Chapter 5 – Functions and relations

Solutions to Exercise 5A
1 A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15} c
B = {7, 11, 25, 30, 32} –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
C = {1, 7, 11, 25, 30}
d (−2, ∞)
A ∩ B means must be in both A and B
A ∪ B means must be in either or any d
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
A\B means in A but not B
e (−2, 3)
a A ∩ B = {7, 11} e
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
b A ∩ B ∩ C = {7, 11}
f (−2, 4]
c A ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 25, 30}
f
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
d A∪B=
{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 25, 30, 32}
4 a (−2, 1]
e A∪ B∪C =
{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 25, 30, 32} b [−3, 3]

f (A ∩ B) ∪ C = {1, 7, 11, 25, 30} c [−3, 2)

d (−1, 2)
2 a A\B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 15}

b B\A = {25, 30, 32} 5 a {x : − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2} = [−1, 2]

c A\C = {2, 3, 5, 15} b {x : − 4 < x ≤ 2} = (−4, 2]

√ √
d C\A = {25, 30} c {y : 0 < y < 2} = (0, 2)
√  √3 1 
3 1
d {y : − <y≤ √ }= − , √
3 a [−3, 4) 2 2 2 2
a
e {x : x > −1} = (−1, ∞)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

b (−∞, 3] f {x : x ≤ −2} = (−∞, −2]

b
g R = (−∞, ∞)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

c [−2, −1] h R+ ∪ {0} = [0, ∞)

i R− ∪ {0} = (−∞, 0]

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 6 B = {7, 11, 25, 30, 32} c (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)

a (−2, 10] ∩ B = {7}

9 a
b (3, ∞) ∩ B = {7, 11, 25, 30, 32} = B -6 -5-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c (2, ∞) ∪ B = (2, ∞) b
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d (25, ∞) ∩ B = {30, 32}
c
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 a [−2, 5], [3, 4], [−2, 5] ∩ [3, 4]
d
a
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e
b [−2, 5], R\[−2, 5]
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b
f
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c [3, ∞), (−∞, 7], [3, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 7]
c
10 a (−6, −3)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b ∅
d [−2, 3], R\[−2, 3]
c [−6, 0]
d

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 d [−1, 2]

e {1}
8 a (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞)
f (−10, −1]
b (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)

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 Solutions to Exercise 5B
1 a Domain = {−3, −1, −6, 1}; y
Range = {−4, −1, 7, 5}
y
x
7 0
5
(-1, -5) (2, -2)
0 x
-6 -3 -1-1 1
f Domain = [−4, 1]
-4
Range = [−5, 5]
b Domain = {−4, −6}; Range = y
{−1, 1, 7, 8}
y (1, 5)

8 x
7 0

1 0 (-4, -5)
x
-6 -4 -1

2 a Domain = [−2, 2]; Range = [−1, 2]

c Domain = [−2, 2]
Range = [−2, 2] b Domain = [−2, 2]; Range = [−2, 2]
y
c Domain = R; Range = [−1, ∞)
2

d Domain = R; Range = (−∞, 4]

-2 2 x
0

−2
3 a x2 + 6x + 10 = x2 + 6x + 9 − 9 + 10
= (x − 3)2 + 1
d Domain = [0, ∞)
y = (x + 3)2 + 1
Range = (−∞, 6]
Range = [1, ∞)
y
y
6
10

4 (-3, 1)
x x
0 0

e Domain = [−1, 2]
Range = [−5, −2]

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 b y
−x − 4x − 6 = −(x + 4x + 6)
2 2

= −[x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 + 6]
= −(x + 2)2 − 2 x
y = −(x + 2)2 − 2 0
Range = (−∞, −2] (2, –1)
y

x
(-2, -2) 0 c y = 2x + 1; x ∈ [−4, ∞);
Range = [−7, ∞)
y
-6

c
1
2x2 − 4x + 6 = 2(x2 − 2x + 3)
x
= 2[x2 − 2x + 1 − 1 + 3] 0
= 2(x − 1)2 + 4 (–4, –7)
y = 2(x − 1)2 + 4
Range = [4, ∞) y
d y = 3x + 2; x ∈ (−∞, 3);
Range = (−∞, 11)

6
y

(1, 4)
(3, 11)
x
0
– 23 2
x
4 a y = x + 1; x ∈ [2, ∞); Range = [3, ∞) 0
y

e y = x + 1; x ∈ (−∞, 3];
(2, 3) Range = (−∞, 4]
x
0

b y = −x + 1; x ∈ [2, ∞);
Range = (−∞, −1]

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 y 5 a y = x2 + 3, x ∈ [−1, 1]
Range = [3, 4]
(3, 4) y

1 (1, 4)
x (-1, 4)
–1 0 3

x
0

f y = −3x − 1; x ∈ [−2, 6]; b y = x2 + 4, x ∈ [−2, 1]

Range = [−19, 5] Range = [4, 8]
y y

(–2, 5) (-2, 8)
4 (1, 5)

x x
– 1 0 0
3 –1

(6, –19) c y = x2 − 4, x ∈ [−1, 2]

Range = [−4, 0]
g y = −3x − 1; x ∈ [−5, −1]; y
Range = [2, 14]
y (2, 0)
x
(–5, 14) 0

(-1, -3)
(–1, 2) -4

x
0 d y = 2x2 + 1, x ∈ [−2, 3]
Range = [1, 19]
y
(3, 19)

h y = 5x − 1; x ∈ (−2, 4);
(-2, 9)
Range = (−11, 19)
y
(4, 19) 1
x
0

x 6 a {(x, y) : y = x2 + 1};
–1 0
1 Range = [1, ∞)
5
(–2, –11)

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 y y

(1, 4)
3
(0, 1)
x x
0 –1 0 3

b {(x, y) : y = x2 + 2x + 1}; f {(x, y) : y = x2 − 2; x ∈ [−1, 2]};

Range = [0, ∞) Range = [−2, 2]
y y
(2, 2)

(0, 1) x
0
x (–1, –1)
(–1, 0) 0 (0, –2)
c {(x, y) : y = 4 − x2 ; x ∈ [−2, 2]}; g {(x, y) : y = 2x2 − 3x + 6};
Range = [0, 4] 39
Range = [ , ∞)
y 8
y
4
6
3 39
x ,
4 8
–2 0 2 x
0
d {(x, y) : y = x2 + 2x + 3};
Range = [2, ∞) h {(x, y) : y = 6 − 3x + x2 };
15
y Range = [ , ∞)
4
y

3
(–1, 2) 6
3 15
x ,
2 4
0
x
0
e {(x, y) : y = −x2 + 2x + 3};
Range = (−∞, 4]
7 a {(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 9}
Max. Domain = [−3, 3]

