Reinforced Concrete Design

Lecture 2 - Specification, Loads and

Design Methods

Structural Design Process

Building Codes

Working Stress Design

Strength Design Method

Dead Load & Live Load

Load Transfer in Structure
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Design Process
Architectural
Functional Plans

Final Design
Select Structural
& Detailing
System
OK
Redesign
Trial Sections,
Acceptable?
Assume Selfweight
NG

Analysis for internal Design Loop

forces in member

Member Design
 Specifications
Developed by organizations such as AISC, ACI
ASCE, and EIT

Recommendations of good practice based on

the accepted body of knowledge

NOT legally enforceable

 Organizations
EIT = Engineering Institute of Thailand

ASCE = American Society of Civil Engineers

AASHTO = American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials

UBC = Uniform Building Code

BOCA = Building Officials & Code Administrators

ACI = American Concrete Institute

 Building Codes


   

Minimum requirements to protect the public

- ... 
 2522
-  

- 
 Design Loads

Dead Loads - stationary loads of constant

magnitude

Live Loads - moving loads or loads that vary

in magnitude
   (Dead Load)

Caused by the weight of structure

Include both the load bearing and non-load

bearing elements in a structure

Generally can be estimated with reasonable

certainty
() *(+,


 kg/m3

 
  2,400

  2,320
 500-1,200
  7,850

 kg/m2
 
!" 14
 #$%
&' 50
 ( , *   5
 10-30
  5
 !""#$"% 180-360
 !""#$()" 100-200
Load from Precast Concrete Slab

Floor load = w kg/sq.m

S
Tributary area = 0.5SL sq.m
Load on beam = 0.5wSL kg/m
L
 Example: CPAC Hollow Core Slab HC100

100 mm

600 mm

SLAB WEIGHT 296 KG/M2

PC WIRE 6∅4 MM.
4m
SPAN 4 M.
LIVE LOAD 300 KG/M2

w = ? kg/m

L : Beam span
  - (Live Load)

Floor Loads

Snow and Ice: 50 - 200 kg/sq.m.

Traffic Load & Pedestrian Load for Bridges

Impact Loads

Lateral Loads: Wind & Earthquake

 -0




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 Wind Loads
 
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53

65
ASCE 7-98
2 2
q = 0 .5 ρ V q = 0.00483 K V

7  q = stagnation pressure 3#  (

./.2)

V = basic wind speed 8 7)#9#

3 !: 10 $ (
./=.)

K = >
$?!*'
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10 $
  $ ..
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WIND DIRECTION

30 m
!: '#"( 
($) (

./$..)

Leeward side
20 m
"4
10 50 Windward
side Step wind loading
10 < h < 20 80 10 m
20 < h < 40 120
#
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40 160 0m

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 Building Code Requirements for
aci 318 Structural Concrete (ACI318-XX)
and Commentary (ACI318R-XX)

Early 1900s: WSD was mainly used.

ACI 318-56: USD was first introduced.

ACI 318-63: Treated WSD and USD on equal basis.

ACI 318-71: Based entirely on strength approach (USD)

WSD was small part called Alternate Design
Method (ADM).

ACI 318-77: ADM moved to Appendix A

USD was called Strength Design Method.
 Building Code Requirements for
aci 318 Structural Concrete (ACI318-XX)
and Commentary (ACI318R-XX)
ACI 318-83: ADM moved to Appendix B

ACI 318-89: ADM back to Appendix A

ACI 318-95: Unified Design was introduced in Appendix B

ACI 318-99: Limit State at Failure Approach was introduced

ACI 318-02: Change load factor to 1.2DL + 1.6LL

ACI 318-05
 1*2345 (Working Stress Design : WSD)
ACI: Alternate Design Method

- Design under service load condition

- Apply F.S. to strength of materials for

allowable stress level Fa

Stress from Allowable stress

service load Fa

Concrete: Fa = 0.45f’c (ACI and ".),

= 0.375 f’c (... " #

 2522)
Steel: Fa = 0.50Fy
Disadvantages of WSD:

- Not account for the variability of the resistances

and loads

- Lack of any knowledge of the level of safty

F.S. is not known explicitly

- Inability to deal with groups of loads where one load

increases at a rate different from that of the others.
 1? (Strength Design Method : SDM)

#*+ , -. = Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
- Factored load condition = Structure is about to fail
(Ultimate load = /, ( -. )
Design Strength ≥ Required Strength (U)

- Apply F.S. in design via:

- Load factors (> 1.0)

- Strength reduction factors (< 1.0)

 Load Factors
Required Strength (U) = Load Factors × Service load
= Factored Load
= 


Dead Load Factor = 1.4

Live Load Factor = 1.7
Factored Load = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Service Load = DL + LL
Factored Load Combinations
General:
U = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

Wind Load:
U = 0.75(1.4 DL + 1.7 LL+1.7W)
U = 1.05DL + 1.275W

Lateral Earth Pressure:

U = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL+1.7H
U = 0.9DL + 1.7H
 Strength Reduction Factors
Nominal Strength (N) = Strength of a member calculated using
Strength Design Method.

Strength Reduction Factor = factor that account for

(1) Variations in material strengths and dimensions
(2) Inaccuracies in the design equations
(3) Degree of ductility and required reliability of member
(4) Importance of member in the structure

Strength reduction factor (φ

φ) :
Bending φ = 0.90
Shear and Torsion φ = 0.85
Compression φ = 0.70 or 0.75
Load Transfer in Structure

Snow, Rain, Wind

and Construction load Floor loads

Roof + Dead load Slab + Dead load Wall load

Beam + Dead load

Wind load Column + Dead load

Earthquake Soil Foundation