas using gas syringe (1)
Then start the stop watch at the same time (1)
Measure the volume of the gas at fixed time (1)
Repeat the experiment using different temperature (1)
The lower the temperature the lower rate of reaction (1)
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Get a five nails (1) and place it in a test tube (1)
Add known volume of water (1)
Leave the water for suitable time for at least one week (1)
Reweigh the Nails (1)
Repeat with other covering (1)
The nail with the least rust has the best coating (1)
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1. Feb/March 2016 variant 2
2. June 2016 variant 1
3. June 2016 variant 2
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4. June 2016 variant 3
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5. November 2016 variant 1
1
6. November 2016 variant 2
7. November 2016 variant 3
8. March 2017 variant 2
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9. June 2017 variant 1
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2
10. June 2017 variant 2
11. June 2017 variant 3
12. November 2017 variant 1
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13. November 2017 variant 2
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14. November 2017 variant 3
3
15. Feb/ March 2018
16. June 2018 variant 1
17. June 2018 variant 2
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18. June 2018 variant 3
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19. November 2018 variant 1
4
20. November 2018 variant 2
21. November 2018 variant 3
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22. Feb 2019 V.2 M
5
23. May 2019 V.1
24. May 2019 V.2
25. May 2019 V.3
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6
Plan an experiment
[Link] 2019, V1
2. November 2019, V2
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3. November 2019, V3
28
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Model answers
1. Feb /march 2016 v.2
2. June 2016 v.1
3. June 2016 v.2
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7
4. June 2016 v.3
5. November 2016 v.1
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6. November 2016 v.2
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8
7. November 2016 v.3
8. March 2017 v. 2
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9. June 2017 v.1
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9
[Link] 2017 v.2
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[Link] 2017 v.3
10
[Link] 2017 v.1
[Link] 2017 v.2
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[Link] 2017 v.3
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11
15 March 2018 v.2
16. June 2018 v.1
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17. June 2018 v.2
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[Link] 2018 v.3
12
[Link] 2018 v.1
20. November 2018 v.2
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21. November 2018 v.3
13
22. Feb 2019 V.2
23. May 2019 V.1
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24. May 2019 V.2
14
25. May 2019 V.3
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15
Model answers
1.26 November 2019, V1
2.27 November 2019, V2
3.
28 November 2019, V3
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June 2010 till June 2015 variant 1
November 2010 till June 2015 variant 2
[Link] 2010 variant 1
2. November 2010 variant 2
3. June 2011 variant 1
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16
4. November 2011 variant 2
5. June 2012 variant 1
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6. November 2012 variant 2
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17
7. June 2013 variant 1
[Link] 2013 variant 2
9. June 2014 variant 1
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10. June 2015 variant 1
18
11 . November 2015 variant 2
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19
Model answers from
June 2010 to November 2015
1. June 2010 variant 1
2. November 2010 variant 2
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3. June 2011 variant 1 M
4. November 2011 variant 2
20
5. June 2012 variant 1
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6. November 2012 variant 2
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7. June 2013 variant 1
21
8. November 2013 variant 2
9. June 2014 variant 1
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10. June 2015 variant 1
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22
11. November 2015 variant 2
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23
June 2010 to June 2015 variant 2&3
1. June 2015 Variant 3
2. June 2015 Variant 2
3. June 2014 variant 3
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4. June 2014 variant 2
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5. June 2013 variant 3
6. June 2013 variant 2
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7. June 2012 variant 3
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8. June 2012 variant 2
9. June 2011 variant 3
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10. June 2010 variant 3
Model answer June 2010 to June 2015
V2 &V3
[Link] 2015 Variant 3
[Link] 2015 Variant 2
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[Link] 2014 Variant 3
[Link] 2014 variant 2
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[Link] 2013 variant 3
6. June 2013 variant 2
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[Link] 2012 variant 3
8. June 2012 variant 2
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9. June 2011 variant 3
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[Link] 2010 variant 3
November 2015 to 2010
Variant 1&3
1. November 2015 variant 3
2. November 2015 variant 1
3. November 2013 variant 3 S T
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4. November 2013 variant 1
[Link] 2012 variant 3
[Link] 2012 variant 1
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7. November 2011 variant 1
8. November 2010 variant 1
1. November 2015 variant 3
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Model answers from November
2015 to 2010 variant 1 &3
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[Link] 2015 variant 1
3. November 2013 variant 3
4. November 2013 variant 1
[Link] 2012 variant 3
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[Link] 2012 variant 1
[Link] 2011 variant 1
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[Link] 2010 variant 1
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