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 Range = [−3, 3] Range = [−5, 0]
y y
3
–5 5
x
x 0
–3 0 3
–5
–3
f (x, y) : y = − 25 − (x − 2)2 }
p
b {(x, y) : (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 16} Max. Domain = [−3, 7]
Max. Domain = [−2, 6] Range = [−5, 0]
Range = [−1, 7]
y
y

–3 7
(2, 3) x
0
x
0
5
8 a Domain = R \ ; Range = R \ {3}
c {(x, y) : (2x − 1)2 + (2y − 4)2 = 1} 2
Max. Domain = [0, 1] 2 13
When x = 0, y = − + 3 =
3 5 5 5
Range = [ , ] When y = 0
2 2 2
y +3=0
2x − 5
2
= −3
2x − 5
1
,2 2 = −3(2x − 5)
2
x 2 = −6x + 15
0 13
√ x=
d {(x, y) : y = 25 − x2 } 6
y
Max. Domain = [−5, 5],
Range = [0, 5]
y
y =3
5
13 5
5 x=
2
x 0 x
–5 0 5 13
6
√
e {(x, y) : y = − 25 − x2 } 5 
Max. Domain = [−5, 5], b Domain = ,∞
2

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 Range = R+ ∪ {0} f Domain = (−∞, 2]; Range= [0, ∞)
y y

2
5
2 x x
0 0 2

√ √
c y=  = 5−(2x
5 − 2x  − 5) 9 a Domain = [0, ∞)
Domain = −∞, Range = R
2 y
Range = R+ ∪ {0}
y

x
5 0

5
2 x
0
b Domain = [1, ∞)
Range = R
d y = 4 − (x − 5)2
p
y
Squaring gives:
y2 = 4 − (x − 5)2
(x − 5)2 + y2 = 4 This last equation is
x
that of a circle of radius 2 and centre 0 1
(5, 0).
It is the ’top half’ of the circle.
Domain = [3, 7]; Range = [0, 2]
c Domain = [−1, ∞)
y
Range = R
y

x
0 3 5 7
x
5 -1 0
e Domain = R \ ; Range= (0, ∞)
2
y

d Domain = [1, ∞)
Range = R
2
25
x
0 x= 5
2

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 y

(1, 3)

x
0 10

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 Solutions to Exercise 5C
1 a {(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} is not y
a function because it is 1− many;
(0, 1) and (0,2) Domain = {0, 1, 2, 3}; 2
Range = {1, 2, 3, 4}
x
b 0 2
{(−2, −1), (−1, −2), (0, 2), (1, 4), (2, −5)}
is a function because it is 1 − 1;
–2
Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2};
not a function
Range = {−5, −2, −1, 2, 4}
Domain = [0, 2]
c Not a function; Range = [–2, 2]
Domain = {−1, 0, 3, 5}; c {(x, y) : 2x + 8y = 16; x ∈ [0, ∞)};
Range = {1, 2, 4, 6} Range = (−∞, 2]; function because
1 → 1 relation
d {(1, 3), (2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3)} is a
y
function because it is many −1;
Domain = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6};
Range = {3} 2
x
0 8
2 a y = x ; x ∈ [0, 4]; Range = [0, 16];
2

function because 1 − 1 relation

y A function
a function
Domain
Domain = =[0,[0,
∞)∑)
Range
Range= (−∞, 2] 2]
= (–∑,
16 √
d y = x; x ∈ R+ , function because
1→1
relation; Range = R+ or (0, ∞)
x y
0 4

a function
Domain = [0, 4] 3
2
Range = [0, 16] 1 x
b {(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 4}; x ∈ [0, 2];
0 1 4 9
Range = [−2, 2]; not a function a function
because Domain = {x : x ≥ 0}
1− many relation Range = {y : y ≥ 0}

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 1 Range = R\{0}; not a function
e {(x, y) : y = 2 ; x ∈ R\{0}};
x because 1 → many relation
function because many → 1 relation;
Range = R+ or (0, ∞) y
y

x
0
x
0
not a function
Domain
3 a {(x, 3x∑)
y) : y==[0, + 2} can be expressed
Range = R
as f : R → R, f (x) = 3x + 2
a function
Domain = R\{0} b {(x, y) : 2y + 3x = 12}
Range = R+ 2y + 3x = 12
1
f {(x, y) : y = ; x ∈ R+ }; function ∴ 2y = 12 − 3x
x
because 1 → 1 relation; Range = R+ ∴
3x
y=6−
or (0, ∞) 2
3x
Domain = R+ f: R → R, f (x) = 6 −
2
y
c {(x, y) : y = 2x + 3, x ≥ 0}
can be expressed as
f : R+ ∪ {0} → R, f (x) = 2x + 3
x
0 d y = 5x + 6, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 can be
expressed as
f : [−1, 2] → R, f (x) = 5x + 6

a function e y + x2 = 25, −5 ≤ x ≤ 5
g y= x2 ; x ∈ [−1, 4]; Range = [0, 16];
Domain = R+ ∴ y = 25 − x2 can be expressed as
function because many → 1 relation
Range = R+ f : [−5, 5] → R, f (x) = 25 − x2
y
(4, 16) f y = 5x − 7, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 can be
expressed as
(–1, 1) f : [0, 1] → R, f (x) = 5x − 7
x
0
4 a {(x, −2) : x ∈ R} is a function
because it is many −1; Domain = R,
Range = {−2}
h {(x, ay)function
: x = y2 ; x ∈ R+ };
Domain = [–1, 4]
Range = [0, 16]
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 b {(3, y) : y ∈ Z} is not a function be- 4
b g(x) =
cause it is 1 → many; Domain = {3}, x
Range = Z 4
i g(1) = =4
1
c y = −x + 3 is a function because it is
1 → 1; Domain = R, Range = R 4
ii g(−1) = = −4
−1
d y = x2 + 5 is a function because 4
it is many → 1; Domain = R, iii g(3) =
3
Range = [5, ∞)
4
iv g(2) = =2
e {(x, y) : x + y = 9} is not a function
2 2 2
because it is many → many; Domain c g(x) = (x − 2)2
= [−3, 3], Range = [−3, 3]
i g(4) = (4 − 2)2 = 4
5 a f (x) = 2x − 3 ii g(−4) = (−4 − 2)2 = 36
i f (0) = 2(0) − 3 = −3 iii g(8) = (8 − 2)2 = 36
ii f (4) = 2(4) − 3 = 5 iv g(a) = (a − 2)2
iii f (−1) = 2(−1) − 3 = −5 1
d f (x) = 1 −
x
iv f (6) = 2(6) − 3 = 9
1
i f (1) = 1 − =0
v f (x − 1) = 2(x − 1) − 3 = 2x − 5 1
! 1
1 2
= −3 ii f (1 + a) = 1 −
vi f
a a 1+a
1+a−1 a
= =
1+a a+1
1
iii f (1 − a) = 1 −
1−a
1−a−1
=
1−a
a a
=− =
1−a a−1
1 1
iv f ( ) = 1 − =1−a
a 1/a

