IIC-12

Example II.C-2 Bracing Connection

Given:

Design the diagonal bracing connection between the W12×87 brace and the W18×106 beam
and the W14×605 column.

Brace Axial Load Tu = 675 kips Ta = 450 kips

Beam End Reaction Ru = 15 kips Ra = 10 kips
Column Axial Load Pu = 421 kips Pa = 280 kips
Beam Axial Load Pu = 528 kips Pa = 352 kips

Use d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N or F1852-N bolts in standard holes and E70 electrodes.
 IIC-13

Material Properties:

Brace W12×87 ASTM A992 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi Manual

Beam W18×106 ASTM A992 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi Tables 2-3
Column W14×605 ASTM A992 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi and 2-4
Gusset Plate ASTM A36 Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi
Angles ASTM A36 Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi

Geometric Properties:

Brace W12×87 A=25.6 in.2 d =12.5 in. tw=0.515 in. bf=12.1 in. tf=0.810 in. Manual
Beam W18×106 d=18.7 in. tw=0.590 in. bf=11.2 in. tf=0.940 in. kdes=1.34 Table 1-1
Column W14×605 d=20.9 in. tw=2.60 in. bf=17.4 in. tf=4.16 in.

Solution:

Brace-to-gusset connection

Distribute brace force in proportion to web and flange areas.

LRFD ASD
Force in flange Force in flange

Puf =
Pu b f t f
=
( 675 kips )(12.1 in.)( 0.810 in.) Paf =
Pa b f t f
=
( 450 kips )(12.1 in.)( 0.810 in.)
A 25.6 in.2 A 25.6 in.2
= 258 kips = 172 kips

Force in web Force in web

Puw = Pu − 2 Puf = 675 kips − 2 ( 258 kips ) Paw = Pa − 2 Paf = 450 kips − 2 (172 kips )
= 159 kips = 106 kips

Design brace-flange-to-gusset connection.

For short claw angle connections, eccentricity may be an issue. See AISC Engineering Journal,
Vol. 33, No. 4, pp 123-128, 1996.

Determine number of d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N bolts required for the flanges on the
brace side for single shear.

LRFD ASD
Puf 258 kips Paf 172 kips Manual
nmin = = nmin = = Table 7-1
φrn 21.6 kips/bolt rn /Ω 14.4 kips/bolt
= 11.9 → 12 bolts = 11.9 → 12 bolts

On the gusset side, since the bolts are in double shear, half as many bolts will be required. Try
six rows of two bolts each through the flange, six bolts through the gusset, and 2L4x4xw Manual
angles (A = 10.9 in.2 x = 1.27 in. ). Table 1-7

LRFD ASD
Check tension yielding of the angles Check tension yielding of the angles
FA (
( 36 ksi ) 10.9 in.2 )
(
φRn = φFy Ag = 0.90 ( 36 ksi ) 10.9 in.2 ) Rn / Ω = y g =
1.67 1.67
Eqn. J4-1
= 353 kips > 258 kips o.k. = 235 kips > 172 kips o.k.
 IIC-14

Check tension rupture of the angles

x 1.27 in. Table D3.1
U = 1− = 1− = 0.915
l 15 in.
Eqn. D3-1
Ae = UAn = 0.915 ⎡⎣10.9 in.2 − 2 ( 0.750 in. )(1.00 in. ) ⎤⎦ = 8.60 in.2

LRFD ASD
(
Fu Ae ( 58 ksi ) 8.60 in.
2
) Eqn. J4-2
(
φRn = φFu Ae = 0.75 ( 58 ksi ) 8.60 in. 2
) Rn / Ω =
Ω
=
2.00
= 374 kips > 258 kips o.k. = 249 kips > 172 kips o.k.

Check block shear rupture of the angles.

Use n = 6, Lev = 12 in., Leh = 12 in. and Ubs = 1.0

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFu AntU b s + min ( φ0.6 Fy Agv , φ0.6 Fu Anv ) Rn Fu AntU b s ⎛ 0.6 Fy Agv 0.6 Fu Anv ⎞ Eqn.J4-5
= + min ⎜ , ⎟
Ω Ω ⎝ Ω Ω ⎠
Tension Rupture Component Tension Rupture Component
Manual
φFu Ant = ( 43.5 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Fu Ant / Ω = ( 29.0 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Table 9-3a

Shear Yielding Component Shear Yielding Component

Manual
φ0.6 Fy Agv = ( 267 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) 0.6 Fy Agv / Ω = (178 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 )
Table 9-3b

Shear Rupture Component Shear Rupture Component

Manual
φ0.6 Fu Anv = ( 287 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) 0.6 Fu Anv / Ω = (191 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Table 9-3c

φRn = ( 43.5 kips + 267 kips )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Rn / Ω = ( 29.0 kips + 178 kips )( 0.750 in. )( 2 )
Eqn. J4-5
= 466 kips > 258 kips o.k. = 311 kips > 172 kips o.k.

The flange thickness is greater than the angle thickness, the tensile strength of the flange is
greater than the tensile strength of the angles, and Lev = 1w in. for the brace is greater than 12
in. for the angles.

Therefore, by inspection, the block shear rupture strength of the brace flange is o.k.

Design brace-web-to-gusset connection

Determine number of d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N bolts required on the brace side (double
shear) for shear.

LRFD ASD
Puw 159 kips Paw 106 kips Manual Table
nmin = = = 3.67 → 4 bolts nmin = = = 3.67 → 4 bolts 7-1
φrn 43.3 kips/bolt rn /Ω 28.9 kips/bolt

On the gusset side, the same number of bolts are required. Try two rows of two bolts and two
PLa×9.
 IIC-15

LRFD ASD
Check tension yielding of the plates Check tension yielding of the plates

φRn = φFy Ag Rn / Ω = Fy Ag / Ω
= 0.90 ( 36 ksi )( 2 )( 0.375 in. )( 9.00 in. ) ( 36 ksi )( 2 )( 0.375 in.)( 9.00 in.) Eqn. J4-1
=
= 219 kips > 159 kips o.k. 1.67
= 146 kips > 106 kips o.k.

Check tension rupture of the plates

Take Ae as the lesser of An and 0.85Ag,

Section
Ae = min ( An ,0.85 Ag ) J4.18

{ }
= min ( 0.375 in. ) ⎡⎣2 ( 9.00 in. ) − 4 (1.00 in. ) ⎤⎦ ,0.85 ( 2 )( 0.375 in. )( 9.00 in. ) = 5.25 in.2

LRFD ASD
(
φRn = φFu Ae = 0.75 ( 58 ksi ) 5.25 in. 2
) Rn / Ω = Fu Ae / Ω =
( 58 ksi ) ( 5.25 in.2 )
Eqn. J4-2
= 228 kips > 159 kips o.k. 2.00
=152 kips > 106 kips o.k.

Check block shear rupture of the plates (outer blocks).

Use n = 2, Lev = 12 in., and Leh = 12 in. The calculations here are done in the same manner
as those for the angles. Thus,

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFu AntU bs + min ( φ0.6 Fy Agv , φ0.6 Fu Anv ) Rn Fu AntU b s ⎛ 0.6 Fy Agv 0.6 Fu Anv ⎞ Eqn. J4-5
= + min ⎜ , ⎟
Ω Ω ⎝ Ω Ω ⎠
Tension Rupture Component
Tension Rupture Component Manual
Fu Ant / Ω = ( 29.0 kips/in. )( 0.375 in. )( 4 ) Table 9-3a
φFu Ant = ( 43.5 kips/in. )( 0.375 in. )( 4 )
Shear Yielding Component
Shear Yielding Component Manual
Table 9-3b
0.6 Fy Agv / Ω = ( 48.6 kips/in. )( 0.375 in. )( 4 )
φ0.6 Fy Agv = ( 72.9 kips/in. )( 0.375 in. )( 4 )
Shear Rupture Component Manual
Shear Rupture Component Table 9-3c
0.6 Fu Anv / Ω = ( 52.2 kips/in. )( 0.375 in. )( 4 )
φ0.6 Fu Anv = ( 78.3 kips/in. )( 0.375 in. )( 4 )
Rn / Ω = ( 29.0 kips + 48.6 kips )( 0.375 in. )( 4 )
φRn = ( 43.5 kips + 72.9 kips )( 0.375 in. )( 4 ) Eqn. J4-5
= 116 kips > 106 kips o.k.
= 175 kips > 159 kips o.k.

