UTILIZATION OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) STARCH AS

POTENTIAL STARCH-BASED BIOPLASTIC FOOD PACKAGING

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department
Butuan City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the subject

Research Capstone

By

Kenshin Rucelle F. Salcedo

Bernie Mcllen T. Lagnada
Alma Rizza H. Delfin
Jose B. Barquero III
Kylle Ann R. Mina

October 2019
 ii.

Department of Education

Caraga Administrative Region

Division of Butuan City
Agusan National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled: “Utilization of Sweet Potato

(Ipomoea batatas) Starch as Potential Starch-Based
Bioplastic Food Packaging” prepared and submitted by Kenshin
Rucelle f. Salcedo, Bernie Mcllen T. Lagnada, Alma Rizza H.
Delfin, Jose B. Barquero III, and Kylle Ann R. Mina in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the STEM,
Research Capstone, has been examined and recommended for
Oral Examination.

Emman A. Litera
Research Capstone Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

STEM, Research Capstone, by the Oral Examination Committee
on October 10, 2019 with a grade.

LEE JONG SUK NAM JOO HYUK

Member Member

KIM MINGYU
Chairman

AMALIA B. RINGOR, PH.D

Track Head

MARIO Y. ORENDAIN, MSPE

Principal II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their appreciation

and gratitude to the following people who helped them

throughout this study:

First and foremost, to God Almighty, for the wisdom and

perseverance He has bestowed to them and who guided them in

pursuing this research and for giving them the strength and

good health to finish this project;

To their Research Capstone adviser Mr. Emman A. Litera,

for being considerate and for extending the patience towards

them, for the assistance, recommendations as well as the

time and meticulous effort in checking their drafts and the

immense knowledge throughout the research;

Lastly to their family who’d never fail to support them

financially and morally and for the support and

encouragement and for trusting the researchers’ ability to

finish this research. And to their friends for the supports

and efforts in pushing the researchers to work harder and

for the suggestions to this research.

J.B.B.
A.R.H.D.
B.M.T.L.
K.A.R.M.
K.R.F.S.
 DEDICATION

The researchers dedicate this paper to their beloved

families who have been there in good and bad times, to their

Research Capstone Adviser Mr. Emman A. Litera who guided

them and help them throughout this paper, to God Almighty

who was the provider of knowledge and wisdom to reach the

end of this paper and to everyone who have been their

strength and reason to success.

 ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the tensile strength of

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) starch- based bioplastic, to
provide evidence that Sweet potato is an effective
alternative on making bioplastic food packaging, and to
produce an alternative material on making bioplastic. Based
on the results from the gathered data, the tensile strength
of the 5 grams Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) starch-based
bioplastic is greater than the tensile strength of 10 grams
and 15 grams Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) starch-based
bioplastic, hence, the lower the starch concentration, the
higher the tensile strength of the plastic. This study is
beneficial to students, parents, teachers, school
administrators, community, plastic industry manufacturers,
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and Future
Researchers. The result will give its manifestation in
connection to allow people to discover the advantage use of
starch-based bioplastic as a food packaging as an
alternative substitute to the growing quantity of non-
biodegradable plastics.
KEYWORDS: Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas), starch,
bioplastic, food packaging
 vii
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………… i

Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………………… v

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………… vii

List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………… ix

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………… x

List of Appendices ………………………………………………………………………… xi

CHAPTER

1. THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study ………………………………………………… 1

Research Objectives……………………………………………………………… 4

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 5

Statement of the Hypothesis………………………………………… 6

Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………… 6

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………… 6

Research Paradigm…………………………………………………………………… 8

Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………… 9

Significance of the Study……………………………………………… 10

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………… 11
 viii.

Review of Literature…………………………………………………………… 14

2. METHODOLOGY

Research Materials………………………………………………………………… 19

Research Design………………………………………………………………………… 20

Statistical Treatment………………………………………………………… 21

Research Procedure ……………………………………………………………… 22

Flowchart Diagram of the Procedure……………………… 23

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Statistical Analysis …………………………………………………… 31

Findings……………………………………………………………………………………… 33

4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings …………………………………………………………… 35

Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………… 37

Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………… 37

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………… 40

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………………………… 43

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………………… 48

PREFACE …………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
 ix.

LIST OF FIGURE
Figures Page
1. Research Paradigm…………………………………………………………………… 8

2. Flowchart Diagram of the Procedure and testing…26

3. Independent T-test standard deviation results……29

4. Independent T-test results…………………………………………………… 32

 x.

