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Transducers Math

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28 views12 pages

Transducers Math

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Eclipse GAMING
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© All Rights Reserved
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Temple 257, A resstanes wire strain gauge uss a soft iron wite of smalt gamete: The gauge factor +42. Neglecting the piezoresstne eflecs, alte tho Poison's ratio, given by Bqu. 2530, Graton Sele Solution, The gauge facto 11 pievoesistive effect is neglected, the gauge factor is given by Eqn, 25°32 as : 6; *. Poisson's ratio.» Fxawple 25°8. A compressive force is applied fo a structural member. The strain is $ icro-strain, Two separate strain ganges are attached fo the structural member, one is a nickel wise Aisin pauge baving a gauge factor of —12°l and the other is nichrome wire strain gauge having. a {huge factor of 2. Calulate the value of resistance ofthe gauges ater they are strained. Tho rosie fanee of strain gauges before being strained is 120 0. Solation, Aecording fo our convention, the tensile strain taken as positive while the com- pressive strain is taken as negative, Therefore,” strain €=—Sx 10° (I mero stuio=1 wmf) Now ARIR=GE — (See Eqn. 2528) ‘s, Change in value of resistance of nickel wire strain gauge + AR=G/C™ R (12 )X(= 5X 109) 120725 109 726 “Thus there is an increase of 7'26 mi in the value of resistance, For nichrome, the change in the value of resistance is : 2)x(—$x 10°89) x 120=—1'2% 108 D. “Thus with compressive strain, the value of resistance gauge shows a decrease of 12 mQ in the valde of resistance Example 269, A resistance, wire stain. gauze with a gauge factor of 2 is bonded to a steel structural member subjected to a stfess of 100 MN/m®. The modalas_of elasticity of steel 20)GNimt. Calculate the percentage change in the value of the gaure resistance due fo the applied stress. Cement upon the results, 0h B™ 200% 10 Webare: SEG, =2x500#10=0001=07% Solution, Strain €= 500% 10°. (500 microstrain). 1 The change in resistance is only 01%, Comments, The above example illustrates that a very heavy stress of 100, MN” results in resistance change of only 0 por cont, whic is by all means avery small change. This may present dificuties in measurement, Lower stresses produce still lower changes in resistance which may not ‘be percepibe at allor the methods required to detect those changes may have to be highly, accuse, ‘To overgome this dificaty we tbust use strain gauges which have a bigh guuge factor and thus produce [atge changes in resistance When stained. These changes are easy to detect and measure with good degree of accuracy. Example 2910, A single tren, geune having resiane of 120 Ois mounted on a steel contlover bean ata distanee of OS from the fee end. An unknown force Fapplied at the fre cel produce a dedection of 127 mm of the free end. The change in gauge resistance is found to be Grisb'O. ‘The ‘beam is 0°25 m long with a width of 20 mm anda depth of 3 mm: The Youns's modibus for steel is 200 GN/m®. Calculate the gauge factor. Solution, Moment of inertia of beara, 7=1/12 (bd3)=1/12% 012% (0003)9=45% 10° m*, 3 Defection x= FE . sph, 3xd00x10x45x ci Forge PARE SMOKIES 2N. ‘Bending moment at 0'15 m from free end M=Fx=22%0'15=3'3 Nox, bea ite OB 0 Mint Sues at O15 m from free end s= AE Strain AL 5 _ M0x108 re Ae Be moxie “OSI ARIR __0'152/120 ALIL * 055x10% J Gauge factor 3. rt exe Fxample 2516, A therwistor as a reistance temperature coffiient of “$74 once temperate unge ef 25 to