REVIEWER

Motivation for Travel

Several studies on tourist motivations have
listed different reasons why people travel.
These can be divided into four classes:
a. Physical Motivators
Include those related to physical rest,
sports participation, beach recreation,
relaxing entertainment and other
motivations directly connected with health.
b. Cultural Motivators
 Include the desire to know about other
countries – their music, art, folklore,
dances, paintings and religion.
c. Interpersonal Motivators
 Pertain to the desire to meet other
people, visit friends or relatives, escape
from routine, from family and neighbors.
d. Status and Prestige Motivators
 Concern ego needs and personal
development. Included in this group are
trips related to business, conventions, study
and pursuit of hobbies and education.
Travel would enhance one’s recognition and
good reputation.

But what is the difference between a need

and a want?
- The difference between a need and a want
is awareness. It is the duty of people in
marketing to convert these needs into
wants by making the individual aware of his
need deficiencies. This awareness must be
accompanied by motivation.

Push/Pull Model
The push/pull model explain the forces in
human motivation. Internal factors or
personal need “push” people to travel,
while external forces or attractions “pull”
them to certain destinations. The following
are the examples of Push and Pull factors

Plog’s Model of Typology of Tourists

To understand the tourists better, Plog
classifies tourists into three categories:
 Allocentric (The Wanderers)
- Seek new experiences and adventure
- Outgoing and self-confident
- Enjoy meeting people
- Explore an area
- Make own travel arrangements
- Choose activities and tourist attractions

 Psychocentric (The Repeater)

- Conservative, inhibited and
unadventurous
- Return to familiar destinations
- Want to relax
- Expect the type of food and activity
- Prefer heavily structured itinerary
- Safety and security are important
 Midcentric (Combination)
- Between Allocentric and Psychocentric
- Not particularly adventurous
- Receptive to new experiences

Classification of Travelers Based on

Purpose of Travel
A. Business Travelers
i. Regular Business Travelers
- Cost of trips is shouldered by a company
thus travel is not influenced by personal
income
- Volume and rate of growth of business
travel is not greatly affected by the cost of
travel
- Business travelers are well educated, rich,
have high-level jobs and tend to fly often
ii. Business Travelers Attending Meetings,
Conventions and Congresses
- Accounts for 20% of business travel trips
- Conventions are classified into four:
international (involve members and
nonmembers from more than two foreign
countries which usually takes place in a
different country every year), continental
(have delegates from same continent) and
national (organized by associations at the
state, provincial or regional level)
iii. Incentive Travelers
- A travel given by firms to employees as a
reward for some accomplishment or to
encourage employees to achieve more than
what is required
- Usually lasts for five days and include
spouses
- Prize trips are often combined with
business and sales meetings, especially
those to foreign
destinations in order to be eligible for tax
deduction
B. Pleasure/Personal Travelers
i. Resort Travelers
- They are known to be better educated,
have higher household incomes and are
more likely to have professional and
managerial positions
- Majority have families and children
ii. Family Pleasure Travelers
Junior families (parents aged 20-34 having
preschool and/or grade school children only
- Midrange families (parents aged 35-44
with grade school and/or high school
children only
- Mature families (parents aged 45 or over
with children who are high school age or
older
- They are motivated by travel as an
educational experience for their children; to
do something different; and to use travel to
bring the family closer together
- Major obstacles are cost of travel
(particularly cost of transportation,
accommodation and food) ability of the
parents to have privacy from their children
and the problems of organizing and
coordinating family pleasure plans
iii. The Elderly
- Persons in the “50 plus” age bracket are
called active affluent or people with the
money and the desire to travel extensively
- They generally search for learning
experiences, cultural enrichment,
socialization, and activities which lead to
self-fulfillment
iv. Singles and Couples
- They take their vacation to fulfill their
psychological, intellectual, and physical
needs by giving them the opportunity to
rest, relax, escape the routine of pressures
of daily living, enjoy the naturalness of life
and to express total freedom
Travel Constraints
1. Lack of money
- less money means less travel
- people with more disposable income will
be able to travel more than those who just
earn enough to live
2. Lack of time
- The desire to travel and financial ability to
travel are insufficient if one does not have
the time to travel
- A combination of time and money must be
present for travel and tourism to take place
3. Lack of safety and security
- Lack of security in public places, hotels and
travel centers cause people to remain in the
security of the neighborhood and home
- Areas may acquire the reputation of being
dangerous which is why they become less
desirable travel destinations
- Tourists will not go to destinations that
they consider unsafe
4. Physical disability
- May be bad health or physical handicap
that would keep people at home
- Elderly who are more susceptible to
illnesses like heart trouble, hypertension,
arthritis and bronchitis travel less
5. Family commitments
- Parents with young children find it
inconvenient and expensive to travel
- Other family commitments such as taking
care of the sick or looking after older people
affects travel
6. Lack of interest in travel
- Mainly because of the preference to stay
at home
- This may be due to factors such as dislike
to travel, shyness in meeting people, dislike
of changing routine among others
7. Fears of travel
- Fear of flying is a common reason
- Fear of the unknown also keeps people
from leaving their country or their own city
- Many are afraid to go to countries where
they cannot understand the language.