List of Tables
Tables Page
1. Moisture content of the Briquette papers and
the Gmelina wood (Gmelina arborea)…………………………………………… 27
2. Computed value based from the gathered data….... 28

3. Heat produced by the Briquette papers and the

Gmelina wood (Gmelina arborea)……………………………………………… 30

4. Summary of Results……………………………………………………………………………… 31
 xi.

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page

A. Letter for the Chemistry Department of

Caraga State University for laboratory oven………… 48

Letter for the Chemistry Department of

Caraga State University for Moisture content……… 49

B. Instruments……………………………………………………………………………………………… 51

C. Excel Independent T-test Computation ………………………… 54

 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Plastic is the world’s versatile material, you can

make anything from it. Companies use plastic as their main

packaging. It has been the fastest growing basic material

because they are lightweight, durable, recyclable,

inexpensive, and a good insulator. However, plastic is

artificially created and doesn’t blend in with nature. It

doesn’t decompose and can be a great cause of pollution,

killing species, cluttering bodies of water and destroying

the beauty of nature thus making the world an unattractive

place to live.

Researchers have conducted studies regarding plastic

waste management on earth by finding a substitute material

which can be used in making eco-friendly bioplastic.

Bioplastic is the most common alternative to petrochemical-

based plastics. Biodegradable plastic is different from

bioplastic since biodegradable plastics are petrochemical-

based plastics with additives that can help the plastic

decompose fast while bioplastic, on the other hand, are made

of organic material such as starch and often contains

polylactic acid (PLA) which has similar properties to

polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PET) that just looks

like ordinary plastic. Sweet Potato contains a 50-80% starch

on a dry basis and Sweet Potato starch comprises 70-80% of

highly branched amylopectin and 20-30% of linear and

slightly branched amylose (Zhou et. al, 2015). In which

Sweet Potato starch would be the desirable biopolymers for

the manufacturing of bioplastic as it was stated that

bioplastics are made up from biopolymers obtained from

biomass such as starch, cellulose and protein (Santana et.

al, 2018). In addition, Sweet Potato starch is rich in

dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, such

as the phenolic acids, anthocyanins, tocopherol, B-carotene

and ascorbic acid which could be migrated into food if the

Sweet Potato starch-based bioplastic are used for food

packaging and increase the nutritional value of food

packaging (Issa, Ibrahim, & Tahergorabi, 2018)

Statement of Objectives

The study aims to develop a starch-based bioplastic and

determine its tensile strength. The specific objectives of

the study are as follows:

 1. To determine the tensile strength of the sweet potato

starch-based bioplastic as food packaging.

2. To provide evidence that Sweet potato is an effective

alternative on making bioplastic food packaging.

3. To produce an alternative material on making

bioplastic.

Statement of the Problem

The ultimate aim of the study is to develop an

alternative material made of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)

as a potential starch-based bioplastics.

Specifically, it sought to answer the ff. questions:

1.) What is the tensile strength of Sweet potato

(Ipomoea batatas) in terms of;

a. 5 grams

b. 10 grams

c. 15 grams

2.) What is the tensile strength of the commercial

bioplastic?

3.) Is there a significant difference on the tensile

strength of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

bioplastic and the commercial bioplastic?

Statement of Hypothesis

H01: There is no significant difference on the tensile

strength of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) bioplastic and

the commercial plastic.

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored on the theory of production and

characterization of sweet potato starch-based bioplastic by

Abdullah, Pudjiraharti, Karina, Putri and Fauziyyah (2019)

which states that sweet potato starch would be a good base

material for bioplastic production and its application as

food packaging as it showed that sweet potato starch

contains desirable biopolymers for the manufacturing of

bioplastic. It was stated that bioplastics are made up from

biopolymers obtained from biomass such as starch, cellulose

and protein (Santana et. al, 2018).

Conceptual Framework

Independent Intervening Dependent

Variable Variables Variables

Sweet Potato Concentration Tensile

Starch-Based of Sweet Strength
Bioplastic potato starch

Figure 1. The Interplay between the Independent Variable,

Intervening Variable and Dependent Variable

The study involves three variables: independent,

intervening and dependent. The Sweet Potato Starch-Based

Bioplastic takes as an independent variable which is product

of the experimentation. The temperature and concentration of

sweet potato starch takes as an intervening variable which

processes the input of the study. The tensile strength takes

as a dependent variable.