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 6 f (x) = 2x + 1 d f (x) = (x + 1)(x − 4) = 0
∴ x = −1, 4
a f (2) = 2 × 2 + 1 = 5 and f (t) = 2t + 1
e f (x) = x2 − 2x = 3
b f (x) = 6 ∴ x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
2x + 1 = 6 ∴ (x − 3)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = −1, 3
2x = 5

x=
5 f f (x) = x2 − x − 6 = 0
2 ∴ (x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = −2, 3
c f (x) = 0
2x + 1 = 0
8 g(x) = x2 + 2x and
2x = −1
h(x) = 2x3 − x2 + 6
1
x=−
2 a g(−1) = (−1)2 + 2(−1) = −1
g(2) = (2)2 + 2(2) = 8
d f (t) = t
g(−2) = (−2)2 + 2(−2) = 0
2t + 1 = t
b h(−1) = 2(−1)3 − (−1)2 + 6 = 3
t = −1
h(2) = 2(2)3 − (2)2 + 6 = 18
e f (x) ≥ x h(−2) = 2(−2)3 − (−2)2 + 6 = −14

2x + 1 ≥ x c i g(−3x) = (−3x)2 + 2(−3x) =

x ≥ −1 9x2 − 6x

f f (x) ≤ 3x ii g(x − 5) = (x − 5)2 + 2(x − 5)

2x + 1 ≤ 3x = x2 − 8x + 15
−x ≤ −1 iii h(−2x) = 2(−2x)3 − (−2x)2 + 6
x≥1 = −16x3 − 4x2 + 6

7 a f (x) = 5x − 2 = 3 iv g(x + 2) = (x + 2)2 + 2(x + 2)

∴ 5x = 5, ∴ x = 1 = x2 + 6x + 8
1
b f (x) = =6 v h(x2 ) = 2(x2 )3 − (x2 )2 + 6
x
1 = 2x6 − x4 + 6
∴ 1 = 6x, x =
6
c f (x) = x2 = 9 9 f (x) = 2x2 − 3
√
∴ x = ± 9 = ±3

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 a f (2) = 2(2)2 − 3 = 5 13 a f : [−1, 2] → R, f (x) = x2
f (−4) = 2(−4)2 − 3 = 29 Range = [0, 4]
y
b The Range of f is [−3, ∞) (2, 4)

10 f (x) = 3x + 1 (–1, 1)
x
0
a The image of 2 = 3(2) + 1 = 7

b The pre-image of 7: 3x + 1 = 7
so 3x = 6 and x = 2
b f : [−2, 2] → R, f (x) = x2 + 2x
c {x : f (x) = 2x}: Range = [−1, 8]
3x + 1 = 2x, ∴ x = −1 y
(2, 8)
11 f (x) = 3x2 + 2
–2
a The image of 0 = 3(0)2 + 2 = 2 x
0
b The pre-image(s) of 5: (–1, –1)
3x2 + 2 = 5
∴ 3x2 = 3, ∴ x = ±1
1
c {x : f (x) = 11} c f : (0, 3] → R, f (x) =
x
∴ 3x2 + 2 = 11 1
Range = [ , ∞)
∴ 3x2 = 9 3
√ y
∴ x2 = 3, ∴ x = ± 3

1
12 f (x) = 7x + 6 and g(x) = 2x + 1 3, 3
x
a {x : f (x) = g(x)} 0
∴ 7x + 6 = 2x + 1
∴ 5x = −5, ∴ x = −1

b {x : f (x) > g(x)}

d f : R → R, f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3
∴ 7x + 6 > 2x + 1
Range = [2, ∞)
∴ 5x > −5, ∴ x > −1

c {x : f (x) = 0}
∴ 7x + 6 = 0
6
∴ 7x = −6, ∴ x = −
7

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 y y
(6, 18)

(1, 2)
x (1, 3)
0
x
0

f f : [−3, 6] → R, f (x) = x2 − 2x + 1
Range = [0, 25])
e f : (1, 6) → R, f (x) = x2 − 4x + 6 y
(6, 25)
Range = [2, 18)
(-3, 16)

1 x
0 1

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 Solutions to Exercise 5D
1 a Not 1 − 1 : (2, 4), (4, 4) both have c y = x2 + 1,
image = 4 Max. Domain R, Range [1, ∞)
√
b {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 6), (7, 9)} is 1 − 1 d y = − 9 − x2 ,
Max. Domain [−3, 3] because
c Not 1 − 1 : (−x)2 = x2 9 − x2 ≥ 0,
Range [−3, 0]
d {(x, y) : y = 3x + 1} is 1 − 1
1
e f (x) = x3 + 1 is 1 − 1 e y= √ ,
x
Max. Domain R+ , Range R+
f Not 1 − 1 : 1 − x2 = 1 − (−x)2 (Different from b because you can’t
1
g y = x2 , x ≥ 0 is 1 − 1 because x ≥ 0 have .)
0
f y = 3 − 2x2 ,
2 a Is a function but isn’t Max. Domain R, Range (−∞, 3]
1 − 1(many → 1)
√
g y = x − 2,
b Isn’t a function: 1− many Max. Domain [2, ∞) because
x − 2 ≥ 0,
c Is a 1 − 1 function
Range [0, ∞)
d Is a function but isn’t 1 − 1(many − 1) √
h y = 2x − 1,
1
e Isn’t a function: 1− many Max. Domain [ , ∞) because
2
2x − 1 ≥ 0,
f Is a function but isn’t Range [0, ∞)
1 − 1(many → 1)
√
i y = 3 − 2x,
g Is a 1 − 1 function 3
Max. Domain (−∞, ] because
2
h Isn’t a function: many − many 3 − 2x ≥ 0,
Range [0, ∞)

3 a y = 7 − x, j y=
1
,
Max. Domain R, Range R 2x − 1
1
√ Max. Domain R\{ } because
b y=2 x 2
2x − 1 , 0,
Max. Domain [0, ∞), Range [0, ∞) 1
Range R\{0} because ,0
2x − 1

