Phase Space

 The space in which the state of constituent particles of

a system can be described in terms of position co-
ordinates is called position space.
 The space in which the state of constituent particles of
a system can be described in terms of momentum co-
ordinates is called momentum space.
 The space in which the state of constituent particles of
a system can be described in terms of position and
momentum co-ordinates is called phase space.
Number of the phase space cells in
the momentum interval p and p+dp
Available volume corresponding to momentum interval p and p  dp
g p dp 
volume of each phase space cell

gp dp 
 dx dy dz  dp x dp y dp z
h03
v  4p 2 dp
g p dp 
ho3
 STATISTICS

Bose- Einstein
Statistics
Quantum
Statistics
Fermi-Dirac
Statistics
Classical Statistics
Statistics OR M-B
Statistics
BASIC APPROACH IN THREE STATISTICS
 In each statistics we calculate the thermodynamic
probability (W) for any given macrostate .
d(lnW) =0
 In any system consisting of given number n of particles
having total energy u, quantities n and u are constant.
dn   dni  0
i
k
du   ui dni   0
i

from these three equations we have the basic equation

which is used in all the three kinds of statistics
d (ln W )     ui dni  o
MAXWELL BOLTZMANN STATISTICS
Assumptions of MB statistics
1. The available volume of the phase space cell can be
as small as we desire and may even approach to zero.
2. The phase space can be divided into a very large
number of cells.
3. Any number of particles can occupy a phase space
cell.
4. The particles of the system are distinguishable.
MAXWELL BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION LAW
 Consider an sample of an ideal gas consisting of n
molecules and total energy u.
k
dn   dn i  0
i
k
du   n i du i  0
i

 N particles are distributed in k energy intervals such

that each interval is divided into cells i.e. g1 ,g2,g3…..gk
then thermodynamic probability of equilibrium state
is
MAXWELL BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION LAW…….

w(n1,n2 , n3 ,....nk )  n!

i k
g1  ni

i 1 ni !
for the equilibriu m state ln W is constant
therfore d (ln W )  0
using these equations we get maxwell boltzmann
distribution law of energy distribution
u
2n
n u du  u e dukT

kT 
3
2
DISTRIBUTION OF SPEEDS
3
mv 2
 m  2 
n v dv  2n  ve
2 2 kT
dv
 kT 
this expression gives the number of particles
having velocity within v and v  dv for an ideal
gas having n molecules at absolute temerature T
The distribution of
molecular speeds for N2
at three temperatures
Features of the Speed Distribution
The most probable speed is at the peak of the
curve.

The most probable speed increases as the

temperature increases.

The distribution broadens as the temperature

increases.
Relationship between molar mass and
molecular speed
Features of the Speed Distribution
The most probable speed increases as the
molecular mass decreases.

The distribution broadens as the molecular

mass decreases.
MOST PROBABLE SPEED
 It is defined as the speed possessed by the maximum
number of molecules in a sample at a given
temperature

2 kT kT
vm   1.41
m m
Average speed
 It is defined as the average of the speed of all the gas
molecules lies between v and v + dv

kT
vav  1.59
m
ROOT MEAN SQUARE SPEED
 It is defined as the square root of means of the squares
of the speeds of all the molecules

3kT kT
vrms   1.73
m m
Relation between vm , v av and v rms
vm : vav : vrms :: 1.41 : 1.59 : 1.73
vm  vav  vrms
The Three Measures of the Speed of a
Typical Particle

3RT
urms 
M
2 RT
ump 
M
8 RT
uavg u 
M
Various Ways to Summarize the ‘Mean’
Speed.
Limitations of MB statistics- Birth
of Quantum statistics
 Maxwell Boltzmann statistics is able to explain the
distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas.
 But system of photons and electrons are subjected to
certain constraints which are not applicable to gas
systems.
 This leads to the origin of quantum statistics which is
based on the concept of quantization of energy.
Quantum statistics

Bose Einstein
statistics
Quantum
statistics
Fermi Dirac
statistics
Bose Einstein statistics
Basic assumptions
 The particles of the system are indistinguishable and
identical.
 Available volume of the phase space cell cannot be less
than h3 , where h is Planck's constant.
 Any number of particles can occupy a phase space cell.
 The number of phase space cells is comparable with
the number of particles .
 The particles under consideration do not obey Pauli's
exclusion principle.
BOSONS