Oru, It the resistance of the thermistor i 100 t25°C, wha the resistance at 35°C. Solution, Resistance ata temperature of 35°C is ‘Ry = 100 [| -005(95=25]]=50 Byample 25 fA thermistor has « resistance ‘of 3980 Dat the ice point (0°C) and 734 8 at ' given by Ro=a Roo 50°C, The resistance temperature reltionship Calculate the constants a and b. Calculate the range of resistance to ‘be measured in case the temperature varies from 40°C to 100°C. Solution. Tbe resistance at ice point Ry=3980 42, Absolute temperature at ice point=273 K- “4980 aspen 3 aa fh oli) Resistance at 50°C is Re=794 2 Absolute temperature coresponding to 50°C is T~273-+50"=323 K. Hence, qotmax ea P73 3980 a cf! it Solving (7) and (fi), we have a=30x 10% and b= 2845. ‘Absolute temperature at 40°C=2734-40=313 K + -esntance at 40°C —=30 «10-02 398030 78451313 1960.0, or t Absolute temperature at 100°C'=273+100=373 K Resistance at 160°C=30> 10°#x 3980 e7845/519 945 0. “Thus the range of resistance is 1060 9 to 245 0. Example 25:18, An automa temperature control arrangement for an electric oven is shown in Fig. 2825. The thermistor has a resistance. of 2000 2 at 70°C, A potentiometer i used Fer obtaining balance conditions. The temperature of oven changes and. therefore the rheastat bas tobesetat TROO'C fo obtain balanced condone. Using the near ‘approximation for tbe resistance temperature curve obtain the cliange in the value of resistance. ‘The resistance temperature co- cBlcient cas be assumed as —0'05 /.—"C. stance THe resstanse temperate Solution, Using near approximati 180 n (Laqn. 25°33), we have : vom oUs (mi) on bec ‘Example 25°20. ‘fhe output voltage ofa LVDT is {'5 V at maximum displace: a load of 0$ MO, the deviation from linearity is maximum and itis 0003 V fons etragbt the through origin, Find the linearity at the giver. load. . Solvion, eg inarity=t: PO? x 100~-L0°2% Exauple 26°. The output of an LVDT is connected to a 5 V vollmster through of emplifer whose amplification factor is 250. Aw output of 2 mY appears across the terminals of LYDT wing the core moves through a distance of O'S mm, Calculate the sensitivity of the LVDT and thet of the whole set up, The mill-voltmeter gale has 100 ivsions, The scale can be read to 1S of a division. Calculate the resolution ofthe Yastrament ia mtn Solation : wa ya Senstvty of LYD T= Gir eee. IO x 10-8 Yam mV jm Sensitivity of iustrameat amplification factor x sensitivity of LVDT. 41079 2501 V/mm.= 1000 mV/anm, * scale division=5/100 V=50 mv, ‘Minimum voltage that can be read on the voltmeter 5 xS0=1 mY, i ex cet yt "Resolution, of instrement=1x T0007 =1X 10% mm, Example 25°22. A stee! cantilever is 0'25 m@l long, 20 mim wide and 4 mm thi the value of deflection at the free end for the cantilever ‘The modulus of elasticity for steel is 200 GNim#. ‘An LYDT with 2 se of O'S, Vimm is used. Tho voltage is read on a 10 V volimeter having 100 divisious. Two tenths ofa division ean be read with ectaity. (6) Calculate the minimusy and maximum value of force that can be measured with this arrangement. Solniion : (a) Cateulate When a force of 25 N i applied at this end, (2) Moment of ara of cantilever. I= bite i % (0.02) x (0(004}%= 0107.1 5 Deflection x= Fo sen M8 =608X 10"? m=608 mm. (@) Deflection per wait foree ‘Overall sensitivity of measurement system 2432 ™ 5.955 Yong: 0282 AP x0 Tm 01216 VIN. 10 I scale division=—p5i° =O V. Since two tenths of & scale division can ‘be sead with certs, resolution = Ex 0"I 002 V. 002 Minimum force that ean be measured =~ =0'1645 N, 10 nie" 822N Maximum foree that can be measured= 5 Example 2523, Fig. 2558 shows a