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 1 6 {(x, y) : y2 = −x + 2, x ≤ 2} is a one →
k y= − 3,
(2x − 1)2 many relation. Split √ in two:
1
Max. Domain R\{ } because { f : (−∞, 2], f (x) = 2 − x}, Range
2
2x − 1 , 0, [0, ∞) √
1 { f : (−∞, 2], f (x) = − 2 − x}, Range
Range (−3, ∞) because >0
(2x − 1)2 (−∞, 0]
1
l y= + 2,
2x − 1 7 a { f : R → R; f (x) = x2 − 2}
1
Max. Domain R\{ } because y
2
2x − 1 , 0,
1
Range 1/{2} because ,0
2x − 1 x
–√2 √2
–2
4 a Domain = [4, ∞]; Range = [0, ∞)

b Domain = (−∞, 4]; Range = [0, ∞)

b { f : [0, ∞) → R; f (x) = x2 − 2} and
c Domain = [2, ∞); Range = [3, ∞) { f : (−∞, 0] → R; f (x) = x2 − 2}

d Domain = R \ {4}; Range = R \ {0}

8 f1 : [1, ∞) → R, f1 (x) = x2 − 2x + 4
e Domain = R \ {4}; Range = R \ {3} f2 : (−∞, 1] → R, f2 (x) = x2 − 2x + 4

f Domain = R \ {−2}; Range = R \ {−3} 1

9 f1 : (2, ∞) → R, f1 (x) =
(x − 2)2
1
5 a f (x) = 3x + 4; f2 : (−∞, 2) → R, f2 (x) =
(x − 2)2
Max. Domain R, Range R

b g(x) = x2 + 2, 10 a Domain = [−2, 2]

y
Max. Domain R, Range [2, ∞)
√
c y = − 16 − x2 , 2
Max. Domain [−4, 4] because
-2 2
16 − x2 ≥ 0, 0
x
Range [−4, 0]
-2
1
d y= ,
x+2
Max. Domain R\{−2} because
√
x + 2 , 0, b f1 : [0, 2] → R, f1 (x) = √ 4 − x2
1
Range R\{0} because ,0 f2 : [0, 2] → R, f2 (x) = − 4 − x2
x+2
√
c f1 : [−2, 0] → R, f1 (x) = √ 4 − x2
f2 : [−2, 0] → R, f2 (x) = − 4 − x2
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 Solutions to Exercise 5E
1 a h(x) = x, x ≥ 0 and h(x) = −x, x < 0; y
Range = [0, ∞)
y

x
0
x
0

e h(x) = x, x ≥ 1 and
h(x) = 2 − x, x < 1;
b h(x) = x − 1, x ≥ 1 and h(x) = 1 − x, Range = [1, ∞)
x < 1; Range = [0, ∞) y
y

2
(1, 1)
1 x
x 0
0 1

c h(x) = −x, x ≥ 0 and h(x) = x, x < 0; 2

2 a f (x) = x + 3, x < 0
Range = (−∞, 0] 3
f (x) = x + 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
y
f (x) = −2x + 6, x > 1
9
Axis intercepts at (− , 0), (0,3) and
2
(3,0)
x y
0

4
3
d h(x) = 1 + x, x ≥ 0 and h(x) = 1 − x,
2
x < 0; Range = [1, ∞)
1
x
0 1 2 3

b Range = (−∞, 4]

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 3 g(x) = −x − 3, x < 1 b Range = R
g(x) = x − 5, 1 ≤ x ≤ 5
g(x) = 3x − 15, x > 5
Axis intercepts at (−3, 0), (0, −3)
6 a Range = (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞)
and (5, 0) y
y
(2, 2)
(-3, 0)
2 0
x

1
–3 –2 –1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
–1 b Range = R \ {0}
y
–2
–3 x = -3
x
–4 0

–5

c Range = (−∞, 5]
4 a h(x) = x2 + 1, x ≥ 0 y
h(x) = 1 − x, x < 0 (1, 5)
(3, 3)
y
(1, 1) x
0

(4, -4)
(0, 1)
x d Range = R \ [0, 1]
0
y
b Range = [1, ∞) x = -3 (0, 4)
(-1, 1)
x
0
5 a f (x) = −x + 3, x < −3
f (x) = x2 − 9, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
f (x) = x − 3, x > 3
y
1
7 a f (x) = , x > 1
x
f (x) = x, x ≤ 1
–3 3
x
0

–9

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 y Line connecting (−1, 2) and (2, −1) has
−1 − 2
gradient = = −1
2 − (−1)
(1, 1) Using (−1, 2) : y − 2 = −1(x − −1)
∴ y = 1 − x for [−1, 2]
x Line connecting (2, −1) and (4, −2) has
0 −2 − −1 1
gradient = =−
4−2 2
1
b Range = (−∞, 1] Using (2, −1) : y + 1 = − (x − 2)
2
x
∴ y = − for [2, 4]
2
8 Line connecting (−3, 0) and (−1, 2) has 

 x + 3; −3 ≤ x < −1
2−0 
gradient = =1

f (x) = 1 − x; −1 ≤ x < 2


−1 − (−3) 
x
Using (−3, 0) : y − 0 = 1(x − −3)


 − ;2 ≤ x ≤ 4


2
∴ y = x + 3 for [−3, −1]

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 Solutions to Exercise 5F
1 a L(C) = 0.002C + 25; −273 ≤ C ≤ 9
a i f (0) = b = −
1000 2
Most metals will melt at over 1000 3 9
ii f (1) = − = −3
degrees and C = −273 is absolute 2 2
zero.
1
b f (x) = (3x − 9) = 0
b i L(30) = (0.002)30 + 25 = 2
∴ 3x − 9 = 0, ∴ x = 3
25.06 cm

ii L(16) = (0.002)16 + 25 = 5 f (x) = a(x − b)(x − c)

25.032 cm f (2) = f (4) = 0 so b = 2, c = 4
If 7 is maximum then a < 0; Max.
iii L(100) = (0.002)100 + 25 = occurs halfway between 2 and 4, i.e. at
25.20 cm x = 3:
f (x) = a(3 − 2)(3 − 4) = 7-
iv L(500) = (0.002)500 + 25 =
∴ a = −7
26.00 cm
∴ f (x) = −7(x − 2)(x − 4)
OR f (x) = −7x2 + 42x − 56
2 a f (x) = a + bx
f (4) = −1 ∴ a + 4b = −1
6 f (x) = x2 − 6x + 16
f (8) = 1 ∴ a + 8b = 1
= x2 − 6x + 9 + 7
∴ 4b = 2
1
∴ b = ; a = −3 = (x − 3)2 + 7
2 Range of f = [7, ∞)
x
b f (x) = 0, ∴ −3=0
2 7 f : R → R, f (x) = m(x − p)(x − q)
∴ x=6 f (4) = f (5) = 0, so p = 4, q = 5
f (0) = 2, so mpq = 2 and m = 0.1
3 If ( f x) is parallel to g(x) = 2 − 5x f (x) = 0.1(x − 4)(x − 5)
then the gradient of f (x) = −5 and = 0.1(x2 − 9x + 20)
f (x) = −5x + c
= 0.1x2 − 0.9x + 2
f (0) = 7, ∴ c = 7
a = 0.1, b = −0.9, c = 2
f (x) = −5x + 7
OR Use f (0) = 2 so c = 2:
f (4) = 0, so 16a + 4b + 2 = 0
4 f (x) = ax + b f (5) = 0, so 25a + 9b + 2 = 0
f (−5) = −12 ∴ −5a + b = −12 and use simultaneous equations or
matrices.
f (7) = 6 ∴ 7a + b = 6
∴ 12a = 18