Similarly, by inspection, because the tension area is larger for the interior flange path, the
block shear rupture strength of the interior blocks of the brace-web plates is o.k.

Check block shear rupture of the interior brace web

Use n = 2, Lev = 1w in., but use 12 in. for calculations to account for possible underrun in
brace length and Leh = 6 in.
 IIC-16

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFu AntU bs + min ( φ0.6 Fy Agv , φ0.6 Fu Anv ) Rn Fu AntU b s ⎛ 0.6 Fy Agv 0.6 Fu Anv ⎞ Eqn. J4-5
= + min ⎜ , ⎟
Ω Ω ⎝ Ω Ω ⎠
Tension Rupture Component
Tension Rupture Component Manual
φFu Ant = (122 kips/in. )( 0.515 in. )( 2 ) Table 9-3a
Fu Ant / Ω = ( 81.3 kips/in. )( 0.515 in. )( 2 )
Shear Yielding Component
Shear Yielding Component
φ0.6 Fy Agv = (101 kips/in. )( 0.515 in. )( 2 ) Manual
Table 9-3b
0.6 Fy Agv / Ω = ( 67.5 kips/in. )( 0.515 in. )( 2 )
Shear Rupture Component
Shear Rupture Component
φ0.6 Fu Anv = ( 87.8 kips/in. )( 0.515 in. )( 2 ) Manual
0.6 Fu Anv / Ω = ( 58.5 kips/in. )( 0.515 in. )( 2 ) Table 9-3c
φRn = (122 kips + 87.8 kips )( 0.515 in. )( 2 )
Eqn. J4-5
= 216 kips > 159 kips o.k. Rn / Ω = ( 81.3 kips + 58.5 kips )( 0.515 in. )( 2 )
= 144 kips > 106 kips o.k.

LRFD ASD
Check tension yielding of the brace Check tension yielding of the brace
(
( 50 ksi ) 25.6 in.2 )
(
φRn = φFy Ag = 0.90 ( 50 ksi ) 25.6 in.2 ) Rn / Ω = Fy Ag / Ω =
1.67 Eqn. D2-1
= 1150 kips > 675 kips o.k. = 766 kips > 450 kips o.k.

Check tension rupture of the brace

Take Ae as An,

Ae = An = 25.6 in.2 − ⎣⎡ 4 ( 0.810 in. ) + 2 ( 0.515 in. ) ⎦⎤ (1.00 in. ) = 21.3 in.2

LRFD ASD
( 65 ksi ) ( 21.3 in.2 )
(
φRn = φFu Ae = 0.75 ( 65 ksi ) 21.3 in. 2
) Rn / Ω = Fu Ae / Ω =
2.00
Eqn. D2-2
= 1040 kips > 675 kips o.k. = 692 kips > 450 kips o.k.

Design the gusset

From edge distance, spacing, and thickness requirements of the angles and web plates, try
PL w.

Check block shear rupture for the force transmitted through web. Use n = 2, Lev = 1w in. and
Leh = 3 in.

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFu AntU bs + min ( φ0.6 Fy Agv , φ0.6 Fu Anv ) Rn Fu AntU b s ⎛ 0.6 Fy Agv 0.6 Fu Anv ⎞
= + min ⎜ , ⎟ Eqn. J4-5
Ω Ω ⎝ Ω Ω ⎠
Tension Rupture Component Tension Rupture Component

φFu Ant = (109 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Fu Ant / Ω = ( 72.5 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Manual
Table 9-3a
Shear Yielding Component
 IIC-17

LRFD ASD
Shear Yielding Component
φ0.6 Fy Agv = ( 76.9 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) 0.6 Fy Agv / Ω = ( 51.3 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Manual
Table 9-3b
Shear Rupture Component Shear Rupture Component
Manual
φ0.6 Fu Anv = ( 84.8 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) 0.6 Fu Anv / Ω = ( 56.6 kips/in. )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Table 9-3c

φRn = (109 kips + 76.9 kips )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Rn / Ω = ( 72.5 kips + 51.3 kips )( 0.750 in. )( 2 ) Eqn. J4-5
= 279 kips > 159 kips o.k.
= 186 kips > 106 kips o.k.

Check block shear rupture for total brace force

With Agv = 25.1in.2, Anv = 16.9 in.2, and Ant = 12.4 in.2. Thus, Section J4.3

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFu AntU bs + min ( φ0.6 Fy Agv , φ0.6 Fu Anv ) Rn Fu AntU b s ⎛ 0.6 Fy Agv 0.6 Fu Anv ⎞ Eqn. J4-5
= + min ⎜ , ⎟
Ω Ω ⎝ Ω Ω ⎠
Tension Rupture Component Tension Rupture Component
(
Fu Ant ( 58 ksi ) 12.4 in.
2
)
(
φFu Ant = 0.75 ( 58 ksi ) 12.4 in.2 ) Ω
=
2.00
= 539 kips = 360 kips
Shear Yielding Component Shear Yielding Component
(
0.6 Fy Agv ( 0.6 )( 36 ksi ) 25.1 in.
2
)
(
φ0.6 Fy Agv = 0.75 ( 0.6 )( 36 ksi ) 25.1 in.2 ) Ω
=
2.00
= 407 kips = 271 kips
Shear Rupture Component Shear Rupture Component

(
φ0.6 Fu Anv = 0.75 ( 0.6 )( 58 ksi ) 16.9 in.2 ) =
(
0.6 Fu Anv ( 0.6 )( 58 ksi ) 16.9 in.
2
)
Ω 2.00
= 441 kips = 294 kips

φRn = 539 kips + min ( 407 kips,441 kips ) Rn / Ω = 360 kips + min ( 271 kips,294 kips )
= 946 kips > 675 kips o.k. = 631 kips > 450 kips o.k.

Check tension yielding on the Whitmore section of the gusset.

The Whitmore section, as illustrated with dashed lines in Figure (b), is 34.8 in. long; 30.9 in. Manual
occurs in the gusset and 3.90 in. occurs in the beam web. Thus, Part 9

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFy Aw Rn / Ω = Fy Aw / Ω Eqn. J4-1
⎡( 36 ksi )( 30.9 in. )( 0.750 in. ) + ⎤ ⎡( 36 ksi )( 30.9 in. )( 0.750 in. ) + ⎤
= 0.90 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢( 50 ksi )( 3.90 in. )( 0.590 in. ) ⎦⎥ =
⎢( 50 ksi )( 3.90 in. )( 0.590 in. ) ⎦⎥
⎣
= 854 kips > 675 kips o.k. 1.67
= 568 kips > 450 kips o.k.

Note: The beam web thickness is used, conservatively ignoring the larger thickness in the
beam-flange and the flange-to-web fillet area.
 IIC-18

Check bearing strength of the angles, brace flange and gusset

The bearing strength per bolt is given by Specification Section J3.10 as:

rn = 1.2 LctFu ≤ 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a

Because of the edge distance requirement, the angles, brace flange, and gusset, must be
considered simultaneously. The angles have edge bolts and interior bolts. For an edge bolt,

Lc = 1.50 in. − ( 0.5 )( 0.938 in. ) = 1.03 in.

LRFD ASD
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4dtFu 1.2 LctFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
rn / Ω = ≤
= 0.75(1.2) (1.03 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi ) Ω Ω
1.2 (1.03 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi )
≤ (0.75)2.4 ( 0.875 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi ) =
2.00
= 40.3 kips ≤ 68.5 kips
2.4 ( 0.875 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi )
= 40.3 kips/bolt ≤
2.00
= 26.9 kips ≤ 45.7 kips
= 26.9 kips/bolt

For an interior bolt,

Lc = 3.00 in. − (1)( 0.938 in. ) = 2.06 in.

LRFD ASD
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4dtFu 1.2 LctFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
rn / Ω = ≤
= 0.75(1.2) ( 2.06 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi ) Ω Ω
1.2 ( 2.06 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi )
≤ 0.75(2.4) ( 0.875 in. )( 0.750 in.)( 58 ksi ) =
2.00
= 80.6 kips ≤ 68.5 kips
2.4 ( 0.875 in. )( 0.750 in. )( 58 ksi )
= 68.5 kips/bolt ≤
2.00
= 53.8 kips ≤ 45.7 kips
= 45.7 kips/bolt

Note: The above strengths are per angle.

The gusset plate bolt strengths differ from the angle bolt strengths because although the gusset
plate is the same thickness and material, and its edge distance is Le = 1.75 in. and Le = 1.28 in.

