Fundamentals of

Ci c it Theory
Circuit Theo
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts

1
 Introduction
 The purpose of this subject is to learn
“how to analyze
y electrical circuits.”

 What is the “electrical

electrical circuit”
circuit ?

 What
h is the
h concept off “analysis”
“ l ”?

2
 Television sets 
(© Sony Electronics, Inc.)

Modern trains powered by  PDA (© Hewlett‐
electric motors Packard Company.)
Basic Strategy of Analysis

Circuit
A l i
Analysis
 Introduction
 Electrical circuit is simply defined as an
interconnection of electrical elements

Electrical
element

5
 Introduction
 Electrical circuit is simply defined as an
interconnection of electrical elements

L
TYPICAL LINEAR
R1 C C
CIRCUIT

R2 vO
vS +
- 
C
LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER 6
Introduction

7
 Introduction
 By the “Analysis of a circuit”, we mean a
study
y of the behavior of the circuit.

 How does it respond to a given input ?

 How do
d theh interconnected d elements
l and
d
devices in the circuit interact ?

8
 Introduction
THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC TECHNIQUES
TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
CONSISTING OF SOURCES,
SOURCES RESISTORS,
RESISTORS INDUCTORS,
INDUCTORS and CAPACITORS.
CAPACITORS

THE MATHEMATICS EQUATIONS of ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

- LINEAR ALGEBRA,
- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

FOR THE FIRST PART WE WILL COVER THE MODELS CAN BE DIFFERENTIAL
SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

12V1  9V2  4V3  8 dy

y f
3 RL, RC circuit
 4V1  16V2  V3  0 R circuit dt
d2 y dy df
 2V1  4V2  6V3  20 2
 4  8 y  3  4 f RLC circuit 9
dt dt dt
Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1
1 1 Systems of Units.
Units
1.2 Electric Charge.
1.3 Current.
Basic terminologies !
1 4 Voltage.
1.4 Voltage
1.5 Power and Energy.
gy
1.6 Circuit Elements.
10
 1.1 System of Units (1)
Six basic units for engineering

11
 1.1 System of Units (2)
The SI prefix

12
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RANGES
 1.2 Electric Charges
 Electric charge is the most basic quantity in an electrical
circuit.
 Charge
Ch i an electrical
is l i l property off the
h atomic
i particles
i l (for
(f
example, electrons or protons), measured in coulombs (C).

 The charge
Th h e on one electron
l t i negative
is ti and
d equall in
i
magnitude to 1.602  10-19 C which is called as electronic
charge. The charges that occur in nature are integral multiples
of the electronic charge.

 Charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.

Thus the algebraic sum of the electric charge in a system does
not change. ((‘law
law of conservation of charge
charge’))
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 1.3 Current (1)
 One of the important feature of charge is that it is mobile.

 Electric
El i current is
i ddefined
fi d as the
h time
i rate off change
h off
charge, measured in amperes (A).

opposite direction

 Electric current i = dq/dt.

q/ The unit of ampere
p can be derived as
1 A = 1C/s.
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 1.3 Current (2)
 A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with
time. By convention the symbol I is used to represent it.
 An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time. By convention the symbol i is used to
p
represent it.

DC AC

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 1.3 Current (3)
 Conventional current flow

a 3A b a 3A b

a 3A b a 3A b
 1.4 Voltage (1)
 In order to move the electron in a conductor in a particular
direction, work or energy is required.
(In a previous picture, a battery works or supplies energy)

 Voltage (or potential difference) is defined as the energy

required to move a unit charge through an element, measured
in volts (V).
( )

 By the definition of the voltage, vab  dwd / dq

d (volt)
w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

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 1.4 Voltage (2)

 Electric voltage, vab, is defined always across the

circuit
i it element
l t or between
b t t
two points
i t in
i a circuit.
i it

 vab > 0 means the potential

of a is higher than potential of b.

 vab < 0 means the potential

of a is lower than p
potential of b.

Like currents,, V represents

p dc voltage,
g , v represents
p
ac voltage. 19
 1.4 Voltage (3)

V AB  5V VBA  5V

V AB  VBA
 1.5 Power and Energy (1)

 Power is defined as the time rate of expending or

absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

dw dw dq
 Mathematical expression:
p p    vi
dt ddq dt

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 1.5 Power and Energy (2)
 How can we distinguish the absorption and supply
of the p
power by
y each element ?

 Passive sign convention:

When th
Wh the currents
t enters
t through
th h
the positive terminal of an element
(p=vi, absorbing power), if the
current enters through the negative
terminal (p=-vi, supplying power).

absorbing supplying
22
power power
 1.5 Power and Energy (3)

p = + 12 W p = -12 W
absorbing power of 12 W supplying power of 12 W
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 1.5 Power and Energy (4)

• The law of ‘conservation of energy’

p0
 The total power supplied to the circuit must balance the
total p
power absorbed.

• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured

in joules (J).
(J)
t t
• Mathematical expression
p w   pdt   vidt
t0 t0
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 1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
 An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the
elements, and circuit analysis is the process of determining the
voltages across (or the current through) the elements of the
circuits

 There are two types of elements: passive elements and

active elements. An active elements can generate energy while
passive elements can not.

 active elements: sources

example: generators, batteries

 passive elements: resistors, capacitors, inductors

 1.6 Circuit Elements (2)
 The most important active elements are voltage and current
sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to
them There are two kinds of sources: independent
them. and
dependent sources.

 An independent source is an active element that provide a

specified voltage or current that is completely independent of
other circuit elements.
 1.6 Circuit Elements (3)
 A dependent source is an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or current

 There are 4 types of dependent sources,: VCVS, CCVS, VCCS,

CCCS.
CCCS
 1.6 Circuit Elements (4)
 There are 4 types of dependent sources,: CCCS, VCCS,
VCVS, CCVS.

CCCS VCCS VCVS CCVS

1.6 Circuit Elements (5)
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active

element in which the source quantity
i controlled
is t ll d by
b another
th voltage
lt or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,

CCVS VCCS,
CCVS, VCCS CCCS.
CCCS K Keep iin minds
i d the
th
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources 29
 1.6 Circuit Elements (6)
Example

Obtain the voltage v in the branch for i2 = 1A.

30
 1.6 Circuit Elements (7)

Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent

10-V
10 V source and the current
current-dependent
dependent voltage
source vx.

Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control

current carries the units Ω.

Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V

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