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 8 f (x) = ax2 + bx + c so ∆ < 0.
f (0) = 10 so c = 10 ∴ 12k < −37
b
Max. value = 18 at x = − : 37
2a ∴ k< −
b
! 12
f − = 18 < 0 if k < −
37
2a 12
 b 2 b
!
=a − +b − + 10 b a > 0 so the curve is an upright
2a 2a parabola, so the vertex is the
b2 b2 minimum value which occurs at
= − + 10 b
4a 2a x=−
b2 2a
= − + 10 5
4a For a = 3 and b = −5, x =
6
b2 !2
=8
! !
∴ − 5 5 5
4a f =3 −5 −k =0
6 6 6
∴ b2 = −32a . . . (1)
25 25
f (1) = 0 ∴ − −k =0
12 6
∴ a + b + 10 = 0 25
∴ k=−
12
∴ b = −10 − a
∴ b2 = (10 + a)2 . . . (2)
Equate (1) and (2):
∴ (10 + a)2 = −32a
∴ a2 + 20a + 100 = −32a
∴ a2 + 52a + 100 = 0
∴ (a + 50)(a + 2) = 0
∴ a = −2, −50
If a = −2, b = −8; if a = −50, b = 40
∴ f (x) = −2x2 − 8x + 10
g(x) = −50x2 + 40x + 10
OR f (x) = −2(x − 1)(x + 5)
g(x) = −10(5x + 1)(x − 1)

9 a f (x) = 3x2 − 5x − k
f (x) > 1 for all real x
So f (x) − 1 > for all real x
13x2 − 5x − (k + 1) > 0 for all real x.
Then there are two real solutions to
the equation 3x2 − 5x − (k + 1) = 0,

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 Solutions to Exercise 5G
1 a {(3, 1), (6, −2), (5, 4), (1, 7)} Range = (−∞, 4) (Domain of f )
Domain = {3, 6, 5, 1}; Range
= {1, −2, 4, 7} e f : [−1, 7] → R, f (x) = 16 − 2x
x = 16 − 2y
b {(3, 2), (6, −1), (−5, 4), (7, 1), (−4, 6)} ∴ 2y = 16 − x
Domain = {3, 6, −5, 7, −4} x
Range = {−1, 1, 2, 4, 6} ∴ y=8−
2
x
c {(3, 3), (−4, −2), (−1, −1), (1, −8)} ∴ f −1 (x) = 8 −
2
Domain = {3, 1, −1, −4} Domain = [2, 18] (Range of f ),
Range = {3, −2, −1, −8} Range = [−1, 7] (Domain of f )

d
{(3, 1), (−7, −10), (−6, −7), (8, 2), (4, 11)} 3 a f : [0, ∞) → R,√f (x) = x
2

Domain = {3, −7, −6, 8, 4} x = y2 , ∴ y = x

√
Range = {1, −10, −7, 2, 11} ∴ f −1 (x) = x
Domain = [0, ∞) (Range of f ),
Range = [0, ∞) (Domain of f )
2 a f : R → R, f (x) = 6 − 2x has inverse:
x
x = 6 − 2y, ∴ y = 3 − b f : [2, ∞) → R, f (x) = (x − 2)2 + 3
2
x x = (y − 2)2 + 3
∴ f −1 (x) = 3 −
2 ∴ (y − 2)2 = x − 3
Domain = R, Range = R √
∴ y−2= x−3
b f : [1, 5] → R, f (x) = 3 − x has √
∴ y= x−3+2
inverse: √
x = 3 − y, ∴ y = 3 − x ∴ f −1 (x) = x − 3 + 2
∴ f −1 (x) = 3 − x Domain = [3, ∞) (Range of f ),
Domain = [−2, 2] (Range of f ), Range = [2, ∞) (Domain of f )
Range = [1, 5] (Domain of f )
c f (−∞, 4] → R, f (x) = (x − 4)2 + 6
c f : R+ → R, f (x) = x + 4 has inverse: x = (y − 4)2 + 6
x = y + 4, ∴ y = x − 4 ∴ x − 6 = (y − 4)2
∴ f −1 (x) = x − 4 √
∴ y−4=− x−6
Domain = (4, ∞) (Range of f ),
This time we need the negative
Range = R+ (Domain of f )
square root because of the Domain
d f : (−∞, 4] → R, f (x) = x + 4 has of f , which is restricted to the
inverse: left-hand side
√ of the graph.
f −1 (x) = x − 4 ∴ y = 4 − x − 6√
Domain = (−∞, 8] (Range of f ), ∴ f −1 (x) = 4 − x − 6

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 Domain = [6, ∞) (Range of f ), 4 a y
Range = (−∞, 4] (Domain of f ) y = f (x)
√ y = f –1(x)
d f : [0,p1] → R, f (x) = 1 − x
(6, 6)
x= 1−y 3
∴ x2 = 1 − y x
–6 0 3
∴ y = 1 − x2
–6
∴ f −1 (x) = 1 − x2
Domain = [0, 1] (Range of f ), x
Range = [0, 1] (Domain of f ) b f (x) = f −1 (x) when 2x − 6 = + 3
2
3x
√ ∴ = ∴ 9, x = 6
e f : [0,q4] → R, f (x) = 16 − x2 2
When x = 6, y = 6 so (6, 6)
x = 16 − y2
∴ x2 = 16 − y2 5 a f : [0, ∞) → R, f (x) = x2
√
∴ y = 16 − x
2 2
∴ f −1 (x) = x
√ Positive roots because Domain of f is
∴ y = 16 − x2
√ positive.
∴ f −1 (x) = 16 − x2 y = f (x) (red curve);
Domain = [0, 4] (Range of f ), y = f −1 (x) (blue curve)
Range = [0, 4] (Domain of f ) y

f f : [0, ∞) → R, f (x) = (x + 4)2 + 6 y = f(x)

x = (y + 4)2 + 6
(1, 1)
∴ x − 6 = (y + 4)2
√ x
∴ y+4= x−6 (0, 0)
√
∴ y= x−6−4
√
∴ f −1 (x) = x − 6 − 4 √
Domain = [22, ∞) (Range of f ), b f (x) = f −1 (x) where x2 = x
Range = [0, ∞) (Domain of f ) ∴ x4 = x, ∴ x4 − x = 0
∴ x(x3 − 1) = 0
∴ x = 0, 1
i.e. at (0, 0) and (1, 1)

6 f : R → R, f (x) = ax + b, a, b , 0
f (1) = 2, ∴ a + b = 2
x−b
f −1 (x) =
a

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 1−b f −1 (x) = a − x2 , x ≥ 0 (to match
f −1 (1) = =3
a Range of f )
∴ 1 − b = 3a
∴ 3a + b = 1 √
b At x√= 1 : a − x = a − x2
a+b=2 ∴ a−1=a−1
∴ 2a = −1
∴ a − 1 = (a − 1)2
1 5
∴ a = − ;b =
2 2 ∴ a2 − 2a + 1 − a + 1 = 0
∴ a2 − 3a + 2 = 0
√
7 f : (−∞, a] → R, f (x) = a − x ∴ (a − 2)(a − 1) = 0
√
a x= a−y ∴ a = 1, 2
∴ x2 = a − y, ∴ y = a − x2