LRFD ASD
For an edge bolt, φrn = 50.1 kips/bolt For an edge bolt, rn / Ω = 33.4 kips/bolt

For an interior bolt, φrn = 68.5 kips/bolt For an interior bolt, rn/Ω = 45.7 kips/bolt

For the brace flange, edge bolt Lc = 1.28 in. and interior bolt Lc = 2.06 in.

LRFD ASD
Brace edge bolt, Brace edge bolt,
1.2 LctFu 2.4 dtFu
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4dtFu rn / Ω = ≤ Eqn. J3-6a
Ω Ω
 IIC-19

LRFD ASD
= 0.75(1.2) (1.28 in. )( 0.810 in. )( 65 ksi ) 1.2 (1.28 in.)( 0.810 in.)( 65 ksi)
=
≤ 0.75(2.4) ( 0.875 in. )( 0.810 in. )( 65 ksi ) 2.00
2.4 ( 0.875 in.)( 0.810 in.)( 65 ksi )
≤
= 60.7 kips ≤ 82.9 kips 2.00
= 60.7 kips/bolt = 40.4 kips ≤ 55.3 kips
= 40.4 kips/bolt

LRFD ASD
Brace interior bolt, Brace interior bolt,
1.2 LctFu 2.4 dtFu
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4dtFu rn / Ω = ≤ Eqn. J3-6a
Ω Ω
= 0.75(1.2) ( 2.06 in. )( 0.810 in. )( 65 ksi ) 1.2 ( 2.06 in. )( 0.810 in. )( 65 ksi )
=
≤ 0.75(2.4) ( 0.875 in. )( 0.810 in.)( 65 ksi ) 2.00
= 97.6 kips ≤ 82.9 kips ≤
2.4 ( 0.875 in. )( 0.810 in.)( 65 ksi )
= 82.9 kips/bolt 2.00
= 65.1 kips ≤ 55.3 kips
= 55.3 kips/bolt

The bearing strength of the flange connection can now be calculated. Summarizing the various
strengths:

LRFD ASD

Member Edge Interior Member Edge Interior

Angle (2) 80.6 kips 137 kips Angle (2) 53.8 kips 91.4 kips
Gusset 50.1 kips 68.5 kips Gusset 33.4 kips 45.7 kips
Brace Brace
121 kips 166 kips 80.8 kips 111 kips
Flange (2) Flange (2)

From the above table, From the above table,

φRn = (1 bolt )( 50.1 kips/bolt ) Rn / Ω = (1 bolt )( 33.4 kips/bolt )

+ ( 5 bolts )( 68.5 kips/bolt ) + ( 5 bolts )( 45.7 kips/bolt )
= 393 kips > 258 kips o.k. = 262 kips > 172 kips o.k.

Note: If any of these bearing strengths were less than the bolt double shear strength; the bolt
shear strength would need to be re-checked.

Check bearing strength of the brace web, web plate, and gusset.

Because of the edge distance requirement, these must be checked simultaneously.

The edge distance for the brace web and gusset is Le = 1.75 in., and the edge distance for the
plates is Le = 1.5 in.

For an edge bolt

Brace web and gusset Lc = 1.75 in. – 0.5(0.938 in.) = 1.28 in.
Plates Lc = 1.50 in. – 0.5(0.938 in.) = 1.03 in.

For interior bolts at 3.00 in. on center

 IIC-20

Brace web, gusset and plates Lc = 3.00 in. – 1.0(0.938 in.) = 2.06 in.

For and edge bolt in the brace web with Lc = 1.28 in.

LRFD ASD
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4 dtFu rn 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
= ≤
= 0.75(1.2)(1.28 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi) Ω Ω Ω
≤ 0.75(2.4)(0.875 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi) 1.2(1.28 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi)
=
= 38.6 kips ≤ 52.7 kips 2.00
2.4(0.875 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi)
= 38.6 kips ≤
2.00
= 25.7 kips ≤ 35.1 kips
= 25.7 kips

For an interior bolt in the brace web with Lc = 2.06 in.

LRFD ASD
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4 dtFu rn 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
= ≤
= 0.75(1.2)(2.06 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi) Ω Ω Ω
≤ 0.75(2.4)(0.875 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi) 1.2(2.06 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi)
=
= 62.1 kips ≤ 52.7 kips 2.00
2.4(0.875 in.)(0.515 in.)(65 ksi)
= 52.7 kips ≤
2.00
= 41.4 kips ≤ 35.1 kips
= 35.1 kips

The two web plates and the gusset plate are the same material and thickness

The web plates have a shorter edge distance and will limit the bolt bearing capacity.

For an edge bolt in a web plate with k = 1.03 in.

LRFD ASD
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4 dtFu rn 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
= ≤
= 0.75(1.2)(1.03 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi) Ω Ω Ω
≤ 0.75(2.4)(0.875 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi) 1.2(1.03 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi)
=
= 20.2 kips ≤ 34.3 kips 2.00
2.4(0.875 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi)
= 20.2 kips ≤
2.00
= 13.4 kips ≤ 22.8 kips
= 13.4 kips

For an interior bolt in a web plate with Lc = 2.06 in.

 IIC-21

LRFD ASD
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4dtFu rn 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
= ≤
= 0.75(1.2)(2.06 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi) Ω Ω Ω
≤ 0.75(2.4)(0.875 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi) 1.2(2.06 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi)
=
= 40.3 kips ≤ 34.3 kips 2.00
2.4(0.875 in.)(0.375 in.)(58 ksi)
= 34.3 kips ≤
2.00
= 26.9 kips ≤ 22.8 kips
= 22.8 kips

The bearing strength of the web connection can now be calculated. Summarizing the various
strengths:

LRFD ASD

Member Edge Interior Member Edge Interior

Brace web 38.6 kips 52.7 kips Brace web 25.7 kips 35.1 kips
Web Web
40.4 kips 68.6 kips 26.8 kips 45.6 kips
plate(2) plate(2)

From the above table, From the above table,

φRn = (2 bolts)(38.6 kips/bolt) Rn

= (2 bolts)(25.7 kips/bolt)
+ (2 bolts)(52.7 kips/bolt) Ω
= 183 kips > 159 kips o.k. + (2 bolts)(35.1 kips/bolt)
=122 kips > 106 kips o.k.

Note: The bearing strength for the edge bolts is less than the double shear strength of the bolts; therefore, the bolt
shear strength must be rechecked. The revised bolt shear strength is

LRFD ASD
φRn = (2 bolts)(38.6 kips/bolt) Rn
= (2 bolts)(25.7 kips/bolt)
+ (2 bolts)(43.3 kips/bolt) Ω
= 164 kips > 159 kips o.k. + (2 bolts)(28.9 kips/bolt)
=109 kips > 106 kips o.k.

Note: When the brace force is compression gusset buckling would have to be checked; refer to
the comments at the end of this example.

Distribution of the brace force to beam and column

Manual
From the members and frame geometry Part 13

dbeam 18.7 in.

eb = = = 9.35 in.
2 2

d column 20.9 in.

ec = = = 10.5 in.
2 2

12
tan θ = = 1.25
9 916
 IIC-22

and eb tan θ − ec = ( 9.35 in. )(1.25 ) − (10.5 in. ) = 1.19 in.

Try gusset PL w × 42 in. horizontally × 33 in. vertically (several intermediate gusset

dimensions were inadequate). With connection centroids at the midpoint of the gusset edges

42.0 in.
α= + 0.500 in. = 21.5 in.
2

where 2 in. is allowed for the setback between the gusset and the column, and

33.0 in.
β= = 16.5 in.
2

Choosing β = β, the α required for the uniform forces is

α = eb tan θ − ec + β tan θ = 1.19 in. + (16.5 in. )(1.25 ) = 21.8 in.

The resulting eccentricity is α − α, where

α − α = 21.8 in. − 21.5 in. = 0.300 in.

Since this slight eccentricity is negligible, use α = 21.8 in. and β = 16.5 in.

Calculate gusset interface forces

( α + ec ) + ( β + eb ) ( 21.8 in. + 10.5 in. ) + (16.5 in. + 9.35 in. )

2 2 2 2
r= = = 41.4 in.

On the gusset-to-column connection

LRFD ASD
ec Pu (10.5 in. )( 675 kips ) ec Pa (10.5 in. )( 450 kips )
H uc = = = 171 kips H ac = = = 114 kips
r 41.4 in. r 41.4 in.
βP (16.5 in. )( 675 kips ) βP (16.5 in. )( 450 kips )
Vuc = u = = 269 kips Vac = a = = 179 kips
r 41.4 in. r 41.4 in.

