CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION (a) Six hundred twenty three cubic metres of a fuel gas are passed through a meter at 0.35 kg/cm” ga., 9.4 C. Barometer, 755 mm Hg. Find the commercial sales volume of this gas. (b) Tank contains 214 m3 of fuel oll at 11.7 C. .G. = 0.945. Find the volume and weight of this quantity of oll measured at 15.6 C/ 15.6. Solution: (a) For fuel gas p, = 235492 (760 mm Hg) +756 mm Hg =1014.3 mm Hg .03 kg/cm” 7, =9.4+273.15 =275.55 K V, = 623m? For commercial sales volume, V2. At 15.6 C and 1.03 kg/em2. p, =1.03 kg/em? =760 mm Hg .6+273,15 = 288.75 K (answer) (b) For fuel oil. W =56,,,7,Vqy =0:945(0.81 kw/m? 214 m?) W=19839kN (answer) For volume “T+0.0007(11.7-15.6) 0.9424 Vi, = 1983.9 kt “8 (0.9424)(6.81 kN/m*, Vise =214.6m? (answer) (a) At a natural gas metering station the temperature is steady at 23.9 C during a period in which 1281 m? are registered. Pressure in meter averages 0.84 kg/cm? ga. Barometer, 775 mm Hg. Find the commercial sales volume of this gas. (b) How much volume (m*) will 3785 liters fuel oil of 18° Be’ at 15.6°/15.6° occupy when heated to 37.8 C? Solution: (2) For fuel gas 34 kg/em* © 1.03 kg/cm? T, =23.9+273.15 =297.05 K V,=1281m? Py (760 mm Hg) +775 mm Hg =1394.8 mm HoCHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION For commercial sales volume, V2. At 15.6 C and 1.03 kg/cm? 03 kg/cm? =760 mm Hg .6-+273.15 = 288.75 K AA (760), _ (1394.8)1281) 288.75 297.05 V, =2285.3cm? (answer) (b) For fuel oll. uo _ 1404 “Be+130 18+130 * m= S6,,,PpVis, =0.946(1.0 ka/LX3785 t)= 3580.6 ko [Link] For volume at 37.8 C Yow =e SEP SG yp, =—SGse__ 1+0.0007AT 56,4 = 2346 _-99315 1+0.0007(37.8 -15.6) Vos =e" SEP 3580.6 kg ‘1s (0 .9315)(1.0 ka/) Vi =3843.9L (answer) During a gas calorimeter test there was a 7.62 C rise of water temperature. While 56.63 liters gas registered on the meter, 6.78 kg water were collected. Meter pressure, 203 mmHg; temperature, 27.8 C. Find Qy, corrected to 762 mm and 15.6 C. Solution: (6.78 ka {4.187 kd/kg-C)7.62.C) _ 56.631 Q, =3.82.K//L at 203 mm Hg (gage) and 27.8 C. Correct to 762 mm Hg at 15.6 C(p) and t») (3.82. w{ 22) Ta { _ (762\(27.8+273.15) 4 = (3.824) - 4 =G.82W/t) Cos 76015. 6+273.15) Q,=3.15 W/L Given this proximate analysis data sheet, get the complete proximate analysis, air-dried basis, to nearest 0.1%CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Air-Dried Sample ‘Test Moisture Crucible weight, g 16.025, Crucible+ coat ‘Initial 17.116 7 Final 17.094 Solution: Air-Dried Sample Experiment for moisture: = (17.116-17.094)/(17.116 ~ 16.025) = 0.02 Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment: = (18,155 - 17.842)/(18.155 ~ 17.176) = 0.32 Ash experiment = (16.862 ~ 15.936)/(16.852 - 15.821) = 0.89 For 100 g sample Moisture = 0.02 (100) =2.g Moisture and Volatile = 0.32 (100) = 32 ¢ Ash = (100~32)(0.89)= 60.5 g Then Proximate Analysis: (answer) Moisture = 2 / 100= 2% Volatile = (32-2)/100 = 30% Ash = 60.5 / 100 = 60.59% Fixed Carbon = 100 -2~-30-60.5 = 5% The following are the results of a proximate analysis test run on Moisture and Ash Volatile 17.176 15.821 18.155 16.862 17.842 15.936 r-dried coal. All weights in grams. Calculate the proximate analysis of dry coal and of as-fired coal. Item’ Empty crucible ‘Crucible and coal Moisture test 13,001 14.686 