ABSTRACT
Pharmacology 2 deals with
the basic pharmacokinetics,
the pharmacodynamic
properties, and therapeutic
indications of drugs acting in
the different systems of the
body.
Peter Andrew C.
Manabat
PHARMACOLOGY 312 BSPH 3Y1 - 3
LECTURE
Assignment 4: Drugs for Blood Disorders
PCOL 312 – ASIGNMENT NO. 4 DRUGS FOR BLOOD DISORDERS
1. Differentiate hemostasis and hematopoiesis
HEMOSTASIS HEMATOPOIESIS
This is the complex mechanism of This is simply the process of producing new
maintaining the balance in blood fluidity, blood cells
vascular injury repair, and blood
regulation/limiting
Occurs primarily in the blood vessels Occurs primarily in the bone marrow, liver
and spleen
Leads to the formation of clots or thromboses Leads to the production of red blood cells,
and their subsequent breakdown white blood cells, platelets, T cells and B cells
Mediated by blood clotting factors Mediated by hematopoietic growth factors
Usually associated with diseases like Usually associated with diseases like anemia,
hemophilia, thromboses, and bleeding thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia
Dependent on the constant supply of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid
2. Describe the different steps involved in hemostasis
STEPS INVOLVED IN HEMOSTASIS
VASCULAR PHASE This is the initial step that starts within 30 minutes of a vascular injury;
it involves the stimulation of the vessels leading to vasoconstriction to
minimize blood leakage. This is also the phase where the extracellular
matrix (ECM) or collage is exposed to the blood
PLATELET PHASE Following vasoconstriction, the ECM releases cytokines and
inflammatory substances that attract and aid in the adhesion of the
platelets at the site of injury; the adhesion leads to the aggregation of
the platelets; release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin (5-
HT), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2); and the transformation of the
aggregate into a pseudopodal shape or plug
COAGULATION This triggers the coagulation cascade that may take one out of two
PHASE pathways: the intrinsic and extrinsic, which involves the activation of
the blood clotting factors with the ultimate goal of converting
prothrombin to its active form, thrombin, which subsequently catalyzes
the activity of other factors as well as the conversion of fibrinogen to
fibrin
CLOT FORMATION In the final stages of the coagulation cascade leads to the conversion of
PCOL 312 – ASIGNMENT NO. 4 DRUGS FOR BLOOD DISORDERS
fibrinogen to fibrin, which is responsible for the formation of fibrin
polymers that form a strong cross-linked fibrin clot on the site of
injury. The fibrin clot is catalyzed by the activity of the factor XIII to
form a stabilized clot. Leading up to the complete healing of the injury,
the clot regresses and retracts to facilitate wound healing
FIBRINOLYSIS Upon complete healing, the clot fully shrinks and the plasminogen is
activated into plasmin which will subsequently lyse the fibrin clot to
restore proper blood flow in the system
The process of hemostasis can be summarized as:
3. What are the different examples of anemia? Explain each.
TYPES OF ANEMIA
Iron-deficiency The most common type of anemia that is primarily due to the lack of
PCOL 312 – ASIGNMENT NO. 4 DRUGS FOR BLOOD DISORDERS
Anemia adequate levels of iron in the body leading to low numbers of
hemoglobin, further leading to decreased oxygen transport
Pernicious Anemia Aka Vitamin-deficiency anemia; characterized by low levels of
nutrients such as Vitamin B12 and folate which are important co-
factors in RBC production
Aplastic Anemia This refers to the rare condition characterized by the reduction in the
number of blood cells: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets alike due to the
deficiency of stem cells in the bone marrow; this can be inherited or
acquired
Hemolytic Anemia Refers to the condition where the RBCs are degraded at a faster rate
than they are produced or that their lifespan is shortened
Sickle Cell Anemia Inherited disorder wherein the hemoglobin component of the RBC is
abnormally shaped, resembling a sickle, leading to their impaired
functions and increased adhesiveness
Reference/s:
American Society of Hematology. (n.d.). Anemia.
[Link]
Herrmann, F., Kocis, P. T., Karpa, K. D., Vrama. K. K. (2018). Anticoagulants, fibrinolytic, and
antiplatelet agents. In D. A. Taylor, R. J. Theobald, & L. Wecker (Eds.). Brody's human
pharmacology: Mechanism-based therapeutics (6th ed., pp. 1131-1158). Philadelphia:
Elsevier.
Katzung, B. G. (2018). Basic & clinical pharmacology (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
LaPelusa,A., & Dave, H. D. (2021, May 09). Physiology, hemostasis. National Center for
Biotechnology Information. [Link]
Villines, Z. (2017, September 27). What to know about hematopoiesis. Medical News Today.
[Link]