capacitive, transducer using five plates. ‘The dimensions of each plate are 2825 mm and the “distance between plates is 025 mim, This arrangement isto be ustd for measurement of displacement by observing the change in capacitance with the distance x. Calculate the sensitivity of the device. Assume that the plates are separated by air. The permittivity of air is 8'85% 10723 P/m, Solution The five plate transducer forms a combination of Sour eapecitors connected in parallel. Ifthe movable plate is moved fg | __ejewy through a distance x, se Fig, 2858. Cpactiesaoducer Capactanee ofeach eapscitor c'= Selah, fe ewroat fn Pisce where we=width ofeach plate, Capacitavce of transducer = eul=a)e a aC _=Aeaw | _ Ax8'85x107K 25x 10-9 Sensitivity of eansducerjp-=—AiP* mw — AEBS AIT RISE? 3540 ph, =3'4 pF/mm. (Distegarding the sigo), Rxample 2524. A capacitive transduéer- uses. two quartz diaphragms of area 750 mm? Separated by a distance of 3°5 mm. A pressure of 900 KN/m when applied t6'the top diaphragm produces a deletion of 0'6 mm. ‘The capacitance is 370 pF when no pressure is applied to the diaphragms, Find the value of capacitanee after the application of a pressure of 900 kN in! Solution. Suppose Ci and Cy are respectively the values of capacitance before and after, application of prewure, Let dy and dz be the velues of distance between the daphraguis fr the corsesponding pressure conditions. r Crm €Aldy and Co €Aldy Co Gecxt. o GG Gmexh But d= 3'5 wm end dh=3'S—06=29 mm, * Vale ofcpacance ater apptiation of prewure Cy ~ 370293066 pe, Example 25°25, A pressure measuring instrument uses a cap of 4 mm betneen its diaphragms. A pressure of 600 kN/m? produces an average deflection of 0 wee of the sigphragm of the transducer. ‘The transducer which has a capacitance of 300 pF before Application of pressure is connected in an oscillator circuit having a frequency of 100 KHiz. Deteracce the change in frequency of the oscillator after the pressure is applied to the transducer, Solation, The subscript | is used for values before application of is valves after application of pressure. mm Freon aod? eed for fe transducer having a spacing Resonant frequency fo=——. wie ‘The inductance is constant but the capacitance is variable, ‘ =~ -— for ig Meg, Thus we have, fexlfa=V GC But C= €Aids and a= Ele . fon |Wa.)% fo Ce a ‘The frequency of the oscillator after the applica af Bxjnmal O34 Sine V2 So gp * 1009618 KHz . 12. Change in frequency of oscillator = 100-95 18=3°82 KHz Example 2526, A capacitive transducer is made up of two concent cslindreateletiodes. ‘The outer diameter of the inner evlindrical electrode is 3 mm and the dielectsic medium [Link]. The inner diameter of the outer electrode is 3'| mm Calculate the dilectse stress when a voltage of TOO V is applied across the electrodes. Ts it within safe limits ? The length of electrodes is 20 men, Calculate the cbange in capacitance ifthe inner electrode is rioved through a distance of [Link]; The breakdown stcength of ait is 3 KV/mai, Soldton, Length of air gap between the two electrodes" P°. 005 mm. nf pressure is + be an = {= 2800 Vinm=2 kV/am. 7th bréakdown strength of air is 3 kV/mm, and hence the dielectric is safe. Capacitance of the transdvcer Axl 2x 8'85X 107X210? 