Research Paradigm

Extraction of Mixing of Testing of

Starch from starch and Tensile
Sweet Potato other Strength
(Ipomoea ingredients
batatas) and
preparation of
materials
needed
Significance of the Study

This study will be of valuable importance to the

following:

Students. This study will benefit the students in a way

that students will be informed that they can use starch-

based bioplastic without any worry about the toxic

substances that they may get unlike the usual petrochemical-

based plastics they are using.

Parents. This study will raise awareness to the parents

that starch-based bioplastic is the best plastic especially

in food packaging they and their children should use because

it does not contain toxic substances that they might get

unlike the commercial plastics.

Teachers. This research will give additional knowledge

to the teachers about the starch-based bioplastic and its

benefits to the environment and health of a person on which

they can be able to use this idea in teaching their

students.

School Administrators. This research is useful for the

school administrators to develop plans and programs

involving the implementation of bioplastics in the school to

reduce the increasing number of non-biodegradable waste and

specially to ensure the health of the students.

Community. This study will contribute knowledge to the

communities in the sense of using bioplastic instead of

commercial plastics that may destroy the environment.

Plastic Industry Manufacturers. This study will give

knowledge to the plastic industry manufacturers on how to

make biodegradable plastic that doesn’t contain toxic

substances that can harm the health of humans especially

their workers and can destroy the environment with the use

of Sweet Potato starch as the major component.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This

study will help the DENR in a way that this study will serve

as their guide and serve as an additional knowledge on how

to reduce the non-biodegradable plastics which is crucially

increasing as of now.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a future

reference and will provide the facts and informations that

are necessary to include in the research about starch-based

bioplastic as part of the new innovation of the society for

the future researchers.

Scope and Limitation

This experiment only covers plastic bag as food

packaging, not including other plastic materials such as

plastic containers, plastic cups, straws and other plastic

utensils. The experiment can be done in a matter of 2 hours,

excluding the extraction of starch and sun-drying procedure.

Most of the materials used in the experiment are accessible

and can be bought in supermarkets. The study will be

conducted at the researchers’ locale around Butuan City.

This research study entitled “Utilization of Sweet Potato

(Ipomoea batatas) Starch as Potential Starch-Based

Bioplastic Food Packaging” is limited only to the starch

extracted from sweet potato.

Definition of Terms

Food Packaging. It is the enclosing of food to protect

it from damage, contamination, spoilage, pest attacks, and

tampering. In this experiment, it is the type of bioplastic

the researchers will be making.

Food Packaging Bioplastic. It will be the product of

this experiment that is non-toxic and can be decompose.

 Sweet Potato. It will be used to produce starch as it

contains large amount of starch for about 16.8 grams per an

equivalent serving.

Sweet Potato Starch. It is commonly used as a coating

for fried meats and poultry and also as a starch for gluten-

free baked goods such as breads, cookies, muffins, and

pancakes. In this experiment it is use as the major

component in making the bioplastic.

Tensile Strength. The resistance of a bioplastic to

break under tension.

Review of Related Literature

Sweet Potato

Sweet potato contains starch. Starch makes up

the wholesome reserves of the many plants. It represent the

most important part of the carbohydrate- the

remainder created by mono and disaccharides particularly

disaccharide and sucrose. Typical starch content is twenty-

two percent (22%).m Starch is superb for modifying the

feel of the many processed and home- toasted food and

has additionally been used for hundreds of years for

different functions, as well as the manufacture of paper,

glue or material filler (Goodman, 2010). Sweet potato is

cheaper than other alternative crops and this luxuriant

resource is still continues to be poorly used. Sweet

potatoes are in high energy, dietary fiber, potassium and

vitamin C, low in fat and are vital sources of the dietary

inhibitor β-carotene. In some food-deficit countries, it

needs to fully utilize all existing foodstuffs with a view

to assuaging poorness and currently hunger is receiving

considerable attention (Panja, Deepika, Sharma, & Singh,

2016). SPS with 58-76% starch content (on a dry basis), have

properties that similar to those of potato starch. 10 SPS

has conjointly exhibited biological process activity against

unhealthful Escherichia, S. Typhimurium, and S. aureus.

Within the 11 food trade, SPS is employed to impart

“functional” properties to processed foods like thickening,

binding and filling. For instance, SPS has been with success

wont to thicken chocolate pudding at Tuskegee University.

Furthermore, in distinction to the opposite biopolymers used

for film fabrication, SPS doesn’t impart any allergenecity,

since these materials might migrate to the edible food

packaging. However, SPS doesn’t have the mechanical and

barrier properties matching those of plastics (Issa,

Ibrahim, & Tahergorabi, 2016).