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 Solutions to Exercise 5H
1 C = 0.15n + 45 where n is the number of d Maximum area = 625 cm2 when
calls x = 25






 1.2 0 < m ≤ 20 5 a i A = (8 + x)y − x2
2 a C= 20 < m ≤ 50


2
ii P = y + (8 + x) + (y − x) + x + x +


50 < m ≤ 150


3

8 = 2x + 2y + 16

b b i
C ($)
If P = 64, 64 = 2x + 2y + 16
3
Domain = (0, 150]
2 Range = {1.20, 2.00, 3.00} ∴ 48 = 2(x + y)
1
∴ 24 = x + y
0 20 50 100 150 m (g)
∴ y = 24 − x
When y = 24 − x,
3 a C1 = 0.25x + 64 A = (8 + x)(24 − x) − x2
C2 = 89 = 192 + 16x − 2x2

b 0.25x + 64 = 89 ii We know y = 24 − x
, ∴ x < 24
implies 0.25x = 25 Also y − x > 0, i.e. 24 − 2x > 0
∴ x = 100 ∴ x < 12
C ($) The allowable values for x are
90
C2 = 89
{x : 0 < x < 12}.
(100, 89)
80
−b
70 C1 = 0.25x + 64 iii Turning point is at x=
60
2a
−16
0 x (km)
and a = −2, b = 16 ∴ x =
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 −4
c Method 2 is cheaper than Method 1 =4
if more than 100 km per day is When x = 4, A = 192 + 16(4) − 2(4)2
travelled. = 192 + 64 − 32 = 224
When x = 0, A = 192
4 a Length = (50 − x) cm When x = 12, A = 192 + 16(12) − 2(12)2

b A(x) = x(50 − x) = 192 + 192 − 288 = 96

c 0 ≤ x ≤ 50

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 A (4, 224) iv The maximum area occurs at the
200 Turning point and is 224 cm2 .
(0, 192)

100 (12, 96)

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 x

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 Solutions to Technology-free questions
y

1 a [−2, 4)
6

b [−2, 4] 2

-2 2 4 6 x

c [1, 8] -2

-4

-6

d (−1, 6]

e (−4, −2] ∪ (1, 5] b {(x, y) : y = 3x − 2; x ∈ [−1, 2]};

Range = [−5, 4]
f (−4, −2] ∪ (2, ∞) y

g (−∞, −3] ∪ (1, ∞) 2

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x

2 a f (3) = 2− 6(3) = −16

-2

-4

b f (−4) = 2 − 6(−4) = 26

c f (x) = 2 − 6x = 6
∴ −6x = 4
2
∴ x=−
3

3 f : [−1, 6] → R, f (x) = 6 − x

a y

(–1, 7)
(0, 6)

x
0 (6, 0)

b Range of f = [0, 7]

4 a {(x, y) : 3x + y = 6}; Range = R

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 c {(x, y) : y = x2 ; x ∈ [−2, 2]}; g f : R → R, f (x) = (x − 2)2
Range = [0, 4] Range = [0, ∞)
y y

5 10

4
8

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x

-1
-4 -2 2 4 6 x

d {(x, y) : y = 9 − x2 }; 1
h f : R\{0} → R, f (x) = + 2
Range = (−∞, 9] x
y
Range = R\{2}
10 y

10

-4 -2 2 4 x

-4 -2 2 4 x

-5

-5

-10

-10

e {(x, y) : y = x + 4x + 6}; 2

Range = [2, ∞)
 1 2
i x− + (y + 2)2 = 9
y
2
Range = [−5, 1]
12

10
y
4

2
6

4
-4 -2 2 4 x

-2

-4 -2 2 x

-4

f {(1, 2)(3, 4)(2, −6)};

Range = {−6, 2, 4} j f : [−1, 3] → R, f (x) = x
y

10 Range = [−1, 3]
y

1 2 3 4 5 x

-5

-2 2 4 x

-10
-2

a
5 a f (x) = +b
x
3 3
f (1) = , ∴ f (1) = a + b =
2 2

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 3 implied Domain = R\{2}
∴ b= −a
2 √
a
f (2) = 9, ∴ f (2) = + b = 9 b f (x) = x − 2;
2
implied Domain = [2, ∞)
!
a 3
∴ + −a =9
2 2 √
3 a c y = 25 − x2 ;
∴ − =9 implied Domain = [−5, 5] since
2 2
∴ 3 − a = 18 25 − x2 ≥ 0
33
∴ a = −15; b =
2 1
d f (x) = ;
b Implied Domain of f is R\{0}. 2x − 1
1
implied Domain = R\{ }
2
6 f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = 2x − x2 √
e g(x) = 100 − x2 ;
implied Domain = [−10, 10]
a y
√
f h(x) = 4 − x;
(1, 1)
implied Domain = (−∞, 4]

x 10 a y = x2 + 2x + 3 is many → 1 (full
0 (2, 0) parabola)
b Range = [0, 1]
b f : [2, ∞) → R, f (x) = (x − 2)2 is
1 → 1 since we only have the right
7 f (x) = ax + b side of the parabola.
f (5) = 10, ∴ 5a + b = 10
f (1) = −2 ∴ a + b = −2 c f (x) = 3x + 2 is 1 → 1 (oblique line)
∴ 4a = 12 √
a = 3, b = −5 d f (x) = x − 2 is 1 → 1 (half-
parabola only)

8 f (x) = ax2 + bx + c 1
e f (x) = is 1 → 1 (rectangular
f (0) = 0, ∴ c = 0 x−2
hyperbola)
f (4) = 0, ∴ 16a + 4b = 0
∴ 4a + b = 0 f f : [−1, ∞) → R, f (x) = (x + 2)2 is
f (−2) = −6 ∴ 4a − 2b = −6 1 → 1 since we only have part of the
∴ 3b = 6 right side of the parabola (vertex at
∴ b = 2; 4a = −2 x = −2).
1
a = − , b = 2, c = 0
2 g f : [−3, 5] → R, f (x) = 3x − 2 is
1 → 1 (oblique line)
1
9 a y= ;
x−2 h f (x) = 7 − x2 is many → 1 (full

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 parabola) b Range = [1, 10]
y
1 (1, 10)
i f (x) = is many → 1 (full
(x − 2)2
truncus) (-4, 5)
5
1 (-2, 1)
j h(x) = + 4 is 1 → 1 x
x−2 0
(rectangular hyperbola)
c Range = [ 81
1
, 1]
 y




 3x − 1; x ∈ [0, ∞)
11 a f (x) = 

(1, 1)
 2
 x ; x ∈ [−3, 0)



9; x ∈ (−∞, −3)
(5, 1 )