The Social Nature of Travel

The English poet John Donne famously
wrote “No man is an island” which means
that no one is truly self-sufficient, everyone
must rely on the company and comfort of
others in order to thrive. And this proves
true in the aspect of tourism. Travel is
brought about by the social nature of man.
Human beings, as social animals, feel
comfortable in a tour group. They feel that
their trip is more enjoyable and free from
anxiety if they join a group tour. In most
countries, travel is the common way of
spending one’s vacation. Sabbatical leaves
and foreign assignments also make it
possible for employees to travel and
develop a passion for [Link] can lead to
mutual trust and respect for one another
and the dignity of life on earth. As Pope
John Paul II said, “The world is becoming a
global village un which people from
different continents are made to feel like
next-door neighbors. In facilitating more
authentic and social relationships between
individuals, tourism can help overcome
many real prejudices and foster new bonds
of fraternity.”

The Social Effects of Tourism

Tourism is concerned with the movement
and contact between people in different
geographical locations. This involves:
1. Social relations between people who
would not normally meet. For example: a
tourist from Russia
and a tourist from Thailand will meet in
Boracay Island, Philippines.
2. The confrontation of different cultures,
ethnic groups, lifestyles, languages, levels
of prosperity and the like. For example: a
tourist from United Arab Emirates who is a
Muslim and speaks Arabic will meet a
tourist from Italy who is a Catholic and
speaks Italian on a group tour in Australia.
3. The behavior of people released from
many of the social and economic
constraints of everyday life. For example:
tourists from the Philippines who will wear
two piece swimsuits when they swim on a
beach in Bali, Indonesia but they will never
wear it in the Philippines.
4. The behavior of the host population
which has to reconcile economic gain and
benefits with the costs of living with
strangers. For example: The local residents
of Baguio City would have to accept the
heavy traffic that they experience because
of the tourists that go to their city especially
during Panagbenga Festival.

Socioeconomic Variables and Their Effect

on Travel
There are different socioeconomic variables
that affect the decisions made by travelers.
Since you will be part of the tourism and
hospitality industry in the future, you would
need to know these variables so you can
properly provide the services and products
needed by the travelers.

A. Age
- Young people tend to select more active
recreational activities than older people.
- Elderly prefer more passive form of
recreation, such as visiting friends and
relatives, fishing, sightseeing and playing
golf.
- Older tourists tend to travel to farther
destinations, prefer ship travel , travel more
in spring season and spend less than middle
aged but more than younger tourists.
B. Income and Social Status
- Rich persons and persons with higher
social status travel more than those with
lower income and social class status.
- Higher income tourists stay longer and
spend more per day than those with lower
incomes.
C. Education
- Generally, better educated people have a
greater desire to travel.
- The more educated travelers tend to be
more sophisticated in their tastes when
travelling.
D. Life Stages of the Family
- The presence of children in the family
limits travel since more leisure time is
usually spent at home.
- When the children grow up and leave
home, the married couples renew interest
in travel. This stage allow couples to have
more discretionary time and income.
Preferences of International Tourists
The preferences of international tourists
can be divided into four categories:
A. Relaxation vs Activity
- Due to exhausting workweeks, people
tend to prefer holidays which offer
relaxation and rest.
- But because of the shortened workweek
and longer holiday leaves, people are more
relaxed and now prefers to use their holiday
time for new activities such as sailing,
climbing, horse riding and other sports
B. Familiarity vs Novelty
- Generally, tourists seek familiarity
especially during their first trip abroad. This
would be destinations what will be similar
to their home. And they will return to the
same destination for a number of times
until they are more experienced in
travelling.
- However, there is an increasing demand
for change and people are more accepting
of innovations. A lot of tourists are now
moving away from traditional resorts to
new tourist destinations.
C. Dependence vs Autonomy
- Before, tourists prefer to join packaged
tours in which transportation, lodging, food,
sightseeing, and entertainment were
planned in advance by the tour operator.
- Now, a number of tourists would like to
travel on their own and not be part of a
group. They would like to feel independent
and in control of what they do, how they do
it and when they do it.
D. Order vs Disorder
- Before, tourists wanted vacations with the
traditional concept of conformity: set
meals, guidebooks, and resorts with other
tourists who are tidy, well-behaved and
properly dressed
- Now, tours are not that concerned with
what other tourists wear nor how they
behave. They have a greater tolerance
towards the differences of others and
freedom from regulations.
Types of Tourist Roles
The four types of tourist roles are Organized
Mass Tourist, Individual Mass Tourist,
Explorer and Drifter.
The first two are institutionalized tourist
roles because they are closely attached to
the tourist
establishments while the last two are non-
institutionalized tourist roles because they
are loosely attached to the tourist
establishments.
A. The Organized Mass Tourist
- Type of tourist who is the least
adventurous
- Prefers a package tour where the itinerary
of his trip is planned in advance and his
stops are well-prepared and guided
- Seldom makes decisions for himself
- Prefers a familiar environment rather than
a new environment
B. The Individual Mass Tourist
- Similar to the Organized Mass Tourist but
prefers to have a certain degree of control
over his time and itinerary and is not bound
to a group
- Prefers major arrangements of the tour to
be handled by a travel agency
- Travels within his own country and goes
out of it occasionally
- Familiarity is still important but less than
the Organized Mass Tourist.
C. The Explorer
- Arranges the trip by himself and looks for
comfortable accommodation and reliable
means of transportation
- Tries to interact with local residents and
speak their language- More likely to leave
the country than the Organized and
Individual
Mass Tourist but returns when the
experience becomes too rough
- Novelty is important but the Explorer does
not adopt completely the lifestyle of the
host country
D. The Drifter
- Goes the farthest away from the
accustomed ways of life of his own country
- The Drifter is totally immersed in his host
culture and tries to live the way the people
he visits live
- Arranges his own trip and does not seek
the help of a tour operator or travel agency
- Does not have a fixed itinerary and novelty
is very important.

The Effects of Culture on Travel

Culture is a set of beliefs, values, attitudes,
habits and forms of behavior that are
shared by a society and are

transmitted from generation to generation.

A knowledge of the culture of a country is
important in order to understand how
individuals within that country will behave.
Culture Shock
Lack of understanding and inability to
communicate with the host culture can lead
to culture shock for the tourist. Culture
shock is defines as the feeling of
disorientation experienced by someone
who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar
culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.
Example: A Filipino tourist who visits USA
for the first time may experience culture
shock in the open display of love and
emotions, the frankness in conversation,
the permissive way children interact with
their parents and the practice of allowing
aged parents to stay in the homes for the
[Link] patterns are changed by
internal forces. Within the group, there are
people who are more willing than others to
try new things. Since these innovators are
better educated, have higher income and
more achievement-oriented than others,
they tend to be opinion leaders and to be
highly sought-after by marketing people.
“Mass follow class” suggests that a
destination first attracts a small number of
high-status individuals whose actions are
eventually copied by a large number of
persons with lower status. A good example
of this would be social media influencers
who have millions of followers in Instagram,
Facebook,Twitter, TikTok and Youtube.
Whenever they post new places they have
travelled to, their followers wants to go to
these places as [Link] from internal
factors, culture patterns are changed by
external forces also. Contact with other
environments may change previous
attitudes and behavior. A visit to a foreign
country may result in a change in attitude
toward the people of that country. Travel
may also stimulate the sale of the products
in the destination [Link] is obvious that
in order to understand a traveler, it is
necessary to understand why visitors act
the way they do and be in better position to
anticipate and satisfy the needs and wants.

The Importance of Cultural Tourism

Cultural tourism includes all aspects of
travel in which people learn about each
other’s way of life. Tourism is an important
means of promoting cultural relations and
international cooperation. According to
Louis D’Amore, the past president of the
Canadian Travel Research Association,
“These millions of daily person-to-person
encounters are potentially a powerful force
for improved relations among the people
and nations of the world, relations which
emphasize a sharing and appreciation of
cultures rather than the lack of trust bred
by isolation.”
Cultural Factors with Tourist Appeal
Within a country, there are numerous
cultural factors that appeal to tourists.
These are:
A. Art
- Arts include performing arts and fine arts.
Performing arts refer to live theater, music
and dance . Fine
arts refer to painting sculpture, graphic arts
and architecture.
Performing Arts
Pangkat Kawayan (Bamboo Orchestra)
Rondalla Group
Philippine Madrigal Singers
Fine Arts
“The Fruit Gatherer” by Fernando Amorsolo
“Sagada” by Eduardo Masferre
“The Cross” by Napoleon Abueva
B. Music and Dance
- Music is a major source of enjoyment and
satisfaction to tourists.
- Dancing, on the other hand, is one of the
most appealing aspects of a country’s
culture and can be
presented as a tourist attraction.
Music
Harana
Kundiman
Philippine Ethnic Music
Dance
Tinikling
Singkil
Carinosa
Maglalatik
Pandanggo sa Ilaw
Sayaw sa Bangko
C. Handicraft
- Gifts and souvenirs are manufactured in
the country to satisfy the tourists. These are
locally produced articles that are both
useful and attractive. They are usually
available in local shops.
Burnay Jars in Ilocos
Ifugao Woven Textiles
Woodcarving in Betis
D. Industry and Business
- A lot of travelers, particularly international
travelers, are curious about the country’s
industry, commerce,
manufactured products and its economic
situation.
- Industry tours are effective in developing
an interest in the culture of a country and
providing a potential
market for the products being made.
- Business establishments, particularly the
retail stores, are important to visitors.
Shopping is one of the most important
elements in tourism.
Napa Valley Winery Tour
Hong Kong Shopping
Asahi Beer Tour in Japan
E. Agriculture
- The agriculture of a country is interesting
to a large segment of tourists. This would
include dairy undertaking, fresh fruits and
vegetables, crops and poultry or livestock.
- One aspect of tourist services in rural
areas is the farmers’ market which is
important. It allows them to
sell to the travelers their local agricultural
products.
- Other tours related to agriculture would
be agricultural development and services
tours which let the
tourists see the agricultural products and
even try some of them.
Pineapple Plantation in Bukidnon
Luwak Coffee Tasting in Bali
Philippine Carabao Center