Bioplastic

Production of bio-plastics results in the less emission

of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which is one of

the primary causes of air pollution that leads to

environmental problems like climate change, global warming

and etc. (Reddy & Gupta, 2013)

Chen, Y. J. (2014) stated that, Bioplastics are growing

apace owing to the clear benefits they need in several

applications. As oil offer tightens, these benefits can

grow. Their carbon footprint may be a lot of less than oil-

based equivalents. Bioplastics will offer wonderful

biodegradability, helping the globe handle the increasing

issues of litter, particularly within the world’s rivers and

seas. Sturdy plant-based bioplastics may be recycled

furthermore as their conventional equivalents, assisting the

expansion of an additional property world economy.

Starch as Food Packaging

Packaging materials is supported by polymers that are

derived from renewable sources is also a solution to

environmental pollution concern and issues posed by non-

degradable artificial polymers. Out of all biopolymers,

starch is one of the leading candidates because it is

exuberant and low cost. Moreover, starch is understood to be

fully degradable in soil and water and it can promote the

biodegradability of a non-biodegradable plastic once

blended, therefore they’re safe as food packaging materials.

As films or bag, starch may well be used in many varieties

of applications like packaging for fruits and vegetables,

snacks or dry merchandise (Issa, Ibrahim, & Tahergorabi,

2016).
 Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

A constant research will be made for acquiring the

study of Sweet potato starch-based food bioplastic. The

researchers will be employing Parallel-group Design in

analysing and attaining accurate results for this study. The

Parallel-group Design has always been used to compare two or

more distinct experimental and one control group. Though the

treatments that these groups receive differ, they are

treated as uniform as possible, and will complete the same

method throughout the study. The two groups have been

constantly utilized to show the efficacy of a treatment or

interference (Turner, 2013).

The experimental group for this study will be the sweet

potato starch-based bioplastic, it will be the group that

the researchers will be experimenting. On the other hand,

the commercial plastic will serve as the control group. The

two groups will be compared and their difference will also

be obtained to measure the efficacy of the study.

Statistical Treatment

Based on the needs of the study, the researchers will

use statistical tools to analyse and interpret the data and

in testing the null hypotheses. These will include frequency

counts, weighted mean, and Two factor ANOVA or F-test two

factor samples for means.

Furthermore, the researchers will be finding the mean

scores of the gathered data that will be based from tensile

strength test results. The weighted mean will be used to

determine the final average to signify the relative

importance of each data and to smooth out data thus

improving accuracy.

The formula for the weighted mean is as follow, X=

Σxi/n, where the Σ is the summation, xi is the measurements,

and n= number of measurements. Also, a Two-factor ANOVA or

F-test two factor will be employed to determine the

significant difference of the two groups. The level of

significance that will be employed in this study is 0.05 or

95% level of confidence to determine the significance of the

findings.
Table 1. Table showing the Tensile Strength of three
concentrations of Sweet potato starch-based bioplastic and
commercial plastic in three trials.
Experimental Control
(Sweet Potato starch-based (Commercial
bioplastic) bioplastic)

Trial
Tensile Strength
Tensile Strength
5g 10g 15g

1
2
3
MEAN

Procedure

Preparation of the Materials

The researchers will gather all the materials needed in

preparation for the next processes. The materials which will

be used in making of bioplastic food packaging from sweet

potato starch are as follows: Sweet potato will be obtained

from the Langihan Public Market, Butuan City that will be

gathered for the extraction of starch; 90 grams (g) of sweet

potato starch for the three trials will be extracted to be

used as the base material for bioplastic production. Three

samples will be made for each three trials. Five milliliters

(mL) of glycerin will be gathered as a plasticizer for the

experimentation to improve the flexibility and extensibility

of the starch-based bioplastic. Five milliliters (mL) of

vinegar will be utilized to put some acid on the mixture

that could help the quick dissolution of the starch. Sixty

milliliters (mL) of distilled water will be gathered as a

solvent for the experimentation. Laboratory apparatuses,

equipment, and tools includes: One piece of knife, peeler,

Blender, bowl, level tube and lampin cloth will be used in

the preparation and extraction of the sweet potato starch.

One piece of beaker and two pieces of test tube will be

utilized in measuring the Glycerin, Vinegar and Distilled

Water. One piece of Wooden spoon and gas stove will be

employed in heating the mixture. One piece of silicon baking

sheet and Stainless Steel Spatula will be used in the

molding of sweet potato starch-based bioplastic.