On the gusset-to-beam connection

LRFD ASD
αPu ( 21.8 in. )( 675 kips ) αPa ( 21.8 in. )( 450 kips )
H ub = = = 355 kips H ab = = = 237 kips
r 41.4 in. r 41.4 in.

eb Pu ( 9.35 in. )( 675 kips ) eb Pa ( 9.35 in. )( 450 kips )

Vub = = = 152 kips Vab = = = 102 kips
r 41.4 in. r 41.4 in.

Design gusset-to-column connection

The forces involved are Vuc = 269 kips (Vac = 179 kips ASD) shear and
Huc = 171 kips (Hac = 114 kips ASD) tension.

Try 2L5×32×2×2'-6" welded to the gusset and bolted with 10 rows of d in. diameter A325-N
bolts in standard holes to the column flange.
 IIC-23

Calculate the required tensile strength per bolt

LRFD ASD
H uc 171 kips H ac 114 kips
Tu = = = 8.55 kips/bolt Ta = = = 5.70 kips/bolt
n 20 bolts n 20 bolts

Check design strength of bolts for tension- Check allowable strength of bolts for
shear interaction. tension-shear interaction.

Vuc 269 kips Vac 179 kips

ruv = = = 13.5 kips/bolt rav = = = 8.95 kips/bolt
n 20 bolts n 20 bolts

13.5 kips/bolt < 21.6 kips/bolt o.k. 8.95 kips/bolt < 14.4 kips/bolt o.k.

ruv 13.5 kips rav 8.95 kips Manual

fu v = = = 22.5 ksi f av = = = 14.9 ksi
Ab 0.601 in.2 Ab 0.601 in.2 Table 7-1

Fnt Fnt Ω
Fnt′ = 1.3 Fnt − f u v ≤ Fnt Fnt′ = 1.3Fnt − f av ≤ Fnt
φFnv Fnv
90 ksi 90 ksi ( 2.00 ) Eqn. J3-3a/b
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi ) − ( 22.5 ksi ) = 1.3 ( 90 ksi ) − (14.9 ksi )
0.75 ( 48 ksi ) 48 ksi and
= 60.8 ksi ≤ 90 ksi = 61.1 ksi ≤ 90 ksi
Table J3.2
Use Fnt′ = 60.8 ksi Use Fnt′ = 61.1 ksi

Ba = =
(
Fnt′ Ab ( 61.1 ksi ) 0.601 in.
2
)
(
Bu = φFnt′ Ab = 0.75 ( 60.8 ksi ) 0.601 in.2 ) Ω 2.00
= 27.4 kips/bolt > 8.55 kips/bolt o.k. = 18.4 kips/bolt > 5.70 kips/bolt o.k.

Check bearing strength at bolt holes

The bearing strength per bolt is

LRFD ASD
1.2 Lc tFu 2.4 dtFu
φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu ≤ φ2.4dtFu rn / Ω = ≤ Eqn. J3-6a
Ω Ω
= 0.75(1.2) (1.03 in. )( 0.500 in. )( 58 ksi ) 1.2 (1.03 in. )( 0.500 in. )( 58 ksi )
=
≤ 0.75(2.4) ( 0.875 in. )( 0.500 in. )( 58 ksi ) 2.00
= 26.9 kips ≤ 45.7 kips 2.4 ( 0.875 in. )( 0.500 in. )( 58 ksi )
≤
= 26.9 kips/bolt 2.00
= 17.9 kips ≤ 30.5 kips
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the single- = 17.9 kips/bolt
shear strength of the bolts 21.6 kips, and the
actual shear per bolt of 13.5 kips, bearing Since this edge bolt value exceeds the single-
strength is o.k. shear strength of the bolts 14.4 kips, and the
actual shear per bolt of 8.95 kips, bearing
strength is o.k.

The bearing strength of the interior bolts will not control.

Check prying action

 IIC-24

t 0.500 in.
b=g− = 3.00 in. − = 2.75 in. Manual
2 2
Part 9
Note: 1a in. entering and tightening clearance is accommodated and the column fillet toe is
cleared. o.k.

a = 5.00 in. − g = 5.00 in. − 3.00 in. = 2.00 in. Manual

Table 7-16
db 0.875 in.
b′ = b − = 2.75 in. − = 2.31 in.
2 2

db ⎛ d ⎞
a′ = a + ≤ 1.25b in. + b ⎟
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠
0.875 in. 0.875 in.
= 2.00 in. + ≤ 1.25(2.75 in.)+
2 2
= 2.44 in. ≤ 3.88 in.

b′ 2.31 in.
ρ= = = 0.947
a′ 2.44 in.

LRFD ASD
1⎛ B ⎞ 1 ⎛ 27.4 kips/bolt ⎞ 1⎛ B ⎞ 1 ⎛ 18.4 kips/bolt ⎞
β = ⎜ u − 1⎟ = ⎜ − 1⎟ β = ⎜ a − 1⎟ = ⎜ − 1⎟
ρ ⎝ Tu ⎠ 0.947 ⎝ 8.55 kips/bolt ⎠ ρ ⎝ Ta ⎠ 0.947 ⎝ 5.70 kips/bolt ⎠
= 2.33 = 2.35

Since β > 1, set α′ = 1.0

d′ 0.938 in.
δ = 1− = 1− = 0.687
p 3.00 in.

LRFD ASD
4.44Tu b′ 6.66Ta b′
treq = treq =
pFu (1 + δα′ ) pFu (1 + δα′ )

4.44 ( 8.55 kips/bolt )( 2.31 in. ) 6.66 ( 5.70 kips/bolt )( 2.31 in. )
= =
( 3.00 in.)( 58 ksi ) ⎡⎣1 + 0.687 (1.0 )⎤⎦ ( 3.00 in.)( 58 ksi ) ⎡⎣1 + 0.687 (1.0 )⎤⎦
= 0.547 in. = 0.547 in.

Since t = 2 in. < 0.547 in., angles are n.g. Since t = 2 in. < 0.547 in., angles are n.g.
 IIC-25

Try 2L5x32xs angles. The previously completed bearing checks for the 2L5x32x2 angles
will still be satisfactory and need not be repeated.

Check prying action with the 2L5x32xs angles

Manual
t 0.625 in. Part 9
b=g− = 3.00 in. − = 2.69 in.
2 2

a = 5.00 in. − g = 5.00 in. − 3.00 in. = 2.00 in.

db 0.875 in.
b′ = b − = 2.69 in. − = 2.25 in.
2 2

db ⎛ d ⎞
a' = a + ≤ ⎜ 1.25b in. + b ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
0.875 in. 0.875 in.
= 2.00 in. + ≤ 1.25(2.69 in.)+
2 2
= 2.44 in. ≤ 3.80 in.

b′ 2.25 in.
ρ= = = 0.922
a′ 2.44 in.

LRFD ASD
1⎛β ⎞ 1 ⎛ 27.4 kips/bolt ⎞ 1⎛β ⎞ 1 ⎛ 18.4 kips/bolt ⎞
β = ⎜ u − 1⎟ = ⎜ − 1⎟ β = ⎜ u − 1⎟ = ⎜ − 1⎟
ρ ⎝ Tu ⎠ 0.922 ⎝ 8.55 kips/bolt ⎠ ρ ⎝ Ta ⎠ 0.922 ⎝ 5.70 kips/bolt ⎠
= 2.39 = 2.42

Since β > 1, set α' = 1.0

α′ 0.938 in.
δ = 1− = 1− = 0.687
ρ 3.00 in.

LRFD ASD
4.44Tu b′ 6.66Ta b′
treq = treq =
pFu (1 + δα′) pFu (1 + δα ')
4.44(8.55 kips/bolt)(2.25 in.) 6.66(5.70 kips/bolt)(2.25 in.)
= =
(3.00 in.)(58 ksi) [1 + 0.687(1.0)] (3.00 in.)(58 ksi) [1 + 0.687(1.0)]
= 0.539 in. < 0.625 in. angles are o.k. = 0.539 in. < 0.625 in. angles are o.k.

Use the 2L5x32xs for the gusset to column connection.

Design welds

Try fillet welds around the perimeter (three sides) of both angles.

