Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This study establishes a framework for communicating with students who are enrolled in a distant
learning program. We will, however, put a lot of emphasis on the theme of "students' perceptions of
messenger as a virtual classroom during distance education," which will include a lot of examples. take a
look at the following sub-headings:

Communication

Because every administrative activity and process necessitates some form of direct or indirect
communication, it is vital to understand communication. Whether planning, coordinating, or leading and
monitoring, school administrators collaborate with and through others.

This means that each person's ability to communicate has an impact on both personal and
organizational effectiveness (Brun, 2010; Summers, 2010). One of the most limiting factors for
organizational efficiency appears to be a lack of good communication (Lutgen-Sandvik, 2010).

The process of transferring knowledge and popular understanding from one person to another is known
as communication (Keyton, 2011). "Communicating" is derived from the Latin word "communis," which
means "making common," "making known," or "sharing," and it encompasses vocal, nonverbal, and
electronic forms of human connection (Velentzas and Borni, 2014). The definition emphasizes that the
reality that there is no communication until there is a shared understanding that arises from the
information exchange (Cheney, 2011).

Effective communication

Dr. Jerry Weast of Montgomery County, Maryland, says, "Great communication skills will add years to
your term as a good teacher" (Weast, 2008). As a result, for exceptional teachers, efficient
communication must be a top concern, not a secondary consideration (Hilliard and Newsome, 2013).

When a desired outcome is the consequence of an intentional or unintentional exchange of information,

It fulfills the goal for which it was created or designed. It's possible that the goal is to bring about
change, promote action, raise public awareness, educate, or communicate a point of view or thought.
Talking and listening are two aspects of good communication (Velentzas and Borni, 2014).
Discussion

Communication, particularly in the educational field, is important since it has the potential to improve
the learning experience and create a favorable environment. The simple act of passing information from
one person to another, or from one group to another, is known as communication. The practice of
exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and information in a way that best serves the purpose or intent
is known as effective communication. In other words, it is nothing more than the sender's best
expression of his or her thoughts to the recipient.

AEDS-06-2020-0131_proof 1..21 ([Link])

Instant Messaging

IM is a text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) application that allows users to see who
else is logged in and to send and receive messages over the Internet in near-real-time (Kuyath and
Winter, 2006). When a user logs in to a service, they can check if anyone else is logged in as well (Foley,
2002). An audible and visual message is sent to those who are already logged in to the service to inform
them of the new arrival. Using the IM service, the users can then exchange text messages in near-real-
time (Nardi et al., 2000).

Distance Education

"The acquisition of knowledge and skills through mediated information and instruction, encompassing
all technologies and other forms of learning at a distance" (United States Distance Learning Association,
2007) is a definition of distance education (United States Distance Learning Association, 2007).
According to this concept, students can receive information in a variety of ways, for as through books,
videos, the Internet, television, telephone, or video or audio conferencing. "A process by which
instruction transcends geography," according to Heeger (2007). (Heeger, 2007, p 5). DE, according to
Swan and Shih (2003), is unrestricted by time and geography, allowing for greater access to higher
education (Swan and Shih, 2003).

Discussion

Distance learning (DEL) is becoming a more popular alternative to traditional classroom learning. It
permits people who would otherwise be unable to obtain a college diploma to gain entry to higher
education. Students can choose from a variety of DE programs that are available to them, including
independence from time and space limits, as well as a large range of degree alternatives.

[Link] ([Link])
Facebook in higher education

Among students in higher education, Facebook is almost uniformly used. Because these students
perceive Facebook to be their primary social media platform, they spend a significant amount of time
using it on a daily basis (Ellefsen, L, 2015). Only three students out of 105 students in a study done at
one of Malaysia's large public universities said they did not use Facebook (with only 2.8 percent)
(Alhazmi, A. and Rahman, A, 2013). Furthermore, in a study conducted at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
a study conducted (UTM), According to the study's findings, 97.10 percent of students use Facebook,
whereas 28.50 percent use blogs and just 14.50 percent use Twitter in conjunction with Facebook
(Aldheleai, 2010).

Facebook and students’ performance

It is certain that the way kids use Facebook will have an impact on their academic performance because
of how they utilize it. When used for instructional reasons, Facebook has a beneficial impact on student
achievement. Using Facebook for educational goals, such as acquiring information, checking to see what
friends are up to, and exchanging information (sharing links), students have a higher academic outcome
than using it solely for socializing, such as status updates and talking, according to Junco (2012). When
students contact or visit their instructor's website, it also has a good impact. A high level of motivation,
effective learning, teacher credibility, and good attitudes can be seen when students visit their
instructor's website towards the teacher and the course (Mazer, Murphy, & Simonds, 2007, 2009).

Discussion

Web 2.0 technology encompasses more than just Facebook. The way people access, organize, and share
information, as well as how they connect and engage, has altered as a result of Web 2.0, or social
networking tools. This has resulted in resulting in the creation of various learning styles, particularly
among young individuals. Educators, on the other hand, believe that social networking platforms
provide opportunities for learning that are more flexible and dynamic than traditional learning methods.

[Link] ([Link])
Perceptions of Online Learning

In order to assess the aspects that contribute to students' levels of satisfaction in an online course, it is
crucial to understand the perceptions of both students and teachers in respect to the online educational
experience, as confirmed in the study by Stein et al. Students are more likely to have a negative opinion
of online classes if they have a lot of transactional distance between them and the instructor and/or the
other students in the class, according to the 24 available studies (Steinman, 2007). A student's
experience with transactional distance, whether favorable or negative, can have a direct impact on
whether or not they continue in a class or drop out. A study of John Tyler Community College's
completion rates In comparison to the 71 percent completion rate for on-campus classes, the college for
Internet courses had a lower completion rate of 35 percent (Steinman, 2007). There is a need to
continue to investigate strategies of increasing the retention and completion rates of online classes with
this in mind.

Impact of Technology on Distance Learning

With the increased focus on student-centered learning, it's crucial to look at the latest research on the
types of technology that inspire students to learn and improve their academic performance. Discussion
boards, chat sessions, blogs, wikis, group projects, and peer assessments can all help to make things
easier. Participation of students Discussion boards, according to Revere and Kovach (2011), allow
students to interact with one another while also allowing them to learn from one another in a student-
centered manner. The instructor would need to intentionally construct the questions and objectives for
the thread assignment that stimulate critical thinking and analysis in order for these programs to be
effective beyond simple knowledge sharing.

DIscussion

It is crucial that educational institutions examine the numerous factors that make an online class an
effective learning environment as demand for online classes continues to rise. An overview of the
research on and around distant education will be included in this review. A history of distant learning
and the Transactional Distance Theory, as well as the main contributors to this theory and the area of
distance education, will be covered in detail. In addition, the review of the literature will provide
perspectives of online learning, online teacher training, student involvement, the impact of technical
advancements, and the implementation of effective online learning are all covered in this review of the
project-specific research.

The Effects of Synchronous Class Sessions on Students' Academic Achievement and Levels of Satisfaction
in an Online Introduction to Computers Course ([Link])