Sweet Potato Starch Extraction

Ten Sweet Potatoes will be peeled and will be cut into

small pieces and will be rinsed with water for cleaning. The

small cut pieces of sweet potato will be grind in the

blender with the help of 100 mL of distilled water. The

grinded sweet potato will be taken out of the blender and

using a cheese cloth, the researchers will extract the

starch from the powdered sweet potato. The extracted starch

will be left in a close bowl to be settled until the

coagulation of the starch will thereafter be seen at the

bottom of the bowl. A starch-free liquid will be observed at

the top and will then be decanted with the aid of level

tube. On the other hand, the starch will be settled at the

bottom of the bowl. The watery starch will be then

transferred into the lampin cloth and will be left overnight

in order to drain the remaining water. When the starch is

all solid, it will be ready to use.

Heating and Mixing Process

First, the researchers will prepare a heated beaker

then will pour 60 mL of distilled water and will add 5g,

10g, and 15g of sweet potato starch for the three

concentrations respectively. Next, stir the mixture using

wooden spoon to get even more homogenous suspension. Charge

the 5 mL of glycerin and mix thoroughly, and lastly add 5mL

of vinegar. After pouring everything up, agitate until it

becomes thick and viscous.

Drying Process

The mixture will be poured on the silicon baking sheet

and flatten and even the thickness of the mixture by using

the stainless steel spatula on the silicon baking sheet. The

flatten mixture will be then left for a week until it will

dry. After a week of drying the sweet potato starch-based

bioplastic will become thin and have even thickness.

Tensile Strength Test

The samples will be sent to the Department of Public

Works and Highways for the testing of Tensile Strength to

determine its capacity to hold materials under tension.

Conducting this test to the bioplastic ascertain their

property.

Data Gathering and Analysis

The data gathering will involve testing the

experimental and control group namely Sweet potato starch-

based bioplastic and commercial plastic, respectively on

their tensile strength.

Tensile strength test determine the plastic’s capacity

to hold materials even under tension.

Data gathered will be critically analyze with the use

of statistical tools specifically Two-factor ANOVA or F-test

two factor, frequency counts, and weighted mean. The

inference of the study will be based the gathered analyzed

data of the experiment.

Flowchart Diagram of the Procedure

Preparation of the materials

Sweet Potato Starch Extraction

Heating and Mixing Process

Drying Process

Data Gathering and Analysis

Figure 2. The Flowchart of the Procedure

 Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter deals with the interpretation of data, the

analysis of the gathered data, and the discussion of data

gathered from the trials of experiment.

The tensile strength of the Sweet Potato starch-based

bioplastic and the commercial plastic were tested at Equi-

Parco Construction Company.

Table 1. Table showing the Tensile Strength of three

concentrations of Sweet potato starch-based bioplastic and
commercial plastic in three trials.
Experimental Control

(Sweet Potato starch-based (Commercial

Trial bioplastic) bioplastic)

Tensile Strength Tensiln

5g 10g 15g e Strength

1 256.9 224.1 140.7 6386.7

2 257.6 222.2 141.9 6367.5

3 257.6 221.4 141.3 6384.9

MEAN 257.3666667 222.5666667 141.3 6379.7

As shown in Table 1, the tensile strength of the five

grams concentration sweet potato starch based- bioplastic

has an average of 257.37 in three trials, the ten grams

concentration sweet potato starch-based bioplastic has an

average of 222.57 in three trials also, while the fifteen

grams concentration sweet potato based-bioplastic has an

average of 141.3 in three trials. It is clear that the five

grams concentration sweet potato starch-based bioplastic has

the highest mean in tensile strength. The decrease of

tensile strength when concentration of starch is increased

showed us that the higher the concentration, the lower the

efficiency of the plastic. This is supported by a study of

Sanyang, Sapuan, Jawaid, Ishak, & Sahari that states that

the tensile strength of starch-based plastic decreased when

concentration is increased is due to the role of

plasticizers in eliminating the strong intramolecular

attraction between the starch chains and helping in the

creation of hydrogen bonds between plasticizers and starch

molecules hence, it lowers the tensile strength of starch

based plastics by successively weakening the hydrogen bonds

between starch chains (Sanyang, Sapuan, Jawaid, Ishak, &

Sahari, 2015). The table also shows that the average tensile

strength of the commercial bioplastic which is the control

group is greatest compared to the three concentrations.