1g (Deli)? ‘loge (31/3) ‘The moving in electrode is shifted through a distance of 2 mm. i 1620-2518 mm=18% 10° m. ¢ , In X 885X101 K1'8 x 10% Tew value of capacitance = 2S SEE TEAS P05 pr “*. Change in value of capacitance AC=33'94-30'5=3'4 pF. Example 2527. A capacitive transducer, circuit used for measurement of linear displace- ment, The transducer is 1 parallel plate air capacitor wherein the capacitance can be Thanged. by changing the distance between the plales "This transducer is tobe used for dynamic coanaee ments, ‘Suppose a fat (requeccy response with an acaplitude ratio within 574 is required sari a Frequency, range of 20 Hz, what is the minimum allowable valuz of time constant ? Geutate the phase shit at this frequency. The area of plates is 300 mm? and the distance between Gites is 0125 mam, Caleulate the value of series resistance What isthe amplitude ratio at 5 He ‘with the above time constant ? ‘Calculate the high frequency voltage sensitivity of the traniducer ifthe batery voltege is 100 V. Solition, For a flat response within 5 per cent, the amplitude ratio is M= 1~0'05~0'95, 1 1 . er ee From Ban. 2838 M775 Gage OT HlakAK OT ‘or Minimum time constant +=242 10° s==24°2 ms, t From Eqn. 25°59, phase sbift =x/2—tan! or =n/2=tan"} (2 X20 24'2X 0"9)=18'2", 885x102 300 10-6 ae Orasxige AKIO +. Series resi 2 242x103 + Seris resistance R= = 959 Capacitance C=' 14x 109 2=1140 MO 1 Amplitude ratio at 5 Hz is: Af: 0605 VUFURX nx5 e282 «10% Thus the ‘output is reduced neatly to 60% of its high frequency value, Therefore this transducer arrangement eannot be used for low frequency applications, High frequency sensitivity of the transducer E100 Km 7 pTExIoT =H 10? V/m=800 kV/m. Example 2524, ‘A pushpull non-contact capicitive transducer is shown in Fig. 259. It consists of four parallel plates separated by ait. Plates 4, C and D are fixed and plate B canbe moved, Plate B bas a thickness. and is ata distance d from plates on either side Plates B, C, Dare all of Jength |, while plate A has length 21. AUl plates have a width w. The gap between plates C and D can be considered as negligible. Neglecting the end effects, derive expressions for capacitances Cho and Cyv for movement of the midpoint of plate B between x 1/2. x==0 is the position of symmetry. + Plate € ti. 2559, Poshpllcapeitive transduce, Fig, 2560 Solution Fig. 25°60 shows a simplified arrangement where the central plate B is moved to the left by a distance x. ‘The capacitance between plates A and Cis combination of capacitance Cy in parallel with a series combination of two capacitances cach of value Cz. é(2=a)0 elf2+a9 d oe and Co=' sw ell} ft Od Similarly capacitance belween plates A and D Canon 2 Cepactince Crom G+ 2 ew Ma} 2+ “) __, Kaample 25°29. A quartz piezo-clectric crystal having a thickness of 2 mm and voltage sensi vity of 0105S V—mjN is subjected to a pressure of 1°5 MN/m®, Calculate the voltage output, If the permittivity of quartz is 40°6x 10"! F/m, calculate its charge sensitivity. Solution. From Eqn, 25°70, voltage output Eo=g 1 P==0"0S5X2X 10" Charge seasitivity d=€) € g (See Eqn. 25°71) =40°6X 1071801055 =7'23 x 10-18 CIN=7'23 pCIN. 15x 108=165 V Example 25°30. A piezo-clectri¢ crystal having dimensions of $mmx5 mmx I'S mm and @ ‘voltage sensitivity of 0°05 V—m/N is used for force measurement, Calculate the force if the voltage developed is 100 V, Solution, From Eqn. 25°70, the applied pressure is + ae Nom «12 MNjost Force FoPdas12X\PXSXSX10%=I0 N. ‘sample 2531, A barium titanate pickup has the diinensions of 5 mm x5 mux 1°25 mm, ‘The force acting on itis 5 N. The charge seusitvty of barium itunate 150 pC/N and its permit vity is 12°5x 10" F/m. If the Modulus of elasticity of barium titante is 12x 1U® N/m*, calculate the strain. "Also caleulatc the charge and the capacitance Solution, Area of plates A=w/=5%$ mm*=25x 10°¢ m?, 5 Pressure Po ag qu Nime=02 MN/ot, 41804107 a cages Voltage seostvty ge en ya 12x Ut VayN, Voltage generated g=g t P=12X10X125 