14.610 Moisture and volatile 30.275 33,603 32.522 test Ash test 11.255 12.800 1.378 (as-fired moisture test) 14.420 15,928 15.906 Solution: Dry Coal Moisture test: += (14,686-14.610)/(14.686 — 13.001) = Moisture and Volatile Matter experimer = (33.603 ~32.522)/(33.603 — 30.275) = 0.325 045 Ash experiment = (12.800 ~ 11.378)/(12.800 ~ 11.255) = 0.92 For 100 g sample Moisture = 0.045 (100) = 4.5 g Moisture and Volatile = 0.325 (100) = 32.5 g Ash = (100 ~ 32.5)(0.92)= 62.1CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Then Proximate Analysis: (answer) Moisture = 4.5 / 100 = 4.5 % Volatile = (32.5~4.5)/100 = 28% Ash = 62.1 / 100 = 62.1% Fixed Carbon = 100 ~ 4,5 ~28-62.1=5.4% As-Fired Coal Moisture test: = (15.928-15.906)/(15.928- 14.420 =0.015 Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment: = (33.603 - 32.522)/(33.603 ~ 30.275) = 0.325 Ash experiment = (12.800~ 11.378)/(12.800~ 11.255) = 0.92 For 100 g sample Moisture = 0.015 (100) =1.5 ¢ Moisture and Volatile = 0.325 (100) = 32.5 g Ash = (100 ~32.5)(0.92)= 62.1 g Then Proximate Analysis: (answer) Moisture = 1.5 /100= 1.5% Volatile = (32.5 ~1.5)/100 = 319% ‘Ash = 62.1 / 100 = 62.19% Fixed Carbon = 100 - 1.5~31-62.1=5.4% Testing a certain West Virginia Pocahontas coal by bomb calorimeter yielded these results. AT, 3.49 C. Fuel sample, 1.0535 g. Fuse wire consumed, 0.0073 g, Water charged, 1855.68 g, Water, equivalent of bomb, 470 g. Test coal had 0.96% moisture. Calculate Q, for dry coal. (Q of fuse wire, 1600 Cal per g). Solution: .0535 & w’= weight of the water bath + water equivalent of the outfit = 1855.68 + 470 = 2325.68 & c= specific heat of water = 1.0 cal/e.c At=3,59C Wyu= 0.0073 g Qw= 1600 cal/g west +040, ~~, a (2325.68)(1)3.49) + (0.0073)(1600) 1.0535, @%=7,715.52cal/g wet coal In terms of dry coal igwet coal =(7,[Link]/g wet coai| —*2¥et coo! _ a=6 catia wet coal{ = gwetel—)CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION Q, =7,789.52cal/g dry coal (answer) A cylindrical oil tank 2.4 m diameter x 6 m long is filled to the neck with fuel oil which is checked at 21° Be’ at 31 C. Estimate the kilo Joules heating value stored in this tank. Solution: v=—(2.4) (6)=27.143 m? 2,450-93(6e"+10)./g 42,450-93(21+10) J/a 9,567 J/a —_140_139 Sat 15.6/15.6 140 “Be +130 140 244130 $6 0t 15.6/15.6 1+ Alt—15.6) 0.9272 1+0.0007(31-15.6) $6 at 31C=0.9173 m, =(S6 at 310\(p, Xv) ‘m,=(0.9173)(1000(27.143) m,=24,898 kg Q, =m,Q, =(39,567)(24,898) Q,=M,Q, =985,139,165 4) Fuel oil of 16° Be’ is stored in a tank to supply a boiler whose rated max. steaming rate is 6804 kg per hr at 150 psig. Feedwater, 48.9 C. Average thermal efficiency, 70%. Consider that plant’s capacity factor is 45% and that 1 % months’ supply is carried. Make any necessary assumptions and calculate the number of 1.8 m dia. x 4.6 m long cylindrical tanks needed to hold this quantity. Solution: m, = 6804 kg/hr ‘At 150 psig, saturated (assumed) +h, = 2780.8 Ki/kg At 4.9. +h, = 208.7 y/kg Heating value so-—140___140 *Be+130 164130 Q, = 42,450 +93("Be +10) Ki/kg 42,450+93(16+10) Ki/kg Q, = 44,868 ki/kg Mass of fuel oil $6 at 15.6/15.6= SG at 15.6/15.6= =0.9272 SG at 31¢= SGat31C=. = 0.9589CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION n,Q, =m,(h, —h,) 0.7m, (44,868) = 6804(2780.8—204.7) m, = 558.1 kg/hr Fuel consumption (558.1 ke/hr)(0.45)(1.5 months)(30 days/month)(24 hr/day) = 271,237 ke. Volume = (271,237 kg)/[(0.9589)(1000 kg/m?) = 282m’. Een FG atlisy oti Gal Fo'.