Scribd
Upload
28 views4 pages

Differential Equations Homework Unit 2

This document contains an introduction and multiple homework problems related to dynamical systems and chaos. It includes differential equations with various functions f(X) and g(X), asks students to sketch phase lines and identify fixed points and their stability. Students are asked to use Euler's method to estimate temperatures over time for objects cooling in a room. Questions range from beginner to advanced, involving writing a program to implement and experiment with Euler's method, considering approximations and exact solutions, and analyzing properties of differential equations.

Uploaded by

Satpal Jangra (JSHL-CRD3 E&A)
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views4 pages

Differential Equations Homework Unit 2

This document contains an introduction and multiple homework problems related to dynamical systems and chaos. It includes differential equations with various functions f(X) and g(X), asks students to sketch phase lines and identify fixed points and their stability. Students are asked to use Euler's method to estimate temperatures over time for objects cooling in a room. Questions range from beginner to advanced, involving writing a program to implement and experiment with Euler's method, considering approximations and exact solutions, and analyzing properties of differential equations.

Uploaded by

Satpal Jangra (JSHL-CRD3 E&A)
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to Dynamical Systems and Chaos

Homework for Unit 2: Differential Equations


Santa Fe Institute. Winter 2015
[Link]

5
4
3
2
1
f(X)

0
−1
−2
−3
−40 2 4 6 8 10
X
Figure 1: A graph of f (X).

Beginner

1. These questions refer to the differential equation


dX
= f (X) , (1)
dt
where f (X) is shown in Fig. 1.

(a) Sketch the phase line for this function.


(b) Identify and determine the stability of all fixed points.
(c) Describe the long-term behavior of a solution whose initial condition is X = 8.
(d) Describe the long-term behavior of a solution whose initial condition is X = 6.
(e) Describe the long-term behavior of a solution whose initial condition is X = 2.
dX
2. Consider the function differential equation dt
= f (X).

(a) Sketch a graph of an f (X) that would lead to the differential equation having one
unstable fixed point.
(b) Sketch a graph of an f (X) that would lead to the differential equation having a stable
fixed point at −2 and an unstable fixed point at 5.
(c) Sketch a graph of an f (X) that would lead to the differential equation having all
solutions tend toward infinity, regardless of the initial condition.

4
2
0
−2
g(X)

−4
−6
−8
−10−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
X
Figure 2: A graph of g(X).

3. These questions refer to the differential equation


dX
= g(X) , (2)
dt
where g(X) is shown in Fig. 2.

(a) Sketch the phase line for this function.


(b) Identify and determine the stability of all fixed points.

4. Consider the differential equation that describes the temperature T of an object in a 20


degree room:
dT
= 0.2(20 − T ) . (3)
dt
Suppose that the initial temperature of the object is T = 10 degrees. Use Euler’s method
with ∆t = 2 to come up with estimates for the object’s temperature at t = 2 and t = 4.

2
10
8
6

f(X) 4
2
0
−2−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
Figure 3: A graph of f (X).

Intermediate
dX
1. Consider the differential equation dt
= f (X), where f (X) is plotted in Fig. 3.
(a) Draw the phase line for this differential equation.
(b) Classify the stability of all fixed points.
2. Consider the differential equation dY
dt
= − 12 Y . Let Y (0) = 100. Use Euler’s method with
∆t = 2 to determine estimates for Y (2) and Y (4).

Advanced

1. Recommended Write a program that implements Euler’s method for the main example
of this chapter,
dT
= 0.2(20 − T ) . (4)
dt
Some things to try out or experiment with:
• Have your program produce a plot of your Euler solution.
• Make plots of the Euler solutions for several different values of ∆t.
• Compare the Euler solution with the exact solution

T (t) = 20 − (20 − T0 )e−0.2t , (5)

where T0 is the temperature at time t = 0. (This analytic result is obtained via


calculus.)

3
• Generalize your program so that it can solve any differential equation of the form
dX
= f (X) . (6)
dt

2. Consider again the differential equation dX dt


= f (X), where f (X) is plotted in Fig. 3.
Suppose the initial X value is 1. If you used Euler’s method with ∆t = 1 to figure out the
value of X at t = 1, would your result be above or below the exact value for X(1). Why?

3. Euler’s method is an approximation that becomes better and better as ∆t approaches zero.
Under what circumstances would Euler’s method yield an exact solution without letting ∆t
approach zero?

4. Is it possible to have a differential equation of the form dX


dt
= f (X) that has only two fixed
points, both of which are attracting? Why or why not?

You might also like