 Bosons are the particles of a system whose energy

spectra can be explained on the basis of BE
statistics
 Bosons do not obey Pauli's exclusion principle.
 Boson have integral spin.
 Examples : photons, K and pi mesons etc.
Fermi Dirac statistics
Basic assumptions
 The particles of the system are indistinguishable and
identical.
 Available volume of the phase space cell cannot be less
than h3 , where h is Planck's constant.
 A phase space cell cannot more than one particle.
 The number of phase space cells is large as compared
with the number of particles .
 The particles under consideration obey Pauli's
exclusion principle.
FERMIONS
 fermions are the particles of a system whose energy spectra
can be explained on the basis of FD statistics
 fermions obey Pauli's exclusion principle.
 fermions have half integral spin.
 Examples : electrons , positrons, neutrons etc.
Size of phase space cell in quantum
statistics

According to uncertaint y principle

x p x  h
therefore
Available volume x y z p x p y p z  h 3
that is size of the phase space cell cannot be less than h
Definition of a black body
A black body is an ideal body
which allows the whole of the
incident radiation to pass into
itself ( without reflecting the
energy ) and absorbs within itself
this whole incident radiation
(without passing on the energy).
This propety is valid for radiation
corresponding to all wavelengths
and to all angels of incidence.
Therefore, the black body is an
ideal absorber of incident
radaition.

26
 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN THE SPECTRUM OF
BLACK BODY RADIATIONS
 Emissive power of the black body is
greater at higher temperatures.
 Amount of energy emitted per second
increases for all wavelengths with
increase of temperature of black body.
 Amount of energy emitted per second
is higher for intermediate wavelength.
 Corresponding to every temperature of
the black body there is a wavelength
for which the emissive power is
highest.
 The wavelength corresponding to
maximum emission shifts towards
shorter values as the temperature of
the black body increases.
Black-Body Radiation Laws
Planck Law
We have two forms. As a function of
wavelength.
8hc 
E d   d
5 hc
e 1 kT

And as a function of frequency

8h  3 d
E d  3 h d
c
e kT  1
The Planck Law gives a distribution that
peaks at a certain wavelength, the peak
shifts to shorter wavelengths for higher
temperatures, and the area under the
curve grows rapidly with increasing
temperature.
Wein’s displacement law
 Wavelength mof the radiations
corresponding to maximum
emissive power of the black body
varies inversely as the absolute
temperature T.
1
m 
T
mT  a constant
 The wavelength corresponding
to maximum emission shifts
towards shorter values as the
temperature of the black body
increases.

 This law tells us as we heat an

object up, its color changes from
red to orange to white hot.
Rayleigh jean’s law
 Energy density of the radiations corresponding to the
wavelength  is
8kT
E d  d
 4

 It could explain the experimentally observed energy

distribution only for long wavelengths.
 Rayleigh jean’s law is a special case of Planck's law for
longer wavelengths.
Stefan’s law
 Stefan’s law states that the amount of energy of the
radiations emitted from a perfectly black body per second
per unit area is directly proportional to the fourth power of
absolute temperature.

i.e. E T 4

 It is valid for whole range of wavelengths .

 It is a special case of Planck's law.
Summary
- A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs 100% of the
radiation that hits it. Therefore it reflects no radiation and
appears perfectly black.
- Roughly we can say that the stars radiate like blackbody
radiators. This is important because it means that we can use the
theory for blackbody radiators to infer things about stars.
- At a particular temperature the black body would emit the
maximum amount of energy possible for that temperature.
- Blackbody radiation does not depend on the type of object
emitting it. Entire spectrum of blackbody radiation depends on
only one parameter, the temperature, T.

32
MB statistics as special case of BE
and FD statistics
nu
FD distribution  n u du  u
du
e e kT
1
g
BE distribution  n u du  u
du
e e  1kT

gu
M B distribution  n u du  u
du
e e kT
MB statistics as special case of BE
and FD statistics…….
For low occupation index
nu
 1
gu
  kTu 
for FD statistics:  e e  1  1
 
  kTu 
for BE statistics:  e e  1  1
 
neglecting  1 and - 1 , FD and BE statistics reduce to M B statistics