x 103X02x 10% 3Y, , At stress 02x 108 Strain cr Tamia mnt igi 00107 m/m, Charge — Q=dF=150x 10x 5 C~750 pC. Capacitnee Cr 2p Example 25°32. A piezo-electric quartz erystal bas an area of 1Cv mm? and is 1 mm thick, cis held between wo metal elecizoces and is used for measurement of changes of foree acicss the ‘Young's modulus for the material is 90 GN/m?, the charge sensitivity, is 2 pC/N, the relative permittivity is 5. iThe resistivity is 10% Om, 4 20 pF capacitance: and a resistence of 100 MQ are connected. ‘in parallel] seross the electrodes, Ifa force Fi=001 sin 10CO 1 newion is. applied, find (a) peak t0 Deak volioge swing across the electrodes under open circuit and under Joad conditions and (b) the maximim change in crystal thickness. (Fs isthe instantaneous value of force F), The permittivity of free space is 8°85 pF /m, Solation, The rms value of voltage under open‘sireuit we et (See Eqn, 25°68) Gs fF Fr “+ Maximum ate ofoltage under open sit. Eo mu= yagi 4 AL Fam ‘a8 maximum value of force Faas ='V2 P. Hence, peak to peak value of’ voltage under open cicouit : at Fass Ge 4 2x1o2x1 x10 0 > a 3 Vu 2x AE SK TOE * [oon 9 903x109 V9 a. 8 Ueakage revitance oferta Riy=- = 108% aprox 10 0, Bo crete ony? Eo one=2 Load resistance Rom 100 MAQ=100 x 10° @, ‘Hence the resistance of the crystal is very large as compared with resistance of load i.e, Red Ru and therefore we can neglect Ree. o -a5x10x ¢ y Capaciamce of erat Cum £604. SHB BSHIT ES IDOI yyy tp, / The peak to peak output voltage under load conditions is : 2d Fae Cw Re Fee 0 ma CGAL VT CTOFET | i 2x2x10-2xVOr Hieek seen SKB E5x IT HX 1OOXIOT 100044310 2x 100x108 , . [ TF CGO x 43+ 207 C10 HIP C100 x ] 138 my. ‘This meane thatthe output signal is attenuated 0 a great excet dus to loading, From Eqn. 25°65, the rtaximum value of change in thickness is: ain teet Te ai =11x102 m, AE (ora te goa OX11X 1022x102 m, Example 25°33. {0 a-Piezoelectrc transducee a Qat frequency response within 59% is required Find the value of minimuro-frequency in terms of time constant for’ which it can be used. If the time constant of the transducer is I'S ms, find the valus of minimua frequency, Find the phase shift at this frequency. Solution, In order to obtain.a flat response within 57, the amplitude ratio shouid be: aio 1 e - oF 09S op went Now M: Vile or 09! excel oF or 304 < Minimum vile of fiequensy «204 1S s202x 10rd, Phase shift ¢=n/2—tau? at rad, =90'—tan" 304=90°—71'3"= 18°24, Example 25'34, A piezo-clectric transducer hes Sapeclanee of 1000 pF and a charge sensitivity of 40% 10% Cjm, ‘The connecting cable has a capacitance of 300 pF while the oscilloscope used for readout has a readout input resistance of 1 MQ with a paralleled capacitance of 50 pF. (a) What is the sensitivity (V/m) of the iansdueer alone ? (6) What is the high frequency sensitivity (Vim) of the eatire measuring system ? (0), What isthe lowest frequency, that can be measuted with § per cent aniplitude eiror by the entire system ? (©, What isthe value of an external shunt capacitance that ein be connected in order to extend the range of 5 per cent error down to 10: Hz’? (0) With external capacitance celeulated in (d) conneated in the ciccit, what i the system high frequency sensitivity ? Solution : (0) Charge sensitivity of transducer Ki=40x 1072 C/m, Capacitance of transducer Cy 1000 10718 F : Ke 40x08 + Sensitivity of transducer Ke 7m APIO 40% 108 Vn, (8) The total capacitance of the measuring circuit C= Cert Contet Cue 1000+3004-501350_ pF, Ke _ 40x10 Wity of entre sytem = C= FRITS 295x108 Vj,

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