=(0.8)(46)=11.7 Volume of cylindrical tank No. of tanks = 282 m? / 11.7 m? = 24.1 of 25 tanks (answer) A horizontal cylindrical fuel oil storage tanks 2.4 m dia. x 6 m long is gauged at 825.5 mm oil depth. A delivery of oil is made which raises the level to 2165 mm, measured after the ‘temperature of the contents had attained ground temperature, i.e,, 7.2 C. This oil is purchased for $3.31 per bbl at 15.6°/15.6°. The delivery is billed at $380.50. Is this correct to the nearest dollar? Solution: kenath w- 1 : “7 ye (--h Wark am L=6m,h=08256m cos) — a(n ose) (12-1 ~0 8256) aY0aR56)-(0 B25 |6) V,=8.2691 m? Radius = r= 1.2m, L=6m,h=2.165 m ? cos" (e *) (- nar [oar os (2 218) —(1.2-2,165)/2(2.2)(2.165)—(2.165)° (6) V, =25.7737 m? Volume delivered at 7.2 C. =V, = 25.7737 ~8.2691 = 17.5046 m* In bbl.10. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION ‘bbl = 42 gallons = 0.159 m’, M=SG,,PVy2 = [Link] =—SGus _____SGss _- 4.005756, T0,0007AT ~ 1+0,0007(7.5~156) $6,.Vys = [Link] 1,005756,.,(17.5046)= 56,..Vi., Atel Jeston bbs 0.159 m* Bill: ($3.31 per barrel)(110.72 bbl) = $ 366.48 (yes $380.50 Is accurate to nearest dollar) Reduce the analysis of coal designated from Table 5-4 to (a) moisture-free basis (b) moisture- and ash-free basis. Solution: Example of Penns. Anthracite Moisture in proximate analysis = 2.19% Ash =5.9% Ultimate analysis: Sulphur = 0.57% Hydrogen = 2.7% Carbon = 86.37% Nitrogen = 0.91% (Oxygen = 3.55% As received analysis: Sulphur = 0.57% Hydrogen = 2.7 ~ 2.19/9 = 2.46% Carbon = 86.37% (a) Moisture-Free Basis Divide by 1-0.0219 = 0.9781 Sulphur = 0.57/0.9781 = 0.58% Hydrogen = 2.46/0.9781 = 2.52% Carbon = 86.37/0.9781 = 88.30% Nitrogen = 0.91/0.9781 = 0.93% Oxygen = 1.60/0.9781 = 1.64% Ash =5.9/0.9781 = 6.03% (b) Moisture-and-Ash-Free Basis Divide by 1-0.0603 = 0.9397 Sulphur = 0.58/0.9397 = 0.62%1 CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION Nitrogen = 0.93/0.9397 = 0.99% Oxygen = 1.64/0.9397 = 1.75% Check the ultimate analysis and heating value of a coal designated from Table 5-4 by applying conversion formulae from Table 5-5. Also estimate the air required for combustion at 50% excess. Solution: For example is Il. Bituminous coal Proximate analysis: Moisture = 13.31% Volatile Matter = 33.62% Fixed Carbon = 41.34% Ash = 11.73% Ultimate analysis: Sulphur = 3.75% Heating Value = 24,612 ki/kg Ultimate Analysis with moisture separated Hydrogen = 5.19 ~13.31/9 = 3.71% (Oxygen = 19.31 ~8 x 13.31/9 = 7.48% To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by ash ~ moisture =1 ~ 0.1173 ~ 0.1331 = 0.7496 Proximate analysis of the combustible Volatile matter = 33.62/0.7496 = 44.85% = 0.4485 Fixed carbon = 41.34/0.7496 = 55.15% = 0.5515 Table 5-5 H=0.0457 +0.0206V =0.0457 +0.0206(0.4485)=0.0549 €=0.953—0.362V =0.953—0.362(0.4485)=0.7906 For Bituminous coal 'N=0.0210-0.012V =0,0210-0.012(0.4485)=0.0156 Ukimate Analysis of combustible 0.7906; H, 0.0549; N, 0.0156 Multiply by 1-0.1173-0.1331 = 0.7496 Carbon = 0.7906 x 0.7496 = 0.5926 = 59.23% Hydrogen = 0.0549 x 0.7496 = 0.0411 = 4.11%12. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION 0156 x 0.7496 =.0117 = 1.17% Nitrogen = Hv =(16,062~3,830V)(2.326) ki/kg Av =[16,062—3,830(0.4485)]|2.326)k/ko HV =33,365 Ki/kg Comparison: Converted: C, 59.26; Ha, 4.11; No, 1.17%; HO, 13.31; Ash, 11.73; others, 10.42; HV = 33,365 ki/kg Analyzed: C, 59.07; Hz, 3.71; Nz, 0.95%; H.O, 13.31; Ash, 11.73; others, 11.23; HV = 24,612 ki/kg Estimate of air required for combustion Total Hydrogen = 4.11 + 13.31/9 = 5.59% Sulphur = 3.75% Oxygen = 11.23 ~ 3.75% = 7.48% Total Oxygen = 7.48 + 8x13.31/9= 19.31 Estimate of air required for combustion = 11.5(0.5926) + 34.5(0.0559 - 0.1931/8) = 7.91 ke/kg of coal At 50% excess air = 1.5 x 7.91 =11.86 kg/kg of coal (answer) Given a coal with proximate analysis as follows, find heating value and kg air required per kg coal at 50% excess. Moisture, 4.47; volatile, 22.74; fixed carbon, 53.72; ash, 19.07. Proximate analys Moisture = 4.47% Volatile Matter = 22.74% Fixed Carbon = 53.72% Ash = 19.07% To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1 -ash— moisture =1 -0.1907 — 0.0447 = 0.7646 Proximate analysis of the combustible Volatile matter = 22.74/0.7646 = 29.74% = 0.2974 Fixed carbon = 53.72/0.7646 = 70.26% = 0.7026 Table 5-5 H=0.0457 +0.0206V =0.0457-+0.0206(0.2974)=0.0518 C=0.953~0.362V =0.953~0.362(0.2974)=0.8453 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012v =0.0210~0.012(0.2974)= 0.0178 Ultimate Analysis of combustible , 0.8453; H, 0.0518; N, 0.0174 Multiply by 1-0.1907-0.044: Carbon = 0.8453 x 0.7646 6463 = 64.63%13, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION HV =(16,160-2,250V (2.326) ki/ka Av =[16,160-2,250(0.2974)|2.326)ki/ka HV =36,0324i/kg Converted: C, 64.63; Hz, 3.96; Nz, 1.33%; H20, 4.47; Ash, 19.07; others, 6.54; HV = 36,032 kl/kg, Estimate of air required for combustion: Total Hydrogen = 3.96 + 4.47/9 = 4.46% Sulphur = neglect Oxygen = 6.54% Total Oxygen = 6.54 + 8x4.47/9 = 10.51 Estimate of alr required for combustion = 11.5(0.6463) + 34.5(0.0396 - 0.1051/8) = 8.35 ke/kg of coal ‘At 50% excess air = 1.5 x 8.35 =12.53 ke/kg of coal (answer) Predict the flue gas analysis to be obtained when a coal of the following proximate analysis is completely burned with 85% excess air. Moisture, 1.75; volatile, 21.70; fixed carbon, 69.13; ash, 7.42 Solution: Proximate analysis Moisture = 1.75% Volatile Matter = 21.70% Fixed Carbon = 69.13% Ash = 7.42% To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1 —ash— moisture =1 —0.0742—0.0175 = 0.9083 Proximate analysis of the combustible Volatile matter = 21.70/0.9083 = 23.89% = 0.2389 Fixed carbon = 69.13/0.9083 = 76.11% = 0.7611 Table 5-5 H=0.0457+0.02061 C=0.953-0.3621 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012v =0,0210~-0.012(0.2389)=0.0181, 3.0457 +0.0206(0.2389) = 0.0506 ,953-0.362(0.2389) =0.8665 Ultimate Analysis of combustible 0.8665; H, 0.0506; N, 0.0181 Multiply by 1-0.0742—0.0175 = 0.9083 1014, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION AS=7.42% Neglecting sulfur 100 - 78.70 ~ 4.60 ~ 1.64-1.75 ‘Total Hydrogen = 4.60 + 1.75/9 = 4.79% Total Oxygen = 13.31+8x1.75/9= 14.87% Ultimate Analysis: C, 78.70; Hz, 4.79; No, 1.64%; O2, 14.87% ‘Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7870) + 34.5(0.0479 —0.1487/8) = 10.06 ke/kg of coal Gaseous products of combustion area CO, = (44/12)(0.7870) = 2.886 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.0479) = 0.431 kg (10.06)(1.85)(0.768) + 