LRFD ASD
Puc = H uc 2 + Vuc 2 Pac = H ac 2 + Vac 2

(171 kips ) + ( 269 kips ) (114 kips ) + (179 kips )

2 2 2 2
= = 319 kips = = 212 kips
 IIC-26

⎛H ⎞ -1 ⎛ 171 kips ⎞ ⎛H ⎞ -1 ⎛ 114 kips ⎞

θ = tan -1 ⎜ uc ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 32.4° θ = tan -1 ⎜ ac ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 32.5°
⎝ Vuc ⎠ ⎝ 269 kips ⎠ ⎝ Vac ⎠ ⎝ 179 kips ⎠

From Manual Table 8-8 with θ = 300,

l = 30.0 in., kl = 3.00 in., therefore k = 0.100

(kl )2 (3.00 in.)2

xl = = = 0.250 in.
(l + 2 kl ) 30.0 in.+2(3.00 in.)

al = 3.50 in. − xl = 3.50 in. − 0.250 in. = 3.25 in.

a = 0.108

By interpolation

C = 2.55

LRFD ASD
Puc Pac Ω
Dreq = Dreq =
φCC1l CC1l

=
319 kips
=
( 212 kips )( 2.00 )
0.75 ( 2.55 )(1.0 )( 2 welds )( 30.0 in. ) ( 2.55)(1.0 )( 2 welds )( 30.0 in. )
= 2.78 → 3 sixteenths = 2.77 → 3 sixteenths

From Specification Table J2.4, minimum weld size is 4 in. Use 4-in. fillet welds.

Check gusset thickness against weld size required for strength

6.19 D 6.19 ( 2.78 sixteenths )

For two fillet welds, tmin = = = 0.297 in. < 3 4 in. o.k.
Fu 58 ksi

Check strength of angles

Check shear yielding (due to Vuc or Vac)

Ag = 2 ( 30.0 in. )( 0.625in. ) = 37.5in.2

LRFD ASD
φRn = φ ( 0.60 Fy Ag ) 0.60 Fy Ag Eqn. J4-3
Rn / Ω =
Ω
(
= 1.00 ⎡⎣0.60 ( 36 ksi ) 37.5in.2 ⎤⎦ )
= 810 kips > 269 kips o.k. =
(
0.60 ( 36 ksi ) 37.5in.2 )
1.50
= 540 kips > 179 kips o.k.

Similarly, shear yielding of the angles due to Huc is not critical.

Check shear rupture

Anv = ⎡⎣2 ( 30.0 in. ) − 20 (1.00 in. ) ⎤⎦ ( 0.625in. ) = 25.0 in.2

 IIC-27

LRFD ASD
φRn = φ ( 0.60 Fu Anv ) 0.60 Fu Anv Eqn. J4-4
Rn / Ω =
(
= 0.75(0.60) ( 58 ksi ) 25.0 in.2 ) Ω

= 653 kips > 269 kips o.k. =

(
0.60 ( 58 ksi ) 25.0 in.2 )
2.00
= 435 kips > 179 kips o.k.

Block shear rupture

Use n = 10, Lev = 12 in. and Leh = 2 in. Thus,

LRFD ASD
φRn = φFu AntU b s + min ( φ0.6 Fy Agv , φ0.6 Fu Anv ) Rn Fu AntU b s ⎛ 0.6 Fy Agv 0.6 Fu Anv ⎞
= + min ⎜ , ⎟
Ω Ω ⎝ Ω Ω ⎠
Tension Rupture Component Tension Rupture Component

φFu Ant = ( 65.3 kips/in. )( 0.625 in. )( 2 ) Fu Ant / Ω = ( 43.5 kips/in. )( 0.625 in. )( 2 ) Manual
Table 9-3a
Shear Yielding Component Shear Yielding Component

φ0.6 Fy Agv = ( 462 kips/in. )( 0.625 in. )( 2 ) 0.6 Fy Agv / Ω = ( 308 kips/in. )( 0.625 in. )( 2 )
Manual
Table 9-3b
Shear Rupture Component Shear Rupture Component
Manual
φ0.6 Fu Anv = ( 496 kips/in. )( 0.625 in. )( 2 ) 0.6 Fu Anv / Ω = ( 331 kips/in. )( 0.625 in. )( 2 ) Table 9-3c

φRn = ( 65.3 kips + 462 kips )( 0.625 in. )( 2 ) Rn / Ω = ( 43.5 kips + 308 kips )( 0.625 in. )( 2 )
Eqn. J4-5
= 659 kips > 269 kips o.k. = 439 kips > 179 kips o.k.

Check column flange

By inspection, the 4.16 in. thick column flange has adequate flexural strength, stiffness, and
bearing strength.

Design the gusset-to-beam connection

The forces involved are

LRFD ASD
Hub = 355 kips Hab = 237 kips
Vub = 152 kips Vab = 102 kips

This edge of the gusset is welded to the beam. The distribution of force on the welded edge is
known to be non-uniform. The Uniform Force Method used here assumes a uniform Manual
distribution of stress on this edge. Fillet welds are known to have limited ductility, especially if Part 13
transversely loaded. To account for this, the required strength of the gusset edge weld is
amplified by a factor of 1.25 to allow for the redistribution of forces on the weld.

The stresses on the gusset plate at the welded edge are as follows:

LRFD ASD
Vub Vab Fy Eqn. J4-1
f ua = ≤ φFy f aa = ≤
tl tl Ω
 IIC-28

152 kips 102 kips 36 ksi

= ≤ 0.90 ( 36 ksi ) = ≤
( 0.750 in. )( 42.0 in. ) ( 0.750 in. )( 42.0 in.) 1.67
= 4.83 ksi < 32.4 ksi o.k. = 3.24 ksi < 21.6 ksi o.k.

≤ φ ( 0.60 Fy )
H ub H ab 0.60 Fy Eqn. J4-3
f uv = f av = ≤
tl tl Ω
355 kips 0.60 ( 36 ksi )
= ≤ 1.00 ( 0.60 )( 36 ksi ) =
237 kips
≤
( 0.750 in.)( 42.0 in.) ( 0.750 in.)( 42.0 in.) 1.50
= 11.3 ksi < 21.6 ksi o.k. = 7.52 ksi < 14.4 ksi o.k.

LRFD ASD
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 152 kips ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 102 kips ⎞
θ = tan -1 ⎜ ub ⎟ = tan -1 ⎜ ⎟ = 23.2° θ = tan -1 ⎜ ab ⎟ = tan -1 ⎜ ⎟ = 23.3°
⎝ H ub ⎠ ⎝ 355 kips ⎠ ⎝ H ab ⎠ ⎝ 237 kips ⎠

μ = 1.0 + 0.5sin1.5 θ = 1.0 + 0.5sin1.5 ( 23.2° ) = 1.12 Manual

Part 8
The weld strength per z in. is as follows:

LRFD ASD
φrw = (1.392 kips/in. )(1.12 ) = 1.56 kips/in. rw / Ω = ( 0.928 kips/in. )(1.12 ) = 1.04 kips/in.

The peak weld stress is given by The peak weld stress is given by

⎛t⎞ ⎛t⎞
( fua + fub ) ( f aa + f ab )
2 2
f u peak = ⎜ ⎟ + f uv 2 f a peak = ⎜ ⎟ + f av 2
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

⎛ 0.75 in. ⎞ ( 4.83 ksi + 0 ksi ) ⎛ 0.750 in. ⎞ ( 3.24 ksi + 0 ksi )
2 2

=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ + (11.3 ksi )2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ + ( 7.52 ksi )2
= 4.61 kips/in. = 3.07 kips/in.

The average stress is The average stress is

⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
t ⎢ ( fua − fub ) + f uv ⎥ t ⎢ ( f aa − f ab ) + f av ⎥
2 2

2⎢ ⎥ 2⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ + ( f ua + f ub ) + fuv ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ + ( f aa + f ab ) + f av ⎥⎦
2 2 2 2

f u ave = f a ave =
2 2

Since fub = 0 ksi (there is no moment on the Since fab = 0 ksi (there is no moment on the
edge) fu ave = fu peak = 4.61 kips/in. edge) fa ave = fa peak = 4.61 kips/in.
The design weld stress is The design weld stress is

f u weld = max { fu peak , 1.25 f u ave } f a weld = max { f a peak , 1.25 f a ave }

⎪⎧4.61 kips/in., ⎪⎫ ⎪⎧3.07 kips/in., ⎪⎫

= max ⎨ = max ⎨
⎩⎪1.25 ( 4.61 kips/in. )⎬⎭⎪ ⎩⎪1.25 ( 3.07 kips/in. )⎭⎬⎪
= 5.76 kips/in. = 3.84 kips/in.