81
y x
0
(–3, 9)
d Range = [−6, 3]
y

x 3
0 (0, –1) x
0
(-2, -1)

(3, -6)




 1 − 2x; x ∈ [0, ∞)
13 a Domain = [1, ∞); Range = [0, ∞)

b h(x) = 

 2
 x ; x ∈ [−3, 0)


−x2 ; x ∈ (−∞, −3)

b Domain = (−∞, 1]; Range = [0, ∞)

y
(–3, 9) c Domain = [0, ∞); Range = (−∞, 1]

(0, 1) 14 a Domain = R \ {1}; Range = R \ {0}

x
0
b Domain = R \ {−1}; Range = R \ {0}

c Domain = R \ {1}; Range = R \ {3}

12 a Range = [0, 4]
y 15 a Domain = [−1, 1]; Range = [0, 1]
(3, 4)
b Domain = [−3, 3]; Range = [0, 3]

1 c Domain = [−1, 1]; Range = [3, 4]

x
0 1

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 16 a f : [−1, 5] → R, f (x) = 3x − 2 x = (y − 1)2
Range of f = [−5, 13] √
∴ − x=y−1
= Domain of inverse √
∴ f −1 (x) = 1 − x
x = 3y − 2 Domain = (0, ∞)
∴ 3y = x + 2 We need the negative root here
because f (x) is the left side of the
x+2
∴ y= parabola.
3
x+2
∴ f −1 (x) =
3 17 f (x) = 2x + 5
Domain = [−5, 13]
√ a f (p) = 2p + 5
b f : [−2, ∞) → R, f (x) = x+2+2
Range of f = [2, ∞) b f (p + h) = 2p + 2h + 5
= Domain of inverse
x= y+2+2
p c f (p + h) − f (p)
= (2p + 2h + 5) − (2p + 5) = 2h
∴ x−2= y+2
p

∴ y + 2 = (x − 2)2 d f (p + 1) − f (p)
= (2p + 2 + 5) − (2p + 5) = 2
∴ f −1 (x) = (x − 2)2 − 2
or (or x2 − 4x + 2)
Domain = [2, ∞) 18 f (x) = 3 − 2x
f (p + 1) − f (p)
c f : [−1, ∞) → R, f (x) = 3(x + 1)2
Range of f = [0, ∞) = (3 − 2(p + 1)) − (3 − 2p)

= Domain of inverse = 3 − 2p − 2 − 3 + 2p
x = 3(y + 1)2 = −2
x
∴ (y + 1)2 =
3
r 19 a f (x) = −2x2 + x − 2
x
∴ y+1= x
!
3 = −2 x − + 12
r 2
x
∴ f −1 (x) = −1 x 1 15
!
3 = −2 x − + 2
+
Domain = [0, ∞) 2 16 16
!2
d f : (−∞, 1) → R, f (x) = (x − 1)2 1 15
= −2 x − −
Range of f = (0, ∞) 4 8
15
= Domain of inverse Range of f = (−∞, − ]
8

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 b f (x) = 2x2 − x + 4 21 a f : [−1, 8] → R, f (x) = (x − 2)2
!
x
=2 x − +2 2 b y
2
! (8, 36)
x 1 31
=2 x − + 2
+
2 16 16
!2
1 31 (–1, 9)
=2 x− +
4 8
31 x
Range of f = [ , ∞) 0 (2, 0)
8

c f (x) = −x2 + 6x + 11
c Range of = [0, 36]
= −(x2 − 6x − 11)
= −(x2 − 6x + 9 − 20)
22 a x2 + y2 = 9
= −(x − 3)2 + 20 Circle: radius 3, centre (0, 0)
Range of f = (−∞, 20] Implied Domain = [−3, 3],
Range = [−3, 3]
d g(x) = −2x2 + 8x − 5
b (x − 2)2 + y2 = 1
!
5
= −2 x − 4x + 2
2 Circle: radius 1, centre (2,0)
3
! Implied Domain = [1, 3],
= −2 x − 4x + 4 −
2
Range = [−1, 1]
2
= −2(x − 2)2 + 3 c (2x − 1)2 + (2y − 1)2 = 1
Range of g = (−∞, 3] 1 1 1
Circle: radius , centre ( , )
2 2 2
Implied Domain = [0, 1],
20 f : [−1, 6] → R, f (x) = 5 − 3x Range = [0, 1]

a y d (x − 4)2 + y2 = 25
Circle: radius 5, centre (4, 0)
Implied Domain = [−1, 9],
(–1, 8)
5 Range = [−5, 5]
x
0 e (y − 2)2 + x2 = 16
Circle: radius 4, centre (0,2)
Implied Domain = [−4, 4],
(6, –13) Range = [−2, 6]

b Range of f = [−13, 8]
23 Domain of the function f is {1, 2, 3, 4}

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 a f (x) = 2x so Range = {2, 4, 6, 8} c f (x) = x2 − 4 so Range =
{−3, 0, 5, 12}
b f (x) = 5 − x so Range = {1, 2, 3, 4} √ √
√
d f (x) = x so Range = {1, 2, 3, 2}

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 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B f (x) = 10x2 + 2 C f (x) = 1 − 9x is a line and 1 → 1
∴ f (2a) = 10(2a)2 + 2 √
D f (x) = x is 1 → 1
= 40a2 + 2
√ 9
2 E Maximal Domain of f (x) = 3x + 5 E f (x) = is 1 → 1 if Domain is
x
5 R/{0}
is [− , ∞)
3
2
√ 9 D y= + 3 is reflected in the x-axis:
3 D Maximal Domain of f (x) = 6 − 2x x
is [−∞, 3] 2
y=− −3
x
and then in the y-axis:
4 B Range of x2 + y2 > 9 is all numbers 2 2
outside the circle x2 + y2 = 9 y=− −3= −3
−x x
Hence Range is R.
10 C For f : [−1, 5) → R, f (x) = x2
5 E Range is [1,5] Min. value at (0, 0);
f (−1) = 1; f (5) = 25:
6 C For f (x) = 7x − 6, f −1 (x): the Range is [0, 25).
x = 7y − 6
x + 6 = 7y 11 D D is correct.
x+6
∴ y=
7 A y = x2 − x is a many → 1 function
7 E For f : (a, b] → R, f (x) = 3 − x √
B y = 4 − x2 is a many → 1
Max. value of Range > 3 − a
function
Min. value of Range = 3 − b
C y = 3, x > 0 is a many → 1
8 B B is correct.
function
A f (x) = 9 − x2 is 1 → 1 over x ≥ 0
D x = 3 is a 1 → many relation
√
B f (x) = 9 − x2 is many → 1 for
E y = 3x is a 1 → 1 function
implied Domain [−3, 3].