0.0164 = 14.310 kg (10.06)(0.85)(0.232) = 1.984 kg In moles CO, = 2.86/44 = 0.0656 H,0 = 0.431/18 = 0.0239 4.310/28 = 0.5111 .984/32= 0.0620 .0656 + 0.0239 + 0.5111 + 0.0620 = 6626 Flue gas analysis (Answer) CO; = (0.0656 / 0.6626)(100%) = 9.90% H,0 = (0.0239 / 0,6626)(100%) = 3.60% (0.5111 / 0.6626)(100%) = 77.14% (0.0620 / 0.6626)(100%) = 9.36% ‘The as-fired proximate analysis is taken of a coal of West Virginia origin. Moisture, 1.75; volatile, 21.70; fixed carbon, 69.13; ash, 7.42. When burned with what is presumed to be sufficient air for complete combustion, the CO; tests 10% by volume. What percent excess air is indicated? Solution: Proximate analysis: Moisture = 1.75% Volatile Matter = 21.70% Fixed Carbon = 69.13% Ash = 7.42% To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1 —ash— moisture =1 - 0.0742 0.0175 = 0.9083 Proximate analysis of the combustible 115, CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION Volatile matter = 21.70/0.9083 = 23.89% = 0.2389 Fixed carbon = 69.13/0.9083 = 76.11% =0.7611 Table 5-5 (0457 +0.0206V =0.0457 +0.0206(0.2389)=0.0506 C=0.953~0.362V =0.953-0.362(0.2389)=0.8665, For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012V =0.0210-0.012(0.2389)=0.0181 Ultimate Analysis of combustible C, 0.8665; H, 0.0506; N, 0.0181 Multiply by 1~0.0742 ~0.0175 = 0.9083 Carbon = 0.8665 x 0.9083 = 0.7870 AS=7.42% Neglecting sulfur Oxygen = 100 - 78.70 ~4.60~1.64- 1.75 = 13.31% Total Hydrogen = 4.60 + 1.75/9 = 4.79% ‘Total Oxygen = 13.31 + 8x 1.75/9 = 14.87% Ultimate Analysis: C, 78.70; Hy, 4.79; No, 1.64%; O2, 14.87% Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7870) + 34.5(0.0479 — 0.1487/8) = 10.06 kg/kg of coal Gaseous products of combustion area CO; = (44/12)(0.7870) = 2.886 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.0479) = 0.431 kg (10.06)(14x)(0.768) + 0.0164 = 7.726x-+ 7.742 ke (10.06)(x)(0.232) = 2.334x ke In moles CO, = 2.86/44 = 0.0656 H,0 = 0.431/18 = 0.0239 Na= (7.726x + 7.742)/28 = 0.2759x + 0.2765 0, 2.334x/32= 0.0729x Total = 0.0656 + 0.0239 + 0.2759x + 0.2765 + 0.0725x = 0.3660 + 0.3488x Flue gas analysis co, =—— 2.0855 __o, 03660-+0.3488% = excess alt= 0.8314 = 83.14% Apply the data of Table 5-3 to a coal designated from Table 5-4 and fix its rank thereby. Solution: 216. CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION Penna. Anthracit (Table 5.4) Proximate anal Moisture = 2.19 9% Volatile Matter = 5.67 9% Fixed Carbon = 86.24 % Ash =5.9% Dry FC = (86.24)/(1 —0.0219) = 88.17 % Dry VM = (5.67)/(1- 0.0219) = 5.80% Table 5-3 Dry FC is 86 percent or more and less than 92 percent. RANK Class |. Anthracite Group 3. Semi-Anthracite Predict the Orsat analysis resulting from the combustion of a coal designated from Table 5-4, ith 50% excess air. 10% combustible in refuse. Solution: Example is Ark. Semi-Anthracite C=77.29% H=3.74% = 3.36% $=2.01% A=12.21% N= 100-77.29-3,74~3.36~2.01- 12.21 Combustible in refuse = 10% = 0.10 Ash =0.1221 of the coal = 0.90 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.1221/0.9 = 0.1357 C in refuse = 0.1357 - 0.1221 = 0.0136 ke/kg. 39% Carbon actually burned ‘Theoretical combustion air .7723 — 0.0136 = 0.7593 11,5(0.7593) + 34.5(0.0374 — 0.0336/8) + 4.3(0.0201) = 9.97 kg/kg Gaseous products of combustion area C02 = (44/12)(0.7593) = 2.784 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.0374) = 0.337 kg (9.97)(1.50)(0.768) + 0.0139 = 11.500 kg (9.97)(0.50)(0.232) = 1.156 kg in moles CO; = 2.784/44 = 0.0633 H,0 = 0.37/18 = 0.0187 Nz= 11.50/28 = 0.4107 Op 1.156/32 = 0.0361 Total without moisture = 0.0683 + 0.4107 + 0.0361 = COrsat Analysis (answer) COp = (0.0633/0.5101)(100) = 12.41% Bth 18. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION (0.0361/0.5101)(100) = 7.08% (0.4107/0.5101){100) = 80.51% A coal is analyzed in a plant laboratory and found to have Q, = 14,866 kJ; C, 58.93; VM, 31.81; ash, 9.26. All on a dry basis. Find the rank of this coal. Estimate the A-F ratio used when CO; meter shows 12%. Use approximate methods. Solution: Qy = 14,866 ki/ke FC=58.93% VM = 31.81% Ash = 9.26% COz= 12% Dry FC is less than 65% and Dry VM is more than 31%. Moist Q, is more than 14,700 ki/kg. ‘Therefore the rank is High Volatile A Bituminous Coal, Rank II-3. For semi-bituminous coal, Ris between 16 and 20, use R= 18 2098 __R+237 CO,(R+3) R43 20.9(18) _18+2.37 3208+3) 1843 Excess air = Excess air =0.523 Table 5-5 Combustible basis: divide by 1-0.0926 = 0.9074 ‘VM = 31.81 / 0.9074 = 35.06 H=0,0457 +0,0206V = 0.0457 +0.0206(0.3506) = 0.0529 C=0.953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.3506)=0.8261 For Bituminous coal N=0,0210-0.012V =0,0210-0.012(0.3506)=0.0168 Dry basis: H=0.0529 x 0.9074 = 0.0480 C=0.8261 «0.9074 = 0.7496 N= 0.0168 x 0.9074 =0.0152 (0=1-0.0480-0,7496-0.0152=0.1872 ‘Theoretical A-F ratio = 11.5(0.7496) + 34.5(0.0480-0.1872/8) = 9.469 Estimated A-F ratio = (1.523)(9.469) = 14.422 kg/kg (answer) ‘A Kansas coal, reported on the combustible basis, has 5.7% S, 79.6% C. As-fired, the moisture is 11%, ash 14%, Orsat of combustion gases is: COz, 12.1; O2, 7.1; CO, 0.8; Nz, 80; carbon in refuse, 10%. Find dry gas per kg coal burned (a) neglecting SO,, and (b) including SO. Solution: Ash = 0.14 of the coal = (10.1) of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.14/0.90 Cin refuse = (0.14/0.90) ~ 0.14 = 0.01556 ke C’=0.796- 0.01556 = 0.78044 (a) Neglecting SO2. 1419. 20. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION [u1c0, +80, +7(co+0, Je 3(CO, +co) (11(02.1)+8(7.1)+7(0.8+-80)\(0.78044) 3(12.1+0.8) 1g SO2. _[1100, +80, +7(60+N,)I/¢-,36),55 3(C0, +c0) a's (2142.1)+8(7.1)+7(0.8 +80)) |o.7aoua +3(a0sr)| a 30057) 3(12.1+0.8) 5.689 kg dry gas/kg coal (answer) From the analysis of a coal sample taken during a test it is estimated that the as-fired total carbon was 76.5% and free hydrogen was 4.7%. From other tests C’ = 0.7263, Orsat: CO, 10.5: 0;, 3.74; CO, 0.49; N;, 85.24. Find A:F ratio. Solution: c(i) -s010nea{ 5) AL 7.0224 CO, +0 10.53+0.49 Boiler plant test data, in part: Proximate analysis as fired: FC, 60.65; VM, 33.45; Moist., 0.83; ash, 5.07. Combustible in dry refuse, 29.8%, Orsat: CO;, 11.3; 0,, 6.75; CO, 0.2. Find the air-fuel ratio and the percent excess ‘Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8% C0, = 11.3 = 675 co=02 N2= 100 ~11.3~6.75-0.2 = 81.75% Reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis 1 —ash~_moisture = 1 ~ 0.0507 — 0.0083 = 0.9410 Proximate analysis of the combustion VM = 33.45 / 0.9410 = 35.5473 FC = 60.65 / 0.9410 = 64.4527 H=0.0457 +0.0206V = 0.0457 +0.0206(0.355473)=0.05302 C =0,953—0.362V =0.953—0.362(0.355473)=0.82432 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012V =0,0210-0.012(0.355473)=0.01673 Ultimate Analysis: H = 0.05302 x 0.9410 = 0.04989 1521. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION ‘Ash = 0.0507 (0 = 1-0.04989 - 0.77568 - 0.01574 ~ 0.0507 - 0.0083 = 0.09969 ‘Ash (dry) = 5.07/(1-0.0083) = 5.1124% Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1 ~ 0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283 Cin refuse (dry) = 0.07283 -0.051124 = 0.02171 Cin refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1 ~0.0083) = 0.02152 © =0.77568 — 0.02152 = 0.75416 Theoretical Air A:F = 11.5 x 0.75416 + 34.5(0.04989 - 0.09969 / 8) = 9.9641 ke/kg Actual Air Ai sc) — 00,400 Actual Air A oalo7sers] 272 16.2441 113+02 Excess air = (16.2441 — 9.9641)(100)/9.9641 = 63% (answer) Further analysis of the coal mentioned in Prob. 20 reveals a sulfur content of 3.28. Find the kg dry gas produced per kg coal during this test. Solution: Sulfur = 3.2% Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8% CO, = 11.3 = 6.75 cO=0.2 N= 100~11.3-6.75-0.2= 81.75% Ash (dry) = 5.07/(1-0.0083) = 5.1124% ‘Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1 ~ 0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283 Cin refuse (dry) Cin refuse (wet} .07283 - 0.051124 = 0.02171 (02171 (10,0083) = 0.02152 C =0.77568 - 0.02152 = 0.75416 kg gas = NOAM AO) 2435) 5s ‘kg coal 3(CO, +0) 8 1622. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION kggas _ 11(11.3)+8(6.75)+7(81.75+0.2) kgcoal 3(11.3+0.2) kg gas kg coal [o7sess+2(002) }-3(aoa2) -=16.719 kg gas/kg coal (answer) Using the test data mentioned in Prob. 20, change proximate to ultimate analysis and calculate ‘the weights of the individual products formed by the combustion of a kg of coal. Solution: FC = 60.65% ‘VM = 33.45% Moisture = 0.83% Ash = 5.07% Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8% CO, = 11.3 02-675 co=0.2 N2=100~11,3~6.75-0.2 = 81.75% Reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis ‘1 —ash ~ moisture = 1 - 0.0507 - 0.0083 = 0.9410 Proximate analysis of the combustion VM = 33.45 /0.9410 = 35.5473 60.65 / 0.9410 = 64.4527 .0457 +0.0206V =0.0457 +0.0206(0.355473)=0.05302 953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.355473)= 0.82432 For Bituminous coal N=0,0210—0,012V = 0.0210-0,012(0.355473)= 0.01673 Ultimate Analysis: H = 0.05302 x 0.9410 = 0.04989 C= 0.82432 x 0.9410 = 0.77568 N= 0.01673 x 0.9410 = 0.01574 Ash = 0.0507 (= 1-0.04989 - 0.77568 - 0.01574 ~ 0.0507 - 0.0083 = 0.09969 Ash (dry) = 5.07/(1-0.0083) = 5.1124% Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1 ~ 0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283, .07283 — 0.051124 = 0.02171 02171 (1 - 0.0083) = 0.02152 Cin refuse (dry) Cin refuse (wet c 1.77568 - 0.02152 = 0.75416 Theoretical Air 11.5 x 0.75416 + 34.5(0.04989 — 0.09969 / 8) = 9.9641 ke/kg v723, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION 7 | Air A 0: — Actual Air A: =| ats | Actual Air A oalarsans| 7 | 16.2441 113+02 Excess air = (16.2441 — 9.9641)(100)/9.9641 = 63% (answer) Gaseous products of combustion area (answer) (CO; = (44/12)(0.77568) = 2.8442 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.04989) = 0.4408 kg 9.9641)(1.63)(0.768) + 0.01574 = 12.489 kg (9.9641)(0.63)(0.232) = 1.4564 kg A coal designated from Table 5-4 is