The required weld size is The required weld size is

f u weld Ωf a weld
Dreq = Dreq =
φrw rw
 IIC-29

LRFD ASD
5.76 kips/in. 3.84 kips/in.
= = 3.69 → 4 sixteenths = = 3.69 → 4 sixteenths
1.56 kips/in. 1.04 kips/in.

Minimum weld size is 4 in. Use a 4 in. fillet Minimum weld size is 4 in. Use a 4 in. fillet
Manual
weld. weld.
Table J2.4

LRFD ASD
Check local web yielding of the beam Check local web yielding of the beam

φRn = φR1 + N (φR2 ) Rn / Ω = R1 Ω + N ( R2 Ω )

Manual
= 99.0 kips + 42.0 in.(29.5 kips/in.) = 66.0 kips + 42.0 in.(19.7 kips/in.) Table 9-4
= 1340 kips > 152 kips o.k. = 893 kips > 102 kips o.k.

Check web crippling of the beam

N 42.0 in.
= = 2.25 > 0.2
d 18.7 in.
Manual
Table 9-4

LRFD ASD
φRn = φR5 + N (φR6 ) Rn / Ω = R5 Ω + N ( R6 Ω ) Manual
Table 9-4
= 143 kips + 42.0 in.(16.9 kips/in.) = 95.3 kips + 42.0 in.(11.2 kips/in.)
= 853 kips > 152 kips o.k. = 566 kips > 102 kips o.k.

Design beam-to-column connection

Since the brace may be in tension or compression, the required strength of the beam-to-column
connection is as follows. The required shear strength is

LRFD ASD
Rub ± Vub = 15 kips + 152 kips = 167 kips Rab ± Vab = 10 kips + 102 kips = 112 kips

and the required axial strength is and the required axial strength is

Aub ± ( H u − H ub ) = 0 ± 171 kips = 171 kips Aab ± ( H a − H ab ) = 0 ± 114 kips = 114 kips

Try 2L8×6×d×1'-22" (leg gage = 3z in.) welded to the beam web, bolted with five rows of
d in. diameter A325-N bolts in standard holes to the column flange.

Calculate tensile force per bolt

LRFD ASD
Aub ± ( H u − H ub ) 171 kips Aab ± ( H a − H ab ) 114 kips
Tu = = Ta = =
n 10 bolts n 10 bolts
= 17.1 kips/bolt = 11.4 kips/bolt

Check available strength of bolts for tension-shear interaction

LRFD ASD
R ±V 167 kips R ± Vab 112 kips
Vu = ub ub = Va = ab =
n 10 bolts n 10 bolts
= 16.7 kips/bolt < 21.6 kips/bolt o.k. = 11.2 kips/bolt < 14.4 kips/bolt o.k. Manual
 IIC-30

Table 7-1
V 16.7 kips/bolt V 11.2 kips/bolt
f uv = u = = 27.8 ksi f av = a = = 18.6 ksi
Ab 0.601 in.2 / bolt Ab 0.601 in.2 / bolt

Fnt ΩFnt Table J3.2,

Fnt′ = 1.3Fnt − fuv ≤ Fnt Fnt′ = 1.3Fnt − f av ≤ Fnt
φFnv Fnv Eqns. J3-3a
90 ksi 2.00 ( 90 ksi ) and J3-3b
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi ) − ( 27.8 ksi ) = 1.3 ( 90 ksi ) − (18.6 ksi )
0.75 ( 48 ksi ) 48 ksi
= 47.5 ksi ≤ 90 ksi o.k. = 47.3 ksi ≤ 90 ksi o.k.

Use Fnt′ = 47.5 ksi Use Fnt′ = 47.3 ksi

(
Bu = φFnt′ Ab = 0.75 ( 47.5 ksi ) 0.601 in.2 ) Ba =
(
Fnt′ Ab ( 47.3 ksi ) 0.601 in.
=
2
)
= 21.4 kips/bolt > 17.1 kips/bolt o.k. Ω 2.00
= 14.2 kips/bolt > 11.4 kips/bolt o.k.

LRFD ASD
Check bearing strength Check bearing strength

0.938 in. 0.938 in.

Lc = 1.25 in. − = 0.781 in. Lc = 1.25 in. − = 0.781 in.
2 2

φrn = φ1.2 Lc tFu < φ2.4dtFu 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4 dtFu Eqn. J3-6a
rn / Ω = ≤
= 0.75(1.2) ( 0.781 in. )( 0.875 in. )( 58 ksi ) Ω Ω
1.2 ( 0.781 in. )( 0.875 in. )( 58 ksi )
≤ 0.75(2.4) ( 0.875 in. )( 0.875 in. )( 58 ksi ) =
2.00
= 35.7 kips < 79.9 kips
2.4 ( 0.875 in. )( 0.875 in. )( 58 ksi )
= 35.7 kips/bolt ≤
2.00
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the single- = 23.8 kips < 53.3 kips
shear strength of the bolts 21.6 kips, bearing = 23.8 kips/bolt
does not control. o.k.
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the single-
shear strength of the bolts 14.4 kips, bearing
does not control. o.k.

Check prying action

t 0.875 in. Manual

b=g− = 3.06 in. − = 2.62 in. Part 9
2 2

Note: 1a in. entering and tightening clearance is accommodated, o.k. Manual

Table 7-16
a = 6.00 in. − g = 6.00 in. − 3.06 in. = 2.94 in.

db 0.875 in.
b′ = b − = 2.62 in. − = 2.18 in.
2 2
 IIC-31

⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞
a′ = ⎜ a + b ⎟ ≤ ⎜ 1.25b + b ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 0.875 in. ⎞ 0.875 in.
= ⎜ 2.94 in. + ⎟ ≤ 1.25 ( 2.62 in. ) +
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
= 3.38 in. ≤ 3.71 in.

b′ 2.18 in.
ρ= = = 0.645
a′ 3.38 in.

14.5 in.
p= = 2.90 in./bolt
5 bolts

d′ 0.938 in.
δ = 1− = 1− = 0.677
p 2.90 in.

LRFD ASD
1⎛ B ⎞ 1 ⎛ 21.4 kips ⎞ 1⎛ B ⎞ 1 ⎛ 14.2 kips ⎞
β = ⎜ u − 1⎟ = ⎜ − 1⎟ β = ⎜ a − 1⎟ = ⎜ − 1⎟
ρ ⎝ Tu ⎠ 0.645 ⎝ 17.1 kips ⎠ ρ ⎝ Ta ⎠ 0.645 ⎝ 11.4 kips ⎠
= 0.390 = 0.381

1⎛ β ⎞ 1⎛ β ⎞
α′ = ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0 α' = ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
δ ⎝1−β ⎠ δ ⎝1−β ⎠
1 ⎛ 0.390 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 0.381 ⎞
= ≤ 1.0 = ≤ 1.0
0.677 ⎜⎝ 1 − 0.390 ⎟⎠ 0.677 ⎜⎝ 1 − 0.381 ⎟⎠
= 0.944 ≤ 1.0 = 0.909 ≤ 1.0

4.44Tu b′ 6.66Ta b′
treq = treq =
pFu (1 + δα′ ) pFu (1 + δα′ )

4.44 (17.1 kips/bolt )( 2.18 in. ) 6.66 (11.4 kips/bolt )( 2.18 in. )
= =
( 2.90 in.)( 58 ksi ) ⎡⎣1 + ( 0.677 )( 0.944 )⎤⎦ ( 2.90 in. )( 58 ksi ) ⎡⎣1 + ( 0.677 )( 0.909 )⎤⎦
= 0.775 in. < 0.875 in. o.k. = 0.780 in. < 0.875 in. o.k

Design welds

Try fillet welds around perimeter (three sides) of both angles.

LRFD ASD

(171 kips ) + (167 kips ) (114 kips ) + (112 kips )

2 2 2 2
Puc = = 239 kips Pac = = 160 kips

⎛ 171 kips ⎞ ⎛ 114 kips ⎞

θ = tan -1 ⎜ ⎟ = 45.7° θ = tan -1 ⎜ ⎟ = 45.5°
⎝ 167 kips ⎠ ⎝ 112 kips ⎠

For θ = 450, l = 14.5 in., kl = 7.50 in., and k = 0.517 Manual

Table 8-8
(kl )2 (7.50 in.)2
xl = = = 1.91 in.
l + 2kl 14.5 in. + 2(7.50 in.)

al = 8.00 in. − xl = 8.00 in. − 1.91 in. = 6.09 in.