 7000

6000

5000

4000
Trial 1
3000 Trial 2
Trial 3
2000

1000

0
5 grams 10 grams 15 grams Commercial
bioplastic

Figure 3. Graphical Representation of the tensile strength

of the Sweet Potato starch-based bioplastics in three
concentrations and commercial bioplastic in grams

The graph above represents the tensile strengths of

three different concentrations of Sweet Potato Starch-based

bioplastic and the commercial bioplastic. The tensile

strength of the five grams Sweet Potato starch-based

bioplastics in trial one is 256.9, and same goes with the

second and third trial which yields 257.6. The tensile

strength of the ten grams Sweet Potato starch-based

bioplastics in the first trial is 224.1, trial two yields

222.2 and in trial 3, 221.4. The tensile strength of the

fifteen grams Sweet Potato starch-based bioplastics in trial

one is 140.7, the second trial yields 141.9 and in the third

trial, 141.3. It is clearly shown in the graph that the bars

are descending hence; the bar that represents the tensile

strengths of the three concentrations is far different from

that of the commercial bioplastic.

Table 2: Summary of Results

Table 2. Computed Analysis of Variance based from the

gathered data
(I) replicate (J) replicate Sig.

Lower Bound

repexp1 repexp2 .000

repexp3 .000

repcontr1 .000

repcontr2 .000

repcontr3 .000

repexp2 repexp3 .000

repcontr1 .000

repcontr2 .000

repcontr3 .000

repexp3 repcontr1 .000

repcontr2 .000

repcontr3 .000

repcontr1 repcontr2 .000

repcontr3 .073

repcontr2 repcontr3 .000

Based on observed means.

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

The table displays the computed Analysis of Variance based

from the gathered data; it clearly shows that all

concentrations, except for the control trial 1 and control

trial 3 which bears .073 making it significant, yields 0.

Thus, there is a significant difference between the

commercial plastic and the three concentrations of sweet

potato starch-based plastic. The null hypothesis is

accepted.

Summary of Findings

Based on the experiment conducted by the researchers,

the decrease of tensile strength when concentration of

starch is increased showed us that the higher the

concentration, the lower the efficiency of the plastic. The

5 grams sweet potato starch based concentration has greater

average tensile strength compared to the 10 grams and 15

grams. However, data gathered was computed through ANOVA:

two factors and resulted to 0 significance to all

concentrations. Thus, there is a significant difference and

the null hypothesis is accepted.

 Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study primarily aims to develop a starch-based

bioplastic out of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) starch as

an alternative substitute for non-biodegradable plastic.

This study also aims to determine if there’s a significant

difference between the tensile strength of the sweet potato

starch-based bioplastic as the experimental variable and the

tensile strength of the commercial bioplastic as the control

variable using two-factor ANOVA as the statistical tool.

The researcher extract starch from the sweet potato and

the extracted starch was then measured into three

concentration namely 5 grams, 10 grams and 15 grams. These

concentrations were then mixed with glycerin as the

plasticizer and the other formed of ingredients differently

to form the starch-based bioplastic. The three concentration

of bioplastic was then sent to the laboratory of Equi-Parco

Construction Company along with the commercial bioplastic to

test its tensile strength.

After the data needed was gathered, results were then

analyzed using two-factor ANOVA. Results shows that the p

value of each sample is less than 0.05, except for the

control trial 1 and control trial 3 which bears .073,

therefore, the tensile strength between sweet potato starch-

based bioplastic and the commercial bioplastic has a

significant difference.

Conclusions

Based on the findings from the analysis of data through

two factor ANOVA, it shows that the lower the concentration

of the starch, the higher the tensile strength of its

plastic product. As explain in the table, there is a

significant difference between the tensile strength of the

sweet potato starch-based bioplastic and the tensile

strength of commercial bioplastic, therefore, the null

hypothesis is rejected. This means that the use of sweet

potato starch as an alternative material in making

bioplastic could be possible.

Recommendations

Based on the conduct and results of the study, the

following are highly recommended:

1.) For the use of starch extraction in future studies

2.) Utilizing different concentration of extract starch

in treatment to determine its efficacy based on the

concentration

3.) Data comparison between the developed starch-based

bioplastic and the commercial bioplastic

4.) A conduct of Maximum Heat Resistance Test to

ascertain the plastic’s thermal endurance and its

ability to preserve its shape up to a particular

temperature even under pressure.

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