burned with 60% excess air. Atm. Humidity, 5 @ per ke. No incomplete combustion. Combustion air at 176.7 C. Flue gas at 441 C. (a) Estimate sensible heat loss by approx. method; (b) calculate sensible heat loss by exact method. Solution; Using Ala. Bituminous Coal Ultimate Analysis S$=0.79% H= 4.80% C= 74.40% Theoretical Air Needed per kg = 11,SC + 34,5(H, - 0,/8) + 4.35 11.5(0.744) + 34,5(0.048 - 0.0733/8) + 4.3(0.0079) =9.93 AVF = 1.6(9.93) = 15.89 ke/kg, Dry gas per kg coal = A/F +1 - wet gas -SO2 - refuse = 15,89 + 1-9 x0.048 -2 x 0.0079 -0 = 16.44 ke/kg APPROXIMATE METHOD: ‘The ASME Code permits a composite cof 1005 J/kg.C to be used. The water vapor from combustion is 9 x 0.048 = 0.432 kg. ‘Average c, from water vapor is taken as 2094 J/kg.C. Sensible heat above 176.7 C in product. Q, = (16.44 x 1005 + 0.432 x 2094)(441 - 176.7) = 4,605,905 J/kg = 4,605.9 kl/kg coal (answer) Here SO2 is neglected, EXACT METHOD: Cyolfy ~15-6)~ Cp (ty 15.6 sean gx in 715 8)"eu 156) ty—te Gaseous products of combustion are CO», H:0, No O:, SOx 18CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION = (44/12) x 0.7444 = 2.729 kg (9/1) x 0.048 = 0.432 kg .93 x 1.6 x 0.768 + 0.0159 = 12.218 kg (9.93)(0.60)(0.232) = 1.382 kg $03 = 2 x 0.0079 = 0.016 kg 16.777 kg Mean cy co, gpat 176.7 C=0.959 ki/ke.c cpat 441 C= 1.026 ki/kg.C Mean ¢ = 20264115 6)-0959(076.7-156) 441-1767 Mean c, = 1.067 ki/kg.C +20 cpat 176.7 C= 1.894 ki/ke.C cyat 441 C= 1.957 kl/ke.C Menge 1.957(441-15.6)-1.894(176.7-15.6) 441-1767 Mean c, = 1.995 ki/kg.C No cpat 176.7 C= 1.059 ki/ke.C cyat 441 C= 1.076 ki/kg.C 076(44: 1,059(1767. 441-1767 Mean cp = 1.086 ki/kg.C Mean cy o cp at 176.7 C= 0.959 ki/kg.C cy at 441 C= 0.984 kl/kg.C 984 (44: Mean c= Mean ¢,= 0.999 ki/kg.C $0, Assume Mean ¢, = 0.838 ki/kg.C as in example from text. item CO; Or Ne 1:0) SO Total Weight 2.729 1.382 12.218 0.432 0.016 16.777 Meanc, | 1.067 (0.999) 1.086 1.999 0.838 Wxe 2.912 1.381 13.269 0.864 0.018 16.44 Sensible heat above 176.7 Cin product Q,=(16.48)(441 - 176.7) = 4,345 ki/kg-C coal’ (answer) 1924, 25. CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION Humid air which enters a combustion chamber at 27.2 C is transformed into products of combustion at 288 C. Psychrometer readings are 27.2 C and 22.2 C. How many kl are carried off per kg coal burned by the superheating ofthis moisture? AF = 15.5. Solution: For 27.2.C DB, 22.2 CWB 5257.4 wm =T03—p, OMe a Meel — At Tig #18At 7.2-22.2 = 5C roe = fg~ hy at 22.2 kg vapor / kg dry air = 2541.5 -93.1 = 2448.4 ki/kg 0.01695x2448.1-5 24484+18x5 ‘At constant wa, from 27.2 C to 288 C. tte fas Assume cp for water vapor, ¢ 1 = w.c,| (1+ |, - ae l( A: a] «] a=(0 or4esi.o) 14 loan) 27. 2| 0.01485kg vapor / kg dry air p2= 2.094 ki/ke.C. = 8.6876 ki/kg air Q.=8.6876 x 15.5 = 134.66 ki/kg coal burned (answer). ‘A coal as designated from Table 5-4 is burned in a pulverized coal furnace with 20% excess ai Preheated air temperature, 148.9 C; furnace outlet temperature, 1010 C. No incomplete combustion, Calculate the kd absorbed by the gases leaving the furnace, per kg coal. Solution: Use Penna. Bituminous, Appalachia Coal Ultimate Analysis $=1.32% He= 5.07% C= 76.91% 31% 95% ‘Theoretical Air Needed per kg = 11.5C + 34.5(H, - 0,/8) + 4.38 = 11.50.7691) + 34.5(0.0507 - 0.0695/8) + 4.3(0.0132) = 10.3508 20