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 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a For the first coach, d = 80t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4
3
d = 320 for 4 < t ≤ 4
4
 3  3 1
d = 320 + 80 t − 4 for 4 < t ≤ 7
4 4 4
= 320 + 80t − 380 = 80t − 60





 80t 0≤t≤4

 3
i.e. for the first coach, d =  4<t≤4

320
Range: [0, 520]

 4
 3 1
80t − 60 4 < t ≤ 7




4 4
d
For the second coach, v =
t
520 1040
= 1 =
11
52
1040 1
∴ d = 520 − t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 , Range: [0, 520]
11 2
b The point of intersection of the two graphs yields the time at which the two coaches
pass and where this happens.
d (km)
(0, 520)
500
first coach from X (7 14 , 520)
400
(4, 320)
300
(4 34 , 320)
200
second coach from Z
100

(5 12 , 0)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t (h)
1040
520 − t = 80t
11
1920t
∴ 520 =
11

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 520 × 11 143
∴ t= =
1920 48
143 143
When t = , d=
48 48
80 × 11440 1
= = 238
48 3
1
i.e. the two coaches pass each other 23 8 km from X.
3
1
2 a P = n, n ≤ 200, n ∈ Z P (h)
2 5

b Domain = {n : n ∈ Z, 0 ≤ n ≤ 200} 4
n
Range = { : n ∈ Z, 0 ≤ n ≤ 200} 3
2
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 n

3 a i C(n) = 5n + 1000, n > 0

ii C(n) ($)
(1000, 6000)
6000

4000

2000
1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 n

b i P(n) = 15n − C(n)

= 15n − (5n + 1000)
= 10n − 1000, n > 0

ii P(n) ($)
(1000, 9000)
9000

6000

3000

0
–1000 200 400 600 800 1000 n

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 4 V = 8000 − 0.05 × 8000 × n = 8000 − 400n, n ≥ 0

5 a R = price of ticket × number of tickets sold

= (15 + x)(50 000 − 2500x)
= 2500(x + 15)(20 − x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 20

b R ($)
(2.5, 765 625)
75 000

50 000

25 000

0 5 10 15 20 x ($)
x-intercepts occur when R = 0 ∴ x = −15 or 20(but x ≥ 0, so x = 20)
R-intercept occurs when x = 0 ∴ R = 750000
−15 + 20
Turning point occurs when x== 2.5
2
When x = 2.5, R = 2500(2.5 + 15)(20 − 2.5) = 765625

c The price which will maximise the revenue is $ 17.50 (i.e. when x = 2.5).
This assumes that price can be increased by other than dollar amounts.

6 a BE = CD = x, as BCDE is a rectangle.
AB = AE = BE = x,
as ABE is an equilateral triangle.
DE = BC, as BCDE is a rectangle.
Perimeter of pentagon
= 3x + 2BC = a
1
∴ BC = (a − 3x)
2

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 A(x) = area of rectangle + area of triangle
1
= length × width + base × height
2
s
!2
1 1 1
= x × (a − 3x) + x × x2 − x
2 2 2
r  √
ax 3x2 x 1  ax 3x2 x2 3
= − + 2
x 1− = − +
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
√
2ax − 6x2 + x2 3
=
4
x √
= (2a − (6 − 3)x)
4
b From geometry: x > 0
Also BC > 0
So a − 3x > 0
a
Giving x <
3
a
Therefore allowable values for x are {x : 0 < x < }.
3
0+ 2a√
6− 3 a
c Maximum area occurs when x = = √
2 3 √ ! 6−
a (6 − 3)a
a
When x = √ , A(x) = √ 2a − √
6− 3 4(6 − 3) 6− 3
a2
= √
4(6 − 3)
a2
i.e. the maximum area is √ cm2 .
4(6 − 3)

7 a i d(x) = AP + PD
√ √
= AB2 + BP2 + PC 2 + CD2
√ p
= 52 + x2 + (16 − x)2 + 32
√ √
= x2 + 25 + x2 − 32x + 265

ii 0 ≤ BO ≤ BC ∴ 0 ≤ x ≤ 16

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 b i

ii On a CAS calculator, sketch the graphs of

√ √
f 1 = (x∧ 2 + 25) + (x∧ 2 − 32x + 265) and f 2 = 20. The point of
intersection is (1.5395797, 20). Therefore d(x) = 20 when x ≈ 1.54.
√ √
Alternatively, enter solve ( (x∧ 2 + 25) + (x∧ 2 − 32x + 265) = 20, x) to find
√
80 ± 25 7
x= ≈ 1.54, 16.24
9
However, 0 ≤ x ≤ 16, just one answer of 1.54.

iii Repeat b ii using f 2 = 19. The points of intersection are (3.3968503, 19) and
(15.041245, 19). Therefore d(x) = 19 when x ≈ 3.40 or x ≈ 15.04.
√ √
Alternatively, enter solve ( (x∧ 2 + 25) + (x∧ 2 − 32x + 265) = 19, x) to find
√
1936 ± 19 4141
x= ≈ 15.04, 3.40
210
c i Use CAS calculator to yield
to yield (9.9999998, 17.88544). Therefore the minimum value of d(x) is 17.89
when x ≈ 10.00.
√ √
ii Range = [17.89, 21.28 ]. Exact answer is [8 5, 5 + 265].

8 a On a CAS calculator, sketch the graphs of f 1 = (x + 1)(6 − x) and f 2 = 2x.

Points of intersection are (−1.372 281, −2.744 563) and (4.372 281 3, 8.744 562 6).
The coordinates of A and B are (4.37, 8.74) and (−1.37, −2.74) respectively, correct
to 2 decimal places.

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 Or consider (x + 1)(6 − x) = 2x
∴ −x2 + 5x + 6 = 2x
∴ x2 − 3x − 6 = 0
9 33
∴ − x2 − 3x +
=0
4 4
√
 3 2  33 2
∴ x− − =0
2 2
√  √ 
 3 33 3 33
∴ x− + x− − =0
2√ 2 2 2
3 ± 33 √
∴ x= and y = 3 ± 33
2
 3 + √33 √   3 − 33
√
√ 
yielding A , 3 + 33 , B , 3 − 33
2 2

b i d(x) = (x + 1)(6 − x) − 2x
= 6x + 6 − x2 − x − 2x
= −x2 + 3x + 6

ii y y = (x + 1)(6 – x)

(4.37, 8.74)

d(x) = –x2 + 3x + 6
y = 2x
(–1.37, 0)
0 (4.37, 0) x

(–1.37, –2.74)

c i with f 1 = −x∧ 2 + 3x + 6,
Use CAS calculator
to yield (1.5000015, 8.25).
Therefore the maximum value of d(x) is 8.25.

ii Range = [0, 8.25]

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 d d(x) = (x + 1)(6 − x) − 5x y
(2.45, 12.25)
= 6x + 6 − x − x − 5x
2
6 y = 5x

= −x2 + 6 d(x) = –x2 + 6

The maximum value of d(x) is 6 and
–2.45 –1 0 2.45 x
the Range is [0, 6].

(–2.45, –12.25)

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