ME2143/ME2143E LINEAR CIRCUITS
(EA-04-06)
General Instructions:
1. The experiment procedure consists of four parts, identified as 1-4 in Section 3 (Procedure).
Prior to the lab session, students are encouraged to attempt the Preparation portion of each
part. At the start of each lab session, the lab helper will explain the background and the
preparation, and will (during the experiment) guide the Discussion, of each part.
2. During the experiment, the student will record the necessary data in his/her own copy of the
lab manual.
3. Each student must complete the Discussion portion for each part in his/her copy of the lab
manual and submit his/her own copy of the lab manual to the lab helper at the end of the lab
session.
4. This lab manual has a total of 20 pages. Use only the space provided in this lab manual for
your work as required. DO NOT use your own sheet of paper.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Singapore
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
The objectives of the experiment are:
(i) To develop an understanding of the properties of an ideal operational amplifier.
(ii) To develop an understanding of the limitations of a practical
operational amplifier.
(iii) To be familiar with typical applications of an operational amplifier.
1.2 Scope
This manual contains a list of the electrical/electronic components required and the
procedure of experiments adopted for the student to develop an appreciation of the
fundamental principles of operation of the operational amplifier and integrated logic circuits.
2 EQUIPMENT
S/no Quantity Description
1 1 Dual channel oscilloscope
2 1 Elite II circuit design test system
3 1 Multimeter
4 2 741 IC Op amp
5 1 100 k
6 2 10 k
7 1 1 k
8 7 2 k
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3 PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit depicted in Figure 1, using both the positive and negative power supplies.
Adjust the sine-wave generator on the Elite II Circuit design test system to give an output of 1
Vpp at 1 kHz. Monitor Vi and Vo, with the dual channel oscilloscope. Measure the voltage
gain of the operational amplifier at 1 kHz and compare it with the predicted value. (This
voltage gain is the closed-loop gain.)
Figure 1
Preparation:
a. Derive the theoretical expression of the closed-loop gain (i.e. Vo / Vi).
b. Calculate the theoretical gain.
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4
Experiment Result:
Record the input & output voltage and calculate the experimental gain.
Discussion: What are the possible reasons for the discrepency between the theoretical and the
experimental gain values?
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2. Measure the frequency response of the amplifier as shown in Figure 1.
Preparation:
a. Describe the concept of frequency response.
b. Describe the concept of bandwidth of an operational amplifier.
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Experiment Result:
a. Vary the input frequency to the operatioanal amplifier as indicated in the table below by
adjusting the signal generator. Calculate the gain for each frequency.
Frequency 0.01 0.1 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 100
(kHz)
Input Voltage
Vi (V)
Output Voltage
Vo (V)
Gain
Vo / Vi
b. Draw the lin-log frequency response graph (i.e. |Gain| versus Frequency)
c. Analyze the frequency response graph to determine the “half power cut-off” frequency, at
which the gain drops to 0.7071 of the gain at 1kHz.
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Discussion: Based on the results of the frequency response, discuss the limitations of a practical
operational amplifier.
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3. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2. Measure the gain of the amplifier at 1 kHz by monitoring
Vi and Vo on the oscilloscope.
Figure 2
Preparation:
a. Derive the theoretical expression of the closed-loop gain (i.e. Vo / Vi).
b. Calculate the theoretical gain.
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10
Experiment Result:
Record the input voltage & output voltage and calculate the gain.
Discussion: What are the possible reasons for the discrepancy between the theoretical and the
experimental gain values? State the key differences between this amplifier circuit and the amplifier
circuit used in Question 1.
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4. Connect the 3-bit Digital-to-Analog converter depicted in Figure 3. Verify the circuit using the
switches available on the test system.
Figure 3
Preparation:
a. Describe based-2 (i.e., binary) number system.
b. Describe the function of a digital-to-analog converter.
c. Derive the theoretical expression of the relationship between the state (“ON” = 1/”OFF” = 0)
of the switches and the output voltage.
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Experiment Result:
Turn the switches on and off as indicated in the below table and record the output voltage
(‘0’ indicates ‘off’ and ‘1’ indicates ‘on’)
S2 S1 S0 Theoretical output voltage (V) Experimental output voltage (V)
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
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Discussion: Another circuit to realize the function of a 3-bit digital-to-analog converter is as
shown in Figure 4 below. Show by deriving the input-output relationship of this circuit that it
has the similar function as the one shown in Figure 3. Discuss the advantage of this circuit
over that of the circuit shown in Figure 3.
Figure 4
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4 REFERENCES
1. P.H. Beards, “Analog and Digital Electronics: A First Course”, Prentice Hall.
2. J. Millman and C.C Halkias, "Integrated Electronics: Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems",
McGraw Hill.
3. J.G. Graeme, G.E. Tobey and L.P. Huelsman, "Operational Amplifiers, Design and Applications
"; McGraw Hill.
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