 IIC-32

a = 0.420

By interpolation

C = 3.55

LRFD ASD
P ΩPac
Dreq = uc Dreq =
φCC1l CC1l
239 kips 2.00 (160 kips )
= =
0.75 ( 3.55 )(1.0 )( 2 welds )(14.5 in. ) ( 3.55)(1.0 )( 2 welds )(14.5 in. )
= 3.10 → 4 sixteenths = 3.11 → 4 sixteenths

Minimum weld size is 4 in. Use 4-in. fillet Minimum weld size is 4 in. Use 4-in. fillet
welds. welds.
Table J2.4

Check beam web thickness (against weld size required for strength)

For two fillet welds

6.19 D 6.19 ( 3.11 sixteenths ) Manual

tmin = = = 0.296 in. < 0.590 in. o.k. Part 9
Fu 65 ksi

Check the strength of the angles

Shear yielding

Ag = ( 2 )(14.5 in. )( 0.875 in. ) = 25.4 in.2

LRFD ASD
φRn = φ ( 0.60 Fy Ag ) 0.60 Fy Ag Eqn. J4-3
Rn / Ω =
Ω
(
= 1.0 ( 0.60 )( 36 ksi ) 25.4 in.2 )
= 549 kips > 167 kips o.k. =
(
0.60 ( 36 ksi ) 25.4 in.2 )
1.50
= 366 kips > 112 kips o.k.

Similarly, shear yielding of the angles due to Huc is not critical.

Shear rupture

Anv = ( 0.875 in. ) ⎡⎣ 2 (14.5 in.) − 10 (1.00 in.) ⎤⎦ = 16.6 in.2

LRFD ASD
φRn = φ ( 0.60 Fu Anv ) 0.60 Fu Anv Eqn. J4-4
Rn / Ω =
(
= 0.75 ( 0.60 )( 58 ksi ) 16.6 in.2 ) Ω

= 433 kips > 167 kips o.k. =

(
0.60 ( 58.0 ksi ) 16.6 in.2 )
2.00
= 289 kips > 112 kips o.k.
 IIC-33

Block shear rupture

With n = 5, Lev = 1.25 in., Leh = 2.94 in. Section J4.3

Ant = ⎡⎣( 2.94 in. ) − ( 0.5 )(1.00 in. ) ⎤⎦ ( 0.875 in. )( 2 ) = 4.27 in.2

Agv = (13.3 in. )( 0.875 in. )( 2 ) = 23.3 in.2

Anv = ⎡⎣(13.3 in. ) − ( 4.50 )(1.00 in. ) ⎤⎦ ( 0.875 in. )( 2 ) = 15.4 in.2

( )
Fu Ant = ( 58 ksi ) 4.27 in.2 = 248 kips

( )
0.60 Fy Agv = 0.60 ( 36 ksi ) 23.3 in.2 = 503 kips controls

( )
0.60 Fu Anv = 0.6 ( 58 ksi ) 15.4 in.2 = 536 kips

LRFD ASD
φRn = 0.75 ( 248 kips + 503 kips )
Rn / Ω =
( 248 kips + 503 kips ) Eqn. J4-5
= 563 kips > 167 kips o.k. 2.00
= 376 kips > 112 kips o.k.

Check column flange

By inspection, the 4.16 in. thick column flange has adequate flexural strength, stiffness, and
bearing strength.

Note: When the brace is in compression, the buckling strength of the gusset would have to be
checked, where
LRFD ASD
φRn = φc Fcr Aw Rn / Ω = Fcr Aw / Ω c

Kl1
In the above equation, φcFcr or Fcr/Ωc may be determined from with Specification Section
r
E3 or J4.4, where l1 is the perpendicular distance from the Whitmore section to the interior
l +l +l
edge of the gusset. Alternatively, the average value of l = 1 2 3 may be substituted, where
3
these quantities are illustrated in the figure. Note that, for this example l2 is negative since part
of the Whitmore section is in the beam web.

The effective length factor K has been established as 0.5 by full scale tests on bracing
connections (Gross, 1990). It assumes that the gusset is supported on both edges. In cases
where the gusset is supported on one edge only, such as illustrated in Example 11.C-3, Figure
(d), the brace can more readily move out-of-plane and a sidesway mode of buckling can occur
in the gusset. For this case, K should be taken as 1.2.

Check gusset buckling

The area of the Whitmore section is

⎛ 50 ksi ⎞
Aw = ( 30.9 in. )( 0.750 in. ) + ( 3.90 in. )( 0.590 in. ) ⎜ ⎟ = 26.4 in.
2

⎝ 36 ksi ⎠
 IIC-34

In the above equation, the area in the beam web is multiplied by the ratio 50/36 to convert the
area to an equivalent area of A36 plate.

The slenderness ratio is =

( )
Kl1 0.5 (17.0 in. ) 12
= 39.3
r 0.750 in.

From Specification Section E3

π2 E π2 ( 29000 ksi )
Fe = 2
= = 185 ksi Eqn. E3-4
⎛ Kl ⎞ 39.32
⎜ r ⎟
⎝ ⎠

E 29000 ksi
Check 4.71 = 4.71 = 134
Fy 36 ksi

⎡ Fy
⎤ ⎡ 36 ksi
⎤
The buckling stress is given by Fcr = ⎢0.658 Fe ⎥ Fy = ⎢0.658185 ksi ⎥ ( 36 ksi ) = 33.2 ksi Eqn. E3-2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Rn = Fcr Ag = (33.2 ksi)(26.4 in.2 ) = 876 kips

Eqn. E3-1

LRFD ASD
φc = 0.90 Ω c = 1.67 Section E1
φc Rn = 0.90(876 kips) Rn 876 kips
= = 525 kips > 450 kips o.k.
= 788 kips > 675 kips o.k. Ωc 1.67
 IIC-35

Example II.C-3 Bracing Connection

Given:

Each of the four designs shown for the diagonal bracing connection between the W14×68
brace, W24×55 beam, and W14×211 column web have been developed using the Uniform
Force Method (the General Case and Special Cases 1, 2, and 3) for the load case of 1.2D +
1.3W for LRFD and D + W for ASD.

For the given values of α and β, determine the interface forces on the gusset-to-column and
gusset-to-beam connections for

a. General Case of Figure (a)

b. Special Case 1 of Figure (b)
c. Special Case 2 of Figure (c)
d. Special Case 3 of Figure (d)

Brace Axial Load Pu = |195 kips Pa = |130 kips

Beam End Reaction Ru = 44 kips Ra = 29 kips
Beam Axial Load Au = 26 kips Aa = 17 kips
 IIC-36

Material Properties:

Brace W14×68 ASTM A992 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi Manual

Beam W24×55 ASTM A992 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi Tables 2-3
Column W14×211 ASTM A992 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi and 2-4
Gusset Plate ASTM A36 Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi
 IIC-37

Geometric Properties:

Brace W14×68 A=20.0 in.2 d=14.0 in. tw=0.415 in. bf=10.0 in. tf=0.720 in. Manual
Beam W24×55 d=23.6 in. tw=0.395 in. bf=7.01 in. tf=0.505 in. kdes=1.01 in. Table 1-1
Column W14×211 d=15.7 in. tw=0.980 in. bf=15.8 in. tf=1.56 in.

Solution A (General Case):

Assume β = β = 3.00 in.

⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
α = eb tan θ − ec + β tan θ = (11.8 in. ) ⎜ ⎟ − 0 + ( 3.00 in. ) ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 16.1 in.
Manual
⎝ 11 16 ⎠
1
⎝ 11 16 ⎠ Part 13

Since α ≠ α, an eccentricity exists on the gusset-to-beam connection.

Calculate the interface forces

( α + ec ) + (β + eb ) (16.1 in. + 0 in.) + ( 3.00 in. + 11.8 in.)

2 2 2 2
r= = = 21.9 in.

On the gusset-to-column connection

LRFD ASD
β 3.00 in. β 3.00 in.
Vuc = Pu = (195 kips ) = 26.7 kips Vac = Pa = (130 kips ) = 17.8 kips
r 21.9 in. r 21.9 in.

ec ec
H uc = Pu = 0 kips H ac = Pa = 0 kips
r r

On the gusset-to-beam connection

LRFD ASD
α 16.1 in. α 16.1 in.
H ub = Pu = (195 kips ) = 143 kips H ab = Pa = (130 kips ) = 95.6 kips
r 21.9 in. r 21.9 in.

eb 11.8 in. eb 11.8 in.

Vub = Pu = (195 kips ) = 105 kips Vab = Pa = (130 kips ) = 70.0 kips
r 21.9 in. r 21.9 in.

(
M ub = Vub α − α ) (
M ab = Vab α − α )
=
(105 kips )(15 3 4 in. − 16.1 in. )
=
( 70.0 kips )(15 3 4 in. − 16.1 in. )
12 in./ft 12 in./ft
= -3.06 kip-ft = -2.04 kip-ft

In this case, this small moment is negligible.

On the beam-to-column connection, the requried shear strength is

LRFD ASD
Rub + Vub = 44.0 kips + 105 kips = 149 kips Rab + Vab = 29.0 kips + 70.0 kips = 99.0 kips

and the requried axial strength is

LRFD ASD
Aub + Huc = 26.0 kips | 0 kips = 26.0 kips Aab + Hac = 17.0 kips | 0 kips = 17.0 kips
 IIC-38

For a discussion of the sign use between Aub and Huc (Aab and Hac for ASD), refer to AISC
(1992).

Solution B (Special Case 1):

In this case, the centroidal positions of the gusset-edge connections are irrelevant; α and β are Manual
Part 13
given to define the geometry of the connection, but are not needed to determine the gusset edge
forces.

The angle of the brace from the vertical is

⎛ 12 ⎞
θ = tan -1 ⎜ ⎟ = 49.8°
⎝ 10 18 ⎠
The horizontal and vertical components of the brace force are
LRFD ASD
H u = Pu sin θ = (195 kips ) sin 49.8° = 149 kips H a = Pa sin θ = (130 kips ) sin 49.8° = 99.3 kips
Vu = Pu cos θ = (195 kips ) cos 49.8° = 126 kips Va = Pa cos θ = (130 kips ) cos 49.8° = 83.9 kips

On the gusset-to-column connection

LRFD ASD
Vuc = Vu = 126 kips Vac = Va = 83.9 kips

H uc = 0 kips H ac = 0 kips

On the gusset-to-beam connection

LRFD ASD
Vub = 0 kips Vab = 0 kips

H ub = H u = 149 kips H ab = H a = 99.3 kips

On the beam-to-column connection

LRFD ASD
Rub = 44.0 kips (shear) Rab = 29.0 kips (shear)

Aub = 26.0 kips (axial transfer force) Aab = 17.0 kips (axial transfer force)

In addition to the forces on the connection interfaces, the beam is subjected to a moment Mub
or Mab, where
LRFD ASD

M ub = H ub eb =
(149 kips )(11.8 in. ) M ab = H ab eb =
( 99.3 kips )(11.8 in.)
12 in./ft 12 in./ft
= 147 kip-ft = 97.6 kip-ft
This moment, as well as the beam axial load Hub = 149 kips or Hab = 99.3 kips and the
moment and shear in the beam associated with the end reaction Rub or Rab, must be considered
in the design of the beam.
 IIC-39

Solution C (Special Case 2):

Assume β = β = 10.5 in.

⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
α = eb tan θ − ec + β tan θ = (11.8 in. ) ⎜ ⎟ − 0 + (10.5 in. ) ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 24.2 in.
⎝ 11 16 ⎠
1
⎝ 11 16 ⎠
Manual
Calculate the interface forces for the general case before applying Special Case 2. Part 13

( α + ec ) + (β + eb ) ( 24.2 in. + 0 in.) + (10.5 in. + 11.8 in.)

2 2 2 2
r= = = 32.9 in.

On the gusset-to-column connection

LRFD ASD
β 10.5 in. β 10.5 in.
Vuc = Pu = (195 kips ) = 62.2 kips Vac = Pa = (130 kips ) = 41.5 kips
r 32.9 in. r 32.9 in.

ec ec
H uc = Pu = 0 kips H ac = Pa = 0 kips
r r

On the gusset-to-beam connection

LRFD ASD
α 24.2 in. α 24.2 in.
H ub = Pu = (195 kips ) = 143 kips H ab = Pa = (130 kips ) = 95.6 kips
r 32.9 in. r 32.9 in.

eb 11.8 in. eb 11.8 in.

Vub = Pu = (195 kips ) = 69.9 kips Vab = Pa = (130 kips ) = 46.6 kips
r 32.9 in. r 32.9 in.

On the beam-to-column connection, the shear is

LRFD ASD
Rub + Vub = 44.0 kips + 69.9 kips = 114 kips Rab + Vab = 29.0 kips + 46.6 kips = 75.6 kips

and the axial force is

LRFD ASD
Aub + Huc = 26.0 kips | 0 kips = 26.0 kips Aab + Hac = 17.0 kips | 0 kips = 17.0 kips

Next, applying Special Case 2 with ΔVub = Vub = 69.9 kips (ΔVab = Vab = 46.6 kips for ASD),
calculate the interface forces.

On the gusset-to-column connection (where Vuc is replaced by Vuc + ΔVub) or (where Vac is
replaced by Vac + ΔVab for ASD)

LRFD ASD
Vuc = 62.2 kips + 69.9 kips = 132 kips Vac = 41.5 kips + 46.6 kips = 88.1 kips

H uc = 0 kips (unchanged) H ac = 0 kips (unchanged)

On the gusset-to-beam connection (where Vub is replaced by Vub - ΔVub) or (where Vab is
replaced by Vab - ΔVab)
 IIC-40

LRFD ASD
H ub = 143 kips (unchanged) H ab = 95.6 kips (unchanged)

Vub = 69.9 kips − 69.9 kips = 0 kips Vab = 46.6 kips − 46.6 kips = 0 kips

M ub = ( ΔVub ) α =
( 69.9 kips )( 24.2 in.) M ab = ( ΔVab ) α =
( 46.6 kips )( 24.2 in.)
12 in./ft 12 in./ft
= 141 kip-ft = 94.0 kip-ft

On the beam-to-column connection, the shear is

LRFD ASD
Rub + Vub - ΔVub Rab + Vab - ΔVab
= 44.0 kips + 69.9 kips - 69.9 kips = 29.0 kips + 46.6 kips – 46.6 kips
= 44.0 kips = 29.0 kips

and the axial force is

LRFD ASD
Aub + Huc = 26.0 kips | 0 kips = 26.0 kips Aab + Hac = 17.0 kips | 0 kips = 17.0 kips
 IIC-41

Solution D (Special Case 3):

Set β = β = 0 in.

⎛ 12 ⎞
α = eb tan θ = (11.8 in. ) ⎜ ⎟ = 12.8 in.
⎝ 11 116 ⎠

Since, α ≠ α, an eccentricity exists on the gusset-to-beam connection.

Calculate the interface forces

(12.8 in.) + (11.8 in.)

2 2
r = α 2 + eb 2 = = 17.4 in.

On the gusset-to-beam connection

LRFD ASD
α 12.8 in. α 12.8 in.
H ub = Pu = (195 kips ) = 143 kips H ab = Pa = (130 kips ) = 95.6 kips
r 17.4 in. r 17.4 in.

eb 11.8 in. eb 11.8 in.

Vub = Pu = (195 kips ) = 132 kips Vab = Pa = (130 kips ) = 88.2 kips
r 17.4 in. r 17.4 in.

M ub = Vub ( α − α ) M ab = Vab ( α − α )

=
(132 kips )(12.8 in. − 13.5 in.) =
(88.2 kips )(12.8 in. − 13.5 in.)
12 in./ft 12 in./ft
= -7.70 kip-ft = -5.15 kip-ft

In this case, this small moment is negligible.

On the beam-to-column connection, the shear is

LRFD ASD
Rub + Vub = 44.0 kips + 132 kips = 176 kips Rab + Vab = 29.0 kips + 88.2 kips = 117 kips

And the axial force is

LRFD ASD
Aub + Huc = 26 kips | 0 kips = 26.0 kips Aab + Hac = 17 kips | 0 kips = 17.0 kips

Note: From the foregoing results, designs by Special Case 3 and the General Case of the
Uniform Force Method provide the more economical designs. Additionally, note that designs
by Special Case 1 and Special Case 2 result in moments